Professional Documents
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Analysis
Connection Technology Center, Inc.
7939 Rae Boulevard
Victor, New York 14564
www.ctconline.com
Data Collection
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0:00:00 12:00:00 24:00:00 36:00:00 48:00:00 60:00:00
Time (minutes)
Portable
Route Based Permanent, Continuous, On-line
2015 3
Portable Data Collectors
Route Based Data Analysis
Frequency Spectrum History
Time Waveform Trending
Orbits Download Data
Balancing Upload Routes
Alignment Alarms
“Smart” algorithms
2015 4
Permanent Monitoring
Continuous Data Analysis
Measurement History
Permanent Sensors Trending
Frequency Spectrum Ethernet Connection
Time Waveform Alarms
Orbits “Smart” Algorithms
2015 5
What’s This ?
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 7
FFT, Frequency Spectrum,
Power Spectrum
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 8
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
Y
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X
2015 9
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
AMPLITUDE
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
FREQUENCY
2015 10
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0002
inch
Peak
How bad is it ?
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
What is it ?
2015 11
What’s That ?
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
2015 12
Time Waveform
1
0.0004
inch
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
2015 13
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0004
inch
Y Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
X
2015 14
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0004
inch
AMPLITUDE
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
TIME
2015 15
Scaling X & Y
1
0.0004
inch
How bad is it ?
Real
-0.0004
0 s 7.996094 s
What is it ?
2015 16
The X Scale
What is it ?
2015
Single Frequency
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1 55 Hz
V
rms
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
dX:18.18848 ms dY:2.449082 mV
Time 1
1
V
18.18 ms
Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 18
Frequency & Time
fHz = 1/tSec
tSec = 1/fHz
2015 19
Frequency & Time
FT = 1
2015 20
Concept !
FT = 1
If: F increases
Then: t decreases
If: T increases
Then: f decreases
2015 21
Single Frequency
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1 55 Hz
V
rms
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
dX:18.18848 ms dY:2.449082 mV
Time 1
1
V 18.18 ms
Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 22
Multiple Frequencies
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 23
Multiple Waveforms
Time 55 1
1
55 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 78 1
1
78 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 21 1
1
21 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms
Time 42 1
1
42 Hz V
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 24
Real Life Waveform
55 Hz + 78 Hz + 21 Hz + 42 Hz = Trouble !
TIME 1
4
V
Real
-4
0 s 62.46948 ms
2015 25
FFT Capabilities
TIME 1
4
Complex time V
waveform contains
frequencies of 21,
Real
42, 55, & 78 Hz.
-4
0 s 62.46948 ms
X:21 Hz Y:706.7825 mV
FFT separates & X:42 Hz Y:706.9266 mV
displays individual X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
X:78 Hz Y:706.9236 mV
frequencies and the
FREQUENCY 1
amplitude of each 1
frequency. V
rms
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 26
Lines or Bins
1
0.0002
inch
The FFT always has a Peak This spectrum has 800
defined number of lines, or the X scale is
lines or Bins. broken down into 800
bins.
100, 200, 400, 800,
1600, and 3200 lines Magnitude
are common choices.
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 27
LRF
The Lowest Resolvable Frequency is determined by:
Frequency Span / Number of Analyzer Lines
The frequency span is calculated as the ending frequency minus the
starting frequency.
The number of analyzer lines depends on the analyzer and how the
operator has set it up.
Typically, this is the value that can be measured by the cursor
2015 28
Bandwidth
2015 29
Resolution
2015 30
Using Resolution
2015 31
Using Resolution
2015 32
Data Sampling Time
Data sampling time is the amount of time required to take one record or
sample of data. It is dependent on the frequency span and the number of
analyzer lines being used.
2015 33
Average & Overlap
TR#1 TR#2 TR#3
Average ‐ On
Overlap Percent ‐ 50% 0% Overlap
old data that is used TR#1
TR#2
TR#3
2015 34
75% Overlap ?
75% Overlap
800 Lines Average #2 - #10 = (4 x 0.25)
Average #2 - #10 = 1 second each
200 Hz
Total time = 4 + (1 x 9)
Total time = 13 seconds
2015 35
Filter Windows
Window filters are applied to the time
waveform data to simulate data that starts
and stops at zero.
They will cause errors in the time waveform
and frequency spectrum.
We still like window filters !
2015 36
Window Comparisons
Real Time
No Window
2015 37
Window Comparisons
Real Time
Hanning Window
2015 38
Window Comparisons
Real Time
2015 40
Filter Windows
Use the Hanning Window for normal vibration
monitoring (Frequency)
Use the Flat Top Window for calibration and
accuracy (Amplitude)
Use the Uniform Window for bump testing
and resonance checks (No Window)
2015 41
The Y Scale
How bad is
it ?
2015
Amplitude
2015 43
Pk‐Pk (Peak ‐ Peak)
X:55 Hz Y:1.999169 V
Pwr Spec 1
The Peak - Peak value is 2
V
expressed from the peak to Pk-Pk
peak amplitude. Magnitude
0
The peak to peak value is 0 Hz 100 Hz
measured in the time X:22.43042 ms Y:-993.8563 mV
waveform. dX:9.094238 ms
Time 1
dY:1.994871 V
1
V
Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Peak - Peak. = 2 V
2015 44
Pk (Peak)
X:55 Hz Y:999.5843 mV
Pwr Spec 1
1
V
The time wave has not Peak
Magnitude
changed. The Peak value is
expressed from zero to the 0
0 Hz 100 Hz
largest positive or negative
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
peak amplitude. dX:4.516602 ms dY:997.4356 mV
Time 1
The peak value is measured in 1
V
the time waveform. Real
-1
0 s 62.46948 ms
Peak. = 1 V
2015 45
RMS (Root Mean Square)
The time wave has not
X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
changed. Pwr Spec 1
1 rms. = 707 mV
The rms. value is expressed V
rms
from zero to 70.7% of the Magnitude
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV
The rms. value is calculated dX:2.288818 ms
Time 1
dY:709.1976 mV
2015 46
Unit Comparison
X:27.00806 ms Y:3.579427 mV X:55 Hz Y:706.8129 mV
dX:2.288818 ms dY:709.1976 m Pwr Spec 1
Time 1 2
1 V
V rms
RMS Real
Magnitude
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
-1 0
0 s 62.46948 ms 0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 47
Changing Units
Pk-Pk / 2 = Peak
Peak x 0.707 = RMS (Peak / 1.414 = RMS)
Peak x 2 = Pk-Pk
2015 48
Convert the Unit
x2 Peak - Peak ÷2
Peak Peak
2015 49
Engineering Units (EU)
Examples: 100 mV / g 20 mV / Pa
1 V / in/s 200 mV / mil
50 mV / psi 10 mV / fpm
33 mV / % 10 mV / V
2015 50
EU’s the Hard Way
2015 51
Three Measures
Acceleration
Velocity
Displacement
2015 52
Converting Measures
In many cases we are confronted with Acceleration,
Velocity, or Displacement, but are not happy with it.
Maybe we have taken the measurement in
acceleration, but the model calls for displacement.
Maybe we have taken the data in displacement, but
the manufacturer quoted the equipment
specifications in velocity.
How do we change between these measures ?
2015 53
Converting Measures
Velocity = Acceleration / 2 f
Displacement = Velocity / 2 f
Displacement = Acceleration / (2 f)2
Where:
• Acceleration = g’s
Multiply acceleration in g’s by (386.1 inches/second 2)/g
Multiply acceleration in g’s by (9807 mm/second 2)/g
• Velocity = inches/second or mm/second
• Displacement = inches or mm
• f = frequency in Hz. (cycles/second)
2015 54
Converting Measures
÷ 386.1 Acceleration (g’s) x 386.1
Acceleration Acceleration
(inch/s2) (inch/s2)
Standard Measures
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Velocity Velocity
(inch/s) (inch/s)
2015 55
Converting Measures
÷ 9807 Acceleration (g’s) x 9807
Acceleration Acceleration
(mm/s2) (mm/s2)
Metric Measures
x 2(Pi)f ÷ 2(Pi)f
Velocity Velocity
(mm/s) (mm/s)
2015 56
Acceleration ‐ Velocity
2015 57
Velocity ‐ Displacement
2015 58
Acceleration ‐ Displacement
2015 59
Radians, Degrees,
2
or Time
900
3600 = 2 Radians
1800 00 0
3600 / 2 Radians
3600 2
57.3250 / Radian
2700
3
2
2015 60
Radians, Degrees, 2
or Time
900
1800 00 0
3600 2
2700
3
2
2015 61
Radians, Degrees,
or Time 2
900
0 00 1800 3600 2
Period (seconds/cycle)
2700
3
2
2015 62
Sensors
Speed
Displacement
Frequency
2015 64
Accelerometers
IEPE Charge Mode
• Integrated Amplifier • External Amplifier
• Industrial • High Temperature
2015 66
Accelerometer
Requirements and Applications
Requirements
• Functionality
• Durability
• Affordability
Applications
• Trending
• Alarming
• Diagnostics
Remember
• One sensor does not fit
all applications
• Fit, Form & Function
2015 67
Accelerometer Advantages
Measures casing vibration
Measures absolute vibration
Integrate to Velocity
Double integrate to Displacement
Easy to mount
Large range of frequency response
Available in many configurations
2015 68
Accelerometer Disadvantages
Does not measure shaft vibration
Sensitive to mounting techniques and
surface conditions
Difficult to perform calibration check
One accelerometer does not fit all
applications
2015 69
Mass & Charge
Relative movement
Mass
between base & mass
Ceramic
creates shear in ceramic
Base
producing a charge
output.
2015 70
Typical Accelerometer
Parameters/Specifications
Specification Value Alternate Value
Sensitivity 100 mV/g +/‐5%
Frequency Response +/‐
30 – 900,000 CPM 0.5 – 15,000 Hz
3dB
Frequency Response +/‐
60 – 420,000 CPM 1.0 – 7,000 Hz
10%
Frequency Response +/‐
120 – 240,000 CPM 2.0 – 4,000 Hz
5%
Dynamic Range +/‐ 80 g peak
Resonant Frequency 1,560,000 CPM 26,000 Hz
2015 71
Typical Accelerometer
Frequency Response
Amplification Isolation
Region Region
The natural frequency is Phase between
Transmission Region excited causing gain sensor & machine
The usable frequency range of the accelrometer around resonance is shifted by 180
Amplitude
+/- 3dB
+/- 10%
+/- 5%
Frequency
2015 72
Accelerometer Mounts
2015 73
Realistic Mounting
2015 74
Sensitivity, Range
& Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 10 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 500 g’s, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
They are typically used for machinery
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC that is generating high amplitude
vibrations. With the large dynamic
range, they are much less likely to
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC become saturated as a result of the
high amplitude vibrations.
2015 75
Sensitivity, Range
& Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 50 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 100 g’s, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
They are typically used for general
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC purpose machinery measurements,
and are sometimes offered as standard
sensors for data collectors.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC
2015 76
Sensitivity, Range
& Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 100 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 50 g’s, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
Approximately 90% of all vibration
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC analysis and data collection is
accomplished with a 100 mV/g
accelerometer.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC Some sensors are also available with
a +/- 80g dynamic range for measuring
larger signal amplitudes.
500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC
2015 77
Sensitivity, Range
& Application
Sensitivity Range Output Application
A 500 mV/g accelerometer will have a
10 mV/g +/- 500 g +/- 5 VAC dynamic range of +/- 10 g’s, and a
dynamic output of +/- 5 volts AC.
This high output sensor is typically
50 mV/g +/- 100 g +/- 5 VAC used for low speed equipment, low
frequency measurements, and low
amplitude analysis.
100 mV/g +/- 50 g +/- 5 VAC The high output provides a much
better signal to noise ratio for low
amplitude signals.
500 mV/g +/- 10 g +/- 5 VAC
2015 78
Mounting Locations
These mounting
locations also conform Vertical (Y)
the the right hand rule
for phase analysis.
(Cartesian Coordinates)
Horizontal (X)
Load Zone
• Axial (Z)
Radial
• Vertical (Y)
• Horizontal (X)
2015 80
Velocity Sensors
Self Generating – no power supply
required
Magnet inside coil generates velocity
proportional to vibration
Spring mass system
10 Hz. to 1000 Hz.
Phase change 900
Directional mounting
Large & Heavy
Output = mV/inch/sec
2015 82
Piezo Velocity Sensors
Remember everything that you just learned about an
accelerometer
The output of the accelerometer has been integrated to
velocity and has a 900 phase change
100 mV/inch/sec (4 mV/mm/sec)
500 mV/inch/sec (20 mV/mm/sec)
2015 83
Proximity Probes,
Cables, & Drivers
2015 85
5, 7 and 9 Meter Systems
AA = No Thread Length
BB = Case Length
CC = Total Length
2015 86
5, 7 & 9 Meter Systems
Extension Cable
2015 87
5, 7 and 9 Meter Systems
Driver
Non Contact Sensor
Ideal for measuring:
Shaft vibration
Shaft centerline position (Gap)
Shaft axial position (Thrust Bearing)
Rod drop
Speed (Gear)
Trigger (Key or Keyway)
2015 89
Common Applications
Compressors Plain Bearings
Steam Turbines Journal Bearings
Pumps Fluid Film Bearings
Fans Babbitt Bearings
Blowers Sleeve Bearings
Generators Tilting Pad Bearings
Gear Boxes Recip’s (cross head)
2015 90
Displacement Probe Advantages
Non‐contact
Measure relative shaft vibration
Measure shaft centerline position (DC gap)
Measure axial position (Thrust)
Provide Speed or Trigger
Flat frequency response dc – 10KHz
Simple calibration
Suitable for harsh environments
2015 91
Displacement Probe Disadvantages
Probe can move (vibrate)
Doesn’t work on all metals
Plated shafts may give
false measurement Plated shaft is
Measurement is affected by round, but core
scratches & tool marks in shaft material is not..
Available system lengths (probe, cable & driver)
5, 7, or 9 meter are standard
Must have relief at sensing tip from surrounding metal
(counter bore)
2015 92
Technical Background
Probe
• As a conductive target intercepts the
magnetic field, eddy currents are
generated on the surface of the target,
and power from the radio frequency
Shaft signal changes
2015 93
Technical Background
• Power varies with target movement
Driver
in the magnetic field creating a
Cable variation in the output voltage of the
driver
Probe - A small DC voltage indicates that the target is
close to the probe tip
- A large DC voltage indicates that the target is
far away from the probe tip
- The variation of DC voltage is the AC dynamic
Shaft signal indicating the vibration (displacement)
2015 94
Sensitivity, Range,
& Response
Driver
Cable
Typical non-contact
displacement sensor for
measuring shaft vibration on
a sleeve or journal bearing.
Probe
Sensitivity 200 mV/mil
(8 V/mm)
Eddy Currents Dynamic Range 10 – 90 mils
(.25 – 2.3 mm)
Shaft
Frequency Response DC – 10 kHz
Journal/Sleeve
2015 95
Linearity
Gap Gap Output
Proximity Probe Linearity mils mm VDC
Nomial Output = 200 mV/mil (8V/mm)
‐20 10 0.25 -2.00
‐18 20 0.51 -4.00
‐16
30 0.76 -6.00
‐14
40 1.02 -8.00
‐12
Volts DC
‐10
50 1.27 -10.00
‐8 60 1.52 -12.00
‐6 70 1.78 -14.00
‐4
80 2.03 -16.00
‐2
90 2.29 -18.00
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100 2.54 -20.00
mils
2015 96
Materials & Sensitivity
Typical
200 mv/mil
Note:
(7.87 V/mm)
4140 Steel If the shaft or target material is
not 4140 steel, then a test should
Depends on probe, be run to determine the sensitivity
cable (length), and of the material being measured.
driver.
Target material varies
output.
2015 97
Durability is Required
Proximity probes lead a
rough life. Installation,
maintenance and
overhauls require trained
analysts, technicians, or
mechanics to properly
install and remove the
probes. Some probes are
actually encapsulated
inside the fluid film
bearing, and are exposed
to the lubrication and
heat generated by the
bearing. Proper handling
and durability are key
performance factors.
2015 98
Driver to Driven Orientation
2015 99
API Standard 670
2015 100
Probe Orientation
Probe orientation
Gap
based on facing
Driver to Driven Shaft
Lubricant
Sleeve
2015 101
DC Gap & Dynamic AC
Time Record 1
-9.75
DC Gap
V
A negative voltage
level proportional to
30 mV p-p VAC the gap spacing
Dynamic
≈ -10.00 Dynamic AC
Real
2015 102
DC Gap & Dynamic AC
Positive Peak =
- 48.57 mils
DC Gap =
- 56.08 mils
Negative Peak =
- 63.59 mils
2015 103
Dynamic Outputs
Note: The shaft
diameter needs to be
greater than 2 inches to
prevent interference
between the two probes.
900
2015 104
The Orbit Display
Y
2015 105
Rolling the Scope
Machine
Vertical
Machine
Horizontal
450
Machine
Orbit
Vertical
Correction
Machine
Horizontal
Orbits & Instrumentation
If the (Peak – Peak Displacement / Diametrical Clearance) x 100% > 50% then
the vibration of the shaft is using more than half of the bearing clearance and
additional analysis may be required to identify and reduce the vibration amplitude.
2015 109
Absolute Shaft Displacement
Velocity
Displacement
1. Measure the
vertical shaft
displacement. Vertical Measures
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
2. Measure the
V = 0.24 IPSpk @ 2110
vertical casing
velocity.
3600 RPM
3. Include phase
2015 110
Graphical Addition
Vertical Measures
900
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650
V = 0.24 IPSp @ 2110 3.86 milsp-p
@ 1520
Velocity leads
displacement by 900 1.27 milsp-p
@ 1210
2110 - 900 = 1210 1800 00
2.85 milsp-p
Dp-p = 2[0.24/(2πf)] @ 1650
Dp-p = 2[0.24/(6.28x60)]
D = 1.27 milsp-p @ 1210
2700
2015 111
Mathematical Addition
D = 2.85 milsp-p @1650 900
D= y2 + x2
D = 1.27 milsp-p @ 1210
D= 1.832 + (-3.40)2
y = 2.85 milsp-p x sin 1650
D = 3.86 milsp-p
y = 0.74 milsp-p
y = 1.27 milsp-p x sin 1210 3.86 milsp-p
x = -0.65 milsp-p
x = - 2.75 + - 0.65 = - 3.40 milsp-p 2700
2015 112
Shaft Centerline
Bore Dia.
Shaft Dia.
On CCW
Centers Rotation
CW
Zero Diametrical
Rotation
RPM Clearance
2015 113
Plotting Shaft Position
Y -450 0 X +450
At Running Speed
CCW Rotation
Y = -1 mil
X = +2 mils
Shaft Change = 2.24
mils @ 71.60
2015 114
Axial Thrust or Position
2015 116
2015 117
Natural Frequency
A result of the Mass (m) and Stiffness
(k) of the machine design
Resonance occurs when a natural
frequency is excited by a force
Critical speed occurs when the
machine speed matches the natural
frequency and creates resonance
2015 118
Natural Frequency
X:164.0625 ms Y:1.379613 G
dX:554.6875 ms dY:-729.2974 mG Time Waveform
Time Record 1 TIME1.63
2
G
Real
-2
0 s 8 s
Real
0
50.00001 Hz 150 Hz
2015 119
↑ INCREASE the ↑ INCREASE the
stiffness ( k ) mass ( m )
↑ INCREASE the ↓ DECREASE the
frequency (f) frequency ( f )
2015 120
Natural Frequency
2015 121
Bump Testing Set‐up
UNIFORM WINDOW
Take your time – Bump around
Do not over range or clip the input signal
800 – 1600 lines of resolution
Try some different frequency spans
Only 1 bump for each time record
About 4 averages (depends on noise)
2015 122
Uniform Window
Flat Top
2015 123
Bump It !
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
dX:76.17188 ms dY:-1.36474 G
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2
G
Real
-2
0 s 1 s
Real
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 124
Mental Health Check !
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
dX:76.17188 ms dY:-1.36474 G
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2
G 76.17 msec/5 = 15.23 msec
Real
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 125
Time Waveform
X:23.4375 ms Y:1.63297 G Time Waveform
X:99.60938 ms Y:268.2297 mG
Time Record 1 TIME4.63
2 A0 = 1.633 G
G F = 1/0.01523 sec = 65.64 Hz
An = 0.268 G
Real n = 5 cycles
LN = natural log
-2
0 s 1 s
2015 126
FFT or Spectrum
X:58.75 Hz Y:8.550765 mG Frequency Spectrum
X:65.5 Hz Y:12.23725 mG
X:70.75 Hz Y:8.475402 mG
Auto Pwr Spec 1 F = 65.5 Hz HZ4.63
0.015
G
rms f1 = 58.75 Hz f2 = 70.75 Hz
Real
-3dB
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
2015 127
Bump Testing Summary
Take your time Calculate the
Choose your weapon amplification factor
Bump around Change the mass
Uniform Window Change the stiffness
Look at the time Add damping
waveform
Bump around
Look at the frequency
spectrum Compare and verify
Do a mental health results after changes to
check the machine
2015 128
1x (Running Speed)
Mass Unbalance 1x
• Critical Speed 1x
• Misalignment 1x, 2x, 3x
• Looseness 1x, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, ….
• Runout 1x
2015 129
1x Mass Unbalance
X:30 Hz Y:584.5464 minch
X:60 Hz Y:88.18431 minch
FREQ 1 1600 Lines
0.7 1x
inch Good resolution
rms & presentation
Magnitude
2x of the FFT
0
0 Hz 100 Hz
TIME 1
1.5
inch
Real
-1.5
0 s 15.99609 s
2015 130
1x Mass Unbalance
FREQ 1 1600 Lines
0.7
inch
rms
Magnitude
0
0 Hz 6.4 kHz
TIME 1
1.5
inch
Good resolution
& presentation of
the Time
Real
Waveform
-1.5
0 s 249.939 ms
2015 131
1x Mass Unbalance
X:30 Hz Y:584.5464 minch
X:60 Hz Y:88.18431 minch
FREQ 1
0.7 1x
inch
rms
Magnitude
2x Two measurements
0 will provide good
0 Hz 100 Hz resolution &
TIME 1 presentation of
1.5 Primarily 1x both the FFT &
inch Time Waveform
Real
-1.5
0 s 249.939 ms
2015 132
1x, 2x, 3x Misalignment
1x
2x
1x
2x
2015 133
1x, 2x, 3x Misalignment
1x 2x
Angular Offset
Misalignment Misalignment
Look for a 1800 phase shift across the coupling in axial
vibration measurements. Be careful with the way you
mount the accelerometer. Don’t create the 1800 phase shift
by flipping the accelerometer around.
2015 134
Rolling Element
Bearings
Rolling element bearings will not generate
frequencies that are even multiples of running
speed. They are non‐synchronous.
They often generate low amplitudes
They have stages of failure starting with high
frequency stress waves deteriorating to low
frequency components.
When the vibration gets better – shut the machine
off immediately!
2015 135
Rolling Element Bearing
Frequencies “Inner Race Rotates”
FTF = (Hz/2)[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps
N = number of rolling elements
Inner race and shaft rotate.
B = ball diameter
Outer race is held or fixed.
P = pitch diameter
CA = contact angle
Rolling Element Bearing
Frequencies “Outer Race Rotates”
FTF = (Hz/2)[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFO = (N/2)Hz[1+(B/P)cosCA]
BPFI = (N/2)Hz[1-(B/P)cosCA]
No
Rotation BSF = (PHz/2B){1-[(B/P)cosCA]2}
Where:
Hz. = shaft speed in cps
43.01 BSF
PK Velocity in mm/Sec
61.31 BPFO
0.6 95.26 BPFI
0.3
0
Freq: 589.03
0 300 600 900 1200
Ordr: 30.10
Frequency in Hz Spec: .289
Dfrq: 94.91
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Rolling Element Bearings (BPFI)
9 - CENTER ROLL
532E044D -MIH MOTOR INBOARD HORIZONTAL
20
Route Waveform
21-Feb-04 08:37:46
15
RMS = 3.52
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1506. (25.09 Hz)
10 CF ALARM
PK(+) = 17.23
PK(-) = 17.94
CRESTF= 5.10
Acceleration in G-s
PK ALARM
0
Angel Fish !
PK ALARM
-5 Impacts Create
Resonance of
-10
CF ALARM
Inner Ring
-15
-20
0 50 100 150 200
Time in mSecs
2015 139
Rolling Element Bearings
Early stage electrical fluting
ft = 1 ?
t is very small
F is very high
F max
2015 140
Rolling Element Bearings
Inner race pitting
ft = 1 ?
t is longer
f is lower
F max
2015 141
Rolling Element Bearings
Total bearing failure
ft = 1 ?
T is really long
f is really low
F max
2015 142
Rolling Element Bearings
As the frequency gets lower bad
things are happening !
Rolling Element Bearings
No lubrication!
No vibration
program!
No Reliability!
2015 144
Rolling Element Bearings ?
You need all of the
rolling elements, in the
same orientation, a
good cage, and a solid
inner race to have a
quality bearing and
good vibration
measurement!
Rolling Element Bearings
Severe
Electrical
Fluting
2015 146
Gear Mesh
Number of Teeth x Speed of the Shaft it is
mounted on.
Sidebands around gear mesh will be spaced
at the shaft speed the gear is mounted on.
Typically the vibration will be in the axial
direction
2015 147
Gear Mesh & Shaft Speeds
1770 RPM
21T 27T
(29.5 Hz)
13.18 Hz (790.85 RPM)
2015 148
Gear Mesh with Sidebands
of Shaft Speed
2015 149
Fans
Blade Pass
• Number of Blades x Speed of the Shaft the
rotor is mounted on.
• Look at the damper and duct work for flow
and restrictions.
• Blade clearance, discharge angle, wear & tear
Unbalance, misalignment, bearings
2015 150
Pumps
Vane Pass
• Number of Vanes x Speed of the Shaft the rotor is mounted on.
• Look at the input and output pressures
• Vane clearance, discharge angle, wear & tear
Recirculation
• Random noise in FFT & Time Waveform
• Axial shuttling, High back pressure, Low flow rate
• Fluid being forced back into pump
Cavitation
• Random noise in the FFT & Time Waveform
• Audible noise, Low back pressure, High flow rate
• Air entrained in fluid
Unbalance, misalignment, bearings
2015 151
Motors
Synchronous Speed
• (2 x Line Frequency)/number of poles
Stator
• 2 x Line Frequency and Multiples
Rotor
• Sidebands Around Running Speed = Slip
Frequency x Number of Poles with
Multiples
Unbalance, Misalignment, Bearings
2015 152
Thank You !
You can find technical papers on
this and other subjects at
www.ctconline.com
in the “Technical Resources” section
Connection Technology Center, Inc.
7939 Rae Boulevard
Victor, New York 14564
Tel: +1‐585‐924‐5900
Fax: +1‐585‐924‐4680
2015 153