Diagnostic Test

Introduction to Criminology

Name: _____________________

1) The term “criminology” was derived from the Italian term “criminologia” which
coined by:
a) Paul Topinard c) Raffaelle Garofalo
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Enrico Ferri
2) According to him, “[c]riminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as
a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, of
breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking of laws”:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo
3) He theorized that criminals are born:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo
4) He advocated the classical school of thought in criminology:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo
5) This school of thought in criminology maintains that knowledge of social
phenomenon should be based on scientific approach:
a) neo-classical c) classical
b) contemporary d) positivist
6) He advocated the doctrine of freewill, which refers to the ability to know the
difference between right from wrong:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Jeremy Bentham
b) Cesare Lombroso d) Enrico Ferri
7) This assumes that all human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood
of bringing happiness (pleasure) or unhappiness (pain):
a) utilitarianism c) neo-classicism
b) militarism d) post-modernism
8) This book by Charles Darwin greatly influenced the thinkers of the positivist school:
a) On Crimes and Punishment c) Origin of Species
b) The Republic d) The Spirit of the Laws
9) It is the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior:
a) craniology c) somatotype
b) physiognomy d) phrenology
10) It is the study of the human skull in relation to criminality:
a) osteology c) somatotype
b) physiognomy d) phrenology
11) Who is the father of criminology?
a) Cesare Becarria c) Raffaelle Garofalo
b) Cesare Lombroso d) Edwin Sutherland
12) According to Lombroso, this kind of criminals are not criminal from birth; they
become criminals as a result of some change in their brains which interferes with
their ability to distinguish between right or wrong:
a) born criminals c) insane criminals
b) criminaloids d) irrational criminals
13) Garofalo traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical features but to their
psychological equivalents which he called:
a) moral irregularities c) moral abnormalities
b) moral anomalies d) moral defects
14) Who founded the school of physiognomy?
a) Giambattista della Porta c) Franz Joseph Gall
b) Johann Kaspar Lavater d) Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
15) Who developed the science of phrenology?
a) Giambattista della Porta c) Franz Joseph Gall
b) Johann Kaspar Lavater d) Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
16) The somatotype school of criminology originated with the work of:
a) Ernst Kretschmer c) William Sheldon
b) Richard Dugdale d) Henry Goddard
17) A type of physique with relative predominance of muscles, bone and the motor
organs of the body:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic
18) A type of physique with relatively great development of digestive viscera; round
body, short tapering limbs, small bones and smooth velvety skin:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic
19) A type of physique with relative predominance of skin and its appendages which
includes the nervous system; lean, fragile, delicate bones, droopy shoulders, small
face, fine hair and relatively small body mass:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic
20) He developed constitutional psychology, the study of the relationships between
physical attributes and personality traits:
a) Ernst Kretschmer c) William Sheldon
b) Richard Dugdale d) Henry Goddard
21) A type of physique characterized by lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders:
a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic
22) A type of physique characterized by strong, muscular and coarse bones:
a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic
23) A type of physique characterized by massive neck, broad face, rounded figure and
medium height:
a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic
24) The King of Sumer who was credited to be the source of the first legal code adapted
later by Hammurabi:
a) Dungi c) Attila
b) Nebuchadnezzar d) Ur-Nammu
25) He is an acknowledged American psychiatrist who popularized the concept of “moral
insanity” in his book, “A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity”:
a) Sigmund Freud c) J.C. Prichard
b) Isaac Ray d) Lucy Ozarin
26) He was born in Freiberg, Moravia, an Austrian Empire (now Příbor of Czech Republic)
who collaborated with Josef Breuer and stated that ‘[t]he doctrines of resistance and
repression, the unconscious, the aetiological significance of a person’s sex life and
the importance of childhood experiences are the main building blocks,” of his own
technique of behavioral analysis.
a) Sigmund Freud c) J.C. Prichard
b) Isaac Ray d) Lucy Ozarin
27) He is the father of sociology and credited with the introduction of the concept of
anomie:
a) Emile Durkheim c) Robert Merton
b) Gabriel Tarde d) Edwin Sutherland
28) Their works on social ecology as influenced by urban sociologists Robert Ezra Park
and Ernest Burgess were focused on social institutions such as the school and the
family, and how their breakdown influences deviant and anti-social behavior:
a) Matza and Sykes
b) Shaw and Mckay
c) Akers and Burgess
d) Reckless and Hirschi

29) A violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an
otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise:
a) corporate crime c) white-collar crime
b) organized crime d) occupational crime
30) This means “there is no crime if there is no law punishing it”:
a) nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege c) ignorantia legis non excusat
b) dura lex sed lex d) stare decisis
31) A condition where there is a breakdown of norms, values and rules of behavior in a
society during periods of rapid change or social crisis:
a) conflict c) anomie
b) chaos d) anarchy
32) Tax evasion, embezzlement of money, insurance and bank fraud are examples of:
a) corporation crime c) white-collar crime
b) corporate crime d) occupational crime
33) The following are categorized under social structure theories, EXCEPT:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory
34) This theory views crime-ridden neighborhoods as those in which residents are
uninterested in community matters, therefore, the common sources of control –
family, school, church – are weak and disorganized:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory
35) This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people
have and the means they can use to legally obtain them. It argues that it is the
inability to obtain these goals, usually materials goals, that triggers the commission
of crimes because members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals
which come easy for members of the upper class:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory
36) The anger, frustration and resentment that members of the lower class feel are
collectively referred to as:
a) conflict c) pressure
b) strain d) stress
37) This theory states that members of the lower class of society create an independent
subculture with its own set of rules, values and norms in order to cope with social
isolation and economic deprivation:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory
38) The following are categorized under the social process theories, EXCEPT:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory
39) This theory believes that crime is a product of learning the norms, values and
behaviors associated with criminal activity:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory
40) This theory holds that people enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled
for their acts and organize their personalities around the labels:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory
41) This is also called the labeling theory:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory
42) This theory explains that both conforming behavior and deviant behavior have two
reinforcing elements: an inner control system and an outer control system:
a) culture conflict theory c) differential association theory
b) containment theory d) social disorganization theory
43) This theory by Edwin Sutherland states that criminal behavior is learned and the
principal part of learning occurs within an intimate personal group:
a) culture conflict theory c) differential association theory
b) containment theory d) theory of imitation
44) He introduced the theory of imitation which states that individuals emulate behavior
patterns in much the same way that they copy styles of dress and this applies to
individuals imitating criminal behavior of other individuals:
a) Raffaelle Garofalo c) Emile Durkheim
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Gabriel Tarde
45) This theory, popularized by Shaw and Mckay, focuses on the conditions within the
urban environment that affect crime rates:
a) differential association theory
b) social disorganization theory
c) cultural deviance theory
d) social control theory
46) According to Maslow, this need explains that individuals desire respect as an
honorable human being:
a) self-actualization c) esteem
b) cognitive d) aesthenic
47) This views that becoming criminal is a learning experience in which potential
delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance
conventional values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional
behavior:
a) differential association theory
b) differential reinforcement theory
c) neutralization theory
d) social control theory
48) According to Lombroso, the following are the three classes of criminals, EXCEPT:
a) insane criminals c) born criminals
b) criminaloids d) androids
49) This social control theory, according to Walter Reckless, views that strong self-image
insulates the youth from the pressures and influences in the environment:
a) containment theory
b) social bond theory
c) differential reinforcement theory
d) differential association theory
50) According to Edwin Sutherland, these crimes are committed by persons of
respectability and high social status in the course of occupation:
a) organized crimes c) white collar crimes
b) political crimes d) professional crimes
51) They introduced Social Disorganization Theory and contended that criminals are not
biologically inferior, intellectually impaired, or psychologically damaged. To them,
neighborhood denigration and slum conditions are the primary causes of criminal
behavior:
a) Park and Burgess c) Marx and Engels
b) Shaw and Mckay d) Durkheim and Merton

52) In the study and practice of criminology, it employs knowledge derived from other
fields of study such as psychology, sociology, chemistry, medicine and others. This
characterizes criminology as:
 a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic
53) This character of criminology explains crime as a social phenomenon as it is a social
creation that affects society in general:
a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic
54) That character of criminology which explains that the study of criminology is not
absolute and constant, as it varies as social conditions change over time:
a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic
55) This character of criminology explains that the study of crimes must be in relation to
the existing criminal law within the country:
a) nationalistic c) applied science
b) dynamic d) social science
56) This theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry
determines IQ, and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior. Proponents of
this theory claimed that crime is an expression of the mental content of the
individual; frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort and personality
demands removal of pain and the pain is eliminated by a substitute behavior, that is,
the criminal behavior of the individual:
a) nature c) positive
b) nurture d) free will
57) It is the study of the relationship between the environment and criminality:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology
58) It is the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology
59) It is the study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology
60) It is the study of human behavior in relation to criminality:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal psychology
b) criminal psychiatry d) abnomal psychology
61) It is the study of the human mind in relation to criminality:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal psychology
b) criminal psychiatry d) abnormal psychology
62) In 1931, he conducted a study to determine the relationship between intelligence
and criminality:
a) Edwin Sutherland c) Emile Durkheim
b) Robert Merton d) Henry Mckay
63) Under this theory, human development is controlled by a master trait consistent of
personality, intelligence and genetic make-up present at birth. As people travel in
their life course this trait is always there directing their behavior:
a) Life course theory
b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory
64) This is a justification of punishment as introduced by the classical school, which may
be classified either as specific or general, explaining that punishment serves to set an
example to the person himself or to the society in general:
a) retribution c) exemplarity
b) deterrence d) All of the above

65) This theory seeks to identify, describe and understand the factors that explain the
onset and continuation of criminal career:
a) Life course theory
 b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory
66) This views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual
characteristics, traits and social experiences:
a) Life course theory
b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory
67) This theory, which was adopted by the Philippine legal system, presumes that an
offender possesses full control of his mental faculties. This also resulted to the
development of the concept that a person may also be held liable “although the
wrongful act done be different from that which he intended”:
a) classical c) positive
b) neo-classical d) multiple
68) In this legal system, punishment was based on physical retaliation or lex talionis (“an
eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”):
a) Mosaic Code c) Code of Hammurabi
b) Common Law d) Law of the Twelve Tables
69) This was a special commission of ten noble Roman men who formulated the Law of
the Twelve Tables:
a) Decemviri Consulari Imperio Legibus Scribundis
b) Habeas corpus ad testificadum
c) Roman Legionnaires
d) Foresfactura Plena
70) This system of law, which came to existence during the reign of Henry II (1154-
1189), is based on judges’ decisions. Judges would decide cases, and future cases
would be decided based on those previous decisions:
a) Mosaic Code c) Code of Hammurabi
b) Common Law d) Law of the Twelve Tables
71) This doctrine explains why common law is not applicable in the Philippines:
a) Doctrine of parens patriae c) Doctrine of stare decisis
b) Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege d) ignorantia lege excusat
72) These are crimes that are so serious in their effects on society as to call for almost
unanimous condemnation of its members:
a) mala inse c) mens rea
b) mala prohibita d) actus reus
73) These are violations of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly
regulations of the affairs of society and made criminal by special laws:
a) mala inse c) mens rea
b) mala prohibita d) actus reus
74) He deviated from the concept of rapid social change or social crisis as the cause of
anomie. He argues that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people
have and the means they can use to legally obtain them:
a) Emile Durkheim c) Thorsten Sellin
b) Robert Merton d) Albert Cohen
75) A crime is classified as _____ if it is a single act constituting two or more grave
felonies:
a) compound c) duplex
b) complex d) double
76) A crime is ________ if the offender is able to acquire something as a result of his
act.
a) extinctive c) acquisitive
b) situational d) seasonal
77) A crime is ______ if it is committed by an offender who does not know the nature
and quality of his act on account of the disease of the mind.
a) situational c) episoidal
 b) extinctive d) irrational
78) A crime is _____ if the consequence of the act is destructive.
a) acquisitive c) situational
b) extinctive d) static
79) A school of thought in criminology which proposes that individuals commit crimes
after weighing the consequences of their actions:
a) neo-classical c) positivist
b) contemporary d) classical
80) A school of thought in criminology which posits that criminal behavior is determined
by biological, psychological and social factors:
a) neo-classical c) positivist
b) contemporary d) classical
81) This refers to the physical features of a human being at an earlier stage of
development which allegedly distinguish a born criminal from the general population:
a) ape-like characteristics c) physical stigma
b) atavistic stigmata d) genetic flaw
82) It is computed as: number of reported crimes over the total population multiplied by
100,000:
a) crime density c) crime rate
b) crime volume d) crime trend
83) It is the discipline that studies the nature and causes of victimization as well as
programs for aiding victims and preventing victimization:
a) victim pricipitation c) victim rehabilitation
b) victim assistance d) victimology
84) These are crimes that are serious in nature and common in frequency:
a) index crimes c) prominent crimes
b) salient crimes d) non-index crimes
85) A British scholar and reformer, he graduated from Oxford University and developed
a scientific approach to the making and breaking of laws and founded the concept
of “utilitarianism”:
a) Becarria c) Garofalo
b) Bentham d) Ferri
86) An insane person is exempted from criminal liability unless it can be proven that he
acted:
a) during lucid interval c) under the influence of medication
b) with discernment d) due to burst of feeling
87) This principle, which was proposed by Becarria in his book, “On Crimes and
Punishment,” means that rulers have the absolute power over the governed; in
return the ruler should protect the people from their natural state of affairs:
a) social policy c) social contract
b) coherence d) agreement
88) Bentham explained in this formula that individuals are human calculators who put all
the factors into an equation before deciding whether a particular crime is worth
committing or not:
a) human intelligence c) felicific calculus
b) human free will d) decision
89) This compromise theory on biological determinism came as a result to the rejection
of biological contributions to behaviors. Diana Fishbein postulates that individuals
choose a course of action within a preset, yet to some degree changeable, range of
possibilities and that, assuming he conditions are suitable for rational thought, we
are accountable for our actions:
a) free will c) biological perspective
b) conditional free will d) felicific calculus
90) A British psychologist who published in 1965 the book, “The Young Delinquent”
which became a pioneering work on educational psychology and statistical analysis:
a) August Aichorn c) William Healy
 b) Henry Maudsley d) Cyrill Burt
91) He claimed in his book, “Crime and the Mind” that criminality is the result of
emotional immaturity:
a) Dr. Walter Bromberg c) Emile Durkheim
b) Adolphe Quetelet d) Andre-Michel Guerry
92) In the book, “The Subculture of Violence” published in 1967, they presented an
explanation on homicide and other crimes of violence by drawing from Sutherland’s
differential association theory. Their treatise ranges from psychoanalytic theories of
aggression, medical and biological studies, the frustration-aggression hypothesis,
containment theory, child-rearing practices, and social learning and conditioning
propositions:
a) Shaw and Mckay c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Park and Burgess d) Durkheim and Merton
93) This was the term used by Albert Cohen in his book, “Delinquent Boys,” in theorizing
that because social conditions make them incapable of achieving success
legitimately, lower class youths experience a form of conflict:
a) subculture c) status frustration
b) frustration d) delinquency
94) This theory, which assumes that people enter into law-violating careers when they
are labeled for their acts and the individuals so labeled come to see them as criminal,
was made popular by:
a) Howard Saul Becker c) David Matza
b) Gresham Sykes d) Ronald Akers
95) This refers to the movement from one extreme behavior to another, resulting in
behavior that is sometimes unconventional, free or deviant and at other times
constrained and sober:
a) drift c) non-conformity
b) deviance d) violation
96) They viewed the process of becoming criminals as a learning experience in which
potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enables them to
counterbalance or neutralize conventional behavior:
a) Matza and Sykes c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Reckless and Hirschi d) Durkheim and Merton
97) Containment theory was introduced by:
a) Sykes c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Reckless d) Durkheim and Merton
98) In the book “Causes of Delinquency,” he linked the onset of criminality to the
weakening of ties that bind people in the society:
a) Sykes c) Wolfgang
b) Hirschi d) Durkheim
99) This theory explains that people obey the law because behavior and passions are
being controlled by internal and external forces:
a) Social control theory c) Containment Theory
b) Social Bond Theory d) Labeling Theory
100) This refers to the lower class frustration, anger, and resentment as a result of their
inability to obtain goals:
a) strain c) hindrance
b) anomie d) deviance
101) The following comprise the social process theories which generally view that
criminality is a function of the people’s interest with various organizations,
institutions, and processes in the society, EXCEPT:
a) social learning theory c) differential reinforcement theory
b) differential association theory d) social disorganization theory
102) This was the theory introduced by Travis Hirschi:
a) Social bond theory c) social reaction theory
b) Social control theory d) labeling theory