FORMATION EVALUATION

Lesson 1
_______
INTRODUCTION

Sept-Dec 2017

Notes modified from Dr. Jerry L. Jensen

 COURSE RESOURCES - 1
• Computer resources
– Service company websites
• www.slb.com/Hub/
• www.halliburton.com/hes/
• www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/
– Log interpretation software
• Log Preview (Schlumberger)
 COURSE RESOURCES - 2
• Literature
– Books
1. Dresser Atlas, Log Interpretation Fundamentals.
2. Dewan, John T., Log Interpretation & Applications.
3. Serra O, Fundamental of Well Log Interpretation.
4. Darling T, Well Logging & Formation Evaluation.
5. Schlumberger, 1989. Log Interpretation Principle/ Applications
– Logs
– Course handouts
– Additional books
1. Dewan, John T. 1983, Geophysical Well Log. Penn Well Books.
Tusla
2. Donald.P. Helander, 1983. Formation Evaluation, OGCI
International, Tulsa
3. Harsono A, 1997. Evaluasi Formasi & Aplikasi Log, Schlumberger
Oil Field Services, Jakarta
4. Pirson, Sylvan J, 1963. Handbook of Well Log Analysis: For oil
and Gas Formation Evaluation, New Jersey
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. List and describe basic physics of standard

open-hole logging tools

2. Interpret standard measurements in “clean”

formations for lithology, , and Sw

3. Estimate  and Sw in shale sands

4. Apply basic integration of log and core data

 LABS

• Short test
• Homework
– Due Friday
– Returned and discussed in lab
• Software demonstrations
• Questions/problems discussed
GRADING
• Homework 20%
• Midterm & Report 35%
• Quizzes 15%
• Final 30%

A = 90 – 100%
B = 80 – 89.9
C = 70 – 79.9
D = 60 – 69.9
F < 60
 GUIDELINES
• Classes
– Pay attention
– Computer off
– Ask questions
– Read the book
• Labs
– Opportunity to discuss problems
– Review work
• Report
– Early start
– Back up files
– Printers are fickle
INTRODUCTION - WHAT IS LOGGING?

• In situ meas. (vs. depth) of

– Rock properties
– Fluid properties
• When
– Openhole (before casing)
• While drilling (LWD / MWD) Casing
• After drilling (wireline)
– Cased hole
• Interpretation for
– Geological properties Open hole
– Petrophysical properties
– Production properties

Baker-Atlas
 VALUE AND LIMITATIONS
OF WELL LOG DATA

Strengths
• Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
• Among the most abundant reservoir data
• Presentation results fairly well standardized
• Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids

•Limitations
• Indirect measurements
• Vertical resolution
• Depth of investigation
 A FEW SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES
IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
• First oil well – E. L. Drake, Titusville, PA, 1859

• Anticlinal trap theory – I.C. White (popularized) 1885

• Geophysical tools (magnetic, gravity, seismic evaluation) 1911

• Geophysical well logging – Schlumberger, 9/5/27

• Depositional systems analysis – Fisher, Brown and others (UT) , 1960’s

• Sequence stratigraphy – (Mitchell, Vail et al., Exxon; Fisher, et al., UT), 1970’s

• 3-D Seismic, computers, 1980’s

• 4-D (time-lapse) seismic; seismic attributes, computers 1990’s

• Frontiers – multicomponent and spectral seismic imaging of reservoir

and fluids, computers
SURFACE ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
CONRAD SCHLUMBERGER’S ASSISTANT, 1914
From Schlumberger

(SEE NOTES)
 From Schlumberger

EARLY SURFACE
GEOPHYSICS

Resistivity map
made by C. Schlumberger, 1912
 DIEFFENBACH
NO. 2907, RIG 7

Pechelbronn, France

First well logged with

Geophysical tools

_______

September 5, 1927

From Schlumberger
 145 m
SEGMENT OF THE
150 m FIRST WELL LOG –
Schlumberger
155 m

160 m

165 m

170 m

175 m

155 m

180 m See notes

From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG – Schlumberger

215 m

220 m

225 m

From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG – Schlumberger

From Schlumberger
HEADER – FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger, 1927

From Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HENRI DOLL LOGGING OKLAHOMA
WELL, 1930

From Schlumberger
“ANOTHER FUN DAY IN THE OIL PATCH”

From Schlumberger
OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

• Passive
– Caliper
– Gamma Ray
– Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
• Active
– Acoustic

LOGGING TOOL
- tc, ts, Ac, As
– Nuclear
- b, N, Pe, 1, 2
– Electromagnetic
- R, tPL, EATT
CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

• Passive
– Gamma Ray
– Temperature
– Flow Velocity
– Caliper
• Active
– Acoustic
– Nuclear
– Electromagnetic
– Mechanical
 SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION
• Geophysicist / Geologist
– Are the tops as predicted?
– Are potential zones porous?
– Formation intervals?
– Lithology?
– Hydrocarbons?
– What type of hydrocarbons?
– Commercial quantities?
• Drilling Engineer
– Hole volume for cementing?
– Any keyseats or doglegs?
– Packer placement for testing?
– Best place to set a whipstock?
• Reservoir Engineer
– How thick is the pay zone?
– How homogeneous is the
zone?
– Porosity?
– Permeability?
• Production Engineer
– Which zone(s) to complete?
– What production rates?
– Any water production?
– Is zone hydraulically isolated?
– Will well need stimulation?
– What stimulation would be
best?
WHAT DOES AN OPEN HOLE LOG COST?
IT DEPENDS ON...

• Well type
– Vertical/Deviated
– Deep/Shallow
– Hot/Normal
• Measurements
– Depth charge
– Survey charge
• Time / location / special procedures
– Land/offshore
– Service charge
– Equipment availability
– Rig time
– Wireline/LWD
TYPICAL OPEN HOLE WIRELINE COSTS

Land Offshore
Service Charge $1-3K $6-10K

Depth Charge 30-50¢ 50-100¢

(per msmt-foot)

Survey Charge 30-50¢ 50-100¢

$12-25K/day jack-up
Rig Time $4K/day $100K+/day floater
 EXAMPLE LOGGING JOB COSTS

• DIL+BHC+GR • DIL+BHC+GR
• Land well • Offshore well
• Logged interval 8-10K ft. • Logged interval 8-10K ft.

• Service Chg $1,500 • Service Chg $6,000

• Depth Chg 11,500 • Depth Chg 22,000
10,000x(40+40+30¢) 10,000x(80+80+60¢)
• Survey Chg 2,300 • Survey Chg 4,400
2,000x(40+40+30¢) 2,000x(80+80+60¢)
• Rig time 3 hrs 500 • Rig time 3 hrs 2,300
• TOTAL $15,800 • TOTAL $34,700
FACTORS ADDING TO LOGGING COSTS

• Hostile well conditions Double+

– Deviated more than 60deg
– Hotter than 300 deg F
• LWD/MWD Triple++
• Local conditions
– Crew on standby
– Remote location
LOGGING IS COMPARITIVELY INEXPENSIVE!
Vertical Land Well Costs

Misc.
Mud
7%
Trouble 20%
15%

Wireline
Logging
8% Rig Time
25%
Steel
25%

Total cost to drill a well: $75 to $200 per foot!

 WIRELINE
LOGGING
EQUIPMENT
DETAILS OF WIRELINE LOGGING RIGUP

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

LOGGING CABLE
OPEN HOLE WIRELINE LOGGING PROCEDURE

1. Rig-up
Place sonde(s) on cat-walk
Erect sheaves
Thread cable through
sheaves
Connect head to sonde
Using cable, lift sonde to rig
floor
Set 0 depth reference
2. Tool to TD
3. Repeat section 300ft/100m
4. Tool to TD
5. Full survey
6. Pull out of hole
7. Rig down
 LOG PRESENTATION - THE HEADING

• Well location
• Depth references
• Date of log
• Well depth
• Casing shoe depth
• Bit size
• Mud data
– Type
– Properties
– Resistivities
• Max. Temperature
 IMPORTANCE
OF HEADERS

Note use of
Rm to
correct for
borehole
effects in
Dual
Laterolog
Tool

• All tools are affected by the presence and properties of mud in the
borehole
• It is necessary to record all mud properties, such as mud weight, mud
resistivity (at a given temperature) in the header
Modified from Halliburton EL-1007
LOG PRESENTATION - LINEAR GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
LOG PRESENTATION - LOG GRID
Track 1 Depth Track 2 Track 3
track

n n+4
2x10 2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - HYBRID GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3

n
2x10

n+2
2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - COMMON DEPTH SCALES

• Correlation
– 1:500 or 1:1000
– 2 in. (1:600) or 1 in. (1:1200)
– Heavy lines every 100 ft. or
50m
– Light lines each 10ft or 5m
• Routine
– 1:200 or 1:240 (5 in)
– Heavy lines every 50 ft. or 5 m
– Medium lines each 10 ft. or 5
m
– Light lines each 2 ft or 1 m
 MEMORIZATION - 1 D

• Multi-sensors at different
positions create two
effects
• Sensor D does not ‘see’ C
bottom 70 ft. of well, etc.
• Measurements B, C, and B
D are ‘delayed’ until A
reaches where D was
• May give depth mismatch
between curves

A
 STACKED LOGGING
TOOLS AND
MEMORY DISTANCES

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

 UNMEMORIZED LOGS
VS
MEMORIZED LOGS

SAND
B

All memorization is
done using a surface
computer that records
SAND data coming from a
tool and the depth of
A

the reading.

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

(TIME) (DEPTH)
MEMORIZATION - 2

On depth

Off depth
 DEPTH
SHIFTING
CORES
SHIFT

SP LLS LLD GRN

GR
(CORE)

W. Ayers, 1997
 CHOOSING A LOGGING TOOL

It is necessary to choose the right tool to get the desired

measurement.

Considerations:
• Type of well ( wildcat or development )
• Hole conditions ( depth, deviation, hole size, mud
type )
Examples:
– Oil based mud : Induction tool
– Water based salty mud : Laterolog Tool
• Formation fluid content (fresh/salt connate water)
• Economics (cost of the job, rig time involved)
TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN
• Logging suites generally include one resistivity and
one porosity device
• The logging string will also have other tools like the
gamma ray, SP and caliper tools
• However, logging suites usually have two porosity
devices to give more information about rock type,
hydrocarbon type and porosity
• Other considerations – to estimate permeability or to
take fluid samples – require other special tools like
the formation testers
NOMENCLATURE FOR ZONES IN
AND AROUND THE BOREHOLE

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

LOGGING TOOL SPEEDS

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

 TOOL CALIBRATIONS
• A logging tool collects data that are converted to
porosity, resistivity, and other values

• Each tool is calibrated to an industry standard

• This ensures that each tool, irrespective of the type of

tool or tool history or service company, reads the
same value when logging the same formation
(normalization may still be required between log)

• Check tool calibrations before and after a logging job

to ensure good quality log data
 LOGGING TOOL CALIBRATION SUMMARY

All changes should be within tolerance for an acceptable

calibration Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)
TOOL RESPONSES IN COMMON MATERIALS

Modified from Halliburton (EL-1007)

 LOG QUALITY CONTROL

• Check all calibrations before and after job

• Record a repeat section of about 200 ft to ensure
validity of data and to explain abnormal curve
response
• Compare log response with offset well logs
• Keep hole conditions (hole size, mud type, tool
centralization) in mind when interpreting log data
• Ensure that logging speeds are as recommended by
the service company.
 SUMMARY - WELL LOGGING

• Several methods
• Measurement many parameters
• Provides geoscience & engineering info
• Modest cost
• Standard formats
• Interpretation requires care
• Most abundant source of reservoir data