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  • Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: Lecture # 6 (07-Mar-2019)

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    This document provides an overview of atomic theory and key concepts in chemistry. It discusses [1] how Robert Boyle and Joseph Priestley contributed to early atomic theory through their experiments with mercury oxide, [2] how chemical formulas and equations describe compounds and chemical reactions, and [3] fundamental laws like conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions that helped establish atomic theory. It explains how Dalton used the law of multiple proportions to propose his atomic theory that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds and that chemical reactions rearrange atomic combinations.

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    Lecture # 6 - Chapter 2

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    This document provides an overview of atomic theory and key concepts in chemistry. It discusses [1] how Robert Boyle and Joseph Priestley contributed to early atomic theory through their experiments with mercury oxide, [2] how chemical formulas and equations describe compounds and chemical reactions, and [3] fundamental laws like conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions that helped establish atomic theory. It explains how Dalton used the law of multiple proportions to propose his atomic theory that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds and that chemical reactions rearrange atomic combinations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views8 pages

    Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: Lecture # 6 (07-Mar-2019)

    Uploaded by

    Shami
    This document provides an overview of atomic theory and key concepts in chemistry. It discusses [1] how Robert Boyle and Joseph Priestley contributed to early atomic theory through their experiments with mercury oxide, [2] how chemical formulas and equations describe compounds and chemical reactions, and [3] fundamental laws like conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions that helped establish atomic theory. It explains how Dalton used the law of multiple proportions to propose his atomic theory that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds and that chemical reactions rearrange atomic combinations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    CHAPTER 2

    ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS


    Lecture # 6 (07-Mar-2019)

    Chemistry by
    John E. McMurry
    Seventh Edition

    Instructor:
    Dr. Muhammad Ali Hashmi
    1
    Support of Atomic Theory
    ■ Robert Boyle (1627-1691) is generally credited with being
    the first to study chemistry as a separate intellectual
    discipline
    ■ Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) prepared and isolated and
    isolated the gas oxygen in 1774 by heating the compound
    mercury oxide (HgO).

    Heating the red powder


    HgO causes
    it to decompose into the
    silvery liquid
    mercury and the colorless
    gas oxygen.
    2
    Chemical Formula & Equation
    ■ In chemistry, each compound is described by its chemical
    formula, which lists the symbols of its constituent
    elements and uses subscripts to indicate the number of
    atoms of each. If no subscript is given, the number 1 is
    understood.
    ■ Water is H2O, sucrose is C12H22O11.
    ■ Chemical equation shows a chemical reaction, in which
    the reactant substances undergoing change are written
    on the left, the product substances being formed are
    written on the right, and an arrow is drawn between them
    to indicate the direction of the chemical transformation

    3
    Law of Conservation of Mass
    ■ Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a
    chemical reaction

    3.25 g + 3.32 g = 6.57 g

    Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) HgI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

    4.55 g + 2.02 g = 6.57 g 4


    Law of Definite Proportions
    ■ Joseph Proust (1754-1826)
    ■ Different samples of a pure chemical compound
    always contain the same proportion of elements
    by mass.
    ■ Every sample of water (H2O) contains 1 part
    hydrogen and 8 parts oxygen by mass.
    ■ Elements combine in specific proportions, not
    in random proportions.

    5
    Law of Multiple Proportions
    ■ Joseph Dalton (1766-1844)
    ■ Elements can combine in different ways to form
    different substances; whose mass ratios are
    small whole-number multiples of each other.
    nitrogen monoxide (NO): 7 grams nitrogen per 8 grams oxygen

    nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 7 grams nitrogen per 16 grams oxygen

    6
    The Law of Multiple Proportions and
    Dalton’s Atomic Theory
    ■ Elements are made up of tiny particles called
    atoms.
    ■ Each element is characterized by the mass of its
    atoms. Atoms of the same element have the same
    mass, but atoms of different elements have
    different masses.
    ■ The chemical combination of elements to make
    different chemical compounds occurs when atoms
    join in small whole-number ratios.
    ■ Chemical reactions only rearrange how atoms are
    combined in chemical compounds; the atoms
    themselves don’t change.
    7
    8

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