DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

BASIC ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENTIATION

▪
d u
dx
( )
C = C u ⋅ lnC ⋅
du
dx
▪
d
dx
(
csc −1 u =
−1
) ⋅
du
▪
d
(
csc h −1u =
−1
⋅
du
)
u u − 1 dx
2 dx u 1 + u dx
2
d n du INTEGRATION FORMULAS
▪ u = nu n −1 TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION
dx dx d BASIC INTEGRATION
d d
(sin u ) = cos u ⋅ du (sinh u ) = cosh u ⋅ du
(Cu ) = C du
▪
∫ dx = x + C
▪ ▪ dx dx
dx dx ▪
dx dx d du
d du dv ▪
d
(cos u ) = − sin u ⋅ du ▪ (cosh u ) = sinh u ⋅ ▪ ∫ af (x )dx = a ∫ f ( x )dx
▪ u±v= ± dx dx dx dx ; a = constant
dx dx dx d 1
d dv du ▪
d
(tan u ) = sec u ⋅
2 du ▪ (tanh u ) = sec h u ⋅ du
2
▪
∫
f (x )dx = af (x )dx
∫
▪ uv = u +v dx dx dx dx a
dx dx dx
v
du
−u
dv ▪
d
dx
(cot u ) = − csc u ⋅ du
2
dx
▪
d
dx
(coth u ) = − csch u ⋅
2 du
dx
∫
▪ [ f (x ) ± g (x )]dx = f (x )dx ± g (x )d x
∫ ∫
d u dx dx
▪  = d d
(sec hu ) = − sec hu tanh u ⋅ du GENERAL POWER FORMULA
dx  v  v2 ▪ (sec u ) = sec u tan u ⋅ du ▪
dx dx
dx dx x n +1
d  C  −C dv
∫ x dx = n + 1 + C ; n ≠ -1,n = constant
n
 = ⋅ d du
▪
dx  v  v2 dx ▪
d
(csc u ) = − csc u cot ⋅ du ▪ (csc hu ) = − csc hu coth u ⋅
dx dx dx dx INTEGRANDS YIELDING TO NATURAL LOGARITHMS
d  v  1 dv du
▪  = ⋅
dx  C  C dx INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION INVERSE HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION ▪
∫
u
= ln u + C
du
▪
d
(
sin −1 u =) 1
⋅
du ▪
d
(
sinh−1 u =
1
)
⋅
du EXPONENTIAL INTEGRATION
au
▪
d
dx
( )
u = dx
2 u
dx 1− u 2 dx dx u + 1 dx
2
∫
▪ eu du = eu + C ▪ au du =
ln a
+C
∫
 1 1 ▪
d
(
cos−1 u = ) −1
⋅
du ▪
d
dx
(
cosh−1 u =
1
⋅
du
) where: e = 0.718 = constant
a = constant other than e
▪
d  n  1 n −1 du
u = ⋅ u ⋅
dx 1 − u dx
2 u − 1 dx
2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
dx   n
 
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
dx
▪
d
(
tan −1 u =
1
) ⋅
du ▪
d
dx
(
tanh−1 u =
1
⋅
du
1 − u 2 dx
)
;1 > u2 ▪
b
∫a f (x)dx = f (x)]a = f (b) − f (a)
b
dx 1 + u 2 dx
d
(log a u ) = 1 log a e du d
( −1 du
)
b
∫a f (x )dx = −∫b f (x)dx
a
▪
dx u dx ▪
d
dx
(
cot −1 u = )
− 1 du
⋅
1 + u 2 dx
▪
dx
coth−1 u = 2 ⋅ ; u 2 > 1
u − 1 dx

d 1 du b c b
▪
dx
(ln u ) = ⋅
u dx
EXPONENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION ▪
d
(
sec−1 u = )1
⋅
du ▪
d
(
−1
sec h u =
−1
⋅ )
du

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
a a c
dx 2 dx b b

∫ f (x )dx = ∫ f (y )dy
dx u u − 1 dx
2 u 1− u where: a = lower limit
▪
d u
dx
( )
e = eu
du
dx


a a
b = upper limit

BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION IF BOTH ARE ODD,

∫ secn =uduEVENor ∫ csc udu


du 1 u
∫u
n n
TRANSFORM LOWER POWER CASE 2: ▪ = sec −1 + C
▪
∫ sin udu = − cos u + C
CASE 3: n = EVEN
2
u −a 2 a a

▪
∫ cos udu = sin u + C n2

n
sec u = sec u (sec u ) n−2 2 BASIC HYPERBOLIC INTEGRATION
sin n u = (sin 2 u )
∫ sinh udu = cosh u + C



transform ▪
∫ sec udu = tan u + C
2 

▪ transform n n−2 2
∫ cosh udu = sinh u + C

csc u = csc u (csc u ) ▪
∫ csc udu = − cot u + C


▪ 2 n 2 n2 transform
cos u = (cos u) 2 2
∫ sec h udu = tanh u + C



where: sec u = 1 + tan u ▪ 2
▪ ∫ sec u tan udu = sec u + C
1
transform
csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u
∫ csch udu = −cothu + C
2
2

Use sin u = (1 − cos2u ) or
▪
∫ csc u cot udu = − csc u + C 2 ∫
CASE 3: tan m u sec n udu or ▪

∫ sec hu tanh udu = − sec hu + C

1
▪
∫ tan udu = − ln cos u + C
cos2 u = (1 + cos 2u )
2

n IS EVEN;
∫
cot m u csc n udu ▪

▪
∫ tan udu = ln sec u + C ∫
CASE 4: sin mu cos n udu

m & n ARE EVEN, TRANSFORM BOTH
SIMILAR TO CASE 2 ▪
∫ csc hu coth udu = − csc hu + C
▪
∫ cot udu = ln sin u + C
SAME AS CASE 3
CASE 5:
∫
CASE 4: tan m u sec n udu or INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

∫
du u
▪
∫ sec udu = ln sec u + tan u + C ▪ sinα cosβ = 1 [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
cot m u cscn udu
m = ODD
▪
∫ 2
u +a 2
= sinh −1 + C
a
2
∫
du −1 u
∫
m n
▪ csc udu = ln csc u − cot u + C ▪ cosα cosβ = 1 [cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)]
tan u sec udu = ▪ = cosh +C
2 m−1 u 2 − a2 a
tan u secn−1 u(tanu secudu)
TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC 1  
du −1 u
FUNCTIONS
SINE/COSINE
▪ sinα sinβ = − [cos(α + β) − cos(α − β)]
2
transform
cotm u cscn udu =
▪ ∫ a2 − u 2 = tanh a + C ,|u|<a
du 1 u
∫ u − a = − a coth a + C , u >a
CASE 1: n = ODD TANGENT/COTANGENT/SECANT/COSECANT cot m −1
u cscn −1 u(cot u cscudu) ▪ −1 2 2
2 2
∫ ∫
n n −1 n n



sin u = sin 
u (sin u ) CASE 1: tan udu or cot udu transform
du −1 u
n
cos u = cos
cos u
n −1

n
tan u = tan n−2
u (tan 2 u )
INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC ▪
FUNCTIONS
∫u 2
a −u 2
=
a
sec h −1 + C
a


u (cos u ) 

transform du −1 u
∫u
du u
∫ csc h−1 + C
sin u

Use sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1
cot n u = cot n − 2 u (cot 2 u )
▪ = sin−1 + C ▪ =

a2 − u 2 a 2
a +u 2 a a
∫
CASE 2: sin m u cos n udu transform
du 1 u
∫
2 2

ONE EXPONENT IS ODD;
where: tan u = sec u −1 ▪ = tan−1 + C
SIMILAR TO CASE 1 cot2 u = csc2 u − 1 a2 + u 2 a a
WALLI’S FORMULA
π 2 [(m − 1)(m − 3)(m − 5)...m = 2or1][(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5)...n = 2or1]
∫0 sinm u cosn u =
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4)...m + n = 2or1
•α

where: α = π ; if both m & n are even

2
α = 1 ; if otherwise
2z
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
∫
▪ sin u = b 2
 dx 
INTEGRATION BY PARTS 1+ z2 VOLUME RING METHOD ▪ S= 1+   dy ; x = g(x)
 dy 
1 − z2 b
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
a
∫a ( ro
2
▪ cos u = V =π − ri 2 ) h ; ro = outer radius
1+ z 2
ri = inner radius MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC VOLUME SHELL METHOD DOUBLE INTEGRALS
SUBSTITUTION OTHER INTEGRATION FORMULAS
b 1st 
CASE 1: a 2 − u 2 du 1
∫ u 2 − a 2 = 2a ln u + a
u−a V = 2π
∫arht ; t = thickness b x2  
∫∫
▪ +C
▪ u = a sinθ f (x , y )dx dy
▪ du = a cosθdθ du 1 a+u CENTROID OF AREAS C ( x , y ) ▪
a x1 

CASE 2: a 2 + u 2 ▪
∫ a2 − u = ln +C 2 nd
▪ x = My ; My = xc dA assume y = constant
2 2a a − u b
▪ u = a tanθ
APPLICATIONS A ∫a 1st 
▪ du = a sec2 θdθ b y2   
▪ y = Mx ; Mx = y dA
∫a ∫y f (x , y )dy dx
b
CASE 3: u 2 − a 2
▪ u = a secθ
AREA UNDER A CURVE
b A ∫a c ▪ 

▪ du = a secθ tanθdθ ∫a
A = LW ; L = length, W = width note: the centroid lies on axis of symmetry
assume x = constant
1
2 nd

RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES CENTROID OF VOLUMES C ( x , y , z )

AREAS BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION
▪ x = Myz ; Myz =
b b

▪ x=
1
▪ dx =
−dz
2
▪ A=
∫ ( yh − yl )dx
a
; yh = upper y
V ∫a xc dV ▪
b x2
∫a ∫x dxdy
z z yl = lower y Mxz b 1
▪ y= ; Mxz = ∫ yc dV b y
∫a ∫y dydx
b 2
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF
SIN & COS
▪ A=
∫a (xr − xl )dy ; x = x on the right
r
▪ z=0
V a ▪
1

1 xl = x on the left note: the centroid always lies on the axis of rotation
▪ z = tan x LENGTH OF AN ARC – S
2 VOLUME DISK METHOD
b

∫
2 dz b 2
∫a r h ; r = radius, h = height  dy 
▪ du = 2
2 V =π ▪ S= 1+   dx ; y = f(x)
1+ z  dx 
a

e x − e− x TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES tan x − tan y

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM tanh x = tan( x − y ) =
▪ RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES 1 + tan x tan y
If a y = x then log a x = y ; e x + e− x 1
csc θ = DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS
e x + e− x sin θ
log a 1 = 0 coth x = x − x sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
e −e 1
log a a = 1 sec θ = cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 cos θ
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y sec hx = x − x 1 cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ
e +e cot θ =
x tan θ 2 tan θ
log a   = log a x − log a y 2 tan 2θ =
csc hx = x − x  TANGENT AND COTANGENT 1 − tan 2 θ
 y e −e
sin θ POWER REDUCING FORMULAS
log a y x = x log a y BASIC HYPERBOLIC FORMULAS tan θ = 1 − cos 2θ
cos θ sin 2 θ =
1 cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 2
log a x y=
log a y cos θ
x cosh x + sinh x = e x cot θ = 1 + cos 2θ
sin θ 2
cos θ =
log a a x = x cosh x − sinh x = e− x 2
 PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
a log a x
=x sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x 2 1 − cos 2θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan θ =
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x 1 + cos 2θ
a0 = 1 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
coth 2 x = csc h2 x + 1
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ θ 1 − cos θ
a x+ y = a x ⋅ a y tanh 2 x + sec h2 x = 1 sin =
 COFUNCTION IDENTITIES 2 2
ax sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
sin(90 − θ ) = cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
a x− y = cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y cos =
ay csc ( 90 − θ ) = sec θ 2 2
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED AS θ 1 − cos θ
(a x )r = a rx LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS sec ( 90 − θ ) = csc θ tan =
2 sin θ
a log a x = x cos ( 90 − θ ) = sin θ
a x = e x ln a
(
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 ) cot ( 90 − θ ) = tan θ
tan
θ
2
=
sin θ
1 + cos θ
ln x cosh −1
x = ln ( x ± x −1)
2  SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAS
cot
θ
=
sin θ
e =x sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y 2 1 − cos θ
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 1  1 + x  sec h −1 x = ln  1 ± 1 − 1  sin( x − y ) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y θ 1 + cos θ
tanh −1 x = ln   x x  cot =
e x − e− x 2  1− x   cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y 2 sin θ
sinh x = 1  SINE LAW
2 1  x +1  −1 1 cos( x − y ) = cos x sin y + sin x sin y
coth −1 x = ln   csc h x = ln  x ± x 2 + 1 
e x + e− x 2  x −1    a b c
cosh x = tan( x + y ) =
tan x + tan y = =
2 1 − tan x tan y sin A sin B sin C
COSINE LAW MOLLWEICLE’S EQUATION
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A 1
sin ( A − B)
a−b 2
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B =
C 1
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C cos C
2
LAW OF TANGENTS
1
1 cos ( A − B)
tan ( A − B) a+b 2
a −b 2 =
= C 1
a + b tan 1 ( A + B ) sin C
2
2
PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAS
1
sin x sin y = [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2
1
cos x sin y = [ cos( x + y ) + cos( x − y ) ]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin( x + y) + sin( x − y ) ]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin( x + y) − sin( x − y ) ]
2
sin 2 x
sin x cos x =
2
SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAS
 x+ y  x− y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
 x + y   x − y 
sin x − sin y = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
 x+ y  x− y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
 x+ y  x− y
cos x − cos y = −2sin   sin  
 2   2 