Surface Roughness (JIS B 0601-2001)

■ Theoretical (Geometrical) Surface Roughness

Theoretical Surface Roughness at Turning indicates the minimum
roughness value from the cutting conditions and it is shown by the
formula as follows: f

Rz(h)
f2
 Rz(h)＝ ×10
3

8R(rε) R
（rε）
Rz(h)：Theoretical Surface Roughness〔μm〕
ｆ：Feed Rate〔mm/rev〕
Ｒ(rε)：Corner Radius of Insert〔mm〕

How to Obtain Surface Roughness Values Relationship with Triangle Symbol

Arithmetical Max. Height Ten PointsMean Note:
Type Symbol How to Obtain Explanation Mean Roughness Roughness Roughness (Relationship
Ry is obtained from the distance in micron Ra(μm) Rz(μm) RzJIS(μm) with Triangle)
meter between the highest peak and the
0.025 0.1 0.1
lowest valley in the range of sampled
0.05 0.2 0.2
Max. Height
Roughness

reference length (ℓ) to the direction of mean m

Rp
0.1 0.4 0.4

Ry
line of the roughness curve.
Rz 0.2 0.8 0.8

Rv
ℓ
0.4 1.6 1.6
0.8 3.2 3.2
1.6 6.3 6.3
Rz＝Rp＋Rv
3.2 12.5 12.5
Rz is obtained from the total in micron meter m
6.3 25 25
Yp1

Yp4
Yp3

Yv5
Yp2

of the mean value of the each distance

Yv3
Yv2

Yv5
Yv1

Yv4

between the mean line and 5 peaks (Yp) 12.5 50 50

Ten Points Mean

ℓ
from the highest one, and the mean value of 25 100 100
Roughness

the each distance between the mean line Yp1,Yp2,Yp3,Yp4,Yp5:

and the 5 valleys (Yv) from the lowest one,
RzJIS of the roughness curve in the range of
sampled reference length “ℓ”.
（Yp1＋Yp2＋Yp3＋Yp4＋Yp5）＋（Yv1＋Yv2＋Yv3＋Yv4＋Yv5）
RzJIS＝
5
Ra is obtained from the following formula in
Arithmetical Mean
Note: Finishing symbol (Triangle▽and wave~) was
Distance from the mean line to highest 5
abolished from JIS standard from 1994 Revision.
peaks in the range of sampled reference
length “ℓ” ・How to Indicate
Yv1,Yv2,Yv3,Yv4,Yv5:  Example
Distance from the mean line to the lowest 5  ①When Ra is 1.6μm→1.6μmRa
valleys in the range of sampled reference  ②When Rz is 6.3μm→6.3μmRz
length “ℓ”
 ③When RzJIS is 6.3μm→6.3μmRzJIS

micron meter when the roughness curve is

Y
expressed by y=f(x), taking X-axis to the mean
Roughness

m
line direction and Y-axis to the vertical
Ra

Ra magnification of the roughness curve in the X

range of sampled reference length “ℓ”.
ℓ

1 ℓ
Ra＝ ｛
ℓ 0 ∫
f(x)｝dx

Indication in JIS Standard

Example of Ra Indication Example of Ry, (Rz) Indication
①When indicating the upper limit only ①When indicating upper limit onlyIndicate
(when upper limit is 6.3μmRa) 6.3 surface roughness following the parameter Rz6.3
symbol. R

②When indicating both lower and upper limit 6.3  ×D×N

Rz6.3~1.6
V=

(when upper limit is 6.3μmRa, lower limit is 1.6μmRa) 1.6 ②When indicating both lower and upper limit 1000

Indicate surface roughness as (upper limit ~

lower limit) following the parameter symbol.
Information
Technical

Note: The indications of Ra and Rz are different.

■ Surface Roughness Symbol Caution

The above information is based on JIS B 0601-2001.
Symbol of Symbol of
However, some symbols were revised as shown in the right table in Type
JIS B 0601-1994 JIS B 0601-2001
accordance with ISO Standard from JIS B 0601-2001 version. Max. Height
Ten Points Mean Roughness (Rz) was eliminated from 2001 version Roughness
Ry → Rz
Ten Points
but it still remains as RzJIS reference, since it was popular in Japan. Mean Roughness
Rz → （RzJIS）
Arithmetical Mean
Roughness
Ra → Ra

R3
 FC-24  1

[Technical Data] [Technical Data]

Surface Roughness Excerpts
JIS B 0601(1994) 
from JIS B 0031(1994)
Drawing Indications of Surface Texture EJISB0031(1994)
xcerpts from 

1. Varieties of Surface Roughness Indicators 1. Positions of Auxiliary Symbols for Surface Symbol
Definitions and presentations of arithmetic average roughness(Ra), maximum height(Ry), 10 spot average roughness(Rz), average concave to A surface roughness value, cut-off value or reference length, machining method, grain direction, surface undulation, etc. are
convex distance(Sm), average distance between local peaks S and load length rate tp are given as parameters indicating the surface roughness indicated around the surface symbol as shown in Fig. 1 below.
of an industrial product. Surface roughness is the arithmetical average of values at randomly extracted spots on the surface of an object.
Fig. 1 Positions of Auxiliary Symbols
  [Centerline average roughness(Ra75)is defined in the supplements to JIS B 0031 and JIS B 0601.]
a : Ra Value
b : Machining Method
Typical calculations of surface roughness b
f c : Cut-Off Value, Evaluation Length
Arithmetic Average Roughness Ra Y Ra =
1 ℓ
f ( ) dx
a c c'
c' : Reference Length, Evaluation Length
ℓ 0 e d g e d g
A portion stretching over a reference length in the direction in which the m
d : Grain Direction
average line extends is cut out from the roughness curve. This portion f : Parameter other than Ra(tp:Parameter/Cut-Off Level)
is presented in a new graph with the X axis extending in the same

Ra
direction as the average line and the Y axis representing the magnitude.
Ra is represented by the equation shown at right, in microns(μm).
g : Surface Undulation(JIS B 0610)
0 X
Reference  These symbols except a and f are provided when they are needed.
ℓ Reference  Under ISO 1302, a finish range should be indicated as e in Fig. 1.

Code Meaning Illustration

 Examples of Graphical Representation of Surface Texture
Maximum Height Ry ℓ
Surface Symbol
A portion stretching over a reference length in the direction in which The trace left by a cutting instrument
m
the average line extends is cut out from the roughness curve. The gap is parallel to the projection plane in

Rp

Ry
between the peak line and the trough line is measured in the direction in the drawing.
which the magnitude axis extends, in microns(μm).   Ex.  Shaped Surface
Trace Left by a Cutting Instrument Removal of Material by Machining is required

Rv
  Reference A portion without an abnormally high peak or abnormally low trough,
which may be regarded as a flaw, is cut out over the reference length. Ry=Rp+Rv

The trace left by a cutting instrument

Ten-spot Average Roughness Rz m is perpendicular to the projection Removal of Material is Prohibited
Yp 1

Yp 4
A portion stretching over a reference length in the direction in which plane in the drawing.
Yp 2

Yp 5
Yp 3

the average line extends is cut out from the roughness curve. The   Ex.  Shaped Surface(Side View)
Y V3

Trace Left by a Cutting Instrument

Y V2
Y V1

Y V4

Y V5
average of the levels(Yp)of the highest peak to the fifth highest peak as Circular Cut, Cylindrical Cut
ℓ
measured from the average line and the average of the levels(Yp)of the
lowest trough to the fifth lowest trough similarly measured in the said Yp1 + Yp2 + Yp3 + Yp4 +Yp5 + Yv1 + Yv2 + Yv3 + Yv4 + Yv5
Upper Limit of Ra
Rz= The pattern left by a cutting instrument
portion are added together. Rz is this sum, in microns(μm). 5 (a) (b) (c)
Yp1, Yp2, Yp3, Yp4, Yp5 : Levels of the highest peak to the fifth highest peak in the
diagonally crosses the projection plane
said portion with the reference length ℓ. in the drawing. 25 6.3 25

Yv1, Yv2, Yv3, Yv4, Yv5 : Levels of the lowest trough to the fifth lowest trough in the   Ex.  Honed Surface
Trace Left by a Cutting Instrument
said portion with the reference length ℓ.
25 6.3 25
The pattern left by a cutting instrument
Reference  Relation between Arithmetic Average Roughness(Ra)and Conventional Parameters crosses in various directions or has no
grain direction. Grain Direction
Arithmetic Average Roughness Maximum Height Ten-spot Average Reference Length
Ra Ry Roughness Rz Conventional
of Ry(Rz)   Ex. Lapped Surface, Superfinished
Finish Symbol
Standard Series Cut-off Value
c(mm) Graphical Representation of Surface Texture Standard Series ℓ(mm) Surface and Surface Finished
0.012 a 0.08 0.05 s 0.05 z with a Front Mill or End Mill
0.08
0.025 a 0.1   s 0.1   z
0.05 a 0.25 0.012 ~ 0.2 0.2   s 0.2   z The pattern left by a cutting
Upper and Lower Limits of Ra
0.1 a 0.4   s 0.4   z 0.25 instrument is virtually concentric
0.2 a 0.8   s 0.8   z around the center of the plane in the
(a) (b)

0.4 a 0.8 1.6   s 1.6   z drawing. 6.3

0.8 a 0.4 ~ 1.6 3.2   s 3.2   z 0.8 1.6
  Ex.  Faced Surface
1.6 a 6.3   s 6.3   z 6.3
1.6
3.2 a 3.2 ~ 6.3 12.5   s 12.5   z
6.3 a 2.5 The pattern left by a cutting instrument
25      s 25      z 2.5 Machining Method
is virtually radial around the center of
12.5 a 12.5 ~ 25 50      s 50      z (a) (b)
25 a 8 100      s 100      z the plane in the drawing.
Milled M
8
50 a 50 ~ 100 200      s 200      z
~ 3.2 3.2
100 a − 400      s 400      z −
*Interrelations among the three types shown here are not precise, and are presented for convenience only.
*Ra:The evaluation values of Ry and Rz are the cut-off value and the reference length each multiplied by five, respectively.

2839 2840

FC-24-1_E.indd 2839-2840 08.4.7 11:42:03 AM

 プレス

〔Technical Data〕 〔Technical Data〕

Surface Roughness by Different Processing Methods Indications of Geometrical Tolerance on Drawings Excerpt from
JIS B 0021（1984）

Arithmetical mean Kinds and Symbols of Geometrical Tolerances

0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25 50 100
roughness Ra Kind of tolerance Symbol Definition of tolerance zone Examples of diagrammatical indication and its interpretation
Maximum peak Ry 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.3 12.5 25 50 100 200 400 Where symbol φ is attached before the numerical φ0.08 Where a tolerance frame is connected to
Former Rmax. −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S −S
value indicating a tolerance zone, this tolerance the dimension showing the diameter of a
designations Straightness zone is a zone in a cylinder of diameter t. cylinder, the axis of the cylinder shall be

φ
Standard values tolerance contained a cylinder of 0.08mm diameter.

φt
of of standard length 0.25 0.8 2.5 8 25
surface (mm) The tolerance zone is a zone held This surface shall be contained
roughness between two parallel planes a between two parallel planes
Triangular indication ▽▽▽▽ ▽▽▽ ▽▽ ▽ − 0.08
Flatness distance t apart. 0.08mm apart.
Forging Precision tolerance

t
Casting Precision t The tolerance zone in the considered 0.1 The circumference in any section
plane is a zone between two concentric normal to the axis shall be contained
Die casting Circularity circles a distance t apart. between two concentric circles
tolerance 0.1mm apart on the same plane.
Hot rolling Form
tolerance

t
The tolerance zone is a zone The considered surface shall be
Cold rolling contained between two coaxial 0.1 contained between two coaxial
Drawing Cylindricity cylinder surfaces a distance t apart. cylinder surfaces 0.1mm apart.
tolerance
Extruding
The tolerance zone is a zone held In any cross-section parallel to the projection
Tumbling between two lines enveloping circles of 0.04 plane the considered profile shall be contained

t
φ
Profile tolerance diameter t, the centers of between two lines enveloping circles of 0.04mm
Sandblasting
of line which are situated on a theoretically
exact profile line.
in diameter, the centers of which are situated on
a line having the theoretically exact profile.
Rolling
The tolerance zone is a zone held The considered surface shall be contained
between the two surfaces enveloping 0.02 between two surfaces enveloping the
Face cutter grinding Precision
Profile tolerance the spheres of diameter t, the centers spheres of diameter 0.02mm, the centers
Planing of surface ｔ
Sφ of which are situated on a theoretically
exact profile surface.
of which are situated on a surface having
the theoretically exact profile.
Carving
（Slotting） The tolerance zone is a zone held 0.01 A The surface shown by the arrow of the leader
between two parallel planes parallel line shall be contained between two planes

t
Cutter grinding Precision Parallelism to the datum plane and a distance t parallel to the datum plane A and 0.01mm

Precision boring tolerance apart from each other. apart from each other in the direction of the
arrow of the leader line.
A
Filing Precision φt Where symbol φis attached before the numerical φ The axis of the cylinder shown by
φ0.01 A
Orientation value indicating the tolerance, the tolerance zone the arrow of the leader line shall
Round grinding Precision Fine Medium Rough Perpendicularity is a zone within a cylinder of diameter t be contained within a cylinder of
Working tolerance
tolerance perpendicular to the datum plane. diameter 0.01mm perpendicular
method Boring Precision A to the datum plane A.
t The tolerance zone is a zone held between 0.08 A The surface shown by the arrow of the leader line
Drilling two parallel planes inclined at the specified shall be contained between two parallel planes

Angularity
which are inclined at 40°with theoretical exactness
angle to the datum plane and a distance t 40°
Reaming Precision to the datum plane A and which are

α
tolerance apart from each other. 0.08mm apart from each other in the direction
Precision A of the arrow of the leader line.
Broach grinding
The tolerance zone is a zone within a circle or B φ0.03 AB The point shown by the arrow of the leader
Shaving line shall be contained within a circle of

t
sphere of diameter t having its center at the
Positional
0.03mm diameter having its center at the

60
theoretically exact location, hereinafter referred to true location 60mm and 100mm apart,
True
Grinding Precision Fine Medium Rough tolerance location as the“true location”.
100
A
respectively,from the datum straight line
A and from the datum straight line B.
Precision
Hone finishing Coaxiality Where symbol φ is attached before the numerical φ0.01 A The axis shown by the arrow of the
tolerance
A

φt
Super finishing Precision Location value indicating the tolerance, the tolerance zone leader line shall be contained within
or is a zone within a cylinder of diameter t whose a cylinder of 0.01mm diameter
tolerance concentricity axis agrees with the datum axial straight line. whose axis agrees with the
Buffing Precision
tolerance datum axial straight line A.
Paper finishing Precision The tolerance zone is a zone held between
0.08 A
The median surface shown by the arrow of
A
two parallel planes a distance t apart from the leader line shall be contained between

t
Lapping Precision Symmetry each other and arranged symmetrically about two parallel planes 0.08mm apart from

Liquid honing Precision tolerance the datum median plane. each other and arranged symmetrically
about the datum median plane A.
Measuring plane The tolerance is a zone between two concentric 0.1 A−B The run-out in the radial direction of the cylinder
Burnishing circles whose centers agree surface shown by the arrow of the leader line

t
with the datum axial straight line on any
Circular run-out

φ
shall not exceed 0.1mm on any measuring plane

φ
Surface rolling measuring plane normal to the datum axial normal to the datum axial straight line when the
Toleranced straight line and which are a distance t apart
tolerance surface from each other in the radial direction. cylinder is rotated by one rotation about the
Electric discharge carving Run-out A B datum axial straight line A-B.
tolerance The tolerance zone is a zone between two 0.1 A−B The total radial run-out of the cylinder surface
Wire cut electric spark coaxial cylinders having axes agreeing with shown by the arrow of the leader line shall not
Total run-out

Chemical polishing
Electrolytic abrasion
φ
the datum axial straight line and a distance exceed 0.1mm at any point on the cylinder
Precision surface when the cylinder part is rotated about
tolerance t apart from each other in the radial direction.
A B
the datum axial straight line A-B with a relative
movement in the axial direction.
Precision
Lines used in the drawings in the column of“definition of tolerance zone”indicate the following meanings：
Thick solid line or broken line：Feature Thin alternate long and short dash line：Center line
Thick alternate long and short dash line：Datum Thin alternate long and two short dashes line：Supplementary projection plane or sectional plane
Thin solid line or broken line：Tolerance zone Thick alternate long and two short dashes line：Projection of a feature to supplementary Projection plane or sectional plane

1129 1130