Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The English language, which is the closest thing to a lingua franca around the world, is another
means for everyone to join the stream of world culture. This is where English proficiency becomes
vital in today’s world and country. English proficiency is the ability to speak, read, and/or write in
English.
Proficiency in the use of English language has been the urgent need nowadays. Thus, besides
being the medium of instruction, the English language courses are required in all curricula. Such
requirement is anchored on the belief that the general well-being and welfare of the students
should be the center of development while they are still in high school. Since language is the means
of achieving life’s goals and aspirations, the lack of it is believed to inhibit a person from fully
participating in the society or accessing to privileges, status and other opportunities (Felipe, 1987).
In Philippine education system, high school students ages ranging from 12 to 17 are expected
to have already basic knowledge of English and the four communication skills which will enable
them to function satisfactorily in certain English communication situations. The basic goal of high
school English is to enhance the students‘ knowledge and skills so they can function effectively in
any situation which requires the use of English particularly in a classroom setting that challenges
their academic performance. They need to be able to think independently, critically, and creatively.
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Hence, they should be given opportunities to enhance higher order thinking skills like analysis and
For the Philippines to effectively participate in this rapidly progressing international community,
and partake of its benefits, efforts should be geared towards popularizing the use of English by
enjoining all teachers, including those teaching in the different subjects to persist in being the
role-model of correctness, clearness, fluency and with proficiency in the use of the English language.
Teachers and students must work together to improve and use English in and out of the school. The
students must realize the need for developing the fundamental skills involved in the language.
Learning the language and attaining proficiency in communication is not only fundamental or basic
skill in the English subject but also with the other subjects in which English is the medium of
In the secondary English curriculum, it aims to address the communication needs of Filipino
students for English, which is emerging as the international lingua franca. These communication
needs are interpersonal, informative and aesthetics. In consonance with the government’s thrusts
approach to learning as well as reflection and introspection with the aim in view of developing
autonomous language learners aware of and able to cope with global trends.
According to British-Study, English is the most commonly spoken language by around 400
million people in the world. One out of five people can speak or at least understand English. Aside
from being the medium of instruction in the Philippines, learning the English language also provides
the Filipino people with all the advantages that champions of English say- it does access to the vast
fund of culture expressed in it, mobility in various spheres of the international scene, especially
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those dominated by the English-speaking people, participation in a quality of modern life of which
Improving the proficiency in English language is something that somebody could work on the
entire of his or her life. The best way to improve the person’s proficiency is to make sure the
foundation and understanding in all grammar concepts is more or less secure and then to work on
using the language as much as possible. The more proficient someone’s English is, the more doors
While it is possible to increase proficiency in English through other means, taking formal classes
can accelerate learning. Classes can help increase motivation and keep the student on a normal
These realities will be faced by students later on specially after college graduation. Therefore,
preparation to become ready and independent in facing the world of competition is needed.
Unfortunately, apart from the lack of job opportunities in the country, what is more
disheartening is that most graduates do not qualify. They do not possess the qualification and
The quality of education in the country is, to say the least, lower than it had been during the
days before the fast tracking of communication media, the very same tools that have made
A college graduate is expected to have learned the skills. But employers nowadays end up
going back to teaching the ABC’s of communication because these were not ingrained to students
early on. It was also a worthy observation of the researcher that some of the students have poor
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speaking skills in English which coupled with their inability to manipulate sentence structures and
complicate their writing difficulties. She often hears complains among the teachers regarding the
students ‘difficulties in speaking the English language. Who are to be blamed? We always blame
teachers in this failure especially those in the field of language and communication. English has
This fact causes a significant decline in English proficiency in the Philippines particularly in
Bantayan National High School. Even students in Grade Ten are still predicament of teachers. Hence,
this study was conceived to look for possible factors associated with the performance of Grade Ten
English is the language of Science, Aviation, Computers, Diplomacy, and Tourism. English is also
the language of the Media Industry and of the Internet. If learners speak and understand English,
translations and subtitles will no longer be needed to enjoy books, songs, films, and television
shows. Alienation to the language of businesses and trade will eventually diminish. Moreover,
learners’ exposure to English increases chances of getting a good job in multinational companies
within the country or even abroad. English is not only useful – it gives satisfaction. This implies
One of the factors that affects student’s proficiency in English is the general intelligence, also
known as g factor. This refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences
performance on cognitive ability measures. Charles Spearman first described the existence of
general intelligence in 1904. He developed a statistical technique known as factor analysis. Factor
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analysis allows researchers to a number of different test items that can measure common abilities.
For example, researchers might find that people who score well on questions that measure
vocabulary also perform better on questions related to reading comprehension. Spearman believed
that general intelligence represented an intelligence factor underlying specific mental abilities. All
tasks on intelligence tests, whether they are related to verbal or mathematical abilities, were
According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability
tests. He noted that while people certainly could and often did excel in certain areas, people who
did well in one area tended also to do well in other areas. For example, a person who does well on
a verbal test would probably also do well on other tests. Those who hold this view believe
that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score. The idea
is that this underlying general intelligence influences performance on all cognitive tasks (Cherry,
2018).
Student’s age and gender also greatly affect their proficiency in English language. Many studies
understand how intelligence develops in terms of changes in the factors of intelligence over time,
and changes in the amounts of certain abilities children have. For example, “mental age” was a
popular concept during the first half of the twentieth century. Mental age represented the average
child’s level of mental functioning for that given age. An average 10-year-old would have a mental
age of 10, but an above-average 10-year-old might have a mental age of 11 or 12. the concept of
mental age is now rarely used, since it does not hold accurate beyond age 16. The mental test
performance of most people over age 16 is fairly consistent, and therefore mental ages such as 24
and 25 cannot be distinguished between. Many psychologists also believe that intellectual
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development does not follow a smooth curve, like mental age implies. Development seems to come
Research and theories in the past gave strong and convincing arguments against the theory
that the student learns his language by repeating or memorizing the sound and word utterances
which he hears around him. For these groups of theories, the student learns his language by using it
to communicate; that is, when using a language as a medium to express his thoughts and feelings in
In the light of this development and with the lots of scientific reports published eventually, our
becomes increasingly clear that to comprehend, students must construct their meanings. This
emanates from the constructive theory of language learning advanced by Rosenblutt (1978), Smith
The teaching and learning process involves two active participants in the classroom - the
teacher and the learner, and that language learning does not fall entirely on the teacher. The
students must also assume more responsibility for the learning process (Quist, 2000). For example,
Vuzo (2010) reported “It is through interactions with each other that teachers and students work
together to create intellectual and practical activities that shape both the form and the content of
the target subject. However, such situation is not commonly found in secondary schools in all
subjects due to the fact that lecture method dominates the teaching and learning process which
leads to passive learning” (p.18). Once Cummings (2002) as quoted in Wang et al. (1994) said:
“when I hear, I forget. When I see, I remember and when I do, I learn” (p. 111). Cummings noted
that learning in which students are interactive produces far more effective participation in a class.
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Meaning that effectiveness of language learning and teaching in the classrooms will depend upon
the educational repertoire teachers have. This idea concurs with Quist (2000) in that successful
teaching and quality of pupil learning is closely related to the teacher’s knowledge and
understanding of the subject. Furthermore, the English teacher is a figure in the language course.
Literature indicates clearly that it is the teacher who sets the tone for learning activities (Allen &
Valette, 1997; Quist, 2000). Since to teach is to communicate, English teacher must have maximum
communicative competence. Also, a teacher must be knowledgeable in the language itself so that
he/she can make useful decision regarding what should be taught to whom, and how the teaching
should be done. Researches demonstrate clearly that among the factors that lead to students’ poor
performance are qualities of teachers (Harmer, 2003; Mosha, 2004). Moreover, empirical studies
showed that if early years at the school fail to provide the right foundation for learning, then no
amount of special provision at later stages will be able to achieve the full potential of the child in
terms of how his learning will proceed, and how beneficial his attitudes are towards his future life
Smith (1946) also theorized that the effectiveness of instruction in Oral English depends upon
Teaching materials are very important in the whole process of teaching and learning to any
subject. They make learning more pleasant to the students because they offer a reality of
experience, which stimulates self-activity and imagination on the part of the students. They also
supply concrete basis for conceptual thinking and hence, reduce meaningless word responses from
students (Nyamubi, 2003). For instance, Kapoli (2001) noted that authentic materials enable the
students to explore the language used in day-to-day life and which is tailored to their needs and
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interests. UNESCO (2000) reported that the provision of teaching and learning materials especially
books is an effective way of improving results. However, the World Education Report (1998) reveals
out that in many countries, conditions are difficult, whether they relate to the physical states of
schools and the availability of teaching and learning materials, class sizes, or the changing
Attitudes of Language Learning Attitudes refer to the sets of beliefs that the learner holds
towards members of the target group and also towards his own culture (Brown, 2000). Language
attitude is an important concept because it plays a key role in language learning. For example,
researchers conducted by Gardner (2001, 2002) about attitudes and motivation showed correlation
with linguistic performance of learners, emphasizing the role of attitudes and motivation as
determinant factors in language learning. It is also generally agreed among researches that positive
attitudes facilitate the learning process, though attitude does not determine the behavior (Khanna
& Agnihotri, 1994). In education, attitudes are considered both as input and output. Attitudes have
a positive correlation with success in learning the second language because they facilitate learners’
motivation to learn the language (Gardner &Trembly, 1994). They added that individual attitudes
towards the language that they learn meet important needs as they satisfy certain functions such as
Motivation and Language Learning. Motivation is the most used concept for explaining failure
or success of a learner. Also, motivation has been regarded as one of the main factors that
influence the speed and amount of success of foreign language learners (Gardner, 2006). For
instance, Gardner (2006) reported “Students with higher levels of motivation will do better than
students with lower levels” (p. 241). He further added that “If one is motivated, he/she has reasons
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(motives) for engaging in the relevant activities” (p. 243). In another development, Elliot, Kratochil,
and Cook (2000) see motivation as an internal state that arouses to action, pushes us in particular
directions, and keeps us engaged in certain activities. They added that learning and motivation are
equally essential for performance and they enable us to acquire new knowledge and skills.
Furthermore, motivation provides the impetus for showing what we have learned, and that more
motivated people achieve higher levels but Harmer (2004) cautioned that motivation that brings
students to task of learning English could be affected and influenced by the attitudes of a number
of people. In teaching, motivation is one of the factors that influence success or failure in learning a
language, particularly a second language or foreign language (Gardner, 2006). In the same Petty
(1998) argued that if students do not want to learn, their learning efficiency will be slow such that
they may learn virtually nothing, and if you know how to motivate students, you can highly increase
their learning. Apart from motivation and attitudes, researches show clearly that home
environment has a part to play in students’ poor performance in schools (Suleiman, 1999; Mapuri,
1999).
Conceptual framework in this study is based on Bloom’s (1982) model of evaluation because of
its suitability in the process of language learning and teaching. It was useful in examining the
language subject. The model consists of three items: Predictor variables, Mediating variables and
Performance. According to Bloom (1982) predictor variables and mediating variables influence
greatly students’ performance. Figure 1 summarizes the idea contained in the model that if the
predictor variables and mediating variables were of high quality, then teaching and learning process
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would produce good performance in language comprehension, production and attitudes towards
English.
VARIABLES
VARIABLES
Age
Gender Language
Comprehen
Teaching and
sion
Learning Materials
Students’ attitudes First
Teacher ‘s Grading
Effectiveness in Methods of Teaching Grades
Teaching
The model examines the relationship between variables, teaching and learning process with
performance in English language. It was anticipated that if there were enough and well qualified
teachers to teach English language subject, availability of teaching and learning materials, they
would contribute to students’ high performance in the subject. It was also hoped that students
would perform better if they were motivated to learn the language because their motivation would
determine their success. Additionally, if teachers were motivated to teach the language, students
would perform better because teachers were the ones who determine students’ success. The study
also assumed that if the school environment especially classrooms and home environment were
conducive to students’ learning they would contribute to high performance not only in English
subject but also in other subjects taught in English, hence, high school achievement. Furthermore, it
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was expected that students’ attitudes toward the language they learn could predict their academic
performance. Also, students’ frequent use of the language inside and outside classrooms would
influence the level of performance in the language they learn. On top of that, it was expected that if
English language teachers could manage to organize content, learning objectives, and apply recent
methods of teaching and learning English, students would perform highly in the subject at the end
production and attitudes toward the subject. On one hand, it was anticipated that when predictor
variables and mediating variables were favorable then, the level of performance would be high; on
the other hand, when they were of low quality then, performance would suffer.
The study aimed to determine the factors associated with the performance of the Grade 10
students in English language in Bantayan National High School, Ticad, Bantayan, Cebu with the end
view of using the findings of the study as the bases for proposed activities in English. It endeavored
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
2. What is the extent of effectiveness of the teachers teaching the English Language?
3. What learning materials and motivational techniques were used by the teachers?
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3.1 Age
3.2 Gender
Hypothesis
English as:
1. Age
2. Gender
The researcher believes that her study would be of great help to the following:
Students. The study will greatly help students in realizing the importance and the value of the
English language in the 21st century world. They will come to know how the English language ferries
Bantayan National High School. This will help in attaining the school and the Department of
Education’s vision which is to make Filipinos passionately love their country and whose values and
competencies enable them to realize their full potential and contribute meaningfully to building the
nation.
School Administrators. The findings of the study will also provide the administrators baseline
information in planning out trainings and seminars to improve the communicative competence of
the teachers not only those who are teaching English but also those of other related subjects.in as
much as teachers play a vital role in the teaching and learning activities, it is expected that the
trainings and seminars for English teachers in the English language should be included in the
educational development plan of the school. Even the administrators should likewise be competent
and proficient of the language to get the respect and rapport with her colleagues.
English Teachers. The English teachers would be more motivated to make use of the students’
profile in designing new and sensible activities in line with students’ skills and abilities. Through the
results, they would also see the accordance and the effectivity of their teaching strategies to
students they are teaching and the appropriateness of the teaching materials they use. The findings
from this study also are expected to inspire teachers to attend seminars, trainings, and workshops
in the English language to keep them updated with the new strategies and trends in the classroom
instruction. This will also make them realize that the proficiency in the use of the English language
is not only imperative in the English subject, but also in other subjects where in English language is
Other Subject Teachers. This will help other teachers too in identifying the weaknesses of the
students and such that will make a way for them to also extend help to overcome students
‘difficulties.
Non-Teaching Personnel. It is a must that school personnel would also be proficient in the English
language because most often they are conversing with the students who will be the future leaders
of our country. Therefore, they will also be effective agents that will make the students be at home
Parents. This study will also give a background information to parents on the achievement in t he
English language of their children. They can and should cooperate with the teachers in reinforcing
the lessons through rendering their time for assistance and queries at home.
Government Officials. This study will serve as eye-opener to the government officials to be
sensitive and responsive at the same time to the emerging needs of the students and the school at
Future Researchers. The result of the study will be of help to the future researchers in gathering
Definition of Terms
The following terms which were used in the research were defined operationally to give a
English Language Proficiency refers to the ability of students to use the English Language to make
and communicate meaning in spoken and written contexts while completing a program of study.
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Motivational Techniques refers to the stimulus given to students to continue with and improve
Attitudes refers to the settlement on the way of thinking of a student or his regard of the English
Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of male and female typically used with
G Factor refers to one of the factors that affects student’s proficiency in English. This refers to the
existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures.
Language Comprehension refers to the ability of students to correctly process word and phrase
Language Production refers to the production of written and spoken language. I t describes all of
the stages between having concept, and translating concept into linguistic form.
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CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methodology of research used and brief description on how the study
was designed, the procedure carried out, the respondents and the statistical treatment of the data
gathered.
Research Design
The descriptive survey was the main method of the research used. The inputs of this study,
which is the language proficiency skills, were gathered through the use of testing instruments. Data
were statistically analyzed and interpreted. After which, salient conclusions were formulated based
The study focuses on the factors associated with the performance of Grade 10 students in the
English Language in Bantayan National High School. The study used random sampling in identifying
students and convenience sampling for teachers. Two sections from grade 10, sections Narra and
Molave with 60 students each section a total of 120 students and three English teachers in Grade
10 were chosen as respondents. The aim of including teachers in the study was to investigate the
way they applied knowledge and skills in the classroom whereby emphasis was put on competence
in handling the subject matter, methods of teaching, and use of teaching and learning materials.
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Research Instrument/s
The researcher used two sets of Questionnaires in the conduct of the study.
These Questionnaires are composed of two (2) parts; 1) Demographic and General Information, 2)
Survey Questionnaire on the extent of teacher effectiveness and the availability of the
teaching-learning materials.
Part 1. Demographic and General Information. This include the following information from the
Part 2. Survey Questionnaire on the Extent of Effectiveness of Teachers. This includes teaching
Ethical Considerations
A formal letter request was addressed to the school head of Bantayan National High School
asking permission to use Grade 10- Narra and Grade 10- Molave of school year 2018-2019 as
research respondents of the study and another letter requesting to observe teachers in their
English classes in grade 10. The same letter was also addressed to the parents asking their
permission to conduct the study to their children. Moreover, the researcher asked permission from
The first grading grades of students used in the research, as well as the results in the survey on
the extent of effectiveness of teachers and availability of teaching-learning materials were held
The researcher asked permission from the school head of Bantayan National High School to
conduct the research among Grade 10- Narra and Grade 10- Molave students and to observe
Through the random sampling method, the researcher selected the 60 students of each section.
Thus, a total of 120 students as research participants together with three English teachers in Grade
An orientation was conducted among research participants with regard to the mechanics of the
research.
The researcher constructed the data sheets for students and the survey questions for teachers
based on the Department of Education’s evaluation form of the and made it valid through the
school subject coordinator in English of Bantayan National High School, Ticad, Bantayan, Cebu.
Students were asked to fill in the data sheets inside their classrooms and teachers were
surveyed and observed during their English classes. The observer fills in the survey questionnaires
5- Very Effective
4- Effective
3- Less Effective
2- Not effective
1- Poor
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The average score is taken from the following parts of the questionnaire:
Treatment of Data
The data gathered from this research were the Demographic and General Information, the
First Grading Grades, the Questionnaire on the extent of teacher effectiveness and the availability
of teaching-learning materials.
1. Weighted Mean. This was used to assess and determine the extent of effectiveness of
the teachers teaching the English Language and the availability of teaching-learning
materials used.
∑𝑤𝑓
𝑊𝑀 = 𝑁
Where:
M = Mean
∑ = Summation
f = Frequency
W = weight
N = number of cases
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A hypothetical mean range was set for each scale with the corresponding interpretation.
3.41--4.20 Effective
1.00 Poor
2. To determine the correlation between the variables correlated, the Pearson r formula was
used:
Formula:
𝑁∑𝑥𝑦− (∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
𝑟
√𝑁 ∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 𝑁 ∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2
Where:
∑x = sum of the x scores
∑y = sum of the y scores
∑X = sum of the squared x scores
∑Y = sum of the squared y scores
∑Xy = sum of the products of paired x and y scores
N = number of cases
3. For testing the degree of significance based on the coefficient of correlation the t- test was
used:
𝑁−1
Formula: t=r 1−𝑟
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N = number of respondents
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Campbell, R. & Wales, R. The Study of Language Acquisition. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New Horizons in
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Carpio, Rustico C. and Anacleta C. Encarnacion. Effective Speaking. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore,
1981
Dafudaliza, Concepcion D., An Approach to the Teaching of College Freshmen English in General
Gardner, R, C. Integrative Motivation and Second Language Acquisition. In Dornyei, Z. & Schimidt, R.
Gardner, R. & Trembly, P. On Motivation, Research Agendas, and Theoretical Frameworks. Modern
Lorenzo, Josephina V. The Functionality of the English Language. Language, Literature and Culture.
Markwardt, Albert II. The Phase of Literature in the Teaching of English as a Second Language.
Smith, Palmer, William. Oral English for School. New York: McMillan Co, 1946
Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.5, No.35, 2014
https://www.british-study.com/adults/10-reasons-to-learn-english.php
Factors Associated with the Performance of the Grade 10 Students in English Language,
Bantayan National High School, Bantayan Cebu: Proposed Activities
ANALYN V. GIGANTO
Appendix A – Questionnaire/ Evaluation Sheet
Name of teacher:
Age: Gender:
5- Very Effective
4 - Effective
3- Less Effective
2- Not Effective
1- Poor
OTHER COMMENTS: