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Tech in Integration 10 PDF
Tech in Integration 10 PDF
ˆ ˆ
2
sec x dx = tan x + c sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
ˆ ˆ
2
csc x dx = − cot x + c csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c
ˆ ˆ
x x
e dx = e + c e−x dx = −e−x + c
ˆ ˆ
1
tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + c √ dx = sin−1 x + c
1−x 2
ˆ ˆ
1 1
2
dx = tan−1 x + c √ dx = sec−1 x + c
1+x 2
|x| x − 1
2. Integration by Parts
Remember that if u and v are differentiable functions of x, then u · v is also differentiable and
d d d
(u · v) = u · v + v · u.
dx dx dx
Using differential forms this may be written as
d(uv) = udv + vdu. (1)
Taking the integral of the both sides of (1), we obtain
ˆ ˆ ˆ
d(uv) = udv + vdu. (2)
´
Note that d(uv) = uv. Therefore (2) can be written as
ˆ ˆ
uv = udv + vdu,
or, equivalently, ˆ ˆ
udv = uv − vdu.
Remark. This technique requires the separation of the integral into two parts as u and dv
(which includes the differential of integral, say dx) such that
• u gets simpler when differentiated.
• dv is easy to integrate.
Example 2.1. Evaluate the following integrals.
ˆ
(1) x sin x dx
ˆ
(2) x2 ex dx
ˆ
(3) ex cos x dx
ˆ
(4) x ln x dx
ˆ
(5) ln x dx
ˆ
(6) sin−1 x dx
ˆ
2
(7) x3 ex dx
ˆ
(8) x sec2 x dx
ˆ
(9) x3x dx
ˆ
(10) cos(ln x) dx
ˆ
(11) x4 ex dx
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 3
ˆ
√
(12) ln x dx
ˆ √
x
(13) e dx
ˆ
(14) x2 sin x dx
ˆ
(15) xe2x dx
ˆ
(16) xe−x dx
ˆ
(17) e2x cos 3x dx
ˆ
(18) tan−1 x dx
ˆ
2
(19) x5 e−x dx
ˆ
−1
(20) esin x dx
ˆ
√
(21) x 1 − x dx
ˆ 2
(22) x3 ln x dx
1
3. Trigonometric Integrals
3.1. Products of Powers of Sines and Cosines. If we are given an integral of the form
ˆ
sinm x cosn x dx, where m, n ≥ 0,
3.2. Integrals of Powers of tan x and sec x. We know how to integrate the tangent and
secant and their squares. To integrate higher powers we use the identities tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
and sec2 x = tan2 x + 1, and integrate by parts when necessary to reduce the higher powers to
lower powers.
3.3. Products of Sines and Cosines. To evaluate the integrals of the form
ˆ ˆ ˆ
sin mx sin nx dx, sin mx cos nx dx, and cos mx cos nx dx,
we may apply the method of integration by parts, but two such integrations are required in
each case. So, it is better to use the identities
1
sin mx sin nx = (cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x)
2
1
sin mx cos nx = (sin(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x)
2
1
cos mx cos nx = (cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x)
2
• For each irreducible quadratic factor (a polynomial of second degree that cannot
be written as a product of linear factors), assign the sum of n partial fractions to
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 7
A B C Dx + E Fx + G Hx + I
= + + 2
+ 2 + 2 2
+ 2 .
x x − r (x − r) x + p1 x + q1 (x + p1 x + q1 ) x + p2 x + q 2
Example 4.1. Evaluate the following integrals.
ˆ
1
(1) 2
dx
ˆ x 2+ x − 2
3x − 7x − 2
(2) dx
ˆ x3 − x
2x3 − 4x2 − 15x + 5
(3) dx
ˆ x2 − 2x − 8
5x2 + 20x + 6
(4) 3 2
dx
ˆ x 2 + 2x + x
2x − 5x + 2
(5) dx
ˆ x3 + x
5x2 + 6x + 2
(6) 2
dx
ˆ (x + 2)(x + 2x + 5)
3x − 1
(7) dx
(x + 2)(x − 3)
8 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
ˆ
x2 + 1
(8) dx
ˆ x(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)
x
(9) dx
ˆ (x − 3)2
x−1
(10) dx
ˆ (x + 1)3
x2 + 1
(11) dx
ˆ (x − 1)2 (x + 1)
x+1
(12) 2
dx
ˆ (x + 1)(x − 2)
6x2 − 15x + 22
(13) dx
ˆ (x + 3)(x2 + 2)2
2x + 1
(14) dx
ˆ 3x + 1
x5 − x4 − 3x + 5
(15) dx
ˆ x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 1
x3 + 1
(16) dx
ˆ x2 − x
(17) sec x dx
ˆ
x3
(18) dx
ˆ x2 + 6x + 5
x4
(19) dx
ˆ x4 − 1
dx
(20) 3
ˆ x −1
dx
(21)
ˆ e − e2x
x
sin x
(22) dx
ˆ cos x + cos 2x
sin4 x
(23) dx
ˆ cos3 x
dx
(24) 3
2 2
ˆ x(13 − x )2
2x + 5x + 8x + 4
(25) dx
(x2 + 2x + 2)2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 9
• Trigonometric Substitutions:
What to look √ for:
– Terms like a2 − x2 : Let x = a sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 , so that dx = a cos θ dθ and
√ p
a2 − x2 = a2 − a2 sin2 θ = a cos θ; for example,
ˆ ˆ
x2
√ dx = sin2 θ dθ.
1−x 2
√
– Terms like x2 + a2 : Let x = a tan θ, − π2 < θ < π2 , so that dx = a sec2 θ dθ and
√ √
x2 + a2 = a2 tan2 θ + a2 = a sec θ; for example,
ˆ ˆ
x3
√ dx = 27 tan3 θ sec θ dθ.
2
x +9
√
– Terms like x − a : Let x = a sec θ, for θ ∈ [0, π2 ) ∪ ( π2 , π], so that dx =
2 2
√ √
a sec θ tan θ dθ and x2 − a2 = a2 sec2 θ − a2 = a tan θ; for example,
ˆ √ ˆ
x x − 4 dx = 32 sec4 θ tan2 θ dθ.
3 2
• Partial Fractions:
What to look for: rational functions, for example,
ˆ ˆ ˆ
x+2 x+2 A B
dx = dx = + dx.
x2 − 4x + 3 (x − 1)(x − 3) x−1 x−3
10 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
5. Improper Integrals
ˆ 2
1
Example 5.1. Evaluate dx.
−1 x2
When studying the definite integrals, we required two things. First, the domain of integration
(from a to b) [a, b], be finite. Second, function is finite on the domain of integration.
Question: What happens if the domain of integration is infinite? What if function becomes
infinite in the domain of integration?
Answer: Improper integration!
The integrals of type described above are called improper integrals. If the limits exist, we
evaluate them with the following definitions
(1) If f is continuous on [a, ∞), then
ˆ ∞ ˆ b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx.
a b→∞ a
This integral (on [a, b]) converges if both integrals (on [a, d] and on [d, b]) converges. Otherwise,
the integral from a to b diverges. ˆ ˆ
a ∞
Finally, if f is continuous on (−∞, ∞) and if f (x) dx and f (x) dx both converge, then
ˆ ∞ −∞ a
If either one or both of the integrals on the right-hand side of this equation diverge, the integral
diverges.
Example 5.2. In each part, determine whether the improper integral converges or diverges,
and find its value if it converges.
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 11
ˆ 1
dx
(1) √ .
ˆ 0
0 1 − x
1
(2) dx.
x2
ˆ 1
−1
1
(3) √ dx.
ˆ0 2 x
1
(4) dx.
ˆ 2
1 x − 1
1
(5) 2
dx.
ˆ−1∞ x
1
(6) 2
dx.
ˆ1 ∞ x
1
(7) √ dx.
ˆ1 x
∞
(8) e−x dx.
ˆ1 ∞
(9) sin x dx.
ˆ0 ∞
(10) xe−x dx.
ˆ0 1
1
(11) 1 dx.
ˆ−12 x3
1
(12) √ dx.
2
ˆ0 3 4 − x
dx
(13) 2 .
0 (x − 1) 3
ˆ 1
dx
(14) .
x
ˆ−11
dx
(15) p
.
0 x
ˆ −1
1
(16) dx.
x
ˆ 0
−∞
1
(17) dx.
ˆ−∞ (x − 1)2
∞
1
(18) 2
dx.
ˆ−∞ 1 + x
∞
2
(19) xe−x dx.
ˆ−∞
∞
(20) e−x dx.
ˆ−∞
∞
1
(21) dx.
0 (x − 1)2
12 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
ˆ ∞
1
(22) dx.
ˆ1 ∞ xp
(23) e−|x| dx.
ˆ−∞
∞
(24) cos x dx.
−∞
Exercises 5.3. In each part, determine whether the improper integral converges or diverges,
and find its value if it converges.
ˆ 1
dx
(1) .
x2
ˆ 16
−1
dx
(2) √ .
ˆ 1
0
4
x
dx
(3) √ .
2
ˆ0 ∞ 1 − x
ln x
(4) dx.
ˆ1 ∞ x
dx
(5) 1.001
.
ˆ1 1 x
dx
(6) 1 .
ˆ 1
−8 x 3
dx
(7) 0.999
.
ˆ0 ∞x
x dx
(8) 3 .
2
−∞ (x + 4) 2
ˆ ∞
16 tan−1 x
(9) 2
dx.
ˆ0 ∞ 1 + x
(10) 2e−θ sin θ dθ.
ˆ0 1
(11) − ln x dx.
ˆ0 ∞
dx
(12) 2
.
ˆ0 1 (x + 1)(x + 1)
(13) −x ln |x| dx.
ˆ−1∞
dx
(14) .
ˆ−∞ e + e−x
x
∞
(15) ln(ln x).
ee
A comparison test.
Theorem 5.1 (Direct Comparison Test). Let f and g be continuous on [a, ∞) and suppose
that 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x) for all x ≥ a.
ˆ ∞ ˆ ∞
(i) If g(x) dx converges then f (x) dx converges.
a a
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 13
ˆ ∞ ˆ ∞
(ii) If f (x) dx diverges then g(x) dx diverges.
a a
Example 5.4. In each part, determine whether the improper integral converges or diverges.
ˆ ∞
1
(1) x
dx.
ˆ0 ∞ x + e
2
(2) e−x dx.
ˆ0 ∞
2 + sin x
(3) √ dx.
ˆ ∞
1 x
sin2 x
(4) 2
dx.
ˆ1 ∞ x
dx
(5) √ .
4
ˆ1 ∞ x + 5
ln x
(6) √ dx.
ˆ1 ∞ x
dx
(7) x + 2x
.
ˆ ∞
1 5
dx
(8) x
.
ˆ0 ∞ 1 + e
1 + sin x
(9) dx.
ˆπ ∞ x2
dx
(10) .
ˆ2 1 ln x
ln x
(11) √ dx.
0 x
14 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
Answers
cos(ax)
Answers 1.1. − + c.
a
1 x
Answers 1.2. tan−1 + c.
a a
x5 10x3
Answers 1.3. − + 25x + c.
5 3
−1 x−3
Answers 1.4. sin + c.
2
3 x+1
Answers 1.5. ln x + 2 x + 5 − tan−1
2
+ c.
4 2
Answers 2.1. (1) sin x − x cos x + c.
(2) x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + c.
ex (cos x + sin x)
(3) + c.
2
2 2
x ln x x
(4) − + c.
2 4
(5) x ln x − x +√c.
(6) x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + c.
2
ex (x2 − 1)
(7) + c.
2
(8) x tan x + ln(cos x) + c.
x3x 3x
(9) − 2 + c.
ln 3 ln 3
x(cos(ln x) + sin(ln x))
(10) + c.
2
(11) x e − 4x e + 12x e − 24xex + 24ex + c.
4 x 3 x 2 x
x ln x x
(12) − + c.
√2 √x 2 √x
(13) 2 xe − 2e + c.
(14) −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + c.
xe2x e2x
(15) − + c.
2 −x 4 −x
(16) −xe − e + c.
2e2x cos(3x) 3e2x sin(3x)
(17) + + c.
13 13
1
(18) x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 ) + c.
2
2
x4 e−x 2 2
(19) − − x2 e−x − e−x + c.
2 √
−1
esin x ( 1 − x2 + x)
(20) + c.
2
2 5 2 3
(21) (1 − x) 2 − (1 − x) 2 + c.
5 3
15
(22) 4 ln 2 − + c.
16
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 15
cos5 x
Answers 3.1. (1) − + c.
5
cos7 x cos5 x
(2) − + c.
7 5
2 3 4 3 2 11
(3) sin 2 x − sin 2 x + sin 2 x + c.
3 7 11
sin3 x
(4) sin x − + c.
3
cos10 x cos8
(5) − + c.
10 8
x sin(2x)
(6) − + c.
2 4
3x sin(2x) sin(4x)
(7) + + c.
8 4 32
x sin(4x)
(8) − + c.
8 32
sec5 x sec3 x
(9) − + c.
5 3
(10) tan x − x + c.
tan5 x tan3 x
(11) + + c.
5 3
tan2 x
(12) + ln | cos x| + c.
2
sec x sec5 x
7
(13) − + c.
7 5
(14) ln | sec x + tan x| + c.
2 7 2 3
(15) tan 2 + tan 2 +c.
7 3
1 3
(16) − cot x + cot x + x + c.
3
(17) − ln | csc x + cot x| + c.
csc3 x csc5 x
(18) − + c.
3 5
√ 4 5 2 9
(19) − cos x + cos 2 x − cos 2 x + c.
5 9
√
4 − x2
Answers 3.2. (1) (a) − + c.
√ ! 4x
x + 9 + x2
(b) ln + c.
3
√ x
(c) x2 − 25 − 5 sec−1 + c.
5
1 −1 x
(d) tan x + 2
+ c.
2 2(1
√ +x )
x x 4 − x2
(e) 2 sin−1 + + c.
√ 2 2
(f) √x2 − 1 − sec−1 x + c.
x2 − 2
(g) + c.
2x
16 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
√ 3x
(h) 9x2 − 4 − 2 sec−1 + c.
2
1 x+1
(i) tan−1 + c.
3 3 √
1 −1 x ex 1 − e2x
(j) sin (e ) + + c.
2 p 2
(k) ln 1 + sin2 x + sin x + c.
1 2x + 1 2x + 1
(l) tan−1 + + c.
32 2 16(4x2 +4x + 5)
x−2
(m) ln x2 − 4 x + 8 + 3 tan−1
+ c.
2
5 2
13 −1 x−2
(n) ln x − 4 x + 8 + tan + c.
2 2 2
x3
(o) − 3 + c.
3(x2 − 1) 2
π(π + 2)
(2) .
2
1 1
Answers 4.1. (1) ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 2| + c.
3 3
(2) 2 ln |x| + 4 ln |x + 1| − 3 ln |x − 1| + c.
3 1
(3) x2 + ln |x − 4| − ln |x + 2| + c.
2 2
9
(4) − + 6 ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + c.
x+1
(5) −5 tan−1 x + 2 ln |x| + c.
3 2
7 −1 x+1
(6) ln x + 2 x + 5 − tan + 2 ln |x + 2| + c.
2 2 2
8 7
(7) ln |x − 3| + ln |x + 2| + c.
5 5
5 1 5
(8) − ln |x − 2| − ln |x| + ln |x − 1| + ln |x − 3| + c.
2 6 3
3
(9) − + ln |x − 3| + c.
x−3
1 1
(10) − + + c.
x + 1 (x + 1)2
1 1 1
(11) ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 1| − + c.
2 2 x−1
3 1 3
(12) − ln x2 + 1 − tan−1 x + ln |x − 2| + c.
10 5 5 √ √ !
5 1 3 2 x 2
− ln x2 + 2 + tan−1
(13) ln |3 + x| + 2
+ c.
2(x + 2) 2 2 2
2 1
(14) x + ln |3 x + 1| + c.
3 9
x2 1
+ ln x2 + 1 + tan−1 x − 2 ln |x − 1| −
(15) x + + c.
2 x−1
x2
(16) x + − ln |x| + 2 ln |x − 1| + c.
2
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES 17
32
(2) Convergent, .
3
π
(3) Convergent, .
2
(4) Divergent.
(5) Convergent, 1000.
9
(6) Convergent, − .
2
(7) Convergent, 1000.
(8) Convergent, 0.
(9) Convergent, 2π 2 .
(10) Convergent, 1.
(11) Convergent, 1.
π
(12) Convergent, .
4
(13) Convergent, 0.
π
(14) Convergent, .
2
Answers 5.4. (1) Convergent.
(2) Convergent.
(3) Divergent.
(4) Convergent.
(5) Convergent.
(6) Divergent.
(7) Convergent.
(8) Convergent.
(9) Convergent.
(10) Divergent.
(11) Convergent.
(12) Divergent.