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Parveen Malik
Assistant Professor
School of Electronics Engineering
KIIT University
parveen.malikfet@kiit.ac.in
1 Measurement of Power
Construction and Formulation
Disadvantages and Errors
2 Energy Meter
Construction
Working
Formulation
Errors in Single Phase induction watthourmeter
Power meter
Power meter
For D.C.
TD ∝ I1 I2 ∝ V I1 ∝ Power (D.C .)
For A.C.
Let v and i be the instantaneous value of voltage and current. Let cos φ be
the lagging power factor between them.
v = Vm sin ωt
i = Im sin (ωt − φ)
Average TD ∝ Vrms Irms cos φ
Parveen Malik () E and EM September 27, 2019 5 / 17
Wattmeter- Formulation
Power Measurement
For controlling effect , spiral springs are used whose controlling torque is
Tc = kθ
At equilibrium,
TD = Tc
VI = kθ (D.C.)
Vrms Irms cos φ = kθ (A.C.)
Therefore,
θ ∝ Power (Linear Scale)
Disadvantages
1 At low power factors, the inductance of the potential coil causes
serious errors.
2 Stray magnetic field may affect the readings.
Errors
1 Error due to connection of potential coil circuit
2 Error due to inductance of potential coil.
3 Error due to capacitance n potential coil circuit.
4 Error due to stray Magnetic field
5 Error due to eddy currents.
Energy meter
Driving Mechanism
1 The time varying flux produced by the voltage coil i.e φv induces an
emf Eep in the aluminium disc which in turn generates eddy current
(Iep ). Similarly, flux produced by the current coil i.e φc induces an emf
Eec in the aluminium disc which in turn generates eddy current (Iec ).
2 The eddy current Iep generated due to voltage (pressure coil) coil
interacts with current coil flux φc while eddy current Iec generated
due to current coil interacts with voltage coil flux φv . This interaction
leads to exertion of two forces (Driving forces) on Al disc in opposite
direction which leads to a driving torque. This Driving torque TD is
directly proportional to product of two fluxes and sine of angle
between them.
TD ∝ φc φv sin θ
Braking Mechanism
When Al disc start rotating , it start cutting the stationary flux produced
by Braking magnet. This phenomenon induces an counteracting emf and
eddy current in Al disc which tries to bring its cause i.e . Al disc speed to
zero. and a breaking torque is produced.
TB ∝ N (Speed of Rotation)
TD ∝ φc φv Sinθ
φc ∝ Ic and φv ∝ V
TD ∝ V Ic Sinθ
TD ∝ V Ic sin (∆ − φ)
TD ∝ V Ic sin (90◦ − φ)
TD ∝ VI cos φ
Breaking Torque
Phaser of energy meter
TB ∝ N
At equilibrium,
TB = TD
N ∝ VI cos φ
N ∝ VI cos φ
Z Z
Ndt = K VI cos φdt
n = K × Energy