Electrical Engineering Knowledge Class 2 Alternators

Electrical
Engineering Knowledge
Cl
Class 2
2
Ghayoor Abbas
g.abbas@gcns.ac.uk
bb @ k
24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 1

Alternators

Alternators – Introduction
Rating of Alternators
Power Voltage/frequency pf
100 kW –
100 kW 2MW 440V @ 60Hz
440V @ 60Hz Approx. 0.8
Approx 0 8
380V @ 50Hz
P = 3 × VL × I FLC × pf
500 = 3 × 440 × I FLC × 0.83
I FLC = 790.5 A

Alternators – Working Principle
Electromagnetic Induction

Alternators – Parameters
Voltage
Rated voltage – known as rms – of an alternator is in fact
its useful voltage which is slightly less than maximum
voltage

Size of emf
E ∝ n .Φ
V = E − ( I .Z )
n: rotational speed of the rotor poles (rev/s)
Φ: strength of magnetic flux

Size of f
f = n. p
n: rotational speed of the rotor poles (rev/s)

p: pairs of magnetic poles

Significance of mathematical relationships
A good understanding of these relationships is

important for understanding the alternator voltage and
f
frequency controll strategies
i
Frequency
q y of an alternator is related to the real p
power
(kW) it supplies
Terminal voltage of an alternator is related to the
reactive power (kVAr) it supplies

Real Power (kW) →f → n
Controlled through the torque exerted by the prime‐
mover
When more power (torque x speed) is to be provided
then
h prime‐mover
i needs
d to push h harder
h d against
i the
h
retarding torque (armature reaction) exerted in the
opposite directing by the magnetic field inside the
ggenerator ((different from electromagnet’s)
g )

Real Power (kW): an example
Suppose the load on the alternator suddenly increases
(by starting a motor)
This will cause reduction in the load impedance
Which will cause increased current in the armature
g
windings
Which in turn will increase the armature reaction
A
Armature reaction,
i now, will
ill slow
l theh generator down
d
pp y constant supply
In order to supply pp y frequency,
q y, ggenerator
will now speed up
PM torque is adjusted by the governor
Reactive Power (kVAr) → E →Φ
d.c. field current ↑ = rotor magnetic field ↑
Increased rotor magnetic field,
field in turn increases,
increases stator
(armature) emf
Stator emf causes current to flow (if connected to a
load))
Nature of armature current (leading, lagging) depends
on Zload
But terminal voltage is determined by rotor magnetic
field (excitation)

Conclusion: terminal voltage is function of armature emf
– increasing d.c. field(exciting) increases the terminal
voltage and decreasing d.c. field decreases the terminal
voltage as well.
well
Let us study the position of the rotor magnetic field and
the stator magnetic field.
The angle between rotor and stator magnetic field
remains fixed as both rotate in synchronicity

The significance of the stator field’s angle in relation to the

rotor field is that it affects the amount of physical force or
torque exerted on the rotor (by prime-mover). This torque is
greater
g eate tthee more
o e pe
perpendicular
pe d cu a tthe
e fields
e ds a
are
e to eac
each ot
other.
e

Lagging pf: over excitation Leading pf: under excitation


Alternators – Construction
Rotor
Stator

Stator
Stator is housed inside a fabricated steel frame
Stator core is assembled from laminated steel
(laminations are coated with insulating varnish to reduce
eddies)
ddi )
Laminated arrangement
g is there to p
prevent circulation of
unwelcome eddy currents
Stator core also incorporates the axial slot around the
inner periphery of the cylindrical core
Slotted laminations are built into a pack with a number
of distance p
pieces for coolingg
Stator
Substantial endplates are welded at ends to hold the
laminations firmly
Core slots carry three phase windings which are
di l d 120° in
displaced i space and d time
i
Ends of pphase windings g are brought
g out at the terminal
(star configuration is the most popular)

Stator
Phase windings are made of high conductivity copper
R2 S2 T2
R1 S1 T1
R1 ,S1 and T1 are connected to form a neutral point while R2 ,S2 and T2
Conduct the power to the CB at MSB

Rotor
The rotor of a main alternator provides the field
excitation (magnetic field) from its electromagnetic
poles
Poles
P l are wound d with
i h fine
fi
pp a multitude of
wire wrapped
times to which d.c. is provide
through
h h slip
li rings
i
There are two types
yp
Salient Pole
Cylindrical Pole
Salient Pole Rotor
In this type, insulated field windings are wound around
an even number of poles that protrude out of the rotor

Salient Pole Rotor

Salient Pole Rotor

Salient Pole Rotor

Salient Pole Rotor
Projecting poles are either keyed or bolted onto the
shaft hub
This type of rotor is used with medium and slow shat
speeds
d (1800 rpm and d below)
b l )
Projecting
j g ppoles of high
g speed
p would be subjected
j to
severe stress as a result of centrifugal force, therefore
on high speed machines cylindrical rotors are employed
The number of poles is determined by the supply
f
frequency f and
d the
h speed d n off the
h prime‐mover
i

Cylindrical Rotor
This type is used with high speed (above 1800 rpm)
machine (steam or gas turbines)
In this type of rotor the poles do not project out of the
rotor
y
Cylindrical rotor is mounted on a solid shaft
Rotor body is made up of circular steel plates securely
joined together with insulation in between
Laminated rotor also has axial slots cut into it that
accommodate field windings

Cylindrical Rotor

Cylindrical Rotor

Cylindrical Rotor
Field windings are made of varnished copper and are
insulated from the slots
Field windings are wedged into axial slots around the
steell rotor
Unwound sections of the rotor form the p pole faces
between the winding slots
Using a cylindrical type of construction with the poles
being built into the rotor minimises the effects of
centrifugalif l forces
f
Small diameter is compensated p for byy length
g – strength/
g /
stiffness
Shaft stray currents
Stray magnetic flux causes nuisance in the form of arcing
across the bearing surfaces
This flux will induce emf along the generator shaft
causing i current to circulate
i l through
h h the
h shaft,
h f bearing
b i
and bedplate
Induced shaft currents result in arcing damaging the
bearing races,
races housing and degradation of lubricating oil
film – bearing damage
Affects
ff are prevented d by b insulating
i l i the h shaft
h f bearings
b i b
by
a thin layer of insulating material beneath the bearing
pedestal
Alternators – Field Excitation
Excitation
Generators require d.c. current to energize its magnetic
field
This current is called field current whose source can be
a battery, d.c. generator or a rectified a.c. source
b d ifi d
(exciter)
Therefore, excitation is the process of supplying correct
d c field current to the magnetic poles of the rotor in
d.c. field current to the magnetic poles of the rotor in
order to produce correct voltage output at the
generator terminals (E α n . Φ)
generator terminals (E α n Φ)
Excitation current controls, also, the pf and the torque
Excitation
Rotary Static
dc
d.c. ac
a.c.

Brushless Excitation
Eliminates the need of slip‐rings and brushes (reduced
maintenance) by installing a small alternator on the
maintenance) by installing a small alternator on the
shaft – phase windings rotate while the filed windings
are fixed in the generator casing
are fixed in the generator casing
Field winding as supplied d.c. field current from an AVR
3‐phase a.c. current generated in the exciter pass
through a rectifier assembly on the shaft and then to
through a rectifier assembly on the shaft and then to
main alternator field windings



Response times
Rotary exciter’s sudden voltage dip (15%) correction
time may be typically up to one second
time may be typically up to one second
Voltage has to change for the AVR to register the
d i i f
deviation from normal and then adjust the excitation
l d h dj h i i
for correction
With static excitation, on the other hand, response
times as low as 0 1 second can be achieved to correct a
times as low as 0.1 second can be achieved to correct a
same sudden voltage dip of 15 %
Static excitation makes use of load current from the
i i i k fl d f h
alternator to maintain voltage as load increases
Static Excitation
No AVR
Slip‐rings

Static Excitation
The d.c. field current is derived from the alternator
output – without the necessity for rotary exciter
output without the necessity for rotary exciter
A 3‐phase transformer with two primary windings (one
series and one shunt with alternator output) feeds
i d h ih l )f d
current from its secondary winding through a 3‐phase
rectifier to main field windings
Excitation for the no
Excitation for the no‐load
load condition is provided by the
condition is provided by the
shunt‐connected primary (designed to give sufficient
current) for no load voltage
current) for no load voltage

Static Excitation
Load current in the series primary windings contribute
the additional input to the excitation system to
the additional input to the excitation system to
maintain alternator terminal voltage as the load
increases
Variations in the load current directly alter excitation
and the rotor field strength to keep the voltage
pp y g
approximately right
Equipment may be located with generator casing or
inside the main switchboard
inside the main switchboard
It also has slip‐rings and brushgear
Alternators – AVR
Intro
Electrical loads vary constantly
Application of some loads (small) is un noticed
Application of some loads (small) is un‐noticed
While that of others is noticeable – in the form voltage
dip
Dips are nuisance and counter
are nuisance and counter‐productive
productive for electrical
for electrical
equipments
If ll
If allowed to sustain –
d i may result in power disruption
l i di i
, , g p
Generators are, therefore, designed to operate within
close voltage fluctuation bands (85% ‐ 120%)

Alternators – AVR
Intro
Dip correction measures manipulate the field current
(E α n . Φ)
(E α n . Φ)
They may include compounding of generator or solid
state circuitry known as Automatic Voltage Regulators
i i k A i V l R l
An AVR will bringg the rated voltageg back within 1.5
seconds

Alternators – AVR
AVR Performance
Application of a heavy load will cause a sudden voltage
dip – departure from steady state voltage value
dip departure from steady state voltage value
Maximum lower limit is set at 85% of rated voltage
Deviation is sensed by an AVR
which corrects it within 1 5s
which corrects it within 1.5s
known as transient stage

Alternators – AVR
Unregulated Generator Response

Alternators – AVR
Operation

Alternators – AVR
Operation
Voltage sensing unit senses the generator output
voltage and outputs a transformed/ rectified
voltage and outputs a transformed/ rectified
proportional low volt signal
This signal is then compared with a pre‐set d.c. value
Thi i l i h d ih d l
(normal voltage value) produced by a reference circuit
of zener diodes
Depending on the difference, an error signal is output
Depending on the difference an error signal is output
from the comparator which is then amplified and made
suitable for the field circuit regulating thyristors
suitable for the field circuit regulating thyristors

Alternators – Parallel Operation
Intro
Generator is first brought up to its synchronous speed
(while still electrically disconnected from the busbar)
(while still electrically disconnected from the busbar)
With instrumentation on the MSB, the frequency and
the relative phase angle between the incoming and the
h l i h l b h i i d h
busbar are carefully compared
Small adjustments are made on the generator speed to
match the phase precisely
match the phase precisely
When matched, incoming is connected with the busbar
b l i
by closing the CB
h
Load sharing is then performed
g p
Conditions – 1
A small difference of voltage will produce a circulating
current between incoming and busbar of the
current between incoming and busbar of the
acceptable magnitude
A large difference of voltage between incoming and
Al diff f l b i i d
busbar would be like a short‐circuit
Incoming voltage is set by adjusting the rotor field
excitation current and simultaneously checking the
excitation current and simultaneously checking the
effect of adjustment on the voltmeter on synchronising
panel (E α
panel – (E α n . Φ)
n Φ)

Conditions – 2
Incoming frequency is set by adjusting the speed of the
prime‐mover
prime mover through governor control and
through governor control and
simultaneously checking the effect of adjustment on
the voltmeter on synchronising panel (f = (N/60) . p)
the voltmeter on synchronising panel – (f = (N/60) p)

Conditions – 3
The phase voltages of the incoming and the busbar
should be in the synchronism at the moment the
incoming is connected to busbar by closing the
incoming’ss circuit breaker
incoming
Synchronising lamps or synchroscope may be used to
identify this particular timing

(1) Synchronising Lamps

B
Busbar
b
R
Y
B
2
1 3
2 3 1
RYB Phasors
Incoming
3 lamps
Lamp 1 connected in the same phase
Lamps 2 and 3 connected across different phases as
shown
Difference in frequencies will cause lighting of the
lamps in rotation
Clockwise:
Cl k i incoming
i i is
i runningi too fast
f
Anti‐clockwise: incomingg is runningg too slow
Correct timing: lamp 1 is dark and lamps 2 and 3
are equally bright
(2) Synchroscope Method

(2) Synchroscope Method
B
Busbar
b
R
Y
B Slow Fast
RYB
Incoming
(2) Synchronising Method
Synchroscope indicator is connected to the rotor
Rotor is influenced by the resulting magnetic forces
of the two sets of windings
Difference in frequencies will cause imbalance in
the forces and thus the indicator will rotate
ACW rotation will indicate the incoming running
slow
CW rotation means incoming is running too fast
At same frequencies indicator will take vertical
position
This position is hard to achieve in practice
Therefore breaker is closed when the indicator is
otat g sslowly
rotating o y C CW (about 4 seco seconds
ds pe
per
revolution), breaker is closed between 5‐to and 5‐
past the 12
12’OO clock synchroscope position

Past Paper: July ’08
Explain, with the aid of a circuit diagram, the operation
Explain, with the aid of a circuit diagram, the operation
of a synchroscope. (10)

R Y B Suggested Answer B Y R
Busbar Incoming
Pole
Pole

Suggested s e
Suggested Answer
Construction
A synchroscope, as shown in the diagram, consists of
two sets of windings, fixed and moving (armature)
Armature, in turn, consists of two windings electrically
connected together in parallel fashion across the
incoming machine’s two phases
One of the armature winding is connected via an
inductor and the other throughg a resistor.
Current through inductor would lag the voltage by 90°
while the current through resistor would be in phase
Suggested Answer
Suggested s e
Respective currents passing through armature windings
wouldld result
lt in
i two
t magnetic
ti fields
fi ld outt off step
t with ith
each other by 90°
Both the magnetic fields combine together and
produce a rotating magnetic field – armature
armature’ss rotating
magnetic field
R t ti magnetic
Rotating ti field’s
fi ld’ speed
d off rotation
t ti (frequency)
(f )
reflects the frequency of the incoming machine
Armature windings are mounted on a rotor with
pointer which is free to rotate about its centre
Suggested Answer
Suggested s e
Fixed set of windings are connected in series in
conjunction
j ti with ith a resistor
i t that
th t ensures that
th t currentt is
i
always in phase with the supply voltage
This set of winding is connected across the same
phases of the busbar as those of the armature
Passage of current will produce a magnetic field in the
fi d windings
fixed i di b t this
but thi field
fi ld would
ld be
b alternating
lt ti in i
nature rather than rotating (no phase lag).
Frequency of alternation would directly reflect the
busbar frequency
Suggested s e
Suggested Answer
Operation
Synchroscope operates due to the interaction of
rotating magnetic field of the armature and the
alternating magnetic field of the fixed windings
Interaction implies that like poles will tend to repel
each other and vice versa
When the frequencies of the busbar and incoming are
y
synchronous, the p
pointer assumes a stationaryy vertical
position because the south poles are now lined up with
the north poles
Suggested Answer
Suggested s e
Pointer will be vertically up when both the frequencies
are synchronous
h b t also
but l are in i phase
h – maximum
i
values are attained at the same instant in time
But the pointer will be vertically down and be
stationary when the frequencies are same but the are
out of phase
In
I case both
b th the
th frequencies
f i are nott same, then
th the
th
pointer will have to keep rotating so that opposite
poles are kept aligned – CW rotation will indicate
incomingg beingg faster and vice versa
Effects of “asynchronous” closing of CB
At the instant of closing the circuit breaker “CB”, the
voltage
g p phase difference causes a large g circulation
current between the machine which produces a
large magnetic force to pull the generator voltages
into synchronism.
This
h means rapid d acceleration
l off one rotor and d
deceleration of other. The large forces may
physically damage the generators and their prime‐
movers and the large g circulatingg current mayy tripp
each generator breaker : Blackout, danger,
embarrassment
Alternators – Load Sharing
Alternators supply active power (kW) and reactive

power (kVAr) thus they are rated in apparent power
(kVA)
Therefore, after correct synchronisation has been
achieved and the incoming taken onto the busbar,
busbar it
is necessary to achieve fair load sharing between
th two
the t machines
hi
Or, alternatively, total load may be transferred to
the incoming machine

Alternators – Load Sharing
kW load of the machines is governed through

generator governor (automatically when running in
parallel)
kVAr load is controlled through AVR trimmer or
manual voltage regulator
An overall balance of load sharing for kW and kVAr
can be observed by comparing the power factor
meters (cosΦ) of each generator

Alternators – Main Circuit Breakers
Types
The type of breakers basically refer to the medium in
which it breaks (opening of contacts).
which it breaks (opening of contacts).
1. Air Circuit Breakers (LV Systems)
2. Vacuum/ SF6* Circuit Breakers (HV Systems)
2 Vacuum/ SF6 Circuit Breakers (HV Systems)
* Sulphur Hexafluoride
Sulphur Hexafluoride

Air Circuit Breakers

Air Circuit Breakers
A breaker consists of moving and fixed contacts
When current (rating: 600 6000A) is interrupted on
When current (rating: 600‐6000A) is interrupted on
opening of the contacts, arc is created
Arc control devices are known as turbulators or
p p
explosion pots
Arc is chopped into a number of small arcs by the arc‐
chute

1. Arc chute
2 Stake of refractory plates
2.
3. Arc runners
4. Fixed arcing contacts
5 Moving
5. M i arc contactt t
6. Fixed main contact
7. Moving main contact
8. Upper conductor
9. Lower conductor
10. Disconnecting contacts
11. Puffer
12. Pole operating rod
13 Operating mechanism
13.


Air Circuit Breakers – Operating Mechanism
Different mechanisms for different types
Mechanisms store potential energy in some elastic
Mechanisms store potential energy in some elastic
medium which is charged from a low power source
over a longer period of time
l i d f i
gy g p g, p
Energy storage mechanisms can be spring, pneumatic
or hydraulic
Cams are incorporated to transmit the mechanical
Cams are incorporated to transmit the mechanical
force for operation of the circuit breaker
Springs are used for LV circuit breakers

Air Circuit Breakers – Spring Charging Mechanism
Energy is stored in the closing spring available for
closing the contacts as commanded by the closing latch
closing the contacts as commanded by the closing latch
Spring mechanism consists of a charging motor and
charging ratchet, a closing cam, closing springs, tripping
h i h l i l i i i i
springs and a toggle link
Charging motor facilitates the automatic re‐charging of
the closing springs immediately following a closing
the closing springs immediately following a closing
operation
The charged springs are held in position by the closing
h h d i h ld i ii b h l i
latch
Air Circuit Breakers – Spring Charging Mechanism
In order to release the spring energy, either an
electrically operated solenoid closing coil , or manual
electrically operated solenoid closing coil , or manual
closing lever is operated

Air Circuit Breakers – Maintenance
No EPTW No maintenance No excuse
No possibility of accidental re connection
No possibility of accidental re‐connection
Re‐connection to be made ONLY after EPTW has been
closed‐out
Plan well before time
Plan well before time
Availability of spares?
Manufacturer’s instruction are to be strictly followed

Air Circuit Breakers – Procedure
1. Inspection: careful scrutiny of all components without
dismantling
2. Servicing: ensures that equipment is kept in an
acceptable condition. Normally does not involve
bl di i N ll d i l
dismantling and is typically limited to cleaning,
lubrication and adjustments as per (O&M) manual
3
3. Examination: involves partial dismantling for
Examination: involves partial dismantling for
measurements and NDT
4. Overhaul: involves repairing and replacing parts (found
h l i l ii d l i (f d
to be below standard by examination)
ACBs are to be removed from service and then
inspected (at least once a year)
inspected (at least once a year)
Maintenance would mainly require the cleaning and
l bi i
lubrication
p
The main contacts should be inspected for
discoloration, pitting, burning and deposits of foreign
materials
The main contacts should not be sanded but they could
b d
be dressed with a burnishing tool
d i h b i hi l

If
If the main contacts are severely burned, pitted or
the main contacts are severely burned pitted or
eroded, they should be replaced
Lubrication of the parts such as trip latch, spring
p
release latch and cam follower must also be performed
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
After lubrication ACB is to be operated several times to
After lubrication ACB is to be operated several times to
test it for smooth functioning

Electrical Engineering Knowledge Class 2 Alternators

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Engineering Knowledge Class 2 Alternators

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 1

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 2

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 3

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 4

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 5

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 6

 n: rotational speed of the rotor poles (rev/s)

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 7

 A good understanding of these relationships is

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 8

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 9

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 11

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 12

The significance of the stator field’s angle in relation to the

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 13

Lagging pf: over excitation Leading pf: under excitation

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 14

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 15

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 16

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 18

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 19

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 21

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 22

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 23

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 24

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 25

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 26

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 27

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 28

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 32

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 33

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 34

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 35

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 37

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 38

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 40

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 41

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 42

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 43

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 44

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 45

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 47

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 48

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 49

(1) Synchronising Lamps

(2) Synchroscope Method

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 54

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 55

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 56

 Alternators supply active power (kW) and reactive

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 63

 kW load of the machines is governed through

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 64

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 65

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 66

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 67

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 68

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 69

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 70

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 72

24 May 2009 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 73

n: rotational speed of the rotor poles (rev/s)

A good understanding of these relationships is

Alternators supply active power (kW) and reactive

kW load of the machines is governed through