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Equivalent SPICE Circuits With Guaranteed

Passivity From Nonpassive Models

Article in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · April 2007

DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2006.890520 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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526 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 3, MARCH 2007
Equivalent SPICE Circuits With Guaranteed
Passivity From Nonpassive Models
Adam Lamecki and Michal Mrozowski, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this paper, a new fast technique of passivity
enforcement of a nonpassive rational model is introduced. The
technique disturbs poles of the model to restore passivity in such
way that the frequency response of a device being modeled is
preserved. The passivity enforcement procedure is defined as an
optimization routine with the gradients of the cost function evalu-
ated using the theory of matrix perturbation. The rational model
can be based either on passive (electromagnetic simulations,
measurements) or nonpassive (surrogate models) data. In the
second case, the proposed technique can lead to a parameterized
SPICE networks. Some advanced examples are given to show the
application of proposed approach in interconnect, packaging, and
signal integrity analysis.
Index Terms—Equivalent circuits, passivity enforcement, ra-
tional models, SPICE networks, strict passivity, surrogate models.
I. INTRODUCTION
SPICE circuit simulator has became an industry standard
A for design of analog, digital, microwave, and mixed
analog–digital circuits. The presence of active elements and
mixed digital-analog parts in modern systems implies that
circuit analysis is carried out in the time domain. The SPICE
simulator allows one to simulate circuits described by a lumped
elements (like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and tran-
sistors), which is enough for analysis of low-frequency circuits,
but it is not enough when the operation frequency increases,
which is the case of microwave and millimeter-wave devices.
As the frequency increases, the simple lumped models are not
sufficient and more complex models are required that take into
account parasitic effects like signal delay, distortion, reflec-
tions, ringing, and crosstalk or frequency-dependent losses of
passive elements and parasitic radiation. Such parasitic effects
can be predicted using electromagnetic (EM) simulators, which
operate mainly in the frequency domain.
As a result, a tool is required that can connect two separate
environments: full-wave simulators that generate frequency tab-
ulated data and lumped-circuit simulators that operate in the
Manuscript received June 15, 2006; revised September 24, 2006. This work
was supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research under Con-
tract 3 T11D 024 30, by the Foundation for Polish Science under the Domestic
Grants for Young Scientists Scheme, and under the Polish-Flanders Scientific
Bilateral Programme.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics, Telecommunication and
Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland (e-mail: adam.
lamecki@gmail.com; m.mrozowski@ieee.org).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2006.890520
0018-9480/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
time domain. Several solutions to this problem were reported.
To generate a passive macromodel from frequency tabulated
data, one can use a model order-reduction techniques that use
Krylov-subspace methods, as in [1]–[3]; however, these tech-
niques can preserve passivity only if input data is passive. One
can introduce constraints that help to ensure the passivity di-
rectly when rational representation of admittance parameters is
created [4]; however, these constraints are not sufficient to en-
sure passivity for all frequencies. Another approach proposed
in [5] is derived from the pole-residue form of rational func-
tions and can generate a passive macromodel over infinite fre-
quency, but the enforcement problems might appear when real
poles occur. A different solution, presented in [6], enforces the
passivity condition at discrete frequencies; therefore, the re-
sulting macromodel can be nonpassive at frequencies that were
not taken into account during passivity enforcement.
Guaranteed passivity can be achieved by applying either the
method based on convex optimization [7] or an iterative pro-
cedure that enforces passivity while minimizing the distortion
of the time-domain response [8], [9]. However, in several prac-
tical applications (like filter or other resonant circuits), one may
be interested in controlling the accuracy of the frequency re-
sponse in a specific frequency band. The convex optimization
approach can only handle problems with a low number of states
[7]. In both techniques, residues are perturbed, which implies
that for multiport circuits, the number of variables to be ad-
justed is large. Additionally, for strong violation of passivity,
the method of [8] may lead to significant distortion of the fre-
quency response of the circuit, as shown in [10].
In this paper, we propose a new technique, which has the fol-
lowing three important features:
• controls the accuracy of frequency response while en-
forcing the passivity (as in [7]);
• can enforce the passivity even if passivity of input data is
strongly disturbed;
• is easy to implement.
The proposed approach gives a passive model as a result of the
optimization procedure, as in [7], but uses different passivity
conditions and an optimization approach. What is even more im-
portant is that the technique can handle problems with a much
higher number of states. The proposed technique can be utilized
to construct a passive SPICE equivalent circuit from a nonpas-
sive rational model based on either passive or nonpassive fre-
quency tabulated data. The second case seems especially inter-
esting due to the possibility of construction of passive SPICE
networks that are derived from the response of nonpassive surro-
gate models [12]–[14]. Combining the proposed technique with
a surrogate model leads to a parameterized SPICE network. The
LAMECKI AND MROZOWSKI: EQUIVALENT SPICE CIRCUITS WITH GUARANTEED PASSIVITY FROM NONPASSIVE MODELS
time of computing of a surrogate model response is insignificant
compared to the time required by the EM solver. The proposed
technique of passivity enforcement also converges fast. As a re-
sult, the total time of creation of the SPICE circuit that has the
accuracy of EM solver is a few orders of magnitude shorter than
EM simulation of the circuit response at a single frequency.
The resulting SPICE networks with guaranteed passivity can
be very useful in many applications such as analysis and tuning
of RFIC devices at the post-layout stage of design.
II. TECHNIQUE DETAILS
In general, a response of a linear time-invariant circuit can be
represented in the form of a rational function. To find a rational
model, one can apply either a vector fitting technique [15]–[17]
or direct interpolation scheme described in [18]. As a result, one
obtains the rational model in the form
(1)
where is the residue of the scattering matrix element
connected with the th pole and is the function order. All
the elements of the scattering matrix can be fitted with the same
set of common poles (real and complex). A rational representa-
tion obtained as a result of approximation schemes can ensure
stability and high accuracy of the model in a wide frequency
band. However, they cannot ensure passivity, which is essential
in time-domain analysis.
A. State–Space Model Construction
At first, the rational representation is converted to a time do-
main state–space model (macromodel) [19]
(2)
(3)
where is the state matrix, relates the input variables to state
variables, relates the state variables to output variables, re-
lates the inputs directly to the outputs, is the state vector, is
the input vector, and is the output vector. Both time- and fre-
quency-domain models are connected by a Laplace transform.
Applying the transform to rational representation (1), one can
realize the time-domain model [19].
B. Passivity Enforcement
The passivity enforcement procedure can be divided into the
following three major elements:
• identification of the frequency bands where the model is
not passive;
• correction of the model parameters (poles and/or residues)
in the optimization loop;
• implementation of the constraints that minimize distur-
bance of the frequency response.
527
1) Passivity Test: Matrices , , , and of a state–space
model can be used to perform the passivity test of the model [8],
[20]. Let us consider a Hamiltonian matrix
(4)
where and . As presented
in [8], the state–space model is guaranteed to be passive only
if matrix has no imaginary eigenvalues. It is also shown that
if is the eigenvalue of and a maximum singular value
of scattering matrix crosses value 1 at , then is a fre-
quency that denotes the crossover from a nonpassive frequency
band to a passive one. Using this criterion, one can detect if
the model is passive and detect the frequency bands in which
the passivity condition is violated. Such a passivity test is much
more useful than a standard procedure of testing if the scattering
matrix is bounded real in the frequency domain [8]. The eigen-
value problem has to be solved only once and the solution pro-
vides complete information about passivity of the model in the
entire frequency band. Using the information, one can define the
optimization procedure that restores the passivity of the model.
2) Model Correction: A possible way to enforce model pas-
sivity at all frequencies is to perturb the state–space model to
make the imaginary eigenvalues of complex, simultaneously
minimizing the deformation of the model response. The solution
of such a correction, based on perturbation of model residues
and minimizing the distortion of the time-domain response, was
proposed in [8]. An alternative is to optimize the location of
common poles and/or residues and preserve the frequency re-
sponse of the model. It should be noted that the optimization
relying only on poles significantly reduces the number of vari-
ables—it needs only variables comparing to in case
of the residues. In fact, if the complex pole representation is
, the disturbance of both the real and imaginary
parts causes both a shift of the pole on the frequency plane
and introduces some additional loss to the circuit that helps
to preserve the passivity. For this reason, we have decided to
base our passivity enforcement procedure on the perturbation
of poles. Let us introduce vector
(5)
where element is the width of the th frequency band of
passivity violation. The procedure of passivity restoration can be
organized as a min–max optimization problem with the location
of common poles as variables. The goal of the optimization is to
minimize the maximum value of . In particular, if condition
is fulfilled for , the model is guaranteed
to be passive for every .
Such a definition of an optimization goal gives a passive
state–space model, but the response of the obtained model
can differ from the original one. To assure preservation of the
response, some additional conditions are applied.
528 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 3, MARCH 2007

Fig. 1. Electric network that realize k th input/output port and j th state of state–space model.

3) Preserving the Frequency Response: Let be C. Fast Gradients With Matrix Perturbation Theory
the -port scattering matrix computed at frequency and The proposed approach of passivity enforcement allows one
be the scattering matrix obtained from state–space to compute an analytic gradient of the goal function. Let us an-
model. To minimize the distortion of the frequency-domain alyze a perturbed unsymmetrical eigenvalue problem [21]
response due to passivity enforcement associated with the
perturbation of the poles, an additional condition is imposed as (8)
follows:
where is a perturbation matrix, is a right eigenvector of
(6) the perturbed matrix, and is an eigenvalue of the perturbed
matrix. Assume that is a simple eigenvalue of and ( )
is the right (left) eigenvector corresponding to . Assuming the
at a set of discrete frequency points . Parameter is defined
perturbation matrix is small, one can obtain the first-order
as an acceptable tolerance between the reference data and
approximation of eigenvalue of the perturbed matrix as
state–space model response and allows one to control the
accuracy of the model after the passivity enforcement. The
condition presented above enforces the absolute error for the (9)
created passive model to be less than . On the other hand,
sometimes one can be interested to enforce the relative error of The above formula can be utilized for fast computation of the
created model be less than . In this case, the condition should gradient of the goal function. To obtain full gradient informa-
be modified to tion, one needs to compute a set of pure imaginary eigenvalues
and corresponding right eigenvector only once. In the case of
optimization relying only on poles (not residues) of the model,
(7) the perturbation of pole location influences only matrix , there-
fore,
Both conditions are implemented as nonlinear inequality con-
straints of min–max optimization. Additionally, the accuracy (10)
does not have to be the same for every . One can set a different
value of at each frequency , setting the different response ac-
Finally, the sensitivity of the eigenvalue on the perturbation
curacy over different frequency bands.
of pole can be computed as
4) Additional Considerations: In this paper, the optimization
is performed as a min–max routine. However, it has to be noted
(11)
that another optimization algorithm can be applied to minimize
the values of provided it can handle nonlinear constraints.
As stated above, the procedure successfully concludes if all of where is a matrix of the size of perturbation matrix with
the values of are set to zero. The proposed procedure is elements .
an optimization one and it is not guaranteed to converge with
arbitrary accuracy . Therefore, in case the optimization does III. SPICE NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
not converge to a passive model, it is recommended to relax the Once the passive state–space model of a device has been con-
accuracy parameter in (6) or (7). structed, it can be realized as an electric circuit using resistors,
LAMECKI AND MROZOWSKI: EQUIVALENT SPICE CIRCUITS WITH GUARANTEED PASSIVITY FROM NONPASSIVE MODELS 529

Fig. 3. Cross section of the BGA package as simulated in Agilent’s ADS Mo-
mentum.

Fig. 2. Top view of simulated 96-pin BGA package.

capacitors, and voltage/current-controlled sources [19]. In gen-

eral, for an -port device, the network have a form shown in
Fig. 1. It consists of input/output and state subcircuits.
Additional input/output circuits are added using the relations
between incident and reflected waves and voltage and cur-
rent amplitudes at the th port

(12)

(13)

where is the characteristic impedance of the th port.

Fig. 4. Maximum singular value of scattering matrix of BGA package before
IV. APPLICATIONS (1 1 1) and after (—) passivity enforcement.

A. Packaging Application
The passivity enforcement technique described above can be
applied to create an equivalent circuit directly from a device re-
sponse, which is obtained from an EM simulator or measure-
ments.
Fig. 2 shows a top view of a ball grid array (BGA) package
with 96 pins. The package was simulated with Agilent’s Mo-
mentum RF EM simulator over a frequency range from dc up to
10 GHz. The package structure and localization of the package
ports is presented in Fig. 3.
A rational model of the response of 1/4 the device (one side
of the package, 48 ports) was subsequently created. The order
of the rational model was equal and the state–space
model had 288 states. This is by far a larger number of states
than the method using the convex optimization approach can
handle [7]. Despite that the input data were passive, the resulting
rational model was not, as shown in Fig. 4. To create the pas-
Fig. 5. Comparison of selected scattering parameters of BGA package before
sive equivalent circuit of the package, the proposed technique (1 1 1) and after (—) passivity enforcement.
was utilized. The total time of optimization was 5 min using a
1.5-GHz PC. The poles were perturbed and, consequently, the
number of optimized variables was six, compared to 13 824 in
B. Resonant Circuit—Microwave Filter
the case when one perturbs residues. Fig. 5 shows very good
agreement between selected scattering parameters for the cre- As mentioned in Section I, the proposed technique allows one
ated passive model and input data. to create a passive SPICE network even if the input data are not
530 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 3, MARCH 2007
Fig. 6. Input nonpassive data (1 1 1) and results of passivity enforcement with
proposed technique (—) and presented in [8] (1 — 1).
Fig. 7. Maximum singular value of scattering matrix of microwave filter before
(1 1 1) and after (—) passivity enforcement.
passive. To illustrate this, the proposed technique is applied to a
set of nonpassive scattering parameters of a microwave hairpin
filter. The data are strongly nonpassive, the maximum singular
value of the scattering matrix in-band of the filter passband
reaches 1.06. The same data were used to create a passive net-
work using the technique presented in [8]. The results are shown
in Fig. 6. In Fig. 7, a maximum singular value of the scattering
matrix before and after passivity enforcement is presented. With
the proposed approach, one gets a passive network with the re-
sponse very close to the original nonpassive data. The alterna-
tive technique gives a model with higher error, which proves that
the condition for minimization of time-domain response distor-
tion may not be optimal for nonpassive input data. Additionally,
the filter is a resonant circuit, which is very sensitive to the lo-
cation of poles. The time of passivity enforcement was 2.5 s on
a 1.5-GHz laptop PC. This example shows that even in the case
of resonant circuits, the perturbation of the poles proposed pro-
cedure yields passive circuits with satisfactory accuracy.
Fig. 8. Input nonpassive data (1 1 1) and results of passivity enforcement with
proposed technique (—) of RAMBUS FlexIO channel.
C. Measurements Application
The proposed technique can also be used to create a passive
SPICE network based on measured data. To prove its useful-
ness, we have created a SPICE circuit based on measurement
data of a RAMBUS FlexIO processor bus [11]. The FlexIO
processor bus is a chip-to-chip interface technology that offers
data rates of 400 MHz up to 8.0 GHz. The channel consists of
two 12-in-long meandered lines made on an FR4 printed cir-
cuit board (PCB) substrate and two PCB/package vias [11]. It
is a complex structure and hard to simulate with an EM solver,
therefore, the performance of the design had to be verified by
measurements. With the proposed technique, a passive equiv-
alent circuit of the bus can be created directly from measured
frequency-domain data. The circuit can be then used for signal
integrity analysis of the design.
The rational model of the transfer function was created in fre-
quency band from dc up to 20 GHz using the vector fitting tech-
nique described in [16]. The transfer function of the circuit is
very complex, therefore, the rational function that approximates
it has a high order poles. The rational model is not
passive in the frequency range of 58–157 and 188–237 MHz.
The proposed technique was utilized to restore the passivity of
the model, which took 5 min on a 1.5-GHz PC. The comparison
of input data and the final passive model is shown in Fig. 8.
D. Parameterized SPICE Networks
SPICE circuits can also be generated from a surrogate model.
A surrogate model is derived from full-wave simulations and al-
lows one to quickly evaluate an approximate response of the
element for a combination of geometric or physical parame-
ters. Due to the mathematical nature of the approximation pro-
cedures, surrogate models are nonpassive. In this context, the
method for SPICE circuit construction from nonpassive data
proposed in this paper proves to be particularly powerful, as
the passivity enforcement can be done almost instantaneously,
while minimizing the disturbance of the circuit response in the
frequency domain. Thus, by combining the surrogate modeling
LAMECKI AND MROZOWSKI: EQUIVALENT SPICE CIRCUITS WITH GUARANTEED PASSIVITY FROM NONPASSIVE MODELS 531

Fig. 9. Proposed generation scheme of parameterized passive SPICE circuits

for time-domain analysis.

Fig. 11. Frequency response of nonpassive (1 1 1) and passive (—) model of a

three-conductor line bend.

Fig. 10. Three-conductor line bend. (a) Top view of the modeled structure with
model parameters. (b) 3-D view of double-bend structure.

TABLE I
RANGE OF MODEL PARAMETERS

with our passivity enforcement solution, one gets parameterized

SPICE circuits. The proposed scheme is presented in Fig. 9. The
physical parameters are the input data. The nonpassive response
is evaluated using a surrogate model and then transformed to a
state–space model. The passivity enforcement is done on the fly.
The passive state–space model is then transformed to the SPICE
Fig. 12. Maximum singular value of scattering matrix of nonpassive (1 1 1) and
model. The whole procedure takes only seconds and, therefore, corrected (—) model of a three-conductor line bend.
can be used in an optimization loop. Parameterized SPICE cir-
cuits are applicable, e.g., in the design of mixed analog–digital
circuits and interconnects. To present the proposed method for TABLE II
SAMPLE TIMING OF SPICE MODEL CONSTRUCTION (MATLAB)
this application and provide some insight regarding the speed of
computation, let us consider a three-conductor microstrip-line
bend on a thin-film substrate for multichip module-deposited
(MCM-D) solutions, as shown in Fig. 10. A four-variate surro-
gate model of scattering parameters of the structure was created
using the technique of [12] and Agilent’s ADS Momentum EM
simulator. As a result, we obtained a mathematical model of
scattering parameters of a structure in a form of a rational func-
tion SPICE circuit was then created by applying the above-described
technique. The order of the rational model was set as
(14) and the state–space model had 36 states. Fig. 11 shows a fre-
quency response of the model before and after passivity enforce-
where and are a multivariate polynomials. The range of ment—very good agreement can be seen in the entire frequency
input model parameters is presented in Table I. The resulting band. The passivity check in the frequency domain is shown in
model was used to compute the response of the double bend of Fig. 12. The total time of a passive SPICE model construction
the multiconductor line, as shown on Fig. 10, with dimensions for a specified structure dimensions is only 4 s on a 1.5-GHz
mm, mm, and mm. The passive PC. Timing details are presented in Table II.
532 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 55, NO. 3, MARCH 2007
V. CONCLUSIONS
A new technique for creation of passive SPICE circuits from
nonpassive models has been described in this paper. The tech-
nique is very fast and preserves the frequency response of the
circuit. The procedure is defined as a min–max optimization
problem with analytic gradients and nonlinear constraints. The
authors’ implementation of the technique will soon be available
online.1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank to Prof. T. Dhaene and
D. Deschrijver, both with the University of Antwerp, Antwerp,
Belgium, for their implementation of the vector fitting tech-
nique. The authors also thank W. Beyene, RAMBUS Inc., Los
Altos, CA, for providing FlexIO bus measurements data used
in Section IV.
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Adam Lamecki was born in Inowroclaw, Poland,
in 1977. He received the M.S.E.E. degree from the
Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk,
Poland, in 2002, and is currently working toward the
Ph.D. degree at the GUT.
His research interests include surrogate models
and their use in the computer-aided design (CAD)
of microwave devices, SPICE equivalent circuits,
RFIC/monolithic microwave integrated circuits
(MMICs), computational electromagnetics, and filter
design.
Mr. Lamecki was a recipient of a Domestic Grant for Young Scientists Award
founded by the Foundation of Polish Science in 2006.
Michal Mrozowski (S’88–M’90–SM’02) received
the M.S.E.E., Ph.D., and D.Sc. degrees (with honors)
in microwave engineering from the Gdańsk Univer-
sity of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland, in 1983,
1990 and 1994, respectively.
Since 2001, he has been a Full Professor with
the GUT. His interests are computational electro-
magnetics and field theory. He has authored or
coauthored over 50 reviewed journal papers and two
monographs on computational electromagnetics and
guided EM waves.
Prof. Mrozowski is a member of the Electromagnetics Academy. He
is chairman of the IEEE Polish joint Aerospace and Electronic Systems
(AES)/Antennas and Propagation (AP)/Microwave Theory and Techniques
(MTT) Chapter.