SLAB TYPE RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING

INPUT DATA
1) LOAD ON COLUMN ON A = 670 KN
2)LOAD ON COLUMN ON B = 670 KN
3)CENTRE TO CENTRE DIST. (L3) = 8 m
4)DIST. OF CENTRE OF COLUMN A
FROM PROPERTY LINE (L1) = 0.3 m
5)DIST. OF CENTRE OF COL. B = 0.3 m
5)SIZE OF COLUMN A
d1 = 450 mm
b1 = 300 mm
6)SIZE OF COLUMN B
d2 = 450 mm
b2 = 300 mm
7) BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL = 100 KN/mm2
8)STRENGTH OF CONCRETE fck = 20 N/mm2
9)STRENGTH OF STEEL fy = 415 N/mm2
10)WIDTH OF PEDESTRAL = 300 mm

LENGTH OF FOOTING = 8.6 m

WIDTH OF FOOTING = 1.65 m

P1 = 670 Kn P2 = 670 Kn

A B

L1 = 0.3 m L3= 8 M L2 = 0.3 m

8.6

4.3

Page 1 of 33
DESIGN :-
LENGTH AND WIDTH OF FOOTING:-

C.G. OF LOADS FROM PROPERTY LINE X = 4.3 m

WT. OF FOOTING & EARTH ABOVE (10%) = 67 KN

TOTAL LOAD ON EARTH = 670 + 670 + 67 = 1407 KN

FACTORED LOAD ON COL. A = 1.5 x 670 = 1005 KN

FACTORED LOAD ON COL. A = 1.5 x 670 = 1005 KN

NET UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE = (1005 + 1005) / (8.6 x 1.65) =

= 142 KN/m2

NET UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE PER UNIT LENGTH = 142 x 1.65 =

= 234.3 KN/m

B/2
C1 b1 C2
b2
B/2
d1 d2

L1 L2 L3

1005 / 0.45 = 1005 / 0.45 =

2233.34 KN/m. 2233.34 KN/m.

234.3 KN/m

A B C D E F G H J

Page 2 of 33
FACTORED SHEAR FORCE AT FOLLOWING POINTS:-

B= 234.3 x (0.3-0.225) = 17.5725 KN

DLEFT = 234.3 x 0.525 - 2233.34 x 0.45 = -881.993 KN

DRIGHT = -1 x -881.993 = 881.993 KN

F= -881.993 + 234.3 x 7.55 = 886.972 KN

HLEFT = 886.972 - 2233.34 x 0.45 + 234.3 x 0.45 = -12.593 KN

HRIGHT = -1 x -12.593 = 12.593 KN

SHEAR FORCE CHANGES SIGN AT C (BC) = 0.0088 m.

SHEAR FORCE CHANGES SIGN AT E (DE) = 3.5401 m.

SHEAR FORCE CHANGES SIGN AT G (FG) = 0.4438 m.

THE DISTANCE OF FOLLOWING POINTS FROM LEFT EDGE,m

B= 0.075 AB = 0.075

C= 0.0838 BC = 0.0088

D= 0.525 CD = 0.4438

E= 4.0651 DE = 3.5401

F= 8.075 EF = 4.0099

G= 8.5188 FG = 0.4438

H= 8.525 GH = 0.0062

Page 3 of 33
 BENDING MOMENT AT VARIOUS POINTS :-
(NEGATIVE SIGN INDIACATES HOGGING MOMENTS)

B= 0.658969 KN-m B (ABS) = 0.659

C= 0.736204 KN-m C (ABS) = 0.736

D= -193.836 KN-m D (ABS) = 193.836

E= -1848.02 KN-m E (ABS) = 1848.017

F= -175.036 KN-m F (ABS) = 175.036

G= 21.71381 KN-m G (ABS) = 21.714

H= 0.658969 KN-m H (ABS) = 0.659

MAXI. DESIGN MOMENT,Mumax = 1848.017 KN-m

REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR FOOTING,

WIDTH OF FOOTING b = 1650
Mumax = 0.138 fck b d2
1848.017 = 0.138 x 20 x 1650 x d^2

HENCE d= 700 mm.

CONSIDER EFFECTIVE COVER = 50 mm

OVERALL DEPTH D = 750 mm

MAIN NEGATIVE LONG. REINFORCEMENT (HOGGING MOMENTS):-

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0.5 u
fffffffffffffffck
fffffffl u 4.6M
ffffffffffffffffffufffffm
Ast  j 1 @t 1 @ k B bd
fy f ck b d

Ast = 8664.435 mm2 % pt = 0.76

MINI.Ast = 0.85 x 1650 x 700 / 415

Page 4 of 33
 Ast (min) = 2365.663 mm2 % pt = 0.21

HENCE Ast PROVIDED = 8664.435 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE SPACING UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm2) (mm2) REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm2) (mm) c/c Kg/m WT. (kg)
12 113.1 8664.435 76.61 77 8708.7 22 0.889 547.63
16 201.07 8664.435 43.1 44 8847.08 39 1.581 556.52
20 314.16 8664.435 27.58 28 8796.48 60 2.47 553.28

HENCE PROVIDE # 28 - 20 mm BAR ( SPACING = 60 mm c/c )

MAIN NEGATIVE LONG. REINFORCEMENT (SAGGING MOMENTS):-

DESIGN MOMENT UNDER COLUMN A / COLUMN B = 193.836 KN-m

Ast = 778.216 mm2

Ast min = 2365.67 mm2

HENCE Ast PROVIDED = 2365.67 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE SPACING UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm )
2
(mm )2
REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm ) 2
(mm) c/c Kg/m WT. (kg)
12 113.1 2365.67 20.92 21 2375.1 79 0.889 149.36
16 201.07 2365.67 11.77 12 2412.84 141 1.581 151.78
20 314.16 2365.67 7.54 8 2513.28 220 2.47 158.08

HENCE PROVIDE # 8 - 20 mm BAR ( SPACING = 220 mm c/c )

Page 5 of 33
SLAB AND BEAM TYPE RECTANGULAR COMBINED FOOTING

INPUT DATA
1) LOAD ON COLUMN ON A = 1000 KN
2)LOAD ON COLUMN ON B = 1000 KN
3)CENTRE TO CENTRE DIST. (L3) = 3.5 m
4)DIST. OF CENTRE OF COL. A
FROM PROPERTY LINE (L1) = 0.3 m
5)DIST. OF CENTRE OF COL. B = 0.3 m
5)SIZE OF COLUMN A
d1 = 400 mm
b1 = 400 mm
6)SIZE OF COLUMN B
d2 = 400 mm
b2 = 400 mm
7) BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL = 190 KN/mm2
8)STRENGTH OF CONCRETE fck = 20 N/mm2
9)STRENGTH OF STEEL fy = 415 N/mm2
10)WIDTH OF PEDESTRAL = 300 mm
11)EFFECTIVE COVER = 75 mm
LENGTH OF FOOTING = 5.6 m
WIDTH OF FOOTING = 2.1 m

DESIGN :-
LENGTH AND WIDTH OF FOOTING:-

C.G. OF LOADS FROM PROPERTY LINE X = 2.05 m

WT. OF FOOTING & EARTH ABOVE (10%) = 200 kN

TOTAL WORKING LOAD = 1000 + 1000 + 200 = 2200 kN

REQD. AREA OF FOOTING = Af = TOTAL LOAD / SBC = 2200 / 190

Af = 11.58 m2

LET THE WIDTH OF FOOTING Bf = 2.1 m.

REQD. LENGTH OF FOOTING Lf = 11.58 / 2.1
Lf = 5.6 m
HENCE PROVIDE FOOTING SIZE 5.6m X 2.1m, AREA Af = 11.76 sq.m

FOR UNIFORM PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION THE C.G. OF THE FOOTING SHOULD

COINCIDE WITH THE C.G. OF COLUMN LOADS. LET " x " BE THE DISTANCE OF
C.G. FROM THE CENTRE LINE OF COLUMN A.
THEN x = ( P2 x 3.5 ) / (P1 + P2) = (1000 x 3.5) / (1000 + 1000)

x= 1.8 m. FROM COLUMN A

IF THE CANTILEVER PROJECTION OF FOOTING BEYOND COLUMN A IS 'a',

THEN, (a + 1.8) = Lf / 2 = 5.6 / 2
HENCE a= 1 m

Page 6 of 33
Page 7 of 33
SIMILARLY IF THE CANTILEVER PROJECTION OF FOOTING BEYOND B IS 'b'

THEN, b + (3.5 - 1.8 ) = Lf / 2 = 2.8 m.

HENCE b= 1.1 m

THE DETAILS ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE,

P1 = 1000 kN P2 = 1000 kN

A B

L1 = 1 m L3= 3.5 m L2 = 1.1 m

5.6

2.8

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF COMBINED FOOTING

RECTANGULAR FOOTING WITH CENTRAL BEAM :-

DESIGN OF BOTTOM SLAB:-

FACTORED LOAD ON COL. A = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 KN

FACTORED LOAD ON COL. A = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 KN

NET UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE = (1500 + 1500) / (5.6 x 2.1) = 256 KN/m2

NET UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE PER UNIT LENGTH = 256 x 2.1 = 537.6 KN/m

Page 8 of 33
B/2
C1 b1 C2
b2
B/2
d1 d2

L1 L2 L3

1500 / 0.4 = 1500 / 0.4 =

3750 KN/m. 3750 KN/m.

537.6 KN/m

DESIGN OF SLAB :-

INTENSITY OF UPWARD PRESSURE = Wu = 256 KN/m2

CONSIDER ONE METER WIDTH IF THE SLAB (b = 1 m)

LOAD PER m. RUN OF SLAB AT ULTIMATE = 256 x 1

= 256 KN/m.

CANTILEVER PROJECTION OF THE SLAB (FOR SMALLER COLUMN)

= 1050 - 400 / 2
= 850 mm
MAXIMUM ULTIMATE MOMENT = 256 x 0.85 ^2 / 2 = 92.48 KN-m.

1.05 m. Mu lim = 0.138 fck b d^2 STEEL

0.4 m. ###
HENCE DEPTH d = 185 mm ###
###
0.85 m. SINCE THE SLAB IS IN CONTACT WITH THE SOIL
CLEAR COVER OF 50 mm IS ASSUMED.

1m. USING 20 mm DIAMETER BARS

pu = 256 KN/m2
REQD. TOTAL DEPTH D = 300 mm
HENCE, EFF. DEPTH d = 240 mm

REINFORCEMENT IN SLAB:-
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0.5 f u 4.6M
u
Ast  fffffffffffffffckffffflfj 1 @t 1 @ ffffffffffffffffffffufff2fffm
k bd 0.5 f ffff
fy f ck b d Ast  ffffffffffffffck
fy

Ast = 1190.29 mm2 % pt = 0.5

Page 9 of 33
 MINI.Ast = 0.85 x 1000 x 240 / 415

Ast (min) = 491.57 mm2 % pt = 0.21

HENCE Ast PROVIDED = 1190.29 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE SPACING UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm2) (mm2)/m. REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm2) (mm) c/c Kg/m WT. (kg)
12 113.1 1190.29 10.53 11 1244.1 95 0.889 110.15
12 113.1 1190.29 10.53 11 1244.1 95 0.889 110.15
12 113.1 1190.29 10.53 11 1244.1 95 0.889 110.15

HENCE PROVIDE # 59 - 12 mm BAR (SPACING = 95 c/c )

CHECK THE DEPTH FOR ONE-WAY SHEAR CONSIDERATIONS

AT DISTANCE 'd' FROM FACE OF COLUMN:-

240

B/2
C1 b1 C2
b2
B/2
d1 d2
L1 L2 L3

DESIGN SHEAR FORCE = Vu = 256 x (0.85 - 0.24)

HENCE Vu = 156.16 KN

NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS τv = Vu / b*d = 156160/ ( 1000 x 240)

τv = 0.66 Mpa

PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS % pt = 0.52

HENCE FROM IS:456,TABLE-19,
PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS τc = 0.4864 Mpa
k
VALUE OF 'k' FOR 300 mm THICK SLAB = 1

CAL.PERMISSIBLE SHEAR STRESS k*τc= 1 x 0.4864 = 0.487 N/mm2

HENCE REVISE
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:-

AS PER IS:456, THE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH Ld IS GIVEN BY, GRADE

 τbd
Ld  ffffffffffsffff
4 bd

Page 10 of 33
 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH Ld = 565 mm

AVAILABLE LENGTH OF BAR = 850 - 25 = 825 mm

> 565 mm AND HENCE SAFE
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:-

REQUIRED Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 300 / 100 = 360 mm2 / m.

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE SPACING UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm2) (mm2)/m. REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm2) (mm) c/c Kg/m WT. (kg)
10 78.54 360 4.59 5 392.7 215 0.618 34.61

HENCE PROVIDE 10 mm BARS AT 215 mm c/c

DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL BEAM:-

LOAD FROM THE SLAB WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO THE BEAM.
AS THE WIDTH IF THE FOOTING IS 2 m, THE NET UPWARD SOIL PRESSURE
PER METER LENGTH OF THE BEAM Wu = 256 x 2.1 = 537.6 KN/m.

1500 KN 1500 KN
3.5 m.
C E D
A B
1 m. 537.6 KN/m. 1.1

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

S.F.@ AL = 537.6 KN POINT OF ZERO S.F. FROM LEFT END C,
S.F.@ AR = -962.4 KN X1 = 1500 / 537.6 = 2.8 m.FROM C OR
S.F.@ BL = 919.2 KN X2 = 1500 / 537.6 = 2.8 m.FROM D
S.F.@ BR =
-580.8 KN
MAXIMUM B.M. OCCURS AT A DISTANCE OF 2.8 m.FROM D

MuE = 537.6 x 2.8 ^2 / 2 - 1500 ( 2.8 - 1.1 ) = -442.61 KN-m.

B.M. UNDER COLUMN A, MuA = 537.6 x 1 ^2 / 2 = 268.8 KN-m.

B.M. UNDER COLUMN B, MuB = 537.6 x 1.1 ^2 / 2 = 325.248 KN-m.

a=
LET THE POINT OF CONTRA FLEXTURE BE AT A DISTANCE x FROM b=
THE CENTRE OF COLUMN A THEN, c=
Mx = 1500x - 537.6 (x + 1 )^2 / 2 = 0
THEREFORE x = 0.306 m. and 3.276 m. FROM COLUMN A x1 =
i.e. 0.23 m. FROM B. x2 =
DEPTH OF BEAM FROM B.M.:-
THE WIDTH OF BEAM IS KEPT EQUAL TO THE MAXI. WIDTH
OF THE COLUMN i.e. 400 DETERMINE THE DEPTH OF THE BEAM
WHERE T-BEAM ACTION IS NOT AVAILABLE.THE BEAM ACTS AS A
RECTANGULAR SECTION IN THE CANTILEVER PORTION,

Page 11 of 33
 WHERE THE MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT = 325.248 KN-m.

HENCE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF BEAM deff = 545 mm

ASSUMING TWO ROWS OF BARS WITH EFFECTIVE COVER OF 75 mm

TOTAL DEPTH OF BEAM D = 620 mm 800

AND EFF. DEPTH d = 545 mm

THE HEAVIER COLUMN CAN PUNCH THROUGH THE FOOTING ONLY IF IT SHEARS
AGAINST THE DEPTH OF THE BEAM ALONG ITS TWP OPPOSITE EDGES, AND ALONG
THE DEPTH OF THE SLAB ON THE REMAINING TWO EDGES. THE CRITICAL S/C FOR
TWO-WAY SHEAR IS TAKEN AT DIST, d/2 (i.e.545 / 2mm )FROM THE FACE OF THE COL.
THEREFORE, THE CRITICAL S/C WILL BE TAKEN AT A DISTANCE HALF THE EFFE.
DEPTH OF THE SLAB (ds/2) ON THE OTHER SIDE AS SHOWN IN FIG.

COLUMN DIMENSION BEAM & SLAB EFF. DEPTH

b= 400 mm BEAM db = 545 mm
d= 400 mm SLAB ds = 240 mm

AREA RESISTING TWO WAY SHEAR

= 2(b x db + ds x ds) + 2( D + db ) ds
= 2 x (400 x 545 + 240 x 240 ) + 2 ( 400 + 545 ) x 240
AREA RESISTING TWO WAY SHEAR = 1004800 mm2

DESIGN SHEAR Pud = COLUMN LOAD - Wu x AREA AT CRITICAL SECTION

Pud = 1500 - 256 x (b + ds) x (D + db )
= 1500 - 256 x (0.4 + 0.24) x ( 0.4 + 0.545)
Pud = 1345.18 KN

τv = Pud / b0 d = 1345.18 x 1000 / 1004800

τv = 1.34 Mpa

SHEAR STRESS RESISTED BY CONCRETE = τuc = τuc Ks

τuc = 0.25 x ( fck )^ 0.5 = 0.25 x (20)^0.5 = 1.12 N/mm2

Page 12 of 33
 Ks = 0.5 + b / D = 0.5 + 400 / 400 = 1.5 > 1

HENCE, Ks = 1

τuc = 1.12 x 1 = 1.12 N/mm2

----- REVISE THE DEPTH OF BEAM

INCREASED DEPTH OF BEAM Db = 800 mm

AND EFF. DEPTH d = 725 mm

AREA RESISTING TWO WAY SHEAR = 2(b x db + ds x ds) + 2( D + db ) ds

= 2 x (400 x 725 + 240 x 240 ) + 2 ( 400 + 725 ) x 240

AREA RESISTING TWO WAY SHEAR= 1235200 mm2

DESIGN SHEAR Pud = 1500 - 256 x (0.4 + 0.24) x ( 0.4 + 0.725)

Pud = 1315.68 KN

τv = 1.09 Mpa

τuc = 1.12 Mpa

----- HENCE DEPTH IS SUFFICIENT

AREA OF STEEL : CANTILEVER PORTION BD:-

400 400

C 1000 A 3500 B 1100 D

537.6 KN/m

LENGTH OF CANTILEVER FROM THE FACE OF COLUMN = 1100 - 400 / 2

= 900 mm

ULTIMATE MOMENT AT THE FACE OF THE COLUMN = 537.6 x 0.9 x 0.9 / 2

= 217.73 KN-m
Mumax = 0.138 x 20 x 400 x 725 ^ 2

Mumax = 580.29 KN-m

HENCE 580.29 KN-m > 217.73 KN-m

Page 13 of 33
 HENCE 580.29 KN-m > 217.73 KN-m S/C IS SINGLY REINFORCED
Mu / bd2 = 1.1 N/mm2

HENCE % pt = 0.327

Ast = 948.3 mm2

MINI.Ast = 0.85 x 400 x 725 / 415

Ast (min) = 593.98 mm2 %pt = 0.21

HENCE Ast PROVIDED = 948.3 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm )
2
(mm )
2
REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm ) 2
Kg/m WT. (kg)
16 201.07 948.3 4.72 5 1005.35 1.581

HENCE PROVIDE # 5 - 16 mm BAR AT BOTTOM FACE

CURTAILMENT:-
All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever. the bottom bars of 3
curtailed at a dist. d ( = 230 mm )from the point of contraflexure (λ = 230 mm ) in the portion
' BE ' with its distance from the centre of support equal to 460 mm from B.

CANTILEVER PORTION AC

LENGTH OF CANTILEVER FROM THE FACE OF COLUMN = 1000 - 400 / 2 = 800

ULTIMATE MOMENT = 537.6 x 0.8 ^2 / 2 = 172.04 KN-m

Mu / bd2 = 0.9 N/mm2

HENCE % pt = 0.264

Ast = 765.6 mm2

Ast (min) = 593.98 mm2 %pt = 0.21

HENCE Ast PROVIDED = 765.6 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm )
2
(mm )
2
REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm ) 2
Kg/m WT. (kg)
16 201.07 765.6 3.81 4 804.28 1.581

HENCE PROVIDE # 4 - 16 mm BAR AT BOTTOM FACE

REGION AB BETWEEN POINTS OF CONTRAFLEXURES:-

Page 14 of 33
 THE BEAM ACTS AS AN ISOLATED T-BEAM.

bf = [L0 / (L0 / b + 4)] + bw ------CL.23.1.2 IS:456-2000

L0 = 3500 - 306 - 230 = 2964 mm

b = ACTUAL WIDTH OF FLANGE = 2100 mm
bw = WIDTH OF BEAM = 400 mm

bf = [2964 / ( 2964 / 2100 + 4 ) ] + 400

bf = 948 < 2100 mm

Df = DEPTH OF SLAB = 300 mm
Mumax = 442.61 KN-m

MOMENT OF RESISTANCE Muf of A BEAM FOR Xu = Df is,

Muf = [ 0.36 x 20 x 948 x 300 ( 725 - 0.42 x 300 )] / 1000000

Muf = 1226.56032 KN-m > Mumax = 442.61 KN-m

Therefore, Xu < Df
Ast = 1788.3 mm2

BAR DIA. AREA Ast reqd. BAR BAR PROVIDE UNIT WT TOTAL
(mm) (mm )2
(mm ) 2
REQD. PROVIDE Ast (mm ) 2
Kg/m WT. (kg)
20 314.16 1788.3 5.7 6 1884.96 2.47

HENCE PROVIDE # 6 - 20 mm BAR AT TOP FACE

CURTAILMENT:-

CONSIDER THAT 3 20 mm ARE TO BE CURTAILED

Nos. OF BARS TO BE CONTINUED = 3 20 Ast = 942.48 mm2

MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF CONTINUING BARS

Mur = ( 0.87 x 415 x 942.48 x ( 725 - (415 x 942.48 ) / (20 x 400))) / 1000000
a=
Mur = 230.07 KN-m b=
LET THE THEOROTICAL POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE BE AT A DISTANCE " X " FROM c=
THE FREE END " C ".
THEN, Muc = Mur, x1 =
-537.6 X^2/2 + 1500( X - 1 ) = 230.07 x2 =

X^2 - 5.59X +6.44 = 0

THEREFORE x = 3.967 m. OR 1.624 m. FROM C

ACTUAL POINT OF CURTAILMENT = 3.967 + 0.23 = 4.197 m from C

or = 1.624 - 0.23 = 1.394 m from C

Terminate 3 - 20 mm bars at a distance of 394 mm ( = 1394 - 1000 ) from the column A and
Page 15 of 33
303 mm ( = 4500 - 4197 ) from column B. Remaining bars 3 - 20 shall be continued beyond the
point of inflection for a distance of 230 mm from column A and up to the outer face of column B
and continued in the cantilever portion.

DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:-

PORTION BETWEEN COLUMN i.e. AB

In this case the crack due to diagonal tension will occur at the point of contra flexure because the
distance of the point of contra flexure from the column is less than the effective depth d ( = 725 mm )

(i) Maximum Shear force at B, Vmax = 919.2 kN

SHEAR AT THE POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE IS

Vud = 919.2 - 537.6 x 0.23

Vud = 795.552 kN

τv = 795552 / (400 x 725) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS τcm

CONCRETE
τv =2.75 Mpa τcmax =
< τcmax = 2.8 Mpa
AREA OF STEEL AVAILABLE 3 - 20 mm BARS

Ast = 942.48 mm2 % pt = 0.33

HENCE τc = 0.3984 Mpa

τv > τc
HENCE DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED

USING 10 mm DIA. 4 LEGGED STIRRUPS,

SPACING = [ 0.87 x 415 x ( 4 x 78.6)] / ( (2.75 - 0.3984 ) x 400)= 120 mm c/c

(ii) Maximum Shear force at A, Vmax = 962.4 kN

SHEAR AT THE POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE IS

Vud = 962.4 - 0.306 x 537.6
Vud = 797.8944 kN

τv = 797894.4 / (400 x 725)

τv = 2.76 Mpa < τcmax = 2.8 Mpa

AREA OF STEEL AVAILABLE 6 - 20 mm BARS

Ast = 1884.96 mm2 % pt = 0.65

HENCE
τc = 0.528 Mpa
τv > τc
HENCE DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED

Page 16 of 33
 USING 10 mm DIA. 4 LEGGED STIRRUPS,

SPACING = [ 0.87 x 415 x ( 4 x 78.6)] / ( (2.76 - 0.528 ) x 400)= 125 mm c/c

FOR THE REMAINING CENTRAL PORTION PROVIDE MINI. SHEAR REINFORCEMENT.

(Cl.26.5.1.6 AS PER IS:456-2000)

USING 8 mm DIA. 2 LEGGED STIRRUPS AT,

SPACING = [ 0.87 x 415 x ( 2 x 50.3)] / ( 0.4 x 400)= 220 mm c/c

HENCE PROVIDE 2 LEGGED 8 mm DIA. AT 220 mm C/C AS NOMINAL SHEAR R/F.

CANTILEVER PORTION BD :-
Vumax = 591.36 kN

VuD = 591.36 - 537.6 ( 0.4 / 2 + 0.23 )

VuD = 360.2 kN

τv = 360200 / ( 400 x 725 )

τv = 1.25 Mpa < τcmax = 2.8 Mpa

Ast = 1005.35 mm2 & % pt = 0.35

HENCE τc = 0.408 Mpa

τv > τc AND τv - τc > 0.4

USING 8 mm DIA. 2 LEGGED STIRRUPS AT,

SPACING = [ 0.87 x 415 x ( 2 x 50.3)] / ( 0.4 x 400)= 220 mm c/c

HENCE PROVIDE 2 LEGGED 8 mm DIA. AT 220 mm C/C AS NOMINAL SHEAR R/F.

CANTILEVER PORTION AC :-

PROVIDE 2 LEGGED 8 mm DIA. AT 220 mm C/C AS NOMINAL SHEAR R/F.

Page 17 of 33
Page 18 of 33
 2100 mm

5600 mm

Page 19 of 33
 DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Tc N/mm2
% pt M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 & ABOVE
0 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.15 0.280 0.280 0.290 0.290 0.290 0.300
0.16 0.287 0.288 0.297 0.298 0.298 0.308
0.17 0.294 0.296 0.304 0.306 0.306 0.316
0.18 0.301 0.304 0.311 0.314 0.314 0.324
0.19 0.308 0.312 0.318 0.322 0.322 0.332
0.2 0.315 0.320 0.325 0.330 0.330 0.340
0.21 0.322 0.328 0.332 0.338 0.338 0.348
0.22 0.329 0.336 0.339 0.346 0.346 0.356
0.23 0.336 0.344 0.346 0.354 0.354 0.364
0.24 0.343 0.352 0.353 0.362 0.362 0.372
0.25 0.350 0.360 0.360 0.370 0.370 0.380
0.26 0.354 0.365 0.365 0.375 0.375 0.385
0.27 0.359 0.370 0.370 0.380 0.380 0.390
0.28 0.363 0.374 0.376 0.386 0.386 0.396
0.29 0.368 0.379 0.381 0.391 0.391 0.401
0.3 0.372 0.384 0.386 0.396 0.396 0.406
0.31 0.376 0.389 0.391 0.401 0.401 0.411
0.32 0.381 0.394 0.396 0.406 0.406 0.416
0.33 0.385 0.398 0.402 0.412 0.412 0.422
0.34 0.390 0.403 0.407 0.417 0.417 0.427
0.35 0.394 0.408 0.412 0.422 0.422 0.432
0.36 0.398 0.413 0.417 0.427 0.427 0.437
0.37 0.403 0.418 0.422 0.432 0.432 0.442
0.38 0.407 0.422 0.428 0.438 0.438 0.448
0.39 0.412 0.427 0.433 0.443 0.443 0.453
0.4 0.416 0.432 0.438 0.448 0.448 0.458
0.41 0.420 0.437 0.443 0.453 0.453 0.463
0.42 0.425 0.442 0.448 0.458 0.458 0.468
0.43 0.429 0.446 0.454 0.464 0.464 0.474
0.44 0.434 0.451 0.459 0.469 0.469 0.479
0.45 0.438 0.456 0.464 0.474 0.474 0.484
0.46 0.442 0.461 0.469 0.479 0.479 0.489
0.47 0.447 0.466 0.474 0.484 0.484 0.494
0.48 0.451 0.470 0.480 0.490 0.490 0.500
0.49 0.456 0.475 0.485 0.495 0.495 0.505
0.5 0.460 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.500 0.510
0.51 0.463 0.483 0.493 0.504 0.504 0.514
0.52 0.466 0.486 0.496 0.507 0.507 0.517
0.53 0.470 0.490 0.500 0.511 0.511 0.521
0.54 0.473 0.493 0.503 0.514 0.514 0.524
0.55 0.476 0.496 0.506 0.518 0.518 0.528
0.56 0.479 0.499 0.509 0.522 0.522 0.532
0.57 0.482 0.502 0.512 0.525 0.525 0.535
0.58 0.486 0.506 0.516 0.529 0.529 0.539
0.59 0.489 0.509 0.519 0.532 0.532 0.542
0.6 0.492 0.512 0.522 0.536 0.536 0.546
0.61 0.495 0.515 0.525 0.540 0.540 0.550
0.62 0.498 0.518 0.528 0.543 0.543 0.553
0.63 0.502 0.522 0.532 0.547 0.547 0.557
0.64 0.505 0.525 0.535 0.550 0.550 0.560
0.65 0.508 0.528 0.538 0.554 0.554 0.564
0.66 0.511 0.531 0.541 0.558 0.558 0.568
0.67 0.514 0.534 0.544 0.561 0.561 0.571
0.68 0.518 0.538 0.548 0.565 0.565 0.575
0.69 0.521 0.541 0.551 0.568 0.568 0.578
0.7 0.524 0.544 0.554 0.572 0.572 0.582
0.71 0.527 0.547 0.557 0.576 0.576 0.586
0.72 0.530 0.550 0.560 0.579 0.579 0.589
0.73 0.534 0.554 0.564 0.583 0.583 0.593
0.74 0.537 0.557 0.567 0.586 0.586 0.596
0.75 0.540 0.560 0.570 0.590 0.590 0.600
0.76 0.542 0.562 0.573 0.593 0.593 0.603
0.77 0.545 0.565 0.576 0.596 0.596 0.606
0.78 0.547 0.567 0.578 0.598 0.600 0.610
0.79 0.550 0.570 0.581 0.601 0.603 0.613
0.8 0.552 0.572 0.584 0.604 0.606 0.616
0.81 0.554 0.574 0.587 0.607 0.609 0.619
0.82 0.557 0.577 0.590 0.610 0.612 0.622
0.83 0.559 0.579 0.592 0.612 0.616 0.626
0.84 0.562 0.582 0.595 0.615 0.619 0.629
0.85 0.564 0.584 0.598 0.618 0.622 0.632
0.86 0.566 0.586 0.601 0.621 0.625 0.635
0.87 0.569 0.589 0.604 0.624 0.628 0.638
0.88 0.571 0.591 0.606 0.626 0.632 0.642
0.89 0.574 0.594 0.609 0.629 0.635 0.645
0.9 0.576 0.596 0.612 0.632 0.638 0.648
0.91 0.578 0.598 0.615 0.635 0.641 0.651
0.92 0.581 0.601 0.618 0.638 0.644 0.654
0.93 0.583 0.603 0.620 0.640 0.648 0.658
0.94 0.586 0.606 0.623 0.643 0.651 0.661
0.95 0.588 0.608 0.626 0.646 0.654 0.664
0.96 0.590 0.610 0.629 0.649 0.657 0.667
0.97 0.593 0.613 0.632 0.652 0.660 0.670
0.98 0.595 0.615 0.634 0.654 0.664 0.674
0.99 0.598 0.618 0.637 0.657 0.667 0.677
1 0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.670 0.680
1.01 0.602 0.622 0.642 0.662 0.672 0.682
1.02 0.603 0.624 0.645 0.664 0.675 0.685
1.03 0.605 0.626 0.647 0.666 0.677 0.687
1.04 0.606 0.628 0.650 0.668 0.680 0.690
1.05 0.608 0.630 0.652 0.670 0.682 0.692
1.06 0.610 0.632 0.654 0.672 0.684 0.694
1.07 0.611 0.634 0.657 0.674 0.687 0.697
1.08 0.613 0.636 0.659 0.676 0.689 0.699
1.09 0.614 0.638 0.662 0.678 0.692 0.702
1.1 0.616 0.640 0.664 0.680 0.694 0.704
1.11 0.618 0.642 0.666 0.682 0.696 0.706
1.12 0.619 0.644 0.669 0.684 0.699 0.709
1.13 0.621 0.646 0.671 0.686 0.701 0.711
1.14 0.622 0.648 0.674 0.688 0.704 0.714
1.15 0.624 0.650 0.676 0.690 0.706 0.716
1.16 0.626 0.652 0.678 0.692 0.708 0.718
1.17 0.627 0.654 0.681 0.694 0.711 0.721
1.18 0.629 0.656 0.683 0.696 0.713 0.723
1.19 0.630 0.658 0.686 0.698 0.716 0.726
1.2 0.632 0.660 0.688 0.700 0.718 0.728
1.21 0.634 0.662 0.690 0.702 0.720 0.730
1.22 0.635 0.664 0.693 0.704 0.723 0.733
1.23 0.637 0.666 0.695 0.706 0.725 0.735
1.24 0.638 0.668 0.698 0.708 0.728 0.738
1.25 0.640 0.670 0.700 0.710 0.730 0.740
1.26 0.642 0.672 0.702 0.712 0.732 0.742
1.27 0.643 0.674 0.703 0.714 0.734 0.744
1.28 0.645 0.676 0.705 0.716 0.736 0.746
1.29 0.646 0.678 0.706 0.718 0.738 0.748
1.3 0.648 0.680 0.708 0.720 0.740 0.750
1.31 0.650 0.682 0.710 0.722 0.742 0.752
1.32 0.651 0.684 0.711 0.724 0.744 0.754
1.33 0.653 0.686 0.713 0.726 0.746 0.756
1.34 0.654 0.688 0.714 0.728 0.748 0.758
1.35 0.656 0.690 0.716 0.730 0.750 0.760
1.36 0.658 0.692 0.718 0.732 0.752 0.762
1.37 0.659 0.694 0.719 0.734 0.754 0.764
1.38 0.661 0.696 0.721 0.736 0.756 0.766
1.39 0.662 0.698 0.722 0.738 0.758 0.768
1.4 0.664 0.700 0.724 0.740 0.760 0.770
1.41 0.666 0.702 0.726 0.742 0.762 0.772
1.42 0.667 0.704 0.727 0.744 0.764 0.774
1.43 0.669 0.706 0.729 0.746 0.766 0.776
1.44 0.670 0.708 0.730 0.748 0.768 0.778
1.45 0.672 0.710 0.732 0.750 0.770 0.780
1.46 0.674 0.712 0.734 0.752 0.772 0.782
1.47 0.675 0.714 0.735 0.754 0.774 0.784
1.48 0.677 0.716 0.737 0.756 0.776 0.786
1.49 0.678 0.718 0.738 0.758 0.778 0.788
1.5 0.680 0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.790
1.51 0.681 0.721 0.742 0.762 0.782 0.792
1.52 0.682 0.722 0.743 0.763 0.783 0.794
1.53 0.684 0.724 0.745 0.765 0.785 0.796
1.54 0.685 0.725 0.746 0.766 0.786 0.798
1.55 0.686 0.726 0.748 0.768 0.788 0.800
1.56 0.687 0.727 0.750 0.770 0.790 0.802
1.57 0.688 0.728 0.751 0.771 0.791 0.804
1.58 0.690 0.730 0.753 0.773 0.793 0.806
1.59 0.691 0.731 0.754 0.774 0.794 0.808
1.6 0.692 0.732 0.756 0.776 0.796 0.810
1.61 0.693 0.733 0.758 0.778 0.798 0.812
1.62 0.694 0.734 0.759 0.779 0.799 0.814
1.63 0.696 0.736 0.761 0.781 0.801 0.816
1.64 0.697 0.737 0.762 0.782 0.802 0.818
1.65 0.698 0.738 0.764 0.784 0.804 0.820
1.66 0.699 0.739 0.766 0.786 0.806 0.822
1.67 0.700 0.740 0.767 0.787 0.807 0.824
1.68 0.702 0.742 0.769 0.789 0.809 0.826
1.69 0.703 0.743 0.770 0.790 0.810 0.828
1.7 0.704 0.744 0.772 0.792 0.812 0.830
1.71 0.705 0.745 0.774 0.794 0.814 0.832
1.72 0.706 0.746 0.775 0.795 0.815 0.834
1.73 0.708 0.748 0.777 0.797 0.817 0.836
1.74 0.709 0.749 0.778 0.798 0.818 0.838
1.75 0.710 0.750 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840
1.76 0.710 0.752 0.782 0.802 0.822 0.842
1.77 0.710 0.753 0.783 0.803 0.823 0.843
1.78 0.710 0.755 0.785 0.805 0.825 0.845
1.79 0.710 0.756 0.786 0.806 0.826 0.846
1.8 0.710 0.758 0.788 0.808 0.828 0.848
1.81 0.710 0.760 0.790 0.810 0.830 0.850
1.82 0.710 0.761 0.791 0.811 0.831 0.851
1.83 0.710 0.763 0.793 0.813 0.833 0.853
1.84 0.710 0.764 0.794 0.814 0.834 0.854
1.85 0.710 0.766 0.796 0.816 0.836 0.856
1.86 0.710 0.768 0.798 0.818 0.838 0.858
1.87 0.710 0.769 0.799 0.819 0.839 0.859
1.88 0.710 0.771 0.801 0.821 0.841 0.861
1.89 0.710 0.772 0.802 0.822 0.842 0.862
1.9 0.710 0.774 0.804 0.824 0.844 0.864
1.91 0.710 0.776 0.806 0.826 0.846 0.866
1.92 0.710 0.777 0.807 0.827 0.847 0.867
1.93 0.710 0.779 0.809 0.829 0.849 0.869
1.94 0.710 0.780 0.810 0.830 0.850 0.870
1.95 0.710 0.782 0.812 0.832 0.852 0.872
1.96 0.710 0.784 0.814 0.834 0.854 0.874
1.97 0.710 0.785 0.815 0.835 0.855 0.875
1.98 0.710 0.787 0.817 0.837 0.857 0.877
1.99 0.710 0.788 0.818 0.838 0.858 0.878
2 0.710 0.790 0.820 0.840 0.860 0.880
2.01 0.710 0.791 0.821 0.842 0.862 0.882
2.02 0.710 0.792 0.822 0.843 0.863 0.883
2.03 0.710 0.792 0.824 0.845 0.865 0.885
2.04 0.710 0.793 0.825 0.846 0.866 0.886
2.05 0.710 0.794 0.826 0.848 0.868 0.888
2.06 0.710 0.795 0.827 0.850 0.870 0.890
2.07 0.710 0.796 0.828 0.851 0.871 0.891
2.08 0.710 0.796 0.830 0.853 0.873 0.893
2.09 0.710 0.797 0.831 0.854 0.874 0.894
2.1 0.710 0.798 0.832 0.856 0.876 0.896
2.11 0.710 0.799 0.833 0.858 0.878 0.898
2.12 0.710 0.800 0.834 0.859 0.879 0.899
2.13 0.710 0.800 0.836 0.861 0.881 0.901
2.14 0.710 0.801 0.837 0.862 0.882 0.902
2.15 0.710 0.802 0.838 0.864 0.884 0.904
2.16 0.710 0.803 0.839 0.866 0.886 0.906
2.17 0.710 0.804 0.840 0.867 0.887 0.907
2.18 0.710 0.804 0.842 0.869 0.889 0.909
2.19 0.710 0.805 0.843 0.870 0.890 0.910
2.2 0.710 0.806 0.844 0.872 0.892 0.912
2.21 0.710 0.807 0.845 0.874 0.894 0.914
2.22 0.710 0.808 0.846 0.875 0.895 0.915
2.23 0.710 0.808 0.848 0.877 0.897 0.917
2.24 0.710 0.809 0.849 0.878 0.898 0.918
2.25 0.710 0.810 0.850 0.880 0.900 0.920
2.26 0.710 0.810 0.851 0.881 0.901 0.921
2.27 0.710 0.811 0.852 0.882 0.902 0.922
2.28 0.710 0.811 0.854 0.884 0.904 0.924
2.29 0.710 0.812 0.855 0.885 0.905 0.925
2.3 0.710 0.812 0.856 0.886 0.906 0.926
2.31 0.710 0.812 0.857 0.887 0.907 0.927
2.32 0.710 0.813 0.858 0.888 0.908 0.928
2.33 0.710 0.813 0.860 0.890 0.910 0.930
2.34 0.710 0.814 0.861 0.891 0.911 0.931
2.35 0.710 0.814 0.862 0.892 0.912 0.932
2.36 0.710 0.814 0.863 0.893 0.913 0.933
2.37 0.710 0.815 0.864 0.894 0.914 0.934
2.38 0.710 0.815 0.866 0.896 0.916 0.936
2.39 0.710 0.816 0.867 0.897 0.917 0.937
2.4 0.710 0.816 0.868 0.898 0.918 0.938
2.41 0.710 0.816 0.869 0.899 0.919 0.939
2.42 0.710 0.817 0.870 0.900 0.920 0.940
2.43 0.710 0.817 0.872 0.902 0.922 0.942
2.44 0.710 0.818 0.873 0.903 0.923 0.943
2.45 0.710 0.818 0.874 0.904 0.924 0.944
2.46 0.710 0.818 0.875 0.905 0.925 0.945
2.47 0.710 0.819 0.876 0.906 0.926 0.946
2.48 0.710 0.819 0.878 0.908 0.928 0.948
2.49 0.710 0.820 0.879 0.909 0.929 0.949
2.5 0.710 0.820 0.880 0.910 0.930 0.950
2.51 0.710 0.820 0.881 0.911 0.931 0.951
2.52 0.710 0.820 0.882 0.912 0.932 0.952
2.53 0.710 0.820 0.882 0.914 0.934 0.954
2.54 0.710 0.820 0.883 0.915 0.935 0.955
2.55 0.710 0.820 0.884 0.916 0.936 0.956
2.56 0.710 0.820 0.885 0.917 0.937 0.957
2.57 0.710 0.820 0.886 0.918 0.938 0.958
2.58 0.710 0.820 0.886 0.920 0.940 0.960
2.59 0.710 0.820 0.887 0.921 0.941 0.961
2.6 0.710 0.820 0.888 0.922 0.942 0.962
2.61 0.710 0.820 0.889 0.923 0.943 0.963
2.62 0.710 0.820 0.890 0.924 0.944 0.964
2.63 0.710 0.820 0.890 0.926 0.946 0.966
2.64 0.710 0.820 0.891 0.927 0.947 0.967
2.65 0.710 0.820 0.892 0.928 0.948 0.968
2.66 0.710 0.820 0.893 0.929 0.949 0.969
2.67 0.710 0.820 0.894 0.930 0.950 0.970
2.68 0.710 0.820 0.894 0.932 0.952 0.972
2.69 0.710 0.820 0.895 0.933 0.953 0.973
2.7 0.710 0.820 0.896 0.934 0.954 0.974
2.71 0.710 0.820 0.897 0.935 0.955 0.975
2.72 0.710 0.820 0.898 0.936 0.956 0.976
2.73 0.710 0.820 0.898 0.938 0.958 0.978
2.74 0.710 0.820 0.899 0.939 0.959 0.979
2.75 0.710 0.820 0.900 0.940 0.960 0.980
2.76 0.710 0.820 0.901 0.941 0.961 0.981
2.77 0.710 0.820 0.902 0.942 0.962 0.982
2.78 0.710 0.820 0.902 0.942 0.964 0.984
2.79 0.710 0.820 0.903 0.943 0.965 0.985
2.8 0.710 0.820 0.904 0.944 0.966 0.986
2.81 0.710 0.820 0.905 0.945 0.967 0.987
2.82 0.710 0.820 0.906 0.946 0.968 0.988
2.83 0.710 0.820 0.906 0.946 0.970 0.990
2.84 0.710 0.820 0.907 0.947 0.971 0.991
2.85 0.710 0.820 0.908 0.948 0.972 0.992
2.86 0.710 0.820 0.909 0.949 0.973 0.993
2.87 0.710 0.820 0.910 0.950 0.974 0.994
2.88 0.710 0.820 0.910 0.950 0.976 0.996
2.89 0.710 0.820 0.911 0.951 0.977 0.997
2.9 0.710 0.820 0.912 0.952 0.978 0.998
2.91 0.710 0.820 0.913 0.953 0.979 0.999
2.92 0.710 0.820 0.914 0.954 0.980 1.000
2.93 0.710 0.820 0.914 0.954 0.982 1.002
2.94 0.710 0.820 0.915 0.955 0.983 1.003
2.95 0.710 0.820 0.916 0.956 0.984 1.004
2.96 0.710 0.820 0.917 0.957 0.985 1.005
2.97 0.710 0.820 0.918 0.958 0.986 1.006
2.98 0.710 0.820 0.918 0.958 0.988 1.008
2.99 0.710 0.820 0.919 0.959 0.989 1.009
3 0.710 0.820 0.920 0.960 0.990 1.010
Fck = 20 % pt = 0.52 Tc = 0.4864

Fck = 20 % pt = 0.33 Tc = 0.3984

Fck = 20 % pt = 0.65 Tc = 0.528

Fck = 20 % pt = 0.35 Tc = 0.408

 DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Tc N/mm2
% pt M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 & ABOVE
15 20 25 30 35 40
0.15 0.280 0.280 0.290 0.290 0.290 0.300
0.25 0.350 0.360 0.360 0.370 0.370 0.380
0.5 0.460 0.480 0.490 0.500 0.500 0.510
0.75 0.540 0.560 0.570 0.590 0.590 0.600
1 0.600 0.620 0.640 0.660 0.670 0.680
1.25 0.640 0.670 0.700 0.710 0.730 0.740
1.5 0.680 0.720 0.740 0.760 0.780 0.790
1.75 0.710 0.750 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840
2 0.710 0.790 0.820 0.840 0.860 0.880
2.25 0.710 0.810 0.850 0.880 0.900 0.920
2.5 0.710 0.820 0.880 0.910 0.930 0.950
2.75 0.710 0.820 0.900 0.940 0.960 0.980
3 0.710 0.820 0.920 0.960 0.990 1.010
 Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 1.1 % pt = 0.327

Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 0.9 % pt = 0.264

TABLE 3
FLEXURE - REINFORCEMENT PERCENTAGE,
pt FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
Mu/bd2
Fy N/mm2
N/mm2
240 250 415 480 500
0.30 0.146 0.140 0.085 0.073 0.070
0.35 0.171 0.164 0.099 0.086 0.082
0.40 0.196 0.188 0.114 0.098 0.094
0.45 0.222 0.213 0.128 0.111 0.106
0.50 0.247 0.237 0.143 0.123 0.119
0.55 0.272 0.262 0.158 0.136 0.131
0.60 0.298 0.286 0.172 0.149 0.143
0.65 0.324 0.311 0.187 0.162 0.156
0.70 0.350 0.336 0.203 0.175 0.168
0.75 0.376 0.361 0.218 0.188 0.181
0.80 0.403 0.387 0.233 0.201 0.193
0.85 0.430 0.412 0.248 0.215 0.206
0.90 0.456 0.438 0.264 0.228 0.219
0.95 0.483 0.464 0.280 0.242 0.232
1.00 0.511 0.490 0.295 0.255 0.245
1.05 0.538 0.517 0.311 0.269 0.258
1.10 0.566 0.543 0.327 0.283 0.272
1.15 0.594 0.570 0.343 0.297 0.285
1.20 0.622 0.597 0.359 0.311 0.298
1.25 0.650 0.624 0.376 0.325 0.312
1.30 0.678 0.651 0.392 0.339 0.326
1.35 0.707 0.679 0.409 0.354 0.339
1.40 0.736 0.707 0.426 0.368 0.353
1.45 0.765 0.735 0.443 0.383 0.367
1.50 0.795 0.763 0.460 0.397 0.382
1.55 0.825 0.792 0.477 0.412 0.396
1.60 0.855 0.821 0.494 0.427 0.410
1.65 0.885 0.850 0.512 0.443 0.425
1.70 0.916 0.879 0.530 0.458 0.440
1.75 0.947 0.909 0.547 0.473 0.454
1.80 0.978 0.939 0.565 0.489 0.469
1.85 1.009 0.969 0.584 0.505 0.484
1.90 1.041 1.000 0.602 0.521 0.500
1.95 1.073 1.030 0.621 0.537 0.515
2.00 1.106 1.062 0.640 0.553 0.531
2.02 1.119 1.074 0.647 0.559 0.537
2.04 1.132 1.087 0.655 0.566 0.543
2.06 1.145 1.099 0.662 0.573 0.550
2.08 1.159 1.112 0.670 0.579 0.556
2.10 1.172 1.125 0.678 0.586 0.562
2.12 1.185 1.138 0.685 0.593 0.569
2.14 1.199 1.151 0.693 0.599 0.575
2.16 1.212 1.164 0.701 0.606 0.582
2.18 1.226 1.177 0.709 0.613 0.588
2.20 1.239 1.190 0.717 0.620 0.595
2.22 1.253 1.203 0.725 0.627 0.602
2.24 1.267 1.216 0.733 0.633 0.608
2.26 1.281 1.230 0.741 0.640 0.615
2.28 1.295 1.243 0.749 0.647 0.621
2.30 1.309 1.256 0.757 0.654 0.628
2.32 1.323 1.270 0.765 0.661 0.635
2.34 1.337 1.283 0.773 0.668 0.642
2.36 1.351 1.297 0.781 0.675 0.648
2.38 1.365 1.311 0.790 0.683 0.655
2.40 1.380 1.324 0.798 0.690 0.662
2.42 1.394 1.338 0.806 0.697 0.669
2.44 1.408 1.352 0.814 0.704 0.676
2.46 1.423 1.366 0.823 0.711 0.683
2.48 1.438 1.380 0.831 0.719 0.690
2.50 1.452 1.394 0.840 0.726 0.697
2.52 1.467 1.408 0.848 0.734 0.704
2.54 1.482 1.423 0.857 0.741 0.711
2.56 1.497 1.437 0.866 0.748 0.719
2.58 1.512 1.451 0.874 0.756 0.726
2.60 1.527 1.466 0.883 0.764 0.733
2.62 1.542 1.481 0.892 0.771 0.740
2.64 1.558 1.495 0.901 0.779 0.748
2.66 1.573 1.510 0.910 0.786 0.755
2.68 1.588 1.525 0.919 0.794 -
2.70 1.604 1.540 0.928 - -
2.72 1.620 1.555 0.937 - -
2.74 1.636 1.570 0.946 - -
2.76 1.651 1.585 0.955 - -
2.78 1.667 1.601 - - -
2.80 1.683 1.616 - - -
2.82 1.700 1.632 - - -
2.84 1.716 1.647 - - -
2.86 1.732 1.663 - - -
2.88 1.749 1.679 - - -
2.90 1.766 1.695 - - -
2.92 1.782 1.711 - - -
2.94 1.799 1.727 - - -
2.96 1.816 1.743 - - -
2.98 1.833 1.760 - - -
 Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 1.1 % pt = 0.322

Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 0.9 % pt = 0.261

TABLE 3
FLEXURE - REINFORCEMENT PERCENTAGE,
pt FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
Mu/bd2
Fy N/mm2
N/mm2
240 250 415 480 500
0.30 0.146 0.140 0.084 0.073 0.070
0.35 0.171 0.164 0.099 0.085 0.082
0.40 0.195 0.188 0.113 0.098 0.094
0.45 0.220 0.211 0.127 0.110 0.106
0.50 0.245 0.236 0.142 0.123 0.118
0.55 0.271 0.260 0.156 0.135 0.130
0.60 0.296 0.284 0.171 0.148 0.142
0.65 0.321 0.309 0.186 0.161 0.154
0.70 0.347 0.333 0.201 0.174 0.167
0.75 0.373 0.358 0.216 0.186 0.179
0.80 0.399 0.383 0.231 0.199 0.191
0.85 0.425 0.408 0.246 0.212 0.204
0.90 0.451 0.433 0.261 0.225 0.216
0.95 0.477 0.458 0.276 0.239 0.229
1.00 0.504 0.483 0.291 0.252 0.242
1.05 0.530 0.509 0.307 0.265 0.255
1.10 0.557 0.535 0.322 0.279 0.267
1.15 0.584 0.561 0.338 0.292 0.280
1.20 0.611 0.587 0.353 0.306 0.293
1.25 0.638 0.613 0.369 0.319 0.306
1.30 0.666 0.639 0.385 0.333 0.320
1.35 0.693 0.666 0.401 0.347 0.333
1.40 0.721 0.692 0.417 0.360 0.346
1.45 0.749 0.719 0.433 0.374 0.359
1.50 0.777 0.746 0.449 0.388 0.373
1.55 0.805 0.773 0.466 0.403 0.387
1.60 0.834 0.800 0.482 0.417 0.400
1.65 0.862 0.828 0.499 0.431 0.414
1.70 0.891 0.856 0.515 0.446 0.428
1.75 0.920 0.883 0.532 0.460 0.442
1.80 0.949 0.911 0.549 0.475 0.456
1.85 0.979 0.940 0.566 0.489 0.470
1.90 1.009 0.968 0.583 0.504 0.484
1.95 1.038 0.997 0.601 0.519 0.498
2.00 1.068 1.026 0.618 0.534 0.513
2.05 1.099 1.055 0.635 0.549 0.527
2.10 1.129 1.084 0.653 0.565 0.542
2.15 1.160 1.114 0.671 0.580 0.557
2.20 1.191 1.143 0.689 0.596 0.572
2.25 1.222 1.173 0.707 0.611 0.587
2.30 1.254 1.204 0.725 0.627 0.602
2.35 1.285 1.234 0.743 0.643 0.617
2.40 1.317 1.265 0.762 0.659 0.632
2.45 1.350 1.296 0.781 0.675 0.648
2.50 1.382 1.327 0.799 0.691 0.663
2.55 1.415 1.358 0.818 0.708 0.679
2.60 1.448 1.390 0.837 0.724 0.695
2.65 1.482 1.422 0.857 0.741 0.711
2.70 1.515 1.455 0.876 0.758 0.727
2.75 1.549 1.487 0.896 0.775 0.744
2.80 1.584 1.520 0.916 0.792 0.760
2.85 1.618 1.554 0.936 0.809 0.777
2.90 1.653 1.587 0.956 0.827 0.794
2.95 1.689 1.621 0.977 0.844 0.811
3.00 1.724 1.655 0.997 0.862 0.828
3.05 1.760 1.690 1.018 0.880 0.845
3.10 1.797 1.725 1.039 0.898 0.863
3.15 1.834 1.760 1.061 0.917 0.880
3.20 1.871 1.796 1.082 0.936 0.898
3.25 1.909 1.832 1.104 0.954 0.916
3.30 1.947 1.869 1.126 0.973 0.935
3.32 1.962 1.884 1.135 0.981 0.942
3.34 1.978 1.899 1.144 0.989 -
3.36 1.993 1.914 1.153 - -
3.38 2.009 1.929 1.162 - -
3.40 2.025 1.944 1.171 - -
3.42 2.040 1.959 1.180 - -
3.44 2.056 1.974 1.189 - -
3.46 2.072 1.989 - - -
3.48 2.088 2.005 - - -
3.50 2.104 2.020 - - -
3.52 2.120 2.036 - - -
3.54 2.137 2.051 - - -
3.56 2.153 2.067 - - -
3.58 2.170 2.083 - - -
3.60 2.186 2.099 - - -
3.62 2.203 2.115 - - -
3.64 2.219 2.131 - - -
3.66 2.236 2.147 - - -
3.68 2.253 2.163 - - -
3.70 2.270 2.179 - - -
3.72 2.287 2.196 - - -
3.74 2.304 - - - -
 Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 1.1 % pt = 0.319

Fy = 415 Mu/bd2 = 0.9 % pt = 0.259

TABLE 3
FLEXURE - REINFORCEMENT PERCENTAGE,
pt FOR SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS
Mu/bd2
Fy N/mm2
N/mm2
240 250 415 480 500
0.30 0.145 0.140 0.084 0.073 0.070
0.35 0.170 0.163 0.098 0.085 0.082
0.40 0.195 0.187 0.113 0.097 0.093
0.45 0.219 0.211 0.127 0.110 0.105
0.50 0.244 0.235 0.141 0.122 0.117
0.55 0.269 0.259 0.156 0.135 0.129
0.60 0.294 0.283 0.170 0.147 0.141
0.65 0.320 0.307 0.185 0.160 0.153
0.70 0.345 0.331 0.200 0.172 0.166
0.75 0.370 0.356 0.214 0.185 0.178
0.80 0.396 0.380 0.229 0.198 0.190
0.85 0.422 0.405 0.244 0.211 0.202
0.90 0.447 0.429 0.259 0.224 0.215
0.95 0.473 0.454 0.274 0.237 0.227
1.00 0.499 0.479 0.289 0.250 0.240
1.05 0.525 0.504 0.304 0.263 0.252
1.10 0.552 0.529 0.319 0.276 0.265
1.15 0.578 0.555 0.334 0.289 0.277
1.20 0.608 0.580 0.350 0.302 0.290
1.25 0.631 0.606 0.365 0.315 0.303
1.30 0.658 0.631 0.380 0.329 0.316
1.35 0.685 0.657 0.396 0.342 0.329
1.40 0.712 0.683 0.411 0.356 0.342
1.45 0.739 0.709 0.427 0.369 0.355
1.50 0.766 0.735 0.443 0.383 0.368
1.55 0.793 0.762 0.459 0.397 0.381
1.60 0.821 0.788 0.475 0.410 0.394
1.65 0.849 0.815 0.491 0.424 0.407
1.70 0.876 0.841 0.507 0.438 0.421
1.75 0.904 0.868 0.523 0.452 0.434
1.80 0.932 0.895 0.539 0.466 0.448
1.85 0.961 0.922 0.556 0.480 0.461
1.90 0.989 0.950 0.572 0.495 0.475
1.95 1.018 0.977 0.589 0.509 0.488
2.00 1.046 1.005 0.605 0.523 0.502
2.05 1.075 1.032 0.622 0.538 0.516
2.10 1.104 1.060 0.639 0.552 0.530
2.15 1.134 1.088 0.656 0.567 0.544
2.20 1.163 1.116 0.630 0.581 0.558
2.25 1.192 1.145 0.690 0.596 0.572
2.30 1.222 1.173 0.707 0.611 0.587
2.35 1.252 1.202 0.724 0.626 0.601
2.40 1.282 1.231 0.742 0.641 0.615
2.45 1.312 1.260 0.759 0.656 0.630
2.50 1.343 1.289 0.777 0.671 0.645
2.55 1.374 1.319 0.794 0.687 0.659
2.60 1.404 1.348 0.812 0.702 0.674
2.65 1.435 1.378 0.830 0.718 0.689
2.70 1.467 1.408 0.848 0.733 0.707
2.75 1.498 1.438 0.866 0.749 0.719
2.80 1.530 1.469 0.885 0.765 0.734
2.85 1.562 1.499 0.903 0.781 0.750
2.90 1.594 1.530 0.922 0.797 0.765
2.95 1.626 1.561 0.940 0.813 0.781
3.00 1.659 1.592 0.959 0.829 0.796
3.05 1.691 1.624 0.978 0.846 0.812
3.10 1.725 1.656 0.997 0.862 0.828
3.15 1.758 1.687 1.017 0.879 0.844
3.20 1.791 1.720 1.036 0.896 0.860
3.25 1.825 1.752 1.055 0.913 0.876
3.30 1.859 1.785 1.075 0.930 0.892
3.35 1.893 1.818 1.095 0.947 0.909
3.40 1.928 1.851 1.115 0.964 0.925
3.45 1.963 1.884 1.135 0.981 0.942
3.50 1.998 1.918 1.156 0.999 0.959
3.55 2.034 1.952 1.176 1.017 0.976
3.60 2.069 1.986 1.197 1.035 0.993
3.65 2.105 2.021 1.218 1.053 1.011
3.70 2.142 2.056 1.239 1.071 1.028
3.75 2.178 2.091 1.260 1.089 1.046
3.80 2.215 2.127 1.281 1.108 1.063
3.85 2.253 2.163 1.303 1.126 1.081
3.90 2.291 2.199 1.325 1.145 1.099
3.95 2.329 2.236 1.347 1.164 1.118
4.00 2.367 2.273 1.369 1.184 -
4.05 2.406 2.310 1.391 - -
4.10 2.445 2.348 1.414 - -
4.15 2.485 2.386 - - -
4.20 2.525 2.424 - - -
4.25 2.566 2.463 - - -
4.30 2.607 2.502 - - -
4.35 2.648 2.542 - - -
4.40 2.690 2.583 - - -
4.45 2.733 2.623 - - -