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Bryophytes To Gymnosperms PDF
Bryophytes To Gymnosperms PDF
• Thallose liverwort
• Has ribbon-like, dichotomously-branched gametophyte lying
on the surface of the ground
• Dorsal surface of the thallus is green and smooth with
several reproductive structures
• Thickest part is the midrib
• Ventral surface has hair-like projections called rhizoids which
function for anchorage
1. Marchantia
2. Riccia fluitans
• Known as spikefern
• Diverse in size and ways of growth
• Salaginella kraussiana, (spreading club moss) grows about ½
inch high and has a limitless spread
• S. martensii, has thick, multi-branched stems filled with small
green leaves
• S. lepidophyllagets (resurrection plant), roll into tight brown
balls when there is no enough water, then once the plant gets
enough water, the leaves open up
Selaginella
3. Isoetes
• Also known as quillworts
• Commonly found in seasonally wet to aquatic
habitats
• Each plant consists of a clump of 20-30 green to
yellowish-green, grass-like, hollow leaves that taper
to a pointed tip
• Reproduce by spores that are produced in the leaf
base
• Have modified stem called a corm
Isoetes
DIVISION SPHENOPHYTA
HORSETAILS
• COMMONLY FOUND ALONG STREAM BANKS OF
TEMPERATE REGION
• IN THE PHILIPPINES, THEY ARE CULTIVATED AS
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AND SOLD IN MOST
NURSERIES
• DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR STRAIGHT STEMS WITH
BRANCHES AND LEAVES ARRANGED IN REGULAR
WHORLS
1. Equisetum
• KNOWN AS HORSETAILS
• FOUND GROWING IN WET PLACES, SUCH AS STANDING
WATER OF SHALLOW PONDS OR DITCHES, MARSHY
AREAS, WET MEADOWS AND MOIST WOODS
• USED AS MEDICINE TO CURE KIDNEY AND BLADDER
TROUBLES, ARTHRITIS, BLEEDING ULCERS, AND
TUBERCULOSIS
• CHINESE USE IT TO COOL FEVERS
Equisetum
LESSON 9:
PTEROPHYTA: FERNS
INTRODUCTION
• FERNS BELONG TO DIVISION PTEROPHYTA
• SPORE-BEARING
• GAMETOPHYTES ARE CONSPICUOUS THOUGH REDUCED,
INDEPENDENT OF THE SPOROPHYTE AND GERMINATE OUTSIDE OF
THE SPORES (EXOSPORIC)
• HAVE MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATION AND POSSESS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC LEAVES
• CONTAINS MEGAPHYLLS ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF TRACES AND LEAF
GAPS
• INCLUDED AMONG THE HIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS ALONG WITH THE
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS
• THERE ARE ABOUT 11,000 LIVING SPECIES OF FERNS
• CONSIDERED AS THE LARGEST AND MOST DIVERSE
GROUP OF PLANTS OTHER THAN ANGIOSPERMS
• GROW IN WIDE VARIETY OF HABITATS RANGING FROM
REMOTE MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS, DRY DESERT, ROCK
FACES, AQUATIC HABITATS TO OPEN FIELDS
• THEY EXHIBIT GREAT VARIATION IN FORM AND SIZE
WHERE SOME ARE VERY SMALL AND HAVE UNDIVIDED
LEAVES OR THEY CAN BE CLIMBING WHERE LEAVES HAVE
LONG TWINING RACHIS
• FERNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER
EUPOSRANGIATE OR LEPTOSPORANGIATE
• A EUSPORANGIUM ORIGINATES FROM A SERIES
OF SUPERFICIAL PARENT CELLS OR INITIALS; EACH
SPORANGIUM DEVELOPS A WALL TWO OR MORE
CELL LAYERS THICK AND A HIGH NUMBER OF
SPORES
• LEPTOSPORANGIUM ORIGINATES FROM A SINGLE
CELL INITIAL WHICH PRODUCES A STALK THEN A
CAPSULE; EACH LEPTOSPORANGIUMGIVES RISE
TO A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBERS OF SPORES
FERN LIFE CYCLE
• HTTP://WWW.ARKIVE.ORG/CYCAD/CYCAS-CIRCINALIS/
• HTTP://WWW.PFAF.ORG/USER/PLANT.ASPX?LATINNAME=CYCAS+CI
RCINALIS
• HTTP://UMM.EDU/HEALTH/MEDICAL/ALTMED/HERB/GINKGO-BILOBA
• HTTP://WWW.FAO.ORG/AG/AGP/AGPC/DOC/GBASE/DATA/PF000
461.HTM