[Reservoir System]

Water Influx From Aquifer

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water
Influx

Classification of Water
Influx

Water Influx Models

1
 Introduction To Water Influx

• Nearly all hydrocarbon reservoirs are surrounded by

water-bearing rocks called aquifers.
• Aquifers larger than reservoirs (oil or gas), is small in
size the effect is negligible.
• Aquifer supports the pressure of reservoir due to
water influx from the aquifer.
• Water influx occurs as the reservoir pressure decline
during production.
• Pressure support depends on : size of aquifer, shape
of aquifer, and the permeability of the aquifer.

2
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water
Influx
Degree of Pressure
Classification of Water Maintenance
Influx
Outer Boundary
Condition
Water Influx Models
Flow Regimes

Flow Geometries

3
Degree of Pressure Maintenance

• Active Water Drive

Rate of Water Influx = reservoir total
production rate
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑞𝑜𝐵𝑜 + 𝑞𝑔𝐵𝑔 + 𝑞𝑤𝐵𝑤

• Partial Water drive

• Limited Water Drive

4
Outer Boundary Condition

• Infinite System
The effect of the pressure changes at the
aquifer can never be felt at the outer
boundary. This boundary is for all intents and
purposes at a constant pressure equal to initial
reservoir pressure.

• Finite System
The aquifer outer limit is affected by the influx
into the oil zone and that the pressure at this
outer limit changes with time

5
FLOW REGIMES

• Steady State

• Semisteady/Pseudosteady State

• Unsteady State

6
FLOW GEOMETRIES

• Edge Water Drive

• Bottom Water Drive

• Linear Water Drive

7
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Introduction to Water Pot Aquifer Model

Influx
Material Balance
Classification of Water Model
Influx
Steady State Model
Water Influx Models
Unsteady State
Model

Pseudosteady
State Model
8
Pot Aquifer Model

• Simplest model that based on basic definition

of compressibility.
• A drop in the reservoir pressure, due to the
production of fluids, causes the aquifer water
to expand and flow into reservoir.
• The compressibility is defined mathematically
as :
∆𝑉 = 𝑐 𝑉 ∆𝑃
• Applying to the aquifer gives :
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑐𝑓 𝑊𝑖 (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃)

9
Pot Aquifer Model (Cont’d)

Radial Aquifer Geometries

10
Pot Aquifer Model (cont’d)

• Assuming aquifer shape is radial, then :

𝜋 𝑟𝑎2 − 𝑟𝑒2 ℎϕ
𝑊𝑖 =
5.615
• The reservoir is not circular in nature, so need
modification that is to include the fractional
enroachment angle f, and give:
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑐𝑤 + 𝑐𝑓 𝑊𝑖 𝑓 (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃)
• Where :
𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜 𝜃
𝑓= 𝑜
=
360 360𝑜

11
MATERIAL BALANCE MODEL

• Assumption :
a. Aquifer respons instantaneous to pressure changing
at reservoir
b. Time independent

Using Havlena Odeh method to simplify the calculation

Procedures :
a. Determine the reservoir condition
b. Using Least Square Method (Regression)
c. Determine the We based on the graph

12
STEADY STATE MODEL

Schiltuis’s Model
Steady
State Model
Hurst’s Modified
Model

13
Schiltuis’s Model

• Rate of Water Influx is proportional to

Pressure drop
dWe
 ( pi  p )
dt

• Pi is assumed constant
dWe
 k ' ( pi  p )
dt
*k’ is a water influx constant
t
We  k '  ( pi  p )dt
0

14
Schiltuis’s Model (cont’d)

Calculate K’ from Darcy and Superposition

Darcy : dWe 2kh( pe  po )   
q   
)  
dt re 360
Bw ln( r
o

If 0.00708kh   
k'  STB / day / psi
Bw ln( r )  360 
re
o

In this case, it’s similar to productivity index

definition to describe well performance :
t t
We  k '  ( pe  po )dt  k '  pt , STB
0 t 0

15
Hurst’s Modified Model

• In Schiltuis’s Model, the problem is that the as

the water drained from aquifer, the aquifer
drainage radius ra will increase as the time
increases.
• Hurst (1943) proposed that “apparent” aquifer
radius ra would increase with time.
• Therefore, the dimensionless radius may be
replaced with a time dependent function, as :
• 𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑊𝑒 0.00708 𝑘ℎ (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃)
𝑒𝑤 = =
𝑑𝑇 𝜇𝑤 ln(𝑎𝑡)
16
Hurst’s Modified Model (cont’d)

• Simplified form:
𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝐶(𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃)
𝑒𝑤 = =
𝑑𝑇 ln(𝑎𝑡)
In terms of We
𝑡 𝑃𝑖 −𝑃 𝑡 ∆𝑃
𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 0 ln(𝑎𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 or 𝑊𝑒 = 𝐶 𝑜 ln(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
• a and C are two unknowns contant, must
determined from reservoir-aquifer pressure and
water influx historical data. To determine is
based on simplified form as a linear relationship.
𝑃𝑖 −𝑃 1 𝑃𝑖 −𝑃 1 1
= ln(𝑎𝑡) or = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑡
𝑒𝑤 𝐶 𝑒𝑤 𝐶 𝐶
17
Hurst’s Modified Model (cont’d)

Ln (t)

(Pi – P)/ew

Graphical determination of C and a

18
 Unsteady
State Model

Van Everdingen-
Hurst’s Model
 Edge Water Carter-Tracy’s
Drive Model
 Bottom Water
Drive

19
Van Everdingen-Hurst Model

• Edge Water Drive

Van Everdingen and Hurst assumed that the
aquifer is characterized by :
• Uniform thickness
• Constant permeability
• Uniform porosity
• Constant rock compressibility
• Constant water compressibility

Using the dimensionless diffusivity equation

for radial system to determine water influx
 2pD 1 pD pD
 
rD 2 rD rD t D
20
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)

Constant Terminal Pressure Condition ra

Initial conditions : Water

influx
p = pi for values of radius r
rR
Reservoir

Outer boundary conditions : Aquifer

For an infinite aquifer
p = pi at r = ∞

For a bounded aquifer

𝜕𝑝
=0 at r = ra
𝜕𝑟

21
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)

the dimensionless diffusivity equation

 2pD 1 pD pD
 
rD 2 r r t D
D D
0.0002637 k t r pi  p
tD  rD  pD 
  C t rR 2 rR pi  p wf

q
Solution : qD ( t D ) 
2  k h p
tD
dt  t   ct rR 2 
 qD ( t D ) dt D   q dt  (
W eD Dt )  We
0 dt D 2 k h p 0 k 2 k h p

22
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)

The Water influx is then given by : re

We  BpWeD rR
Water

with
influx

Reservoir

B= 1.119 Ф ct re2 h f
Aquifer

B = water influx constant, bbl/psi

WeD = dimensionless water influx
We = cumulative water influx, bbl
Δp = pressure drop at the boundary, psi
θ
𝑓=
360
23
 Van Everdingen-Hurst’s Model (Cont’d)
Solution WeD in tabulated and
graphical forms
 Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)
• Since pressure drop are assumed to occur at different times
• To determine total water influx is using Principle of
superposition

Δp1 = p0 - 0.5 (p0 + p1) = 0.5 (p0 – p1)

Δp2 = 0.5 (p0 + p1) - 0.5 (p1 + p2) = 0.5 (p0 – p2)
Δp3 = 0.5 (p1 + p2) - 0.5 ( p2 + p3) = 0.5 (p1 – p3)
24
 Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)

Δ
Δ Δ Δ

n1
B   p j Q( t Dn  t Dj )
j0

n 1 kt

We  B  Δp j Q A( t n  t j )  tD 
  c t rR2
 At
j0

0.006327 k 0.0002637 k
A A
  c t rR2   c t rR2

25
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)
• Bottom Water Drive
 Van Everdingen-Hurst is not adequate to describe the
vertical water encroachment in bottom-water-drive system
 Coats(1962) modified the diffusivity equation to account
for the vertical flow by including an additional term in the
equation
 2p 1 p  2p   Ct p
  Fk  WOC
2 r r 2 0.0002637 k t
r z Oil

Fk = kv Oil
kh Water Water

Kv = vertical permeability
Kh = horizontal permeability Bottom water drive radial flow

Fk = ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability

26
Van Everdingen-hurst Model (cont’d)

 Allard and Chen (1988) introduced a newly dimensionless

variable ZD (dimensionless vertical distance)
ℎ
𝑧𝐷 = Where, h = aquifer thickness, ft
𝑟𝑅 𝐹𝑘 1/2
 Allard and chen tabulated the values of WeD as a function of
rD, tD and ZD

27
 Van Everdingen-Hurst’s Model (Cont’d)
Solution WeD in tabulated forms
The Water influx is
then given by :
We  BpWeD

with
B= 1.119 Ф ct re2 h f
Carter-Tracy’s Model

• To reduce the complexity of water influx

calculations, Carter-Tracy (1960) proposed a
calculation technique that does not require
superposition and allows direct calculation of
water influx.
• Assumptions :
 Constant terminal rate case
 Finite and infinite aquifer
 Radial flow

29
Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

rate

q1

q2

q3

q0
t0 t1 t2 t3 time
Constant Rate Graph for Carter-Tracy
30
 Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

For constant rate

• Dimenesionless water influx
𝑞𝑃𝐷 = 𝑞𝐷 𝑡𝐷 , then 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑡
0.00633𝑘𝑡 ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 𝑡𝐷
𝑡𝐷 = or t =
ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 0.00633𝑘
ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 𝑞𝑡𝐷
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞𝑡 =
0.00633𝑘
∗ ϕ𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 𝑞
If  𝑞 = , then 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝑡𝐷
0.00633𝑘
• For describing constant rate graph, so :
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗 = 𝑞0∗ 𝑡𝐷1 − 𝑡𝐷0 + 𝑞1∗ 𝑡𝐷2 − 𝑡𝐷1 +𝑞2∗ 𝑡𝐷3 − 𝑡𝐷2
31
 Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

• To simplified :
𝑗−1

𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗 = 𝑞𝑛∗ 𝑡𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑡𝐷𝑛

𝑛=0
Or
𝑖−1 𝑗−1

𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗 = 𝑞𝑛∗ 𝑡𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑡𝐷𝑛 + 𝑞𝑛∗ 𝑡𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑡𝐷𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=𝑖

𝑗−1

𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗 = 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑖 + 𝑞𝑛∗ 𝑡𝐷𝑛+1 + 𝑡𝐷𝑛

𝑛=𝑖
32
Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

• Assumed that the characteristics of the pressure-

influx response in the first part is unknown.
• The value of accumulatife water influx from i to j
have to be calculate.
• If i = j -1
∗
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗 = 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑖−1 + 𝑞𝑗−1 𝑡𝐷𝑗 − 𝑡𝐷𝑗−1
Written in the form of integral convolution
𝑡𝐷𝑗
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝐷𝑗−1 = 𝐵 ∆𝑝(λ)𝑄𝑝𝐷 ′ 𝑡𝐷𝑗−1 − 𝛾 𝑑 λ
0
λ is the dummy variable of integration
33
 Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

• Combine the two previous equations, using Laplace

Transform, Carter-Tracy got :
𝑩∆𝑷𝒏 − 𝑾𝒆 𝒏−𝟏 𝑷′𝑫 𝒏
𝑾𝒆 𝒏 = 𝑾𝒆 𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒕𝑫 𝒏 − 𝒕𝑫 𝒏−𝟏
𝑷𝑫 𝒏 − 𝒕𝑫 𝒏−𝟏 𝑷′𝑫 𝒏

B = the Van Everdingen-Hurst water influx constant

ΔPn = Pi – Pn

34
 Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

• Determine the PD
 For infinite acting aquifer, Edwardson et al
370.529 𝑡𝐷 + 137.582𝑡𝐷 + 5.69549 𝑡𝐷 1.5
𝑃𝐷 =
328.834 + 265.488 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑡𝐷 1.5
𝐸
𝑃′𝐷 =
𝐹
Where
𝐸 = 716.441 + 46.7984 𝑡𝐷 0.5 + 270.038𝑡𝐷
+ 71.0098 𝑡𝐷 1.5
𝐹 = 1296.86 𝑡𝐷 0.5 + 1204.73𝑡𝐷 + 618.618 𝑡𝐷 1.5
+ 538.072 𝑡𝐷 2 + 142.41 𝑡𝐷 2.5
35
Carter-Tracy’s Model (cont’d)

 Approximation for tD >100 :

𝑃𝐷 = 0.5 𝑙𝑛 𝑡𝐷 + 0.80907
𝑃′𝐷 = 1 2𝑡𝐷

36
PSEUDOSTEADY STATE MODEL

Fetkovich’s Model
• Fetkovich (1971) develop a method of describing the
approximate water influx behaviour of a finite aquifer
for radial and linear geometries.
• This method does not require the use of
superposition.
• Based on the premise that the productivity index
concept will adequately describe water influx from a
finite aquifer into a hydrocarbon reservoir.
• This method neglects the effect of any transient
priod
37
Fetkocivh’s Model (cont’d)

• Finite aquifer but big enough (re > 3xrR)

re

Water
influx
rR

Reservoir

Aquifer
Finite aquifer but
big enaough re > 3
x rR

38
Fetkocivh’s Model (cont’d)

• Two simple equation:

 Inflow equation
𝑑𝑊𝑒
𝑒𝑤 = = 𝐽 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃 and
𝑑𝑡
 Material balanace based on compressibility
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑐𝑡 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑎
• The max possible water influx if Pa = 0 :
𝑊𝑒𝑖 = 𝑐𝑡 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖
• Combining equation
𝑊𝑒 𝑊𝑒
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑖 1 − = 𝑃𝑖 1 −
𝑐𝑡 𝑊𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑊𝑒𝑖
39
Fetkocivh’s Model (cont’d)

• Differentiating the previous equation respect

to time, and the result :
𝑑𝑊𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑃𝑎
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
• Subtituting the above equation to inflow
equation
𝑊𝑒𝑖 𝑃𝑎
− = 𝐽 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃
𝑃𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃𝑎 𝐽𝑃𝑖
=− 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃 𝑊𝑒𝑖

40
 Fetkocivh’s Model (cont’d)

• t = 0  We = 0 ; 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑖 at ∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃
𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡
𝑙𝑛 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃 = − +𝐶
𝑊𝑒𝑖
C is evaluated in intial condition as 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑃1 = 𝑃
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑒 −𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖
• Subtituting inflow equation
𝑑𝑊𝑒
= 𝐽 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 𝑒 −𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑑𝑡
𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃 1 − 𝑒 −𝐽𝑃𝑖 𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖
𝑃𝑖

41
Fetkocivh’s Model (cont’d)

• General equation of Fetkovich for the nth time

period:

Where :

42