Laboratorio de Administración y

Monitoreo de la Energía

Práctica 4:
Eficiencia en transformadores

28/09/2020 ITESM-DGA 1
Objectives

• Improve your knowledge about electric circuits, specially in three-

phase circuits and transformer connections

• Validate through experiments the concept of efficiency in

transformers using star and delta connections.

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 2

Efficiency

• Energy efficiency allows reducing energy costs to consumers,

enhancing the environmental quality.

Energy conversion
devices

Energy input Energy output

28/09/2020 ITESM-DGA 3
Energy conversion devices
Energy Conversion Device Energy Input Useful Energy Output

Electric heater Electricity Thermal energy

Hair drier Electricity Thermal energy

Electric generator Mechanical energy Electricity

Electric motor Electricity Mechanical energy

Battery Chemical energy Electricity

Steam boiler Chemical energy Thermal energy

Furnace Chemical energy Thermal energy

Steam turbine Thermal energy Mechanical energy

Gas turbine Chemical energy Mechanical energy

Automobile engine Chemical energy Mechanical energy

Fluorescent lamp Electricity Light

Silicon solar cell Solar energy Electricity

Steam locomotive Chemical Mechanical

Incandescent lamp Electricity Light

28/09/2020 ITESM-DGA 4
 Efficiency in power/distribution transformers

• Losses in transformers connected between power supplies and loads are

defined by the I^2R losses in the windings, because some amount of
electrical energy is dissipated as heat into the transformer.

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 5

Losses in transformers

• Primary copper loss

• Secondary copper loss
• Iron loss
• Dielectric loss
• Stray load loss

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 6

Activity 1 (star connection)

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 7

Electric circuit: Activity 1

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 8

Connections

• Use four combinations of connections

Low-voltage side High-voltage side

Y Y

Y ∆

∆ Y

∆ ∆

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 9

 Fill out the following tables
Measurements (Star connection)
Three-phase Power n
V line-to-line I line-to-line Power losses in
Load power P transmission (Efficiency in the
(load) (load) the transformer
(load) losses per phase transformer)
500 W per phase
1000 W per phase
1500 W per phase
2000 W per phase
5000 W per phase

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 10

 Activity 2: transformer connections

Measurements with a load of 5 kW per phase

Power
V line-to- Three-phase Single-phase Power losses
V per phase I line-to-line I per phase transmission
Connection line power P power P in the
(load) (load) (load) losses per
(load) (load) (load) transformer
phase
Y-Y
Y-∆
∆-Y
∆ -∆

28/09/2020 ITESM-DGA 11
Equipment

• Three single-phase transformers

• Multimeters
• Variable Resistance Loads
• Clamp meter (pinza amperimétrica)
• Cables

28/09/2020 Laboratorio de administración y monitoreo de energía 12

28/09/2020 ITESM-DGA 13