1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM: ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Darkness, which is very evident in every community and can create a feeling of

fear even if the risk for personal victimization is very small. Different concerns such as

being attacked outdoors after dark prevents some people from using public spaces that

leads to negative quality of life. Darkness also creates a favorable environment for

different crimes, illegal activities and road accidents. Driving outside of daylight hours is

more dangerous. Only a quarter of all travel by car drivers is between the hours of 7 pm

and 8 am, yet this period accounts for 40% of fatal and serious injuries to the people.

Pedestrians and vulnerable road users suffer from low chance of visibility in the dark too.

For these reasons the preventive aspect arises to combat to this dilemma specifically, the

growth of public street lights which provides light during darkness. Luminance is a part

of this world which continuously evolving – modifying each of its aspect in varied ways.

Rapid innovation of technology and growth of infrastructure are very evident that leads to

the evolution of public street lighting specifically on roads. The milestone of the public

street lighting are constantly changing. Starting from kerosene gas lamp during 9th century

to the latest invention of light emitting diode also known as LED lighting on year 2007.

Living and passing in a dimmed and dark place has never been easy, risks are always

present. Every road infrastructure needs a luminaire which provides sufficient light to the

whole area. Light that serves as a guide to the right path. Street lighting installation
 2

nowadays plays a vital role in the community as well as to the lives of the people. Without

street lights the safety of the people and the community can’t be guaranteed.

Improved street lighting serves many purposes. Street lighting provides a number

of important benefits. It can be used to promote security in urban areas and to increase the

quality of life by artificially extending the hours in which it is light so that activity can

occur. Street lighting also improves safety for drivers, commuters, and pedestrians. The

Street lights are the major requirements in today’s life for safety purposes and avoiding

accidents during night. Providing street lighting is one of the most significant

responsibilities of every area. Lighting can consume almost 10-38% of the total energy

bill in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public

authorities in developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic and

social stability. The fixtures of street lights indirectly have assisted the public and

government in reduction of crime rate and accidents in the area. It also encourages social

inclusion by providing an environment in which people feel they can walk in hours of

darkness.

LED street lighting is a technology that continues to evolve and develop and the

way we light roadways today could be very different than a decade from now. However,

for those communities who invest now, there are many tools available to assure they select

the appropriate fixture for their applications. These communities then have the ability to

take the savings and invest in other services, such as police and fire (July Smalley, 2012).

According to the American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting,

street lighting provides four main functions: Reduction in night accidents, attendant human

misery, and economic loss. A study found that road safety was perceived as a key benefit
 3

for street lighting improvement. In the study, 73% of respondents agreed that ‘better street

lighting would improve the safety of children, and 63.8% agreed that ‘improved street

lighting would lead to fewer accidents on the roads’ (Department for Transport, 2003).

A Japanese study that looked at the reduction in accidents at junctions, following

the provision of lighting, found that there was a 43% reduction in night-time accidents. It

also found that the effectiveness of lighting in preventing accidents depended on its

illuminance, and that the brighter the lighting, the better it is at preventing accidents.

However it did not define an upper limit to brightness beyond which further brightening

would have no, or a negative, effect. It was found that a ‘relatively large proportion’ of

night-time accidents occur on unlit road sections. It also found that ‘there are modest

indications that the average injury severity and the proportion of accidents at bends is

somewhat greater on unlit road sections’ (SWOV).

A view of the effectiveness of lighting was given in a Cochrane Collaboration on

street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries which suggested, from meta-analysis of

studies, that road lighting is very effective at preventing road injuries (Beyer and Ker

(2009).

Street lighting improvements may also reduce crime and fear by eliminating areas

where offenders can hide prior to committing an offense. Areas of concealment have been

identified as a design characteristic affecting public surveillance and defensibility of space

(Newman, 1972; Merry, 1981) and they have been shown to influence an offender's choice

of crime locations (Phelan, 1977; Bennett and Wright, 1984).

Street lights enable criminals as much as they do their potential victims. With

increased street-lighting, potential thieves have an easier time seeing the contents of parked
 4

cars, don't need to carry flashlights, and are able to case a place and determine if there's

anyone around who can impede their break-in. The light may scare criminals away, but it

can also tell them enough about a house or a street or a parking lot to know whether there's

anything for them to be scared of (Pease, 2007).

On the other hand, there are negative impacts on humans also. Glare, for example

(American Medical Association Resolution against Light Pollution 2009). It is light

pollution rather than light itself, that myself, astronomers, biologists and others have

concerns about. Light pollution could be substantially reduced by having lighting fixtures

properly directed and adequately shielded so that light on only goes where it is needed,

thus increasing the efficiency as a consequence (International Dark Sky Association (IDA).

There is significant research being conducted on the health effects of night time

lighting in general. It is known that the eye provides input to the brain for both visual and

nonvisual neurological functions. The eye provides input to the pineal gland, which

regulates the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin, which is

produced in larger quantities at night than during the day, helps regulate the human’s

circadian rhythm (DOE, 2010).

Lighting of roads is said to be of benefit beyond giving the ability to be able to see

in the dark. It is claimed for example that lighting reduces crime and traffic accidents by

a considerable amount and it is therefore necessary to have it for these reasons. My view

remains that this claim lacks evidence of a sufficiently high standard to warrant using

public safety as an argument. On the other hand there are reasons why having a lot of light

at night might be a bad thing (Marchant 2006).

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This study will shed light about how LED street lighting technology can create the

area safe and sound anytime of the day. The study also serves as the key which unlocks

the impacts of LED light to the overall health of the drivers, commuters, pedestrians also

to the community. This study will cover the investigation, processing, and planning of the

proposed LED street light installation, and the effects it will contribute to the community

such as traffic and crime prevention, road safety and luminance emission. Finally, the

study seeks to compare its result previous studies about street lighting installation on 3

points: 1). That LED fixtures will have two to three times longer life than conventional

light sources. The practical LED life duration for street lighting application is typically

estimated at 10 years, when a 30% lumen deterioration is anticipated; 2). That LED

fixtures, color temperature, color hue, and light intensity can be modify using sensors

which is possible to control shutdown and resume operation; and 3). That LEDs will

provide durability and shock –resistance and capable of Solid- State Lighting technology

does not contain delicate glass enclosures or filaments and making it ideal for road side

applications.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to develop a plan for the proposed installation of Light Emitting

Diode fixtures to Brgy. Matatalaib irrigation.

Specifically, this study sought to achieve the following objectives:

1. to measure the following variables:

1.1 the distances between each luminaires for efficient luminance emission;

1.2 the average height of the luminaires based on the height of the houses;
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1.3 the temperature in the place;

1.4 the luminance level of the fixtures.

2. to present the materials and designs and aesthetics needed in building the fixtures.

3. to compute the luminance of the luminaires.

4. to provide a blueprint of the proposed plan.

Significance of the Study

This study, being relevant to the field of street lighting research and Brgy.

Matatalaib is recognized as having the potential to propose a solution to the dimming

problem of the community. The results of this study have valuable contributions to the

following:

1. Drivers

1.1 The proposed plan will allow the drivers to discover the hidden factors of road

accidents.

1.2 This study will guide the drivers to know how to become safe.

1.3 The plan will minimize the risks of having vision illnesses due to glare and

adaptation of vision in different lighting conditions.

2. Commuters

2.1 This study will enable the commuters to know if the streets are safety.

2.2 This study will provide guidance to the commuters in terms of road safety

measures.

3. Pedestrians
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3.1 This study will provide knowledge to the pedestrians in walking along areas

with street lights.

4. People within the Area

4.1 This study will allow the people within the area to see the happenings in their

respective area.

5. Community

5.1 This study will enhance the safety of the community.

5.2 This study will improve the security of the community.

5.3 This study will promote smart lighting system to the community.

5.4 The plan will minimize the damages to the property.

6. Engineers

6.1 The proposed plan will give new concepts to the engineers in improving the

aesthetics and functions of street lights within the area.

6.2 The proposed plan enable them to build solid state lighting using LED.

6.3 The proposed plan will guide the engineers to make a luminaire without using

electricity.

6.4 The proposed plan will broaden the minds of engineers in factors which affects

the luminance and intensity of the luminaire.

6.5 The proposed plan will allow the engineers to engage in sensor technology.

6.6 The proposed plan will enable the engineers to look at the dimensions of

nighttime vision or how human eye sees at night; how glare affects the overall vision; how

uniformity of luminance affects vision; and age related vision loss.

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6.7 This study will allow the engineers to consider lighting the public right of way

included aspects of place making and way finding such as color temperature, intensity,

color changing and focal points.

6.8 This study will enable them to build fixture using lightweight and low cost

materials.

6.9 This study will guide the engineers in evaluating the area, the materials,

luminaire style and standardization including illumination levels, glare and light trespass,

uniformity, color rendering, ambient light and safety.

6.10 This study will allow the engineers to deal with energy use, monitoring,

durability, reliability and light output of a streetlight.

6.11 This study will provide available insights to the engineers about climate

change and light pollution.

6.12 This study will encourage them to make further careful consideration of

biological and public health considerations included color temperature, circadian rhythm

and blue light.

6.13 The proposed plan will help them to determine the desired color temperature

needed by the area.

7. Architects

7.1 This study will help the architects to create new designs of fixtures.

7.1 This study will guide them to make a contemporary fixtures.

8. Lighting Manufacturers

8.1 This study will enable the lighting manufacturers in reducing costs and

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by developing more efficient lighting products integrated
 9

with sensor technologies, artistic accessories, control system, and renewable energy

components.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study aimed to produce a plan for the light emitting diodes technology

installation along Brgy. Matatalaib irrigation. This study only focused on the area of the

irrigation wherein lack of luminance are very evident, it is possible to install LED

luminaires that provided efficient lighting within the site.

The limitations of this study was set only on the boundaries of the Brgy. Matatalaib

irrigation which fixtures were not available, not extending beyond the irrigation site. It did

not cover the other lighting sources from the houses and different infrastructures. This

research was confined and limited to developing a plan for: 1). Road Safety; 2). Crime

Prevention; 3). Luminance Execution; 4). Energy Conservation; 5). Glare Deterioration;

and 6). Nyctalopia Prevention.

Definition of Terms

For easier and faster communication with the readers(s) the following terms are

defined conceptually.

Candela refers to the unit of luminous intensity, describing the intensity of a light

source in a specific direction.

Color temperature is a specification of the color appearance of a light source,

relating the color to a reference source heated to a particular temperature, measured by the
 10

thermal unit kelvin. The measurement can also be described as the warmth (red qualities)

or coolness (blue qualities) of a light source.

Contrast is the relationship between the luminance of an object and its background.

Direct glare is type of glare that produced by a direct view of light sources. Often the result

of insufficiently shielded light sources.

Downfiring refers to light that is directed downward as a result of fixture type or

design.

Downlight is a type of ceiling luminaire, usually fully recessed, where most of the

light is directed downward. May feature an open reflector and/or shielding device.

Fixture is the other term for luminaire or streetlight.

Footcandle is the english unit of measurement of the light level on a surface.

Glare refers to the effect of brightness or differences in brightness within the visual

field sufficiently high to cause annoyance, discomfort or loss of visual performance.

High pressure sodium lamp is a high intensity discharge (hid) lamp whose light

is produced by radiation from sodium vapor and mercury. Casts an orange-yellow color.

Illuminance is a photometric term that quantifies light incident on a surface or

plane.

Indirect glare is type of glare produced from a reflective surface.

Kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature, one of the seven base units in the

international system of units is assigned the unit symbol K. Used to measure color

temperature.

Lamp refers to device that provides light.

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Life-cycle cost is the total costs associated with purchasing, operating, and

maintaining a system over the life of that system.

Lumen refers to the unit of light flow, or luminous flux.

Luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps, along with

the parts designed to distribute the light, hold the lamps, and connect the lamps to a power

source. Also called a fixture.

Luminance is a photometric term that quantifies brightness of a light source or of

an illuminated surface that reflects light. It is expressed as footlamberts or candelas per

square meter.

Placemaking is a term used by urban designers, architects and planners to describe

the process of creating attractive and distinctive public places, such as public squares,

commercial districts and streets.

Photometry refers to the science of the measurement of light, in terms of its

perceived brightness to the human eye.

Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions.

Public realm in urban design, a concept referring to any publicly-owned and

occupied space, such as streets, sidewalks and right-of-ways, parks, pathways, publicly-

accessible open spaces and public or civic buildings.

Scotopic vision is the vision of the eye under low light conditions. Light that is

directed upward as a result of fixture type or design.

Wayfinding refers to the process of orienting oneself and navigating from place to

place.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a survey of literature and studies that addressed paramount

concerns of the researchers.

Related Literature

Modern interest in the relationship between street lighting and crime began in North

America and dramatic increase in crime which took place in the 1960s. Many towns and

cities embarked upon major street lighting programs as a means of reducing crime and

initial results were encouraging (Wright et al, 1974). A review claimed that street lighting

improvements caused a substantial reduction in crime in six cities (Berla, 1965), and other

research in New York. It was found that improvements were particularly effective when

introduced alongside an increase in police patrols (Wheeler, 1967) and Newark (Tyrpak,

1975).

Following a major relighting program in Kansas City, night-time robbery and

assaults decreased by half and property offenses also decreased, but no significantly

(Wright et al. 1974). Also, a study of four high crime areas in the District of Columbia

reported that night-time crime reduced between 30% to 54% following street lighting

improvements (Hartley, 1974).

The proliferation of positive results across North America led to a detailed review

of the effect of street lighting on crime funded by the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency

(LEAA) (Tien et al. 1979). The review was undeniably painstaking but it may have been

too negative and dismissive of the available evidence. Among the 15 projects studied in
 13

detail, it did not distinguish between those that were more rigorous methodologically and

the remainder (Tien et al., 1979).

The report concluded that “the paucity of reliable and uniform data and the

inadequacy of available evaluation studies preclude a definitive statement regarding the

relationship between street lighting and crime" (Tien et al., 1979:93). However, it is

interesting that the most rigorous project, the only one with before and after measures of

crime in experimental and control areas found a significant reduction in violent crime

(Wright et al., 1974, in Kansas City). Perhaps the most important point made was that

improved street lighting could lead to increased reporting of crime to the police, and hence

that the effects of improved street lighting should not be measured using police-recorded

crime (Tien et al.,1979).

Logically, the review should have led to attempts to measure the effects of

improved street lighting using alternative measures of crime, such as victim surveys, self-

reports or systematic observation. Unfortunately, it was interpreted as showing that street

lighting had no effect on crime, and it basically consigned the issue to the wilderness in

North America (Tien et al. 1979).

In the United Kingdom, very little research was carried out on street lighting and

crime until the late 1980s, and two brief literature reviews bemoaned the "scant and

elusive" nature of street lighting research (Mayhew et al., 1976; Fleming and Burrows

1986). There was a resurgence of interest in the issue between 198s and 1990, when three

small scale street lighting projects were implemented and evaluated in different areas of

London (Edmonton, Tower Hamlets and Hanuncrsmith). Each project was focused on a

poorly lit, essential street or walkway leading from residential accommodation to transport,
 14

leisure and shopping facilities. Pedestrians were interviewed about their experiences of

crime and disorder six weeks before and six weeks after street lighting improvements were

made and pedestrian street use was also monitored. In each location crime, disorder and

fear of crime declined and pedestrian street use increased dramatically after the

improvements (Painter, 1994).

The third project also included a follow-up survey twelve months later with elderly

people which found that the reduction in crime and disorder had been sustained (Painter,

1991). Similar results were obtained in a project using surveys twelve months before and

twelve months after street lighting improvements on a local authority estate in the North

West of England. Both survey-reported crime and police-recorded night-time crime

reduced (Painter, 1991). More mixed results were obtained when street lighting was

upgraded across an inner city area of Birmingham. Survey-reported crime against

households reduced but there was no discernible change in crime against pedestrians or

commercial premises. Night-time pedestrian street use increased substantially

(Bainbridge and Painter, 1993).

In contrast to these generally positive results, a major Home Office-funded

evaluation in Wandsworth concluded that improved street lighting had no effect on crime,

and a Home Office review (Atkins etal, 1991), published simultaneously,also asserted that

"better lighting by itself has very little effect on crime" (Ramsay and Newton, 1991). The

evaluation appeared to be well designed, since it was based on before and after measures

of police statistics and victimization reports in relit (experimental) and control areas

(Atkins et al., 1991). However, in analyzing police statistics, crimes were dubiously

classified into those likely or unlikely to be affected by street lighting.

 15

However, as further evidence has accumulated, there have been more signs that

improved street lighting could have an effect in reducing crime. In a recent narrative

review, it is considered that “the capacity of street lighting to influence crime has now been

satisfactorily settled” (Pease, 1999, p. 68).

There is no specific body of theory that relates street lighting to crime. Nonetheless,

explanations of the way street lighting improvements could prevent crime can be found in

"situational" approaches which focus on reducing opportunity and increasing perceived

risk, through modification of the physical environment (Clarke, 1992); and in perspectives

which have stressed the importance of strengthening informal social control and

community cohesion through more effective street use (Jacobs, 1961; Angel, 1968). and

investment in neighborhood conditions (Taub etai., 1984; Fowler and Mangione, 1986;

Lavrakas and Kushmuk, 1986; Taylor and Gottfredson, 1986).

Situational crime prevention suggests that crime can be prevented by environmental

measures which directly affect offenders' perceptions of increased risks and decreased

opportunities. Street lighting is likely to increase the visibility of offenders at night and

hence to increase their perceived risks of being seen, recognized, reported, interrupted or

caught. Certainly, the deterrent effect of visibility and potential surveillance has been a

consistent theme to emerge when offenders have been interviewed about their motives,

methods and target selection although there is no direct evidence that offenders are less

willing to define a well-lit street as a criminal opportunity than a dark street. It might be

thought that improved lighting might possibly increase criminal opportunities if it

encourages more potential victims to go out at night. Against this, however, is the deterrent
 16

effect of having more people on the street (Bennett and Wright, 1984; Feeney, 1986; Nee

and Taylor, 1988; Nugent al., 1989; Cromwell etai, 1991; Light et al, 1993).

In particular, it emphasized the association between levels of crime and public street

use and suggested that less crime would be committed in areas with an abundance of

potential witnesses (Jacobs, 1961). Similarly observed that opportunities for street robbery

were high on streets used by few people: a sufficient number to provide targets without too

much waiting around, but not enough to operate as a deterrent. (Angel, 1968). As

pedestrian street use increased, streets became safer because of the proximity of potential

guardians, an effect also stressed by routine activity theorists (Cohen and Felson, 1979). It

found that areas with the highest public use experienced low burglary rates in comparison

to areas with low pedestrian use. Hence, if good street lighting encourages more effective

use of neighborhood streets at night, opportunities for natural surveillance and informal

social control will be enhanced (British context, Hillier,1987).

Street lighting improvements may also reduce crime and fear by eliminating areas

where offenders can hide prior to committing an offense. Areas of concealment have been

identified as a design characteristic affecting public surveillance and defensibility of space

(Newman, 1972; Merry, 1981) and they have been shown to influence an offender's choice

of crime locations (Phelan, 1977; Bennett and Wright, 1984). In addition, increased

illumination and visibility could reduce crime if an increased range of vision alerts

pedestrians to potential offenders sufficiently in advance to allow them to take evasive

action. Noted that a substantial number of robbery victims were aware that they were about

to be robbed when they saw the aggressor approach, wait or pass them on the street

(Feeney, 1986). In turn, fears for personal safety, which dramatically undermine the
 17

quality of life in a neighborhood might reduce if the perceived risk of a surprise attack

diminishes (Skogan, 1990). Furthermore, street lighting may also prevent crime by

discouraging disorderly behavior, thereby preventing trivial offences from escalating into

more serious crime (Wilson and Kelling, 1982).

In summary, the relationship between visibility, social surveillance and criminal

opportunities is a consistently strong theme to emerge from the literature. A core

assumption of both opportunity and informal social control models of prevention is that

criminal opportunities and risks are influenced by environmental conditions in interaction

with resident and offender characteristics. While street lighting is not a direct solution to

crime, it can act as a catalyst to stimulate crime reduction through a change in the

perceptions, attitudes and behavior of residents and offenders.

It is not impossible that alternative physical interventions, for example closed

circuit television or increased locks and bolts, might have achieved a similar effect on crime

as did street lighting improvements. However, street lighting has some advantages over

other situational measures which have been associated with the creeping privatization of

public space, the exclusion of sections of the population and the move towards a "fortress"

society (Bottoms, 1990).

Street lights enable criminals as much as they do their potential victims. With

increased street-lighting, potential thieves have an easier time seeing the contents of parked

cars, don't need to carry flashlights, and are able to case a place and determine if there's

anyone around who can impede their break-in. The light may scare criminals away, but it

can also tell them enough about a house or a street or a parking lot to know whether there's

anything for them to be scared of (Pease, 2007).

 18

Related Studies

LED street lighting is a technology that continues to evolve and develop and the

way we light roadways today could be very different than a decade from now. However,

for those communities who invest now, there are many tools available to assure they select

the appropriate fixture for their applications. These communities then have the ability to

take the savings and invest in other services, such as police and fire (July Smalley, 2012).

One of the most touted benefits of LED street lighting is their lower energy use

compared to standard street lighting technologies such as HPS. In most applications, LED

street lights do save energy. LED street lighting has reduced energy consumption of the

retrofitted luminaires between 29% and 63%. The energy savings for a specific project

depend on many factors, including existing lighting technology, new lighting technology,

control strategies, and whether or not the illumination level is changed during the retrofit

(The American Public Power Association (APPA).

The efficiency of a light source in producing light is measured as light output

(lumens) per power input (watts), and is referred to as luminous efficacy (lumens per watt).

Traditionally HPS lamps have been used because of their high efficacy. However, the

efficacy of an HPS luminaire depends not only on the efficacy of the HPS lamp but also

on how well the optics get the light out of the luminaire and deliver to the area to be

illuminated. Over the past several years great progress has been made in improving the

efficacy of LED street light luminaires, such that they are now comparable to HPS

luminaires (The American Public Power Association (APPA).

Currently high quality LED luminaires are generally more expensive than

equivalent HPS or metal halide luminaires. However, LED street lighting can reduce
 19

energy and maintenance costs while improving lighting quality. When evaluating different

types of street lighting, it is important to consider the costs over the lifetime of the

luminaire. Beyond the initial cost of the luminaire, the energy and maintenance costs of

the luminaire must be estimated (MSSLC and IAMU).

According to the American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting,

street lighting provides four main functions: Reduction in night accidents, attendant human

misery, and economic loss.

A study found that road safety was perceived as a key benefit for street lighting

improvement. In the study, 73% of respondents agreed that ‘better street lighting would

improve the safety of children, and 63.8% agreed that ‘improved street lighting would lead

to fewer accidents on the roads’ (Department for Transport, 2003).

Since this study there has been a trend to either switch off or dim street lighting. A

study assess the impact of this practice. Researchers analysed 14 years of data from 62

local authorities who had implemented light reducing measures including reducing the

number of lights switched on, dimming lights and LED lamp upgrades. The study

concluded that there was no evidence of an association between reduced lighting and night-

time collisions across England and Wales (London school of Hygiene and Tropical

Medicine, 2015).

A further study undertaken provides an insight in to the public’s perception of the

importance of street lighting. This research looked at the determinants of health and

wellbeing in relation to switching off and dimming of street lighting. Eight local authorities

that had carried out, or were planning, a range of reduced lighting measures at night were

chosen for the study (London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2015).
 20

The report concluded that in a random sample of the population in affected and

non-affected streets, there was little evidence that the introduction of part-night lighting

had made significant differences to wellbeing, except in residents’ feelings of personal

security, even where there were strongly held views or anxieties few reported direct

impacts on outcomes such as mobility. As well as the public perception that better lighting

improves safety, earlier research that compares the quality of road lighting with accident

reduction, found that it improves safety. Before and after studies have indicated reductions

in collisions of around 30% or more where lighting has been improved (London school of

Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2015).

A European study found that one third of pedestrian casualties had difficulty seeing

the vehicle that had struck them, while two fifths of drivers had difficulty seeing the

pedestrian. Studies relating the presence of lighting to accident reduction concluded that

“On urban main roads, with mainly a traffic function, a reduction in accidents involving

injuries of approximately 30% can be expected at night following an improvement in the

lighting from very bad to good.”

A Japanese study that looked at the reduction in accidents at junctions, following

the provision of lighting, found that there was a 43% reduction in night-time accidents. It

also found that the effectiveness of lighting in preventing accidents depended on its

illuminance, and that the brighter the lighting, the better it is at preventing accidents.

However it did not define an upper limit to brightness beyond which further brightening

would have no, or a negative, effect. It was found that a ‘relatively large proportion’ of

night-time accidents occur on unlit road sections. It also found that ‘there are modest
 21

indications that the average injury severity and the proportion of accidents at bends is

somewhat greater on unlit road sections’ (SWOV).

A report conducted by the University of Manchester Institute of Science and

Technology found that low illumination is a major contributory factor in the night-time

fatality rate. A more recent follow up study1 by some of the same authors using the same

methodology reached the same conclusion and presented up to date figures showing the

effect that lighting has on the likelihood of fatal injury.

On motorways, 2.6% of accidents are fatal where street lighting is present,

compared to 4.3% of accidents where it is not. On built up roads, 1.3% of accidents are

fatal where street lighting are present, compared to 1.9% of accidents where it is not.

Similarly, on non-built up roads 3.1% of accidents are fatal in lit conditions, rising to 4.9%

in areas without street lights. Both studies cited an increase in thinking and stopping

distances in non-optimal night-time conditions as the reason why the rate increases.

The latest evidence concluded that there was no evidence of an association between

reduced lighting and night-time collisions across England and Wales. However, previous

research has concluded that there are positive safety benefits. Surveys have shown that the

public are in favour of street lighting as a way of improving road safety and that, if

anything, it needs to be improved in some areas.

There are economic and environmental reasons why some organisations may wish

to reduce the amount of lighting. However there are safety reasons why lighting needs to

be available.

In some locations, a reduction in lighting quality may not increase the risk of an

accident. However, there is the danger that an unconsidered removal or reduction in quality
 22

could actually increase accidents and their severity. Therefore, when considering removal

or dimming of lights, location based traffic and accident evidence should be assessed.

Accident rates should be monitored to ensure that sacrificing the quality of lighting does

not unduly increase the risk. Increases in risk may ultimately lead to lives being lost.

A view of the effectiveness of lighting was given in a Cochrane Collaboration on

street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries which suggested, from meta-analysis of

studies, that road lighting is very effective at preventing road injuries (Beyer and Ker

(2009).

A recent study conducted in Chicago on behalf of the Chicago Department of

Transportation found that street light outages have different effects on different

neighborhoods. The connection between light and crime may not be what most of us think

it is, but the connection between light and our sense of safety is exactly what it's always

been.

Those researchers who measured crime rates in Wandsworth also found that the

new lights "provide reassurance to some people who were fearful in their use of public

space," particularly women. Lighting increases a sense of community, and community

pride. It brings us outdoors in our neighborhoods, helps us get to know each other. Fear

keeps us out of the alley, and attraction to light and what it represents draws us to

illuminated streets (Southampton).

The effect of excess night lighting on the health of humans and wildlife has gained

scrutiny in recent years. The satellite image below of North America shows the significant

amount of light directed or reflected upward at night. Every small town and large

metropolitan area is clearly visible in outer space from the glow of street lights and other
 23

outdoor lighting. While some light pollution is unavoidable, much of the light emitted

upward represents a waste of light and of energy and want to regulate and reduce light

pollution and glare (International Dark Sky Association (IDA).

Lighting of roads is said to be of benefit beyond giving the ability to be able to see

in the dark. It is claimed for example that lighting reduces crime and traffic accidents by

a considerable amount and it is therefore necessary to have it for these reasons. My view

remains that this claim lacks evidence of a sufficiently high standard to warrant using

public safety as an argument. On the other hand there are reasons why having a lot of light

at night might be a bad thing (Marchant 2006).

My initial interest in this area was sparked through my interest in astronomy

because light pollution makes it hard to appreciate the wonders of the night sky. It seemed

to me that the belief that lighting reduces crime was questionable then embarked on

investigating the crime reduction claim and found it suspect (Marchant 2006).

On the other hand, there are negative impacts on humans also. Glare, for example

(American Medical Association Resolution against Light Pollution 2009). It is light

pollution rather than light itself, that myself, astronomers, biologists and others have

concerns about. Light pollution could be substantially reduced by having lighting fixtures

properly directed and adequately shielded so that light on only goes where it is needed,

thus increasing the efficiency as a consequence (International Dark Sky Association (IDA).

There is significant research being conducted on the health effects of night time

lighting in general. It is known that the eye provides input to the brain for both visual and

nonvisual neurological functions. The eye provides input to the pineal gland, which

regulates the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin. Melatonin, which is
 24

produced in larger quantities at night than during the day, helps regulate the human’s

circadian rhythm (DOE, 2010).

Glare, from too much bright light, can dazzle, mask hazards and can cause

temporary vision loss increasing the risks of trips, falls or safety threats. Dark adaptation;

the eye's ability to adjust to reduced lighting levels is important for safety in the

community. The time it takes for the eye to adapt from the lit areas and the unlit areas

increases with the brightness and color of lighting. Research indicates that LED lights less

than 3000K have better dark adaptation times than cooler 4000K or 5000K LED lights.

The design of LED lights can have an impact on the amount of glare it produces,

appropriate shielding and diffusing and directionality of the lighting can reduce risks

associated with glare.

 25

Chapter 3

METHODS OF STUDY AND SOURCES OF DATA

This chapter reflects the procedures and processes undertaken by the researchers to

finish the study.

Research Design

This research was a Research and Development Design. In this design, the

researchers sought a problem and converted it into an investigative concept wherein the

existing solutions were critically studied and compared in order to innovate the pre-

existing solution in certain aspects. It involved the processes concerning the problem, and

how it affects others as well also the community. In this concept, the specific problem was

studied with exact details in a particular place, and with the related information

complementing the said details. The solutions that were offered by the researchers will be

feasible and innovative yet beneficial to the said area for it proposed a new concept and

development. The researchers chose this research design because the site of the study lacks

luminaires during dimmed hours.

Materials

The researchers used the following to complete the plan for LED street light

technology installation along the irrigation of Brgy. Matatalaib.

A. AutoCAD – the AutoCAD was used to illustrate the site of the study and the exact

placements of the proposed plan for light emitting diode street light technology

installation.
 26

B. Calculator – The calculator was used to compute the distances between the fixtures

and the angle of uniformity wherein the luminance of the light will take place.

C. DIALux Evo – The application software was used to compute the accurate

measurements of the fixtures and to create a plan which will passed the standard

lighting distribution in a specific area.

D. Measuring tape – The measuring tape was used to measure the distances of the

fixtures to one another and the height of the fixtures.

E. Thermometer – The thermometer was used to measure the temperature within the

area which is one of the factors that affects the luminance of the light and will give

ideas to the researchers what color temperature is suited in the area.

F. Road and ground type – The road and ground type was used to see the

composition of the road which affects the luminance of the light too.

G. Soil types – The soil types were used to determine what are the suited materials for

the fixture and if it is capable to hold the fixture with stability and vibration

resistant.

H. Notebook – Notebook was used for taking done information about the number of

light sources available in the area.

Procedures

In conducting this research, the researchers followed the following procedures:

1. The researchers asked their research adviser for the designated area and the

systematized way of doing the given plan.

2. The researchers checked the area if it qualifies to the standard needed by the study.
 27

3. The researchers interviewed the people within the area and the brgy. officials for

facts and evidences about the incidents and their experiences throughout the year

without luminaires.

4. The researchers checked the available light sources in the site and taking down

information and numbers of the light sources in the area which need to take

consider.

5. The researchers measured the distance of the location which lacks luminaires and

sought the different intersections of the place.

6. The researchers measured the distances between each luminaires for efficient

luminance emission.

7. The researchers measured the average height of the houses which determined the

height of the streetlights and light trespass was removed.

8. The researchers coordinated to architects for the designs and aesthetics of the

fixtures and determine the needed materials in building the luminaires.

9. The researchers sought the factors that affected the luminance level of the fixtures

such as road or ground type and the climate type of the place.

10. The researchers observed the area especially during night time and determine the

needed luminance of the place. Also the researchers determined the luminance level

of the moon and saw the light it gave to the area.

11. The researchers sought the needed type of LED lights for the area.

12. The researchers computed the luminance of the luminaires and following the

standards of lighting of the country or the city.

13. The researchers checked the proper and efficient color temperature for the place.
 28

14. The researchers created the plan under the supervision of their research adviser.

15. The researchers did revisions until the proposed plan has accurate data and

measurements.

Instrumentation

In gathering data, the researchers utilized the following:

I. Observation – The researchers need to observe the presence of darkness within the

area and its possible impacts to the people and the community. They also need to

consider the other factors that affected the performance and stability of the

luminaires which were installed. The researchers need to assess the problem and

conceptualize a well-developed ideas through observing the area without

luminaires.

II. Interview – The researchers need primary data about the problem to ensure that all

the data collected were accurate and precise. They sought the insights of the people

within the area, the drivers, the commuters and the pedestrians about the problems

about lack of luminance in the area. This served as the basis of their proposed plan.

III. Measure Data – The following distances and dimensions were measured for the

actual knowledge of the researchers. This provided the researchers the actual

representation of the problem and the variables which need to be consider. It gave

accurate and precise possible solutions to be solved and conceptualized for the

street light installation.

IV. Internet – The internet provided information about different studies and researches

regarding street lights, specifically light emitting diode lunar resonant streetlights.
 29

It helped the researchers to find alternative solutions and processes to execute the

proposed plan. It also provided the researchers an insight about the street lighting

installation.

V. Books – The books provided data about the concepts of street lighting, as well as

the factors which affect the luminance of the fixture and the computations of light

towards the surface. This provided the first-hand data on the formulae and data

used to complete the processes.

 30

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data collected in tabular and textual terms. The data were

organized, classified, and examined using the appropriate materials and procedures

described in Chapter III. Interpretation was made in the light of specific objectives raised

in this study.

As regards the objectives of the study, the following data were gathered: 1) the

distances between each luminaires for efficient luminance emission; 2) the average height

of the luminaires based on the height of the houses; 3) the temperature in the place; 4) the

luminance level of the fixtures; 5) the materials, designs, and aesthetics needed in building

the fixtures; 6) the luminance of the luminaires; 7) the blueprint of the proposed plan.

1. To measure the following variables:

1.1. The distances between each luminaires for efficient luminance emission;

Figure 1 Distance Between Each Luminaires with Luminance Emission (Floorplan

View).
 31

Figure 2 Distance Between Each Luminaires with Luminance Emission (3D Rendering).

Figure 1 and Figure 2 showed the pole to pole distance between each luminaires in

different perspective. It can be observed that the distance between the luminaires is 25

meters which is half of the standard distance given by TARELCO which is 50 meters. The

figures implied that 25 meters was adequate distance between the luminaires that can emit

sufficient luminance in the road. Both of the figures showed the accurate and uniformity

of luminance distribution on the surface which is M4 type road. The shorter the distances

between the fixtures the more luminance will be produced within the target area.

Figure 3 Arrangement of the Fixtures Based on the 25 Meter Distance Between Each

Luminaires (Front View).

 32

Figure 4 Arrangement of the Fixtures Based on the 25 Meter Distance Between Each

Luminaires (3D Rendering).

In Figure 3 and Figure 4, it showed the arrangement of the fixtures in different

views and based on the pole to pole distance which is 25 meters. The figures showed that

the 25 meter distance between each fixtures was suitable when it comes to uniformity of

the fixtures. The distance between the fixtures yielded greater and equal amount of

luminance on the surface or the road. Through the given distance, uniformity in the

arrangement of the fixtures and the light was seen in different angles which was considered

by the researchers in terms of installing fixtures in the streets.

1.2. The average height of the luminaires based on the height of the houses;

Figure 5 Average Height of the Houses (Side View).

 33

Figure 6 Average Height of the Houses (3D Rendering).

Figure 5 and 6 showed the average height of the houses along Brgy. Matatalaib

irrigation. The researchers computed the height of 20 different houses in the place with

different height measurements. The researchers determined the mean height of the houses

in the area by averaging all the values they gathered and came up with the result of 4 meters.

The figures showed the average height of the houses which is 4 meters.

Figure 7 Light Centre Height of the Luminaires (Side View).

 34

Figure 8 Light Centre Height of the Luminaires (3D Rendering).

Figure 7 and Figure 8 showed the light centre height of the luminaires or commonly

known as the height of the pole of the luminaires. Both of the figures showed an 8 meter

luminaires above the ground. The height of the Luminaires that was implemented was 8

meters and it was one of the recommended height measurements of fixtures especially for

illuminating a road.

Figure 9 Height of the Luminaires Based on the Average Height of the Houses (Side

View).
 35

Figure 10 Height of the Luminaires Based on the Average Height of the Houses (Front

View).

Figure 9 and 10 showed the height of the luminaires that was implemented or used

in the arrangement of the fixtures along the road. The height of the luminaires was 8 meters

and this height was based on the average height of the houses along the road which is 4

meters. It can be observed that the average height of the houses and the height of the

luminaires are relatively dependent on one another. Since the height of the luminaires is

dependent on the height of the houses the luminance of the luminaires didn’t omitted light

trespass. It shows also the distance difference between height of the houses and the height

of the luminaires. The height of the luminaires was relatively high for security and

protection purposes.
 36

1.3. The temperature in the place;

Figure 11 Minimum, Maximum and Average Temperature in Brgy. Matatalaib Irrigation

as of July 2017.

It could be observed in the Figure 11 the different atmospheric temperature within

the area of installation. The temperature showed the temperatures last July 2017 which

implied the minimum temperature in the place was 29 degrees Celsius while the maximum

temperature in the place was 33 degrees Celsius and the average temperature was 32

degrees Celsius which is normal temperature in a tropical country. The fixtures that will

be installed in this site will sustain its stability and will able to produce adequate light to

the area. The LED lights of the fixtures will be protected and avoid blowing up or any

electrical problems since LED lights can sustain its power and luminance level in the area

with a temperature of < 40 Degrees Celsius.

 37

1.4. The luminance level of the fixtures.

Figure 12 Luminous Emittance 1 / Polar LDC

Figure 13 Luminous Emittance 1 / Linear LDC

Figure 14 Luminous Emittance 1 / Luminance Diagram

 38

Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 14 presented the luminous emittance in different

diagrams. The figures showed that the light intensity in various corners to which light

radiates and always measured from starting centre point of the light source. The light

intensity was expressed in candela and indicated on the circles in the graphs. The larger

the circle, the higher the candela value. It was indicated on the diagrams the distribution

of luminous intensity of the luminaires. The light distribution was direct on the surface

and can distribute sufficient amount of luminance on the surface. It represented that the

fixtures emitted higher amount of light intensity and can provide sufficient light to the area.

The luminance of the luminaires can reach up to 300 candelas or more.

2. To present the materials, designs, and aesthetics needed in building the fixtures.

Figure 15 Materials for the LED Lamp of the Fixtures.

As shown in the Figure 15, the materials for the LED lamp of the fixtures were made

by using high grade electrical materials. The materials that were used in the LED lamp of

the fixtures are efficient and had a life span of 8 – 10 years. One of the key features of the

LED inside the lamp is its great ability to create vivid colour and to produce average color

temperature with low amount of glare and low impact to the circadian rhythm of the people

within the area. The materials also passed the ISO9001 – 2008 Quality Management
 39

System Certification. The LED lamp of the fixtures were made by using the following

materials:

a) A large size LED urban street lighting lantern with 72 LEDs driven at 350mA with

Road & Comfort optic with a dimension of 1078 x 400 x 357 mm.

b) Electronic, fixed output control gear.

c) Class I electrical, IP66, IK09.

d) Body of the LED lamp: die-cast aluminium, textured dark grey.

e) Cover: tempered flat clear glass.

f) Pre-wired with 10m cable.

g) Post top mounting to Ø76mm column.

h) Integral power reduction function which dims down to 50% power, effective 3

hours before and 5 hours after a calculated midnight.

i) Energy efficient 4000K LED lamp.

Figure 16 Materials for the Body of the Fixtures.

 40

Figure 17 Material for the Foundation of the Fixtures.

As shown in the Figure 16 and Figure 17, the materials needed for the installation

of the fixtures were presented and the type of the steel that was used in the body or pole of

the fixtures was hot – dip galvanized steel which was used by different lighting

manufacturers throughout the world. The PCJ type of bolts was used for the foundation of

the fixtures along the ground and concrete surface. It was used for its efficiency and can

hold the whole system of the fixtures. These materials sustained the stability of the fixtures

anytime of the day and the ability to surpass the wind force greater than 150 Km/h.

Figure 18 Design of the Fixtures (Side View).

 41

Figure 19 Design of the Fixtures (3D Rendering).

Figure 18 and Figure 19 showed the different perspectives of the design of the

fixture. Different parts of the fixtures can be seen in Figure 18. The design of the fixtures

was built after considering the different factors that affects the performance of the whole

system especially the luminance emission of the fixtures to the ground. The design of the

fixture was accurately computed and was 3D rendered (Figure 19) for the best luminance

emission to the dimmed road which is M4 type. The results of the computation for the

overall design of the fixture were the following: (Refer to Figure 18)

1. Light Centre Height : 8 Meters

2. Light Overhang : 1.2 Meters

3. Boom Inclination : 5 Degrees

4. Boom Length : 1 Meter

 42

3. To compute for the luminance of the luminaires.

Figure 20 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures.

 43

Figure 21 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures with Dry Roadway.

 44

Figure 22 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures with New Lamp

Figure 20, Figure 21, and Figure 22 showed the different isolines in different

aspects of lighting conditions. The horizontal illuminance of the fixtures was presented by

using isolines which represents the illuminance distribution of fixtures on the surface which
 45

is a M4 type of road. The horizontal illuminance was used in lighting assessment and refers

to the amount of light falling on a unit area of the work surface. The figures were used to

evaluate the adequacy of lighting for seeing an object on the road. It can be observed that

the distribution of luminance within the area which is 25 meter distance between each

fixtures was adequate and sufficient. The light that was emitted by the luminaires which

is 9754 lm was efficient enough and gave average amount of luminance on the surface.

The figures clearly presented the differences between the amount of illuminance that the

fixtures emitted because of factors that affects the luminance of the luminaires specifically

the dry roadway and using new lamps. Through these factors, the intensity of the lights

and the distribution of luminance on the surface ware affected. Even though the fixtures

were efficient enough to emit adequate amount of light, the used of new lamps is a must.

Road types also were considered by the researchers. The road type of the area was M4,

the normal road type which was made of concrete, asphalt and commonly used within the

country. The figures showed the capacity of the fixtures to produce average and sufficient

amount of luminance on the surface. The computations were precise and accurate in

distributing the luminance in a given pole to pole distance. Each aspect of the area was

given the right amount of luminance and the light distribution created uniformity to one

fixture to another.
 46

Figure 23 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures Value Chart

Table 1 Horizontal Illuminance of Luminaires (lx).

 47

Figure 23 and Table 1 showed the horizontal illuminance of the fixtures which

represented through the use of numerical values in terms of lux emitted by the fixtures.

The highest garnered value of illuminance was 29.4 which is relatively high while the

lowest garnered illuminance was 9.28. Both the figure and the table presented an equally

distributed horizontal illuminance on the surface. The values and the illuminance emitted

by the fixtures were properly arranged and the whole area where given the right amount of

illuminance.

Figure 24 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures with Dry Roadway Value Chart
 48

Table 2 Luminance with Dry Roadway.

Figure 24 and Table 2 presented the horizontal illuminance of the fixtures with dry

roadway. It was clearly presented that the types of the roads which will be illuminated had

a great factor in overall performance of the fixtures especially to the luminance emission

of it. The figure and the table showed that changed in illuminance distribution was very

evident and affects the overall uniformity of the luminance that was executed on the surface

which is dry. The highest garnered luminance was 1.59 while the lowest garnered

luminance was 0.97. Even though the type of road was dry, the fixtures still managed to

emit sufficient light on the surface and maintain its uniformity to one another.
 49

Figure 25 Horizontal Illuminance of the Fixtures with New Lamp Value Chart

Table 3 Luminance with New Lamp

 50

Figure 25 and Table 3 showed the illuminance of the fixtures with a new lamp. It

was presented in both figure and table that having new lamp for the luminaires was one of

the great factor that affected the illuminance of the luminaires. The highest garnered

luminance was 2.38 while the lowest garnered luminance was 1.45. The values were

relatively high and efficient in distributing light to the different area on the surface. The

fixtures executed right and relatively equal amount of luminance on the specific surface.

Table 4 Overall Assessment of the Fixtures Luminance.

Table 4 presented the overall assessment of the fixtures starting from the design,

arrangement of the fixtures, computations, road type, glare index and other factors that

were considered by the researchers throughout the whole process using the DIALux Evo

software and AutoCAD software. The table presented different inequalities with specific

values with corresponding check marks below. The table signified that all the

computations and the overall results of the installation of the fixtures within the target area

were accurate and precise. The computations and the data that were used were made by

the researchers passed the standard of lighting installation. The fixtures were able to

produce efficient and adequate amount of light in the area with luminous intensity class

G4, glare index class D6 and M4 type of road. Luminance distribution was sufficient and

the overall uniformity of the fixtures are relatively high yet energy efficient.
 51

4. To provide a blueprint for the proposed plan.

Figure 26 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (Floorplan View).

 52

Figure 27 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

Figure 28 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

Figure 29 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

 53

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter highlights the important findings of the investigation, the conclusion

and implications drawn from the summary of findings, suggestions for further research and

recommendations.

Summary

Objectives of the Study

This research generally aimed to develop a plan for the proposed installation of

Light Emitting Diode fixtures to Brgy. Matatalaib irrigation.

Specifically, it sought to achieve the following objectives:

1. to measure the following variables:

1.1 the distances between each luminaires for efficient luminance emission;

1.2 the average height of the luminaires based on the height of the houses;

1.3 the temperature in the place;

1.4 the luminance level of the fixtures.

2. to present the materials, designs, and aesthetics needed in building the fixtures.

3. to compute the luminance of the luminaires.

4. to provide a blueprint of the proposed plan.

Methodology

This research is a Research and Development Design. In this design, the researchers

will seek a problem and convert it into an investigative concept wherein the existing

solutions will be critically studied and compared in order to innovate the pre- existing
 54

solution in certain aspects. It involves the processes concerning the problem, and how it

affects others as well also the community. In this concept, the specific problem will be

studied with exact details in a particular place, and with the related information

complementing the said details. The solutions that will be offered by the researchers will

be feasible and innovative yet beneficial to the said area for it will propose a new concept

and development. The researchers chose this research design because the site of the study

lacks luminaires during dimmed hours.

In conducting this research, the researchers will need to do the following procedures:

1. The researchers will ask their research adviser for the designated area and the

systematized way of doing the given plan.

2. The researchers will check the area if it qualifies to the standard needed by the

study.

3. The researchers will interview the people within the area and the brgy. officials for

facts and evidences about the incidents and their experiences throughout the year

without luminaires.

4. The researchers will check the available light sources in the site and taking down

information and numbers of the light sources in the area which need to take

consider.

5. The researchers will measure the distance of the location which lacks luminaires

and will seek the different intersections of the place.

6. The researchers will measure the distances between each luminaires for efficient

luminance emission.
 55

7. The researchers will measure the average height of the houses which will determine

the height of the streetlights and light trespass will be removed.

8. The researchers will coordinate to architects for the designs and aesthetics of the

fixtures and determine the needed materials in building the luminaires.

9. The researchers will seek the factors that will affect the luminance level of the

fixtures such as road or ground type and the climate type of the place.

10. The researchers will observe the area especially during night time and determine

the needed luminance of the place. Also the researchers will determine the

luminance level of the moon and will see of it is efficient to give light also to the

area.

11. The researchers will seek the needed type of LED lights for the area.

12. The researchers will compute the luminance of the luminaires and following the

standards of lighting of the country or the city.

13. The researchers will check the proper and efficient color temperature for the place.

14. The researchers will create the plan under the supervision of their research adviser.

15. The researchers will do revisions until the proposed plan has accurate data and

measurements.

Findings

The data gathered revealed the following:

1. Different factors of the fixtures must be considered before installing LED

streetlights in a specific area or place.

1.1. The researchers were able to modify the distances between each luminaires

which is suitable for emitting adequate amount of luminance in a dimmed road

 56

or area. The standard 50 meter pole to pole distances from TARELCO was

integrated and was minimized by the researchers into 25 meters for better light

emission on the M4 type of road. The distance that was implemented by the

researchers was accurate and well balanced that produced uniformity to the

arrangement of the fixtures and to the light emitted by the luminaires.

1.2. The average height of the houses along Matatalaib irrigation was 4 meters and

was computed through determining the mean height of the 20 different houses

in the area. The average height of the houses was the basis for the height of

luminaires that was used. It was implemented to use 8 meter pole height for

efficient lighting within the area and to avoid stealing of the materials especially

the LED. The height of the fixtures was dependent to the height of the houses

within the area. Even the height of the fixtures was twice the height of the

houses in the area, it managed to deliver adequate amount of light on the road

without committing light trespass to the neighbourhood.

1.3. The temperature within the area last July 2017 was playing between 29 degree

Celsius to 33 degree Celsius and the average temperature was 32 degree

Celsius. The LED lamp of the luminaires was able to produce sufficient

luminance on the road even the temperature was moderately high. The

luminaires withstand the temperature up to 40 degrees Celcius.

1.4. The luminance level of a LED fixtures with a total load of 75 Watts

compromised of 130.1 lm/W luminous efficacy and a total light output of

99.81%. The luminous intensity of the fixtures was sufficient enough to

distribute light on the surface. The luminance level of the luminance can reach
 57

up to 300 candelas or more that can produce enough lumens in each part of the

target area.

2. High grade materials and complementary design was implemented in building the

overall fixtures.

2.1. Materials of the Fixture

2.1.1. A large size LED urban street lighting lantern with 72 LEDs driven at

350mA with Road & Comfort optic with a dimension of 1078 x 400 x

357 mm.

2.1.2. Electronic, fixed output control gear.

2.1.3. Class I electrical, IP66, IK09.

2.1.4. Body of the LED lamp: die-cast aluminium, textured dark grey.

2.1.5. Cover: tempered flat clear glass.

2.1.6. Pre-wired with 10m cable.

2.1.7. Post top mounting to Ø76mm column.

2.1.8. Integral power reduction function which dims down to 50% power,

effective 3 hours before and 5 hours after a calculated midnight.

2.1.9. Energy efficient 4000K LED lamp.

2.1.10. 8 meter pole body which was hot- dip galvanized and resistant to wind,

>150Km/h.

2.1.11. PCJ Bolts for the base foundation bolt.

2.2. Design of the Fixture

2.2.1. Arrangement of the fixtures: single side top

2.2.2. Boom inclination : 5 degrees

 58

2.1.3. Boom length : 1 meter

2.1.4. Light centre height : 8 meters

2.1.5. Light overhang : 1.2 meters

The materials and design of the fixtures were computed accurately and passed the

standardization of the lighting community. The materials of the fixtures were used in terms

of its capacity and stability. The materials were used in Solid State Lighting and very

lightweight yet it able to hold the whole system in different kinds of calamities with a

lifespan of up to 10 years and with low maintenance cost. The design of the fixture was

based on the light efficacy of the luminaires. The design was able to surpass the standard

lighting design that enabled the fixtures to deliver higher amount of luminance on the

surface with a light centre height of 8 meters.

3. The results for valuation field for the computed luminance that the luminaires can

emit was based on the design of the fixtures, type of road, glare index class and

luminous intensity class. Luminance of the luminaires was adequate and efficient

in terms of distributing light on the surface and presented uniformity throughout

the whole process. The fixtures were able to radiate the specific area with minimal

amount of glare with high luminosity. The luminance of the luminaires was also

dependent on the design of the fixtures especially the light centre height and boom

angle of the fixtures that determined the light direction on the surface.

3.1. The lamp luminous flux was 9773 lm.

3.2. The luminaire luminous flux was 9754 lm.

3.3. With a luminous intensity class was G4.

3.4. Glare index was D6.

 59

3.5. The horizontal illuminance of the fixtures was adequate in terms of lighting

the road which is a M4 type. The light that was emitted by the luminaires was

9754 lumens was efficient enough and produced average amount of luminous

intensity on the surface. Different factors affected the luminance of the

luminaires and slightly changed the uniformity and emission of light on the

surface. It was required to consider different aspects of lighting in a specific

environment where it will be installed.

3.6. With a light loss of 0.67, the luminaires delivered adequate amount of

luminance in a road which is type M4. The resulted variation field with light

loss factor of 0.67 gave the computed luminance of the following:

Table 4 Overall Assessment of the Fixtures

 60

4. Blueprint of the plan.

Figure 26 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (Floorplan View)

 61

Conclusions

In light of the findings presented, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The following factors that affects the installation and the luminance of the

luminaires were computed accurately that gave the following results:

1.1. The standard distances between each luminaires of TARELCO which is 50

meters were integrated, modified and minimized which resulted to 25 meters

for efficient and uniform luminance emission.

1.2. The average height of luminaires was 8 meters and was based on the average

height of the houses within the area which is 4 meters.

1.3. The temperature within the area last July 2017 was playing between 29 degree

Celsius to 33 degree Celsius and the average temperature was 32 degree

Celsius.

1.4. The luminance level of a LED fixtures with a total load of 75 Watts

compromised of 130.1 lm/W luminous efficacy and a total light output of

99.81% and luminance of the fixtures was able to reach up to 300 candelas in

terms of its angle on the surface.

2. High quality and remarkable materials were implemented in building the fixtures

that exposed stability and great resistance to the force of nature or other factors that

affects the luminaires. The designs and aesthetics of the fixtures was contemporary

and lightweight yet very efficient and have low maintenance cost. Also the design

of the fixtures was based on the luminance capacity of the fixtures and the overall

light distribution in a specific area or place.

 62

3. With a power output of 75 Watts of the luminaires and 9754.49 luminous flux, it

distributed adequate amount of light in a M4 type of road with a luminous intensity

class of G4 and glare index class of D6. Given the pole to pole distance of 25

meters and height of 8 meters, the fixtures distributed sufficient and high luminance

intensity on the M4 road and maintained its luminance uniformity.

4. Blueprint of the plan.

Figure 27 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

Figure 28 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

 63

Figure 29 Blueprint of the Proposed Plan (3D Rendering).

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendations are

presented:

1. The researchers recommend that these types of fixtures can be used in an area which

lacks illuminance and needs a higher amount of intensity.

2. It is furthermore recommended to consider the use of a double or multiple LED

lamp instead of single LED lamp and higher wattage of the LED lamp must be used

in particular place hence it must consider the effect of varying ambient light to

sustain the desired light of the area which will be illuminated.

3. The fixtures must use a protection for its electrical wirings and microcontroller

because these components of the fixtures are very sensitive. The area of the

installation must be free from too much wetness and moisture.

 64

4. It is recommended to extend its pole height to be more versatile in any place and

integrate a height sensor in the fixtures that will automatically detects its mounting

height.

5. Also the researchers recommend to use the adequate and right lux in the desired

place that will be illuminated.

6. It is also required that the fixtures must be free from abrupt increase in temperature

which will cause the LED lamp to burst. A suitable shielding must be installed in

the fixtures that will protect the LED lamp and prevent accidents.

7. The engineers must consider the budget for the installation of LED street lights to

Matatalaib irrigation so as the plan for the project will be achieved in a short period

of time, taking to consider the quality of the materials to be used and so as to

maximize the economic performance.

8. The engineers must consider the height of the pole and the illuminance of the light

in fixtures before installing. It is recommended that the shorter light poles may be

used instead of higher poles since LEDs emit less, though better directed light. In

that way, we can also save the city money by cutting down on costs for poles.

9. Electrical engineers should consider luminance capacity of the fixtures and the light

intensity that will be used in a specific place or an area. They must use the Dialux

Evo for more accurate computations regarding to the height of the fixtures,

horizontal and vertical luminance of the fixtures, the right beam angle of the

fixtures, and correct wattage and LED lights that will be used.

10. Civil engineers should consider the different factors that affects the fixtures stability

and strength. It is furthermore recommended to use a high grade materials with a

 65

low maintenance cost and highly efficient for the installation of the fixtures. Also

the road type of the area should be determined by the civil engineers and the proper

installation of the fixtures.

11. The architects should innovate new designs of the fixtures with a better aesthetics

and eco-friendly fixtures. They must create lightweight fixtures but very stable and

can be installed in different kinds of environment.

12. The researchers recommend to use different kinds of LED fixtures with different

pole distances and pole height that are suitable in different kinds of environment.

They must use diverse pole distances depending on the needed luminance level of

the area and the budget of the government.

 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Unpublished Materials

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2005). Roadway

Lighting Design Guide.

American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting. (2005). Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America.

Archana, M. (2013). E-Street: LED Powered Intelligent street lighting system with

automatic brightness adjustment based on climate conditions and vehicle

movements. IRAJ.

Assessment of LED Technology in Ornamental Post-Top Luminaires. (2012).

Beyer FR and Ker K. (2009). Street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries. Cochrane

Collaboration Systematic Review.

Bierman, A. (2012). Lighting Research Center Will switching to LED outdoor lighting

increase sky glow?. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.

Chaban, M. (2015). LED streetlights in Brooklyn are saving energy but exhausting

residents.

DOE EERE. (2010). Light at Night: The Latest Science.

DOE SSL Technology Fact Sheet. (2012). LED Color Characteristics.

DOE SSL Technology Fact Sheet. (2008). Outdoor Area Lighting.

DOE MSSLC. (2011). Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires.

Efficiency Vermont. (2010). Improving Efficiency in Municipal Street and Public Space

Lighting.
 67

Farrington, DP and Welsh, BC. (2002). Home Office Research Study 251, Effects of

Improved Street Lighting on Crime. A Systematic Review.

IES TM-12-12. (2012). Spectral Effects of Lighting on Visual Performance at Mesopic

Lighting Levels. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

International Dark Sky Association. (2011). Model Lighting Ordinance.

International Dark – Sky Association. (2014). Visibility, Environmental and Astronomical

Issues Associated with Blue-Rich White Outdoor lighting.

Jin, H, Jin, S, Chen, L, Cen, S, Yuan, K. (2015). Research on the lighting performance of

LED street lights with different color temperatures. IEEE Photonics Journal.

Marchant, P. (2004). A Demonstration that the Claim that Brighter Lighting Reduces

Crime is Unfounded. British Journal of Criminology.

Marchant, P. (2009). Contribution to the Chapter on Lighting and Crime in Blinded by

the Light?. Bitrasto Dark Skies.

MSSLC Retrofit Financial Analysis Tool. (2012). Solid-State Lighting: MSSLC Retrofit

Financial Analysis Tool.

Navara, K.J., Nelson, R.J. (2007). The dark side of light at night: Physiological,

epidemiological, and ecological consequences.

NLPIP Lighting. (2003). What is sky glow?. Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.

The Illuminating Engineering Society. (2010). Nomenclature and Definitions for

Illuminating Engineering.

Remaking Cities Institute. (2011). LED Street Light Research Project. Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.
 68

Scigliano, E. (2013). Seattle’s new LED-lit streets Blinded by the lights.

The Lighting Handbook. (2011). Illuminating Engineering Society.

Welsh, BC and Farrington, DP. (2008). Effects of improved street lighting on crime.

Campbell Collaboration Systematic Review.

 69

APPENDICES
 70

Appendix A
COMPUTED VALUES FOR THE DESIGN OF THE FIXTURES
 71

Appendix B
RESULTS OF THE COMPUTATIONS FOR THE ILLUMINANCE OF THE
FIXTURES
 72

Appendix C
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE LUMINAIRE
 73

Appendix D
ROAD PROFILE AND SPECIFICATIONS
74
 75

CURRICULUM VITAE

Joshua M. Alvarez
0003 Burgos Street Paniqui ,Tarlac

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : August 31, 1999

Place of Birth : Paniqui, Tarlac
Age : 18 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 45 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Joel S. Alvarez
Name of Mother : Sharon M. Alvarez

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : College of the Holy Spirit of Tarlac
School Address : San Sebastian Village, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation: 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Valedictorian
Honor Student (Grade 7 – 10)
TAPSA Participant (Araling Panlipunan)
2nd Pagsulat ng Sanaysay
Conduct and CLE Award
Scholastic Distinction Award
 76

CURRICULUM VITAE

Jayson Dale T. Adriano

House #20 San Martin Concepcion, Tarlac City

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : August 20, 2000

Place of Birth : Balibago 2, Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’5”
Weight : 65 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Dennisse R. Adriano
Name of Mother : Jermilyn T. Tiglao

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Rosebelle Academy
School Address : Concepcion, Tarlac City
School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Loyalty Award
Best in Arts
 77

CURRICULUM VITAE

Bhearwin Jan A. Bagayas

Estacion Paniqui, Tarlac

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : January 25, 2000

Place of Birth : Lapaz Tarlac
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’9”
Weight : 61 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Bonifacio C. Bagayas
Name of Mother : Dalisay A. Bagayas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Paniqui Christian School
School Address : Paniqui, Tarlac
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Loyalty Award
With Honors
Valedictorian
Best in Math
 78

CURRICULUM VITAE

Carl Davonn P. Balmores

Matapitap Gerona, Tarlac

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : May 17, 2000

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 6’1”
Weight : 75 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Conrad M. Balmores
Name of Mother : Merlyn P. Balmores

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Most Improved Bosconian
 79

CURRICULUM VITAE

Aldrin C. Corpuz
#104 Dagohoy Street Paraiso, Tarlac City

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : November 16, 1999

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 60 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Gilbert Z. Corpuz
Name of Mother : Nora C. Corpuz

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Conduct Awardee
Perfect Attendance
CLE Award
 80

CURRICULUM VITAE

Lowellson Mario J. Fernandez

Luna Street Paniqui, Tarlac

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : August 6, 2000

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 65 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Lowell Marcelino B. Fernandez
Name of Mother : Jennet J. Fernandez

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Perfect Attendance
Mr. Ambassador of Goodwill (2016)
 81

CURRICULUM VITAE

Eugene Lagman
Malayep Gerona, Tarlac

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : December 22, 1999

Place of Birth : Gerona, Tarlac
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 51 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Anthony Lagman
Name of Mother : Liway Lagman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Loyalty Award
 82

CURRICULUM VITAE

Christian Rafael DC. Nicolas

#78 Northern Hills Subdivision San Rafael, Tarlac
City

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : February 13, 2000

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’2”
Weight : 50 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Danilo O. Nicolas
Name of Mother : Imelda DC. Nicolas

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Most Improved Bosconian
 83

CURRICULUM VITAE

Janfil Mari Pamisal

Mangga 1- A, Tarlac City

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : September 8, 2000

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 60 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Phil J. Pamisal
Name of Mother : Johanavi M. Pamisal

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
Scholastic Distinction
CLE Award
Conduct Award
1st Division Presscon
Gold in 4x100 Meters Relay Run
Gold in 4x400 Meters Relay Run
 84

CURRICULUM VITAE

Weslee S. Valencia
Fairlane Subdivision Brgy. San Vicente, Tarlac City
PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : December 24, 1999

Place of Birth : Tarlac City
Age : 17 years old
Sex : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 60 kg
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Name of Father : Rolando N. Valencia
Name of Mother : Josephine S. Valencia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

School : Don Bosco Technical Institute of Tarlac
School Address : Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City
Year of Graduation : 2018

AWARDS
CLE Award
Conduct Award
Perfect Attendance