CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

An attendance monitoring system, including: an attendance module for generating daily

records of students, the daily records identifying the time when the students enter the

school premises and leave the campus for dismissal time; A database module in

communication with the attendance module for generating student attendance record and

data to aid in the management and regulation of the human resource personnel concerned.

A means for creating and maintaining student's identification and personal records; A

means for generating daily records of students, the daily records identifying the time

when the students enter the school premises and leave the campus for dismissal time; and

a means for generating students' attendance information to aid in management of

resources from the students' identification and personal records and the daily time records

(Jones and Rickenbacker, 2018).

School attendance is very vital for the child’s success in education and learning, it helped

ensure that the child is not left behind socially and developmentally. It helped the students

maximize their time and learning opportunities in school. Attendance also helped provide enough

time for the students to develop core skill, talents that helped build their foundation for the

nearing future (Education.vic.gov.au, 2018).

SOLIS Gatekeeper a software which utilizes barcode scanner to record and maintain the

attendance of the students. The main hardware that is to be used is the barcode scanner.

This barcode scanner is used in order to read a barcode. A Barcode is a machine-readable

representation of information in a visual format. A bar code consists of a series of

 parallel, adjacent bars and spaces the types of Barcode are: Linear barcodes: A first

generation, "one dimensional" barcode that is made up of lines and spaces of various

widths that create specific patterns. Matrix barcodes: A matrix barcode, also termed as a

2D barcode or simply a 2D code, is a two-dimensional way to represent information. It is

similar to a linear (1-dimensional) barcode, but can represent more data per unit area.

These barcodes are read using a device called as the barcode scanner. There are different

types of Barcode Scanners: Pen Type Reader: Pen-type readers consist of a light source

and photodiode that are placed next to each other in the tip of a pen or wand. It is the

cheapest barcode scanner available in market CCD Reader: CCD readers use an array of

hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up in a row in the head of the reader. Each sensor

measures the intensity of the light immediately in front of it. Smartphone Cameras:

Smartphone cameras have the ability to read both QR codes (which automatically take

you to a website URL) as well as scanning a barcode to bring up product information

such as price comparisons and user reviews. Handheld Scanner: It is a scanner with a

handle and typically a trigger button for switching on the light source. Automatic reader:

A back office equipment to read barcoded documents at high speed (Lakshmi Sudha et

al., 2018).

Solis Gatekeeper is a tool that provides the easiest way to assist the human resource

personnel concerned in attendance monitoring for this time-consuming process. The most

common means of tracking students' attendance in school is by enforcing the students to

manually sign the attendance sheet, which is normally a burden for students, class secretaries and

also for other school personnel in charge. For instance, when students forgot their Identification

cards, they manually sign the attendance sheet provided upon entering the school by the security
personnel in charge, also the class secretaries and class advisers took down notes in the

attendance sheets provided by the Prefect of Discipline. This instance is burdensome and most

likely need more effort and time. In terms of attendance analysis and validity, the human

resource personnel concerned also has to perform manual computation to obtain the students’

attendance percentage, which normally consume a lot of time (Agrawal and Bansal, 2018).

Barcode system, can be a powerful tool in helping to manage students’ attendance

throughout working school day and also enhance classroom security and validity of

attendance records. Barcode system has been applied to solve problems where it is

necessary track the students' attendance record, upon entering the campus or the students'

time in and upon leaving the school premises during dismissal time. Barcode system is

used in regulating, monitoring, and storing personal data automatically and saving it on

the schools' database records. Barcode systems have been widely used in many different

application areas, such as: product tracking through manufacturing and assembly, control

of inventory, parking lot access and control, container tracking, ID badges and access

control, equipment tracking in hospitals, etc. A Barcode system primarily comprises of a

barcode, a barcode scanner, and a backend database. Barcode Tags contains a very

limited amount of data. It is typically just an identifier on a database of that particular

product. In the case of UPC codes there is a standardized database so your code is

assigned to you for each product. In 2D and larger barcodes you can pretty much put in

whatever information you like. Barcode system is a technology that is used to collect

information automatically by scanning and identifying information embedded in the

barcode using a barcode scanner, to identify, categorize and track them. Barcode systems

have been widely used in many different application areas, such as: product tracking
 through manufacturing and assembly, control of inventory, parking lot access and control,

container tracking, equipment tracking in hospitals, etc. A barcode system primarily

comprises of barcode tags, barcode scanner, and a backend database to store the

information or data (Barcodesinc.com, 2018)

It monitors faster and records more accurately than manual monitoring of attendance.

It’s less hectic than checking if students are present one-by-one. It helps most especially in going

paperless. (Purdy, 2015)

The system is a fully automated system, accurate, fast, paperless, anreliable. It

eliminates the use of a human resource personnel in monitoring the attendance of students, paper

forging, and serves as a tool in monitoring students that skips classes to inform their parents.

(Yakub et al., 2016)

It helps the faculty to easily find out defaulters. A human resource personnel can easily

get the attendance history of students. Students will go to school more since no attendance sheet

is required, so no any other student can proxy for them.(Nevonprojects.com, 2018).

It improves accuracy. It eliminates inaccuracies of timesheets and failed time logs. It is

really simple. It records all relevant information with just one scan. It is very much efficient. It

reduces process time to record attendance data. It optimizes the capabilities of students.

(Barcodes Inc, 2018)

 Using barcode scanners will quickly take attendance in case of emergencies. It also

allows to get access to past attendances. It consumes less time than any other attendance trackers.

It prevents students to cheat on their attendance. (ID123, 2018)

Some people who were used to the manual attendance system may look at this negatively.

They would think that having this would get off some cash on their paychecks. They will believe

that the company can track all of their movements and cut off cash from their paychecks when

and wherever possible but the only goal of an automated attendance system is to track

somebody’s actions and possibly use it for their advantage(Tatroe, n.d.).

These systems are expensive to the company and require additional management. Some

automated attendance systems are more expensive the normal ones so the company should have

a financial commitment on such devices/systems. Additional management is also required, this is

because it’s not always going to work properly. This is why you need somebody to watch the

system when it breaks down or it will be hard for everybody (Gobal, 2011).

The cons of automated time attendance systems are that these require basic computer

skills from all personnel. The other con is that these attendance systems will be hard to

implement in remote rural locations especially locations far from technology (“Manual vs

Automated Time & Attendance | Mitrefinch Blog", 2018).

 Barcodes that are torn smeared, smudged, or damaged will propose a scanning problem

so the log-in process in schools will be delayed and the student might be required to get a new

I.D.(Collahan, n.d.).

Barcode reduces the time and energy on check-in and check-out procedures but is costly.

Companies or schools that wants to implement this will have to adapt to the growing price of it.

This includes training employees, installing equipment, expensive printers, and time spent

entering the code for the labels (Martin, 2017).

The only disadvantage for this to work properly is that every classroom will need a

barcode reader to access the system properly (“Student Attendance System by Barcode Scan”,

n.d.).

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