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    Rahique Shuaib
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    Chemistry - July 2017.pdf

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    8 views1 page

    Chemistry - July 2017 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rahique Shuaib

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 1

    THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS

    4UBUF PG B UIFSNPEZOBNJD TZTUFN DBO CF DIBOHFE CZ 4 V C T U J U V U F E  C F O [ F O F  N P M F D V M F T  I B W F


    $0/$&15 JOUFSBDUJOHXJUIJUTTVSSPVOEJOHTUISPVHIXPSLBOEIFBU USFNFOEPVTJNQPSUBODFJOJOEVTUSJBMDIFNJDBM $0/$&15
    MAP MAP
    8IFO UIJT DIBOHF PDDVST JO B TZTUFN  JU JT TBJE UIBU UIF BQQMJDBUJPOT5IFZBSFDPNNPOMZVTFEBTTPMWFOU
    TZTUFNJTVOEFSHPJOHBQSPDFTT.PTUQSPDFTTFTPGJOUFSFTUUP BOE UIFZ BSF PGUFO JNQPSUBOU JOUFSNFEJBUFT JO
    QZSPNFUBMMVSHJTUTDBOCFJEFBMJTFEBTPQFSBUJOHBUDPOTUBOU NBOZ TZOUIFTFT  JODMVEJOH UIPTF PG QPXFSGVM
    UFNQFSBUVSF JTPUIFSNBM
    PSDPOTUBOUQSFTTVSF JTPCBSJD
     QIBSNBDFVUJDBMBHFOUT

    SN1 Reaction
    In Aliphatic Compounds In Aromatic Compounds
    Isothermal
    Process Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 4 /  TUBOET GPS 4VCTUJUVUJPO /VDMFPQIJMJD Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
    "QSPDFTTJOXIJDI 3FWFSTJCMF *SSFWFSTJCMF 6OJNPMFDVMBS
    UFNQFSBUVSFSFNBJOT 1SPDFTT 1SPDFTT 3‰-( /Vo→3‰/V -(o "SFOF TZTUFN JT FMFDUSPO SJDI
    5IJTTVCTUJUVUJPOJTDBSSJFEPVUCZ
    DPOTUBOUJF  " QSPDFTT JO XIJDI UIF EJSFDUJPO "QSPDFTTXIJDIJTOPUSFWFSTJCMFJT OVDMFPQIJMF 3BUFL<3‰-(> IFODF  QSFGFS UP VOEFSHP TVCT
    Δ5 NBZCFSFWFSTFEBUBOZTUBHFCZNFSFMZB DBMMFEBOJSSFWFSTJCMFQSPDFTT .FDIBOJTN5IF4/NFDIBOJTNJTBUXPTUFQT UJUVUJPOCZFMFDUSPQIJMFT
    Δ6 TNBMMDIBOHFJOBWBSJBCMFMJLFUFNQFSBUVSF  "MMUIFOBUVSBMQSPDFTTFTBSFJSSFWFSTJCMF QSPDFTT  GJSTU POF CFJOH UIF TMPX JT UIF SBUF .FDIBOJTN  *U JT B UXP TUFQT
    Free Radical Substitution Reactions EFUFSNJOJOHTUFQ
    RoX QSFTTVSF FUD 'PSJTPUIFSNBMJSSFWFSTJCMFQSPDFTT SFBDUJPO
    'PSJTPUIFSNBMSFWFSTJCMFQSPDFTT 4UFQ
    RoX1FY 7Go7J
    4UFQ3BUFEFUFSNJOJOHTUFQ
    7G 1J /PUF J
    *GHBTFYQBOET7G 7J  XJT %VFUPIPNPMZTJTPGCPOE + & )
    RoXO35MOPSRO35MO .FDIBOJTN $ -( $ -(o
    1 7J 1G OFHBUJWF &
    7GBOE1G'JOBMWPMVNFBOEQSFTTVSF JJ
    *GHBTDPOUSBDUT 7G7J XJT w *OJUJBUJPOTUFQ $BSCPDBUJPO 3FTPOBODF
    QPTJUJWF Iν PS t TUBCJMJTFEJOUFSNFEJBUF
    17DPOTUBOU 7JBOE1J*OJUJBMWPMVNFBOE  $M$M
    IFBU
    *OUFSNFEJBUF
    4UFQ
    w 1SPQBHBUJPOTUFQ 4UFQ # &
     QSFTTVSF & )
     $) $Mt→$)t  )$M
    $  /Vo $ /V /V $ #)
    7  $M $)t →$)$M $Mt
    7J 7G w 5FSNJOBUJPOTUFQ
    Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
    1  $Mt $Mt→$M Important Points
    8PSL *TPUIFSNT Isobaric Process  $)t  $Mt→$)$M
    EPOF
    J " QSPDFTT JO XIJDI UIF
    1J
    "EJBCBUJD  $)t  $)t →$)‰$) #FO[FOFSJOHJTVOSFBDUJWFUPXBSET
    QSPDFTT QSFTTVSF PG UIF TZTUFN SFNBJOT w 1MBOBSDBSCPDBUJPOJTGPSNFEJOUIFGJSTUTUFQ JU OVDMFPQIJMJD TVCTUJUVUJPO  UIF
    DPOTUBOU JTBUUBDLFEGSPNUIFGSPOUBTXFMMBTUIFCBDL QSFTFODF PG FMFDUSPO XJUIESBXJOH
    G Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
    1DPOTUBOU %6RoX TJEF5IVT QSPEVDUGPSNFEJTSBDFNJDNJYUVSF HSPVQDBOBDUJWBUFUIFSJOH
    Adiabatic Process $M
    1G X1%7O3%5 %6O$W%5 w 3FBDUJWJUZ EFQFOET PO UIF TUBCJMJUZ PG UIF
    " QSPDFTTJO XIJDI UIFTZTUFN DBSCPDBUJPOGPSNFE
    8PSLEPOF 7J 7G 7 RQ%6 XO$W%5 O3%5 5IJTTVCTUJUVUJPOJTDBSSJFEPVUCZ 0)o
    EPFT OPU FYDIBOHF IFBU XJUI UIF /PSFBDUJPO
    /PUFUIBU5G5JJO O $W 3
    %5O$Q%5 FMFDUSPQIJMF  #FO[ZM4VCTUJUVUFEBMMZM¡"MMZM¡¡
    TVSSPVOEJOHT JF RΔ6XBE .FUIZM $M /)
    UIJTQSPDFTT $Q $W 3NPMBSTQFDJGJDIFBUBU &MFDUSPQIJMJD TVCTUJUVUJPO JT WFSZ
    8PSLEPOFJOBEJBCBUJDQSPDFTT /0 /) /0
    DPOTUBOUQSFTTVSF SBSFJOBMJQIBUJDDPNQPVOET
    X 17o17
    γ 4PNFFYBNQMFTBSF SNi Reaction Δ
     $WNPMBSTQFDJGJDIFBUBU
    'PSBOBEJBCBUJDQSPDFTT 17 γDPOTUBOU DPOTUBOUWPMVNF w 3FQMBDFNFOUPGNFUBMBUPNJOBO /0 /0
    XIFSFγ$Q$W PSHBOPNFUBMMJD DPNQPVOE CZ
    *TPCBSJDQSPDFTT 4/JTUBOETGPS4VCTUJUVUJPO/VDMFPQIJMJD*OUFSOBM
     $W $Q 1 IZESPHFO 5IFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFO4/BOE4/JJTBDUVBMMZ Substitution via Benzyne Mechanism
    .POPBUPNJDHBT 3 3  3‰. )→3‰) .)
    1

    UIBUUIFJPOQBJSJTOPUDPNQMFUFMZEJTTPDJBUFEBOE
    %JBUPNJDHBT 3 3 w %FDBSCPYZMBUJPOPGTJMWFSTBMUPG UIFSFGPSF  VOMJLF 4 /   OP SFBM DBSCPDBUJPO
    DBSCPYZMJDBDJE *U JT CBTJDBMMZ BO FMJNJOBUJPO 
    5SJBUPNJDHBT 3 3 Important Points QBSUJDJQBUFTJO4/J BEEJUJPOQSPDFTT
    3$$0"H #S
    7J 7G
    w4JHODPOWFOUJPOT 0$) 0$) 0$)
    0 SN2 Reaction #S /B/) /)
    8PSL 7 )FBUBCTPSCFECZUIFTZTUFN R
    3$#S $0 "H#S /) M

    EPOF )FBUFWPMWFECZUIFTZTUFNoR /)


    8PSLEPOFPOUIFTZTUFN X 4 /  TUBOET GPS 4VCTUJUVUJPO /VDMFPQIJMJD $JOFTVCTUJUVUJPO

    Important Points #JNPMFDVMBS 5IF BSPNBUJD TVCTUSBUF MPTFT B


    8PSLEPOFCZUIFTZTUFNoX
    Isochoric /Vo 3‰-(→3‰/V -(o NPMFDVMF PG )#S JO QSFTFODF PG
    w 'SFF FYQBOTJPO  &YQBOTJPO PG B HBT JO WBDVVN
    Process WFSZTUSPOHCBTFUPHJWFBCFO[ZOF
    *TPDIPSJDQSPDFTT 1FY
    JTDBMMFEGSFFFYQBOTJPO/PXPSLJTEPOF w /VDMFPQIJMF  BQQSPBDIFT UIF 3BUFL<3‰-(></Vo> JOUFSNFEJBUF
    " QSPDFTT JO XIJDI WPMVNF EVSJOHGSFFFYQBOTJPOPGBOJEFBMHBTXIFUIFSUIF .FDIBOJTN5IF4/NFDIBOJTNJTBTJOHMFTUFQ
    1

    1G T V C T U S BU F  G SP N  SF B S  T J E F  0$) 0$)
    PGUIFTZTUFNJTDPOTUBOU QSPDFTTJTSFWFSTJCMFPSJSSFWFSTJCMF PQQPTJUF  UP UIF EFQBSUJOH QSPDFTTXJUIPVUJOUFSNFEJBUF #S
    7DPOTUBOU Δ7 1J R BUDPOTUBOUWPMVNF
    %6 HSPVQ5IVT DPOGJHVSBUJPOHFUT
    X1Δ7 JOWFSUFE /Vo $ -( /V $ -( )
    /)o #FO[ZOF
    R BUDPOTUBOUQSFTTVSF
    %) JOUFSNFEJBUF
    Δ6RWO$WΔ5 7 7 %)%6 1%7 w 3FBDUJWJUZPSEFS $JOFTVCTUJUVUJPO*OUIJT FOUFSJOH
    5SBOTJUJPOTUBUF
    PS%)%6 %OH35  .FUIZM¡¡¡"MMZM /V‰$ -(o HSPVQ PDDVQJFT UIF QPTJUJPO
    #FO[ZM BEKBDFOUUPUIFMFBWJOHHSPVQ

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