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iScience TP_NA_LIFE.indd i 7/8/10 2:35:35 PM

 Snow Leopard, Uncia uncia
The snow leopard lives in central Asia at altitudes of
3,000 m–5,500 m. Its thick fur and broad, furry feet
are two of its adaptations that make it well suited to a
snowy environment. Snow leopards cannot roar but
can hiss, growl, and make other sounds.

Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not
limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Send all inquiries to:

McGraw-Hill Education
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-888002-5
MHID: 0-07-888002-5

Printed in the United States of America.

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DOW 15 14 13 12 11

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 Contents in Brief

Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 2

Unit 1
Life: Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1 Classifying and Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 3 From a Cell to an Organism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chapter 4 Reproduction of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Chapter 5 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Chapter 6 The Environment and Change Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

Unit 2
From Bacteria to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 7 Bacteria and Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
Chapter 8 Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Chapter 9 Plant Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Chapter 10 Plant Processes and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

Unit 3
Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Chapter 11 Animal Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Chapter 12 Animal Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Chapter 13 Animal Behavior and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

Unit 4
Human Body Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
Chapter 14 Structure and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Chapter 15 Digestion and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520
Chapter 16 Respiration and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
Chapter 17 Immunity and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598
Chapter 18 Control and Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634
Chapter 19 Reproduction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670

Unit 5
Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
Chapter 20 Matter and Energy in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
Chapter 21 Populations and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
Chapter 22 Biomes and Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774
Chapter 23 Using Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810

iii

FM_iii_iii_CIB_888002.indd iii 3/1/10 4:18:38 PM

 Authors and Contributors

Authors
Tina C. Hopper Marion B. Sewer, PhD
Science Writer Assistant Professor
Rockwall, TX School of Biology
Georgia Institute of Technology
American Museum of Jonathan D. W. Kahl, PhD Atlanta, GA
Natural History Professor of Atmospheric Science
New York, NY University of Wisconsin- Julia Meyer Sheets, PhD
Milwaukee Lecturer
Michelle Anderson, MS
Milwaukee, WI School of Earth Sciences
Lecturer
The Ohio State University
The Ohio State University Nanette Kalis Columbus, OH
Columbus, OH Science Writer
Athens, OH Michael J. Singer, PhD
Juli Berwald, PhD
Professor of Soil Science
Science Writer S. Page Keeley, MEd Department of Land, Air and
Austin, TX Maine Mathematics and Science Water Resources
Alliance University of California
John F. Bolzan, PhD
Augusta, ME Davis, CA
Science Writer
Columbus, OH Cindy Klevickis, PhD Karen S. Sottosanti, MA
Professor of Integrated Science
Rachel Clark, MS Science Writer
and Technology
Science Writer Pickerington, Ohio
James Madison University
Moscow, ID
Harrisonburg, VA Paul K. Strode, PhD
Patricia Craig, MS I.B. Biology Teacher
Kimberly Fekany Lee, PhD
Science Writer Fairview High School
Science Writer
Bozeman, MT Boulder, CO
La Grange, IL
Randall Frost, PhD Jan M. Vermilye, PhD
Michael Manga, PhD
Science Writer Research Geologist
Professor
Pleasanton, CA Seismo-Tectonic Reservoir
University of California, Berkeley
Monitoring (STRM)
Lisa S. Gardiner, PhD Berkeley, CA
Boulder, CO
Science Writer
Devi Ried Mathieu
Denver, CO Judith A. Yero, MA
Science Writer
Director
Jennifer Gonya, PhD Sebastopol, CA
Teacher’s Mind Resources
The Ohio State University Hamilton, MT
Elizabeth A. Nagy-Shadman,
Columbus, OH
PhD
Dinah Zike, MEd
Mary Ann Grobbel, MD Geology Professor
Author, Consultant, Inventor
Science Writer Pasadena City College
of Foldables
Grand Rapids, MI Pasadena, CA
Dinah Zike Academy; Dinah-
Whitney Crispen Hagins, William D. Rogers, DA Might Adventures, LP
MA, MAT Professor of Biology San Antonio, TX
Biology Teacher Ball State University
Margaret Zorn, MS
Lexington High School Muncie, IN
Science Writer
Lexington, MA Yorktown, VA
Donna L. Ross, PhD
Carole Holmberg, BS Associate Professor
Planetarium Director San Diego State University
Calusa Nature Center and San Diego, CA
Planetarium, Inc.
Fort Myers, FL

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 Consulting Authors
Alton L. Biggs
Biggs Educational Consulting
Commerce, TX
Series Consultants
Science
Solomon Bililign, PhD
Professor
Department of Physics
North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical State University
Greensboro, NC
John Choinski
Professor
Department of Biology
University of Central Arkansas
Conway, AR
Anastasia Chopelas, PhD
Research Professor
Department of Earth and Space
Sciences
UCLA
Los Angeles, CA
David T. Crowther, PhD
Professor of Science Education
University of Nevada, Reno
Reno, NV
A. John Gatz
Professor of Zoology
Ohio Wesleyan University
Delaware, OH
Sarah Gille, PhD
Professor
University of California San
Diego
La Jolla, CA
David G. Haase, PhD
Professor of Physics
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC
iv_vi_FM_ACR_880003.indd v
Ralph M. Feather, Jr., PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Educational
Studies and Secondary Education
Bloomsburg University
Bloomsburg, PA
Janet S. Herman, PhD
Professor
Department of Environmental
Sciences
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA
David T. Ho, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Oceanography
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI
Ruth Howes, PhD
Professor of Physics
Marquette University
Milwaukee, WI
Jose Miguel Hurtado, Jr.,
PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Geological
Sciences
University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso, TX
Monika Kress, PhD
Assistant Professor
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA
Mark E. Lee, PhD
Associate Chair & Assistant
Professor
Department of Biology
Spelman College
Atlanta, GA
Linda Lundgren
Science writer
Lakewood, CO
Douglas Fisher, PhD
Professor of Teacher Education
San Diego State University
San Diego, CA
Edward P. Ortleb
Science/Safety Consultant
St. Louis, MO
Keith O. Mann, PhD
Ohio Wesleyan University
Delaware, OH
Charles W. McLaughlin, PhD
Adjunct Professor of Chemistry
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT
Katharina Pahnke, PhD
Research Professor
Department of Geology and
Geophysics
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI
Jesús Pando, PhD
Associate Professor
DePaul University
Chicago, IL
Hay-Oak Park, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Molecular
Genetics
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
David A. Rubin, PhD
Associate Professor of Physiology
School of Biological Sciences
Illinois State University
Normal, IL
Toni D. Sauncy
Assistant Professor of Physics
Department of Physics
Angelo State University
San Angelo, TX
3/1/10 2:47:25 PM
 Series Consultants, continued
Malathi Srivatsan, PhD Reading Math
Associate Professor of
Neurobiology ReLeah Cossett Lent Vik Hovsepian
College of Sciences and Author/Educational Consultant Professor of Mathematics
Mathematics Blue Ridge, GA Rio Hondo College
Arkansas State University Whittier, CA
Jonesboro, AR

Cheryl Wistrom, PhD

Associate Professor of Chemistry
Saint Joseph’s College
Rensselaer, IN

Series Reviewers
Thad Boggs Felecia Joiner Curtis Smith
Mandarin High School Stony Point Ninth Grade Center Elmwood Middle School
Jacksonville, FL Round Rock, TX Rogers, AR

Catherine Butcher Joseph L. Kowalski, MS Sheila Smith

Webster Junior High School Lamar Academy Jackson Public School
Minden, LA McAllen, TX Jackson, MS

Erin Darichuk Brian McClain Sabra Soileau

West Frederick Middle School Amos P. Godby High School Moss Bluff Middle School
Frederick, MD Tallahassee, FL Lake Charles, LA

Joanne Hedrick Davis Von W. Mosser Tony Spoores

Murphy High School Thurmont Middle School Switzerland County Middle
Murphy, NC Thurmont, MD School
Vevay, IN
Anthony J. DiSipio, Jr. Ashlea Peterson
Octorara Middle School Heritage Intermediate Grade Nancy A. Stearns
Atglen, PA Center Switzerland County Middle
Coweta, OK School
Adrienne Elder
Vevay, IN
Tulsa Public Schools Nicole Lenihan Rhoades
Tulsa, OK Walkersville Middle School Kari Vogel
Walkersvillle, MD Princeton Middle School
Carolyn Elliott
Princeton, MN
Iredell-Statesville Schools Maria A. Rozenberg
Statesville, NC Indian Ridge Middle School Alison Welch
Davie, FL Wm. D. Slider Middle School
Christine M. Jacobs
El Paso, TX
Ranger Middle School Barb Seymour
Murphy, NC Westridge Middle School Linda Workman
Overland Park, KS Parkway Northeast Middle
Jason O. L. Johnson
School
Thurmont Middle School Ginger Shirley
Creve Coeur, MO
Thurmont, MD Our Lady of Providence Junior-
Senior High School
Clarksville, IN

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 Teacher Advisory Board
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design of the
Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the development of Glencoe Life iScience.
Frances J. Baldridge Michelle R. Foster David Rodriguez
Department Chair Department Chair Teacher
Ferguson Middle School Wayland Union Middle School Swift Creek Middle School
Beavercreek, OH Wayland, MI Tallahassee, FL

Jane E. M. Buckingham Rebecca Goodell Derek Shook

Teacher Teacher Teacher
Crispus Attucks Medical Magnet Reedy Creek Middle School Floyd Middle Magnet School
High School Cary, NC Montgomery, AL
Indianapolis, IN
Mary Gromko Karen Stratton
Elizabeth Falls Science Supervisor K–12 Science Coordinator
Teacher Colorado Springs District 11 Lexington School District One
Blalack Middle School Colorado Springs, CO Lexington, SC
Carrollton, TX
Randy Mousley Stephanie Wood
Nelson Farrier Department Chair Science Curriculum Specialist,
Teacher Dean Ray Stucky Middle School K–12
Hamlin Middle School Wichita, KS Granite School District
Springfield, OR Salt Lake City, UT

vii

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 Get ConnectED

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uest
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See the science in Click the link and Try these Explore concepts These web-based
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 ? g Digital and Print Solutions

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 Treasure Hunt START
Your science book has
many features that will 1 What four margin items can help
you build your vocabulary?
aid you in your learning.
Some of these features are
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vocabulary terms, and
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 On what page can you find
8 The Big Idea for Chapter 1? On
what page can you find the Key
If you're having trouble solving Concepts for Chapter 1, Lesson 1?
7 a math problem, in which
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9 the end of some lessons that
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can you make from notebook paper?
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FINISH

xi

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 Table of Contents

Scientific Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 2

Lesson 1 Understanding Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 4
Lesson 2 Measurement and Scientific Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 12
Skill Practice How can you build your own
scientific instrument? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 19
Lesson 3 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 20
CONTENTS
TABLE OF

Lab How can you design a bioreactor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOS 28

Unit 1 Life: Structure & Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 1 Classifying and Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lesson 1 Characteristics of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson 2 Classifying Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Skill Practice How can you identify a beetle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lesson 3 Exploring Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Lab Constructing a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 1 Cells and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lesson 2 The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Skill Practice How are plant cells and animal cells similar
and how are they different? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Lesson 3 Moving Cellular Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Skill Practice How does an object's size affect the
transport of materials? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lesson 4 Cells and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lab Photosynthesis and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 3 From a Cell to an Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Lesson 1 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Lesson 2 Levels of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Lab Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 4 Reproduction of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Lesson 1 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lesson 2 Asexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Lab Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter 5 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Lesson 1 Mendel and His Peas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Lesson 2 Understanding Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Skill Practice How can you use Punnett squares to model inheritance? . 168
Lesson 3 DNA and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Lab Gummy Bear Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 6 The Environment and Change Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Lesson 1 Fossil Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Skill Practice Can you observe changes through time
in collections of everyday objects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Lesson 2 Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Lesson 3 Biological Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Lab Model Adaptations in an Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Unit 2 From Bacteria to Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

CONTENTS
TABLE OF
Chapter 7 Bacteria and Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Lesson 1 What are bacteria? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Lesson 2 Bacteria in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Skill Practice How do lab techniques affect an investigation? . . . . . . . . . . 245
Lesson 3 What are viruses? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Lab Bacterial Growth and Disinfectants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter 8 Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Lesson 1 What are protists? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Lesson 2 What are fungi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Lab What does a lichen look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Chapter 9 Plant Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Lesson 1 What is a plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Lesson 2 Seedless Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Skill Practice How do differences in plant structures
reflect their environments? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Lesson 3 Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Lab Compare and Contrast Extreme Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Chapter 10 Plant Processes and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Lesson 2 Plant Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Skill Practice What happens to seeds if you change
the intensity of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Lesson 3 Plant Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Lab Design a Stimulating Environment for Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Unit 3 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Chapter 1 1 Animal Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Lesson 1 What defines an animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Lesson 2 Invertebrate Phyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Skill Practice How do you build a dichotomous key? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Lesson 3 Phylum Chordata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Lab Design Your Own Phylum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

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Chapter 12 Animal Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Lesson 1 Support, Control, and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Lesson 2 Circulation and Gas Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Skill Practice How do you determine what environment
an animal lives in? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Lesson 3 Digestion and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Lab Design an Alien Animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Chapter 13 Animal Behavior and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Lesson 1 Types of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
CONTENTS
TABLE OF

Skill Practice Can the color or surface of an area

determine how a mealworm will move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Lesson 2 Interacting with Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Lesson 3 Animal Reproduction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Lab What changes an earthworm’s behavior? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Unit 4 Human Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Chapter 14 Structure and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Lesson 1 The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Lesson 2 The Muscular System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Skill Practice How do the three types of muscle cells compare? . . . . . . . . 503
Lesson 3 The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Lab Dissect a Chicken Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Chapter 15 Digestion and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Lesson 1 Nutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Skill Practice How do foods compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Lesson 2 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Lesson 3 The Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Lab Model Digestion from Start to Finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Chapter 16 Respiration and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Lesson 1 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Skill Practice How can a model show the physics of breathing? . . . . . . . . 565
Lesson 2 The Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Skill Practice How strong is your heart muscle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Lesson 3 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Lesson 4 The Lymphatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Lab Using a Blood Count to Evaluate Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Chapter 17 Immunity and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Lesson 1 Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Skill Practice How would you prepare a work area
for procedures that require aseptic techniques? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Lesson 2 The Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Lesson 3 Staying Healthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Lab Can one bad apple spoil the bunch?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626

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Chapter 18 Control and Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Lesson 1 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Skill Practice How does the nervous system respond
to a stimulus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Lesson 2 The Senses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Lab Modeling a Negative Feedback Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Chapter 19 Reproduction and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Lesson 1 The Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

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Lesson 2 Human Growth and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Lab Educating Extraterrestrials About Human Development. . . . . . . . . . . 692

Unit 5 Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

Chapter 20 Matter and Energy in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Lesson 1 Abiotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Lesson 2 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Skill Practice How do scientists use variables? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Lesson 3 Energy in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Lab How does soil type affect plant growth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Chapter 21 Populations and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Lesson 1 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Lesson 2 Changing Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Skill Practice How do populations change in size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Lesson 3 Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Lab How can you model a symbiotic relationship? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Chapter 22 Biomes and Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Lesson 1 Land Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Skill Practice Which biome is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Lesson 2 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Lesson 3 How Ecosystems Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Lab A Biome for Radishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Chapter 23 Using Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Lesson 1 Earth's Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Lesson 2 Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Skill Practice How can you communicate about pollution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Lesson 3 Protecting Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
Lab How can you conserve a natural resource?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838

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Student Resources
Science Skill Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-2
Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-2
Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-11
Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-12
Math Skill Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SR-14
Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-14
Science Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-24
Foldables Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-29
CONTENTS
TABLE OF

Reference Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-40

Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-40
Diversity of Life: Classification of Living Organisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-42
Use and Care of a Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SR-46
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2

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 Inquiry

Launch Labs
1-1 Is it alive?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 13-1 What happens when you touch
1-2 How do you identify similar items? . . . . . . . .19 a pill bug? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
1-3 Can a water drop make objects 13-2 How are you feeling? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
appear bigger or smaller? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 13-3 How is development similar in
2-1 What's in a cell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 different animals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

CONTENTS
TABLE OF
2-2 Why do eggs have shells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 14-1 How are bones used for support? . . . . . . . 487
2-3 What does the cell membrane do? . . . . . . . .61 14-2 Can you control all your muscles? . . . . . . . 497
2-4 What do you exhale? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 14-3 How does your skin protect your body? . 505
3-1 Why isn't your cell like mine? . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 15-1 How much energy is in an almond? . . . . . 523
3-2 How is a system organized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 15-2 Which dissolves faster? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
4-1 Why do offspring look different? . . . . . . . . 117 15-3 What happens when you breathe out? . . 541
4-2 How do yeast reproduce? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 16-1 How much air is in a breath? . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
5-1 What makes you unique? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 16-2 How fast does your heart beat? . . . . . . . . . 567
5-2 What is the span of your hand? . . . . . . . . . 159 16-3 What do blood cells look like? . . . . . . . . . . 577
5-3 How are codes used to determine traits? 170 16-4 How can you model a lymph node? . . . . . 585
6-1 How do fossils form? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 17-1 Which well is contaminated? . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
6-2 Are there variations within your class? . . 199 17-2 Can you escape the pox? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
6-3 How is the structure of a spoon 17-3 Where might bacteria be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
related to its function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 18-1 Can you make your eyes blink or dilate? . 637
7-1 How small are bacteria? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 18-2 Does your nose help you taste food? . . . . 647
7-2 How do bacteria affect the 18-3 What makes your heart race? . . . . . . . . . . . 657
environment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 19-1 How do male and female gametes
7-3 How quickly do viruses replicate? . . . . . . . 247 compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
8-1 How does a protist react to 19-2 How does a fetus develop in the uterus? 683
its environment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 20-1 Is it living or nonliving? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
8-2 Is there a fungus among us? . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 20-2 How can you model raindrops? . . . . . . . . . 713
9-1 What is a plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 20-3 How does energy change form? . . . . . . . . 723
9-2 Which holds more water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 21-1 How many times do you interact? . . . . . . . 741
9-3 What characteristics do seeds have 21-2 What events can change a population? . 749
in common? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 21-3 What are the roles in your school
10-1 How can you show the movement community? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
of materials inside a plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 22-1 What is the climate in China? . . . . . . . . . . . 777
10-2 How do plants respond to stimuli? . . . . . . 341 22-2 What happens when rivers and
10-3 How can you identify fruits? . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 oceans mix? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
11-1 What does an animal look like? . . . . . . . . . 375 22-3 How do communities change? . . . . . . . . . . 797
11-2 What does an invertebrate look like? . . . . 383 23-1 Where does it come from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
11-3 How can you model a backbone? . . . . . . . 393 23-2 How do air pollutants move? . . . . . . . . . . . 823
12-1 How does an earthworm move? . . . . . . . . 411 23-3 How can you turn trash into art? . . . . . . . . 831
12-2 Which system is faster? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
12-3 What does it eat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

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 Inquiry

MiniLabs
1-1 Did you blink? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 12-3 How do gizzards help birds eat? . . . . . . . . 432
1-2 How would you name an unknown 13-1 How do young birds recognize
organism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 predators? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
1-3 How do microscopes help us 13-2 How can you demonstrate sound
compare living things? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 communication? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
CONTENTS

2-1 How can you observe DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 13-3 Is it possible to select which animal
TABLE OF

2-2 How do eukaryotic and prokaryotic will have the largest newborn if you
cells compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 know the gestation period? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
2-3 How is a balloon like a cell membrane? . . .63 14-1 How does the skeleton protect organs? . 488
3-1 How does mitosis work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 14-2 How strong are your hand muscles? . . . . 500
3-2 How do cells work together to make 14-3 Why are you sweating? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
an organism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 15-1 What nutrients are in foods? . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
4-1 How does one cell produce four cells? . . 119 15-2 How can you model digestion? . . . . . . . . . 532
4-2 What parts of plants can grow? . . . . . . . . . 133 15-3 How can you model the function
5-1 Which is the dominant trait? . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 of a kidney? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
5-2 Can you infer genotype? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 16-1 How does exercise affect breathing
5-3 How can you model DNA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 rate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
6-1 How do species change over time? . . . . . 195 16-2 How can you model atherosclerosis? . . . . 572
6-2 Who survives? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 16-3 How does a cut heal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
6-3 How related are organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 17-1 How does an infectious disease
7-1 How does a slime layer work? . . . . . . . . . . . 233 spread through a population? . . . . . . . . . . 605
7-2 Can decomposition happen 17-2 How do different layers of your skin
without oxygen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 protect your body? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
7-3 How do antibodies work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 17-3 How clean are your hands? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
8-1 How can you model the movement of an 18-1 How quickly can you improve your
amoeba? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 reaction time? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
8-2 What do fungal spores look like? . . . . . . . . 280 18-2 What area of your skin is most sensitive? 653
9-1 How does water loss from a leaf relate 19-1 What occurs in menstrual cycle phases? . 679
to the thickness of the cuticle? . . . . . . . . . . 299 19-2 How do life stages after birth differ? . . . . 690
9-3 How can you determine the stems, 20-2 Is your soil rich in nitrogen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
roots, and leaves of plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 20-3 How can you classify organisms? . . . . . . . . 725
10-1 Can you observe plant processes? . . . . . . 336 21-1 What are limiting factors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
10-2 When will plants flower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 21-2 How does migration affect
10-3 Can you model a flower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 population size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
11-1 What is this animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 21-3 How can you model a food web? . . . . . . . 760
11-2 How does your arm move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 22-1 How hot is sand? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
11-3 Whose bones are these? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 22-2 How do ocean ecosystems differ? . . . . . . . 793
12-1 How do nerve nets and nerve 23-1 How clean is the water?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
cords function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 23-2 How fast can you turn a sand castle
12-2 How do the surface areas of different into sediment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
respiratory systems compare? . . . . . . . . . . 422 23-3 What’s in the air? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832

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 Inquiry

Skill Practice
NOS 2 How can you build your own 13-1 Can the color or surface of an area
scientific instrument? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NOS 19 determine how a mealworm will move? . 455
1-2 How can you identify a beetle? . . . . . . . . . . .25 14-2 How do the three types of muscle
2-2 How are plant cells and animal cells cells compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
similar and how are they different?. . . . . . . .59 15-1 How do foods compare? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

CONTENTS
TABLE OF
2-3 How does an object's size affect the 16-1 How can a model show the physics
transport of materials?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 of breathing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
5-2 How can you use Punnett squares to 16-2 How strong is your heart muscle? . . . . . . . 575
model inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 17-1 How would you prepare a work area
6-1 Can you observe changes through time for procedures that require aseptic
in collections of everyday objects? . . . . . . 197 techniques? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
7-2 How do lab techniques affect an 18-1 How does the nervous system respond
investigation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 to a stimulus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
9-2 How do differences in plant structures 20-2 How do scientists use variables? . . . . . . . . 721
reflect their environments? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 21-2 How do populations change in size? . . . . 757
10-2 What happens to seeds if you change 22-1 Which biome is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
the intensity of light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 23-2 How can you communicate about
11-2 How do you build a dichotomous key? . . 391 pollution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
12-2 How do you determine what
environment an animal lives in?. . . . . . . . . 427

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 Inquiry

Labs
NOS-3 How can you design a bioreactor? . . .NOS 28 14-3 Dissect a Chicken Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
1-3 Constructing a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . .32 15-3 Model Digestion from Start to Finish . . . . 548
2-4 Photosynthesis and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 16-4 Using a Blood Count to Evaluate Health . 590
3-2 Cell Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 17-3 Can one bad apple spoil the bunch? . . . . 626
4-2 Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 18-3 Modeling a Negative Feedback Cycle . . . 662
CONTENTS

5-3 Gummy Bear Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 19-2 Educating Extraterrestrials About

TABLE OF

6-3 Model Adaptations in an Organism . . . . . 216 Human Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692

7-3 Bacterial Growth and Disinfectants . . . . . . 254 20-3 How does soil type affect plant growth? 730
8-2 What does a lichen look like? . . . . . . . . . . . 286 21-3 How can you model a symbiotic
9-3 Compare and Contrast Extreme Plants . . 322 relationship? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
10-3 Design a Stimulating Environment for 22-3 A Biome for Radishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 23-3 How can you conserve a natural
11-3 Design Your Own Phylum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 resource?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
12-3 Design an Alien Animal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
13-3 What changes an earthworm’s behavior? 472

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 Features

2-1 A Very Powerful Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . .49 13-2 Courtship Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

7-1 Cooking Bacteria! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 14-1 A Bionic Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
9-1 Trees in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 18-2 Night Vision Goggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
12-1 Jet Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

CONTENTS
TABLE OF
8-1 The Benefits of Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 23-1 Clean Energy from Underground . . . . . 821
10-1 Deforestation and Carbon Dioxide
in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

3-1 DNA Fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 17-2 A Victory over Chicken Pox . . . . . . . . . . . 619
5-1 Pioneering the Science of Genetics . . . 157 19-1 A Medical Breakthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
15-2 Are digestive bacteria related to 20-1 Terraforming Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
obesity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 22-2 Saving an Underwater Wilderness . . . . 795
16-3 Very Special Blood Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

1-1 The Amazing Adaptation of an 6-2 Peter and Rosemary Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Air-Breathing Catfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11-1 A Family Tree for Bats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
4-1 The Spider Mating Dance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 21-1 Familiar Birds in an Unlikely Place . . . . . 747

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