Bacolod City College

Fortune Towne Campus

BCC – FTC Biometric Tracking System with Health Analytics

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discussed related work in the area of Biometric Tracking System.

These helped the group formulate ideas on how to develop Biometric Tracking System

and accurately assess all aspects to fulfill the requirements.

2.1 Foreign Literature

Development of Attendance Management System using Biometrics Department of

Electronic and Computer Engineering,

Lagos State University, EPE Campus, Nigeria

In this paper, the development of an attendance management system using

biometrics is proposed. Managing student attendance during lecture periods has become a

difficult challenge.

The ability to compute the attendance percentage becomes a major task as manual

computation produces errors, and also wastes a lot of time. For the stated reason, an

efficient attendance management system using biometrics is designed. This system takes

attendance electronically with the help of a fingerprint device and the records of the

attendance are stored in a database. Attendance is a marked after student identification.

For student identification, a biometric (fingerprint) identification base system is used.

This process however, eliminates the need for stationary materials and personnel for the

keeping of records. Eighty candidates were used to test the system and success rate of 94
percent was recorded. The manual attendance system average execution time for eighty

students was 17.83 seconds while it was 3.79 seconds for the automatic attendance

management system using biometrics. The results showed improvement performance

over manual attendance management system. Attendance is marked after student

identification attendance in class. In developing countries, a minimum percentage of class

attendance is required in most institutions and this policy has not been adhered to because

of the various challenges the present method of taking attendance presents. This

traditional method involves the use of sheets of paper or books in taking student

attendance. This method could easily allow for impersonation and the attendance sheet

could be stolen or lost. Taking of attendance is time consuming and it is difficult to

ascertain the number of students that have made the minimum percentage and thus

eligible for exam. Thus, there is a need for a system that would eliminate all of these all

of these trouble spots. An automatic attendance management system is software

developed for daily student attendance in schools and institutions. It facilitates access to

the attendance of a particular class. This system will also help in generating reports and

evaluating the attendance eligibility of a student.

Rather than signing an attendance sheet, individuals will pass their thumb over

fingerprint scanner, the fingerprint is compared against a list of per-registered users, and

once a match is made, the individual will be registered as having attended that lecture.

The paper discusses related works in the problem domain; highlights the general

overview of the proposed system; details design consideration of the system, both at the

hardware and software level; discusses the operation and how the system was tested in

conformity to system design and functional objectives; concludes the observations made;

and makes recommendations for future improvement.

Biometric-Based Attendance Tracking System for Education Sectors: A Literature

Survey on Hardware Requirements

Governments all over the world are quick to adopt biometrics for different

purposes. Malaysia is the world’s first country to use an electronic passport with a

thumbprint as the biometric security feature in 1998. Subsequently, the passport was

further enhanced with an additional security feature using face recognition. Other than

that, the fingerprint is also incorporated inside the chip on the Malaysia’s identity card,

MyKad. Over in China, a vast network of surveillance cameras enabled with face

recognition technology was installed to help in criminal detection and law enforcement.

Moreover, a number of international airports are seeking to enhance efficiency and

improve passenger experience by deploying biometric technology. Besides, the biometric

processing of a passenger also helps the respective government in controlling border

checkpoint security. Face recognition technology is employed in Singapore’s Changi

Airport and Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in the US. A new “smart

tunnel” check-in system using iris recognition was implemented in Dubai International

Airport

Biometric Entry-Exit System: Legislative History and Status

Unlike the entry system, the biometric exit system has yet to be fully ope-

rationalized. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has periodically reported on

the “various longstanding planning, infrastructure, and staffing challenges” to developing

and implementing the biometric exit system. DHS, and then CBP (which took over the

biometric entry-exit mission in 2013), piloted an array of programs using various

biometric technologies (e.g., fingerprints, facial recognition, and iris scans). CBP

determined that facial recognition technology (FRT) was the optimal approach because it

can be performed relatively quickly and with a relatively high degree of accuracy (see

“Accuracy,” below). Its solutions called the Traveler Verification Service (TVS), which

currently captures roughly 60% of in-scope travelers (i.e., foreign nationals aged 14-79)

departing the United States via commercial air carriers. CBP’s goal is to capture 97% of

all in-scope departing commercial air travelers by 2022.

2.2 Foreign Study

DHS’s Automated Biometric Identification System IDENT – the heart of biometric

visitor identification in the USA

IDENT is a continually growing database that holds biometric information and

other personal data on over 200 million people who have entered, attempted to enter, and

exited the United States of America. IDENT was the original fingerprint border control

system established in the mid-1990s with Cogent as the fingerprinting provider to

identify persons attempting to illegally cross into the United States via the north and

southwest borders. The system was expanded in 2003 and made operational in 2004 as

the US-VISIT system. The US-VISIT program increases the IDENT capability to include

fingerprint biometrics processing of international travelers arriving at international

airports within the United States.

Attendance Monitoring System of Students based on Biometric and GPS Tracking

System

This paper is a study of a fingerprint recognition system based on minutiae based

fingerprint algorithms used in various techniques. This line of track mainly involves

extraction of minutiae points from the model fingerprint images and fingerprint matching

based on the number of minutiae pairings among to fingerprints. This paper also provides

the design method of fingerprint based student attendance with help of GSM. This system

ignores the requirement for stationary materials and personnel for keeping of records. The

main objective of this project is to develop an embedded system, which is used for

security applications. The biometrics technology is rapidly progressing and offers

attractive opportunities. In recent years, biometric authentication has grown in popularity

as a means of personal identification in college administration systems. The prominent

biometric methods that may be used for authentication include fingerprint, palm print,

and handprint, face recognition, speech recognition, dental and eye biometrics. In this

paper, a microcontroller based prototype of attendance system using fingerprint sensor

and face recognition module is implemented. The tracking module is used here to identify

the location of the missing person.

Fingerprint Recognition through Extracting and Matching Minutiae

Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering,

GIET, Gunupur, Odisha, India

The performance of Fingerprint Recognition is totally dependent on the

Fingerprint Image Quality, because Fingerprint Recognition is the processing of Digital

Image. The quality of fingerprint images influences by both environmental and scanner's
surface. This paper analyzes the Fingerprint Recognition, Matching. The Minutiae-based

matching technique is the best method to extract useful information about Minutiae and if

the image is partial or affected by noise then the ROI can be used to optimize the result.

Authentication using fingerprint has been implementing in many areas (like Attendance

System, Bank Desktop Verification Login). UID is the recent project of Govt. India

focused on Recognition of Identity by using Fingerprint and Retina. The conclusion state

about how minutiae points are important to recognize fingerprint and ROI (the specified

limited area) to avoid error within less time. Whereas, „one to one matching‟ can quickly

reply compare to „one to many matching‟. Future scope of “Fingerprint Recognition

based on Minutiae” has wide range of application areas such as Mobile Computing, Bank

ATM, NAREGA Identity Verification, and etc. 2017 IJSRCSEIT

2.3 Local Literature

The Use of Biometric Attendance Recording System (BARS) and Its Impact on the

Work Performance of Cabanatuan City Government Employees

Biometric technology as a means of identifying and verifying an individual’s

characteristic is widely used in many aspects of peoples’ lives nowadays. In this regard,

Local Government Unit (LGU) uses this technology to provide a more comprehensive

system in monitoring employee attendance and how it may affect their performance. The

study assesses the impact of the use about the Biometric Attendance Recording System

(BARS) on the work performance of Local Government Unit (LGU) employees based on

their Individual Performance Commitment Review (IPCR) rating and the respondents’

self-assessment and perception. Noticeably, the majority of the respondents perceived

that the use of BARS had a positive impact on work performance. Results also

demonstrated a significant increase in respondents’ level of performance. Villaroman, G.,

San Pedro, A., Bacani, K., Clerigo, E. and Hipos, A. (2018) the Use of Biometric

Attendance Recording System (BARS) and Its Impact on the Work Performance of

Cabanatuan City Government Employees. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 1-10.

Philippines Police Adopt Biometric Tracking System to Catch Truant Officers

The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) in the Philippines is moving

forward with the full implementation of a biometric attendance and time tracking system.

The NCRPO Biometric System utilizes fingerprint recognition to monitor the comings

and goings of various law enforcement personnel 1,266 law enforcement employees have

already been enrolled in the new system. An additional 190 are still making their way

through the process. According to Brig. Gen. Debold Sinas, the acting chief of the

NCRPO, the program is intended to improve discipline within the ranks and clamp down

on unexcused absences and late arrivals.

To that end, the NCRPO Information Technology Office will generate a daily

attendance report at 7pm. Anyone marked absent will receive a notification from their

department, prompting a brief investigation about whether or not the absence was

justified, and what the penalty should entail. Those who fail to show up for work will also

have deductions on their paychecks.  

The new system is currently being deployed at the NCRPO regional headquarters

and its support units at Camp Bagong Diwa. However, Sinas is planning to expand the

program to five Metro Manila police districts before introducing it at police stations. He

implemented similar systems while serving at the Philippine National Police Crime

Laboratory and as Chief of the Central Visayas police.

 The Philippine National Police in Manila previously adopted an Automated

Fingerprint Identification System from NEC, although that particular platform was

intended to identify criminals rather than the officers themselves. In any case, the

NCRPO implementation does speak to the country’s growing interest in biometric tech.

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) recently indicated that it expects to print in 2020,

while Gemalto tech was used to verify the fingerprints of voters during elections that

were held earlier this year.

The Use of Biometric Technology for Effective Personnel Management System in

Organization

Although the concept of attendance systems has been carried over the years, in

recent times the forms of its application has changed. Companies being aware of the

importance of personnel attendance to overcome the problems raised from manual

attendance systems have started to take advantage of biometric systems. Particularly,

fingerprint and facial recognition are the two most used forms for biometric

identification, since it is considered as the most reliable and secure method in terms of its

uniqueness. Because manual attendance systems are time-consuming and ineffective,

companies review their control mechanisms for personnel attendance to integrate new

technologies in their operations. This article proposes a new generation technological

structure used to get effective results in personnel attendance systems. There are plenty of

personnel attendance control systems in the market both for multinational companies or

small companies. However, the number of web-based form of these systems is limited.

Web-based personnel attendance control systems is quickly becoming one of the fastest

growing technologies that enables instant data flow and reporting. According to the

literature reviewed, more and more companies in Turkey have benefited over the time

from web-based personnel attendance control systems. Nevertheless, there are not enough
researches about it. The aim of this article is to design and implement a web-based

attendance system for personnel in an organization by using biometric system

(fingerprints and facial recognition combining with RFID card and password

authentication) and support managers to make effective and efficient decision-making

process. The proposed system has been implemented by following the steps of Software

Development Life Cycle (SDLC). In the process of software development, a waterfall

model was chosen that was used in many software projects and that composed of

analysis, design, coding, test, version and maintenance phases. Since it is a linear

sequential, progress is seen as flowing steadily downward (like a waterfall) through the

phases of software implementation. Even though the waterfall approach is the earliest

approach, it is still most widely known for software development. This research is

expected to help managers in educational institutions in terms of effective personnel

management, especially for institutions that have large number of employees. In addition,

the developed system can also help educational institutions for adopting their personnel

attendance system to new technologies. It was also known that private organizations use

this kind of systems. However, educational institutions can also take advantage of

biometric data in the web-based personnel management system.

2.4 Local Study

Identity Verification and Entry Control System with Counter

Data Center College of the Philippines, Laoag City

Almazan, et.al, 2012

 Identity Verification and Entry Control System with Counter is a computer-based

system with the help of digital and logical circuit concepts that enables it to have

interconnections to other subsystems. A software application will be installed on the

computer that served as the mean of communication of the system to the user and with

other system or devices connected to the main system. This enables the user to manage

records in the database, generate barcode and generate a summary of individuals that are

in the school premises.

Also with these applications, using the computer’s architecture, it enables the

system to communicate to other devices in getting input data and acquiring signal

outputs. Each student and employee of the school will be issued an identification card

with barcode that will be swiped and read by a barcode scanner and a PIN code that will

deeply identity their authenticity I order for them to pass through the turnstile. Upon

entering and leaving the school premises the counters will increment. The device was

composed of two counters namely, entry counters and exit counter, this counter will

increment the turnstile sensors are being triggered. A student or employee will scan his or

her bar-coded ID through the scanner to unlock the turnstile first before he or she can

enter the building and this will allow triggering the sensor and then the counter is

increased.

Biometric Attendance Monitoring System

Cagayan State University – Lasam Campus, Phillipines

March 2017

The study aimed to develop a fully customized Biometric Attendance Monitoring

System (BAMS) of Cagayan State University – Lasam Campus, Philippines (CSU -

Lasam) using biometric fingerprint reader to facilitate the monitoring of employees’

attendance. This study followed the framework of Design Science Research for

Information Systems, thus, the researcher identified the problems and issues encountered

in the monitoring of attendance, defined the objectives of the study, designed and

developed the system, deployed and tested, and presented the result of the study. A

combination of Visual Basic 6.0 as the programming language and MS Access as the

Database Management Systems were used in the development of the system. Thus, the

overall functionality of the BAMS enables the users to enter data, change and manipulate

the data, get information, and store the data and the information. Username and password

is no longer needed since all transactions use unique fingerprint to validate users.

Furthermore, the BAMS greatly contributes in giving employees’ ease and improving

work values. Likewise, the BAMS is essential in achieving good governance because it

helps track day-to-day attendance of the employees.

Biometric Door Lock System with Alcohol Detector

The purpose of the study was to design a biometric door lock system with alcohol

detector made for apartment and dormitory security purposes, which consists of six

features such as the biometric fingerprint scanner, liquid crystal display (LCD), alcohol

sensor, light dependent resistor (LDR), electric strike and magnetic contact switch for the

door lock and buttons. The magnetic contact contains a call administration function,

search button and cancel buttons for user while increment, decrement, delete and exit

buttons for the administrator. Experimental development and quantitative methods were

applied in the study. The former aspect consisted of trial and error approaches backed up

with interviews with the previous students who experienced design project making with

the same concepts used and the latter was used to gather data through a questionnaire.
This instrument was administered to thirteen evaluators composed of apartment owners,

engineers, and boarders who were degree holders. The results of the study indicated that

the device is efficient and effective for apartment or dormitory use. The final design was

made efficient through the integration of different features of the device in detecting

blood alcohol content (BAC) and registering fingerprints by the use of biometric.

2.5 Synthesis

Table 1: Synthesis of Related System

Related System Functionalities Developed System

Identity Verification and 1. To manages records 1. The system

Entry Control System
with Counter
Data Center College of
the Philippines, Laoag
City
in the database of manages all the
the users. processes of user’s
information and can
2. To generate a take a photo.
summary of
individuals that are 2. The system has a
in the school centralized database
premises. for the storage of
user’s information.

Biometric Attendance 1. To record the data 1. The system tracks

Monitoring System of the users all the details of the
Cagayan State University fingerprint. users by detecting
Lasam Campus, through
Phillipines 2. To determine the authentication.
identity of the
users. 2. The system
provides safety and
security to the
3. To formulate the users.
process of
authentication.
3. The system
generates a record
of health analytic.

Biometric Door Lock 1. To unlock the door 1. Track the user’s

System with Alcohol using the biometric biometric (facial,
Detector fingerprint. fingerprint, QR
code).
2. To provides
security to the 2. Detect body
users. temperature.