Phylum Mollusca

Molluscs
• Second most diverse group
• Date back to the Cambrian period
• Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
• Soft bodied, unsegmented schizocoelous
protostomes
• General body plan: head, foot, visceral mass
• Mantle, a dorsal epidermis; forms folds enclosing
the animal; secretes the shell made of calcium
carbonate and protein matrix
Cont.
• Has ctenidia (gills); nephridiopores and
gonopores (genital pore) located in the mantle
cavity
• Metanephridia- main excretory organ
• Nervous system composed of circumcentric nerve
ring
• Paired ganglia in the sense organs, viscera, and
foots
• Can be monoecious or dioecious
• Early embryonic development marked by spiral
cleavage producing tropochopore and veliger
larvae
 Classification
• Class Caudofaveata
- wormlike marine mollusc
- body covered by calcareous scales or
spicules
- radula present but reduced in some form
• Class Solenogastres
- similar feature with caodofaveata
-radula and gills usually absent
- have ventral longitudinal groove that runs
nearly the length of the body
• Class Monoplacophora
- small with low rounded shell and a
creeping foot
- characterized by extensive serial gills
• Class Polyplacophora
-bilaterally symmetrical
- broad ventral foot and eight overlapping
plates
• Class Scaphopoda
- ctenidia absent
 - cylindrical and pointed with openning
at the apex
- head with specialized tentacles
(captacula)
• Class Gastropoda
- asymmetrical
- well-developed head and foot
- usually with single spirally coiled shell
-three subclasses : prosobranchia
opisthobranchia
pulmonata
1. Subclass Prosobranchia
- spirally coiled shelled mrine, freshwater
and terrestrial mollusc
- with anterior mantle cavity
- head with tentacles bearing basal eyes
with calcareous operculated creeping foot
2. Subclass Opisthobranchia
- mostly marine with reduced or lacks shell
-mantle cavity either lacking or partly
posterior
- head has 1 to 2 pairs of rhinophores
3. Subclass Pulmonata
- mostly terrestrial or freshwater
-non-operculated snails
-with mantle cavity modified as lungs
• Class Bivalvia
- bilaterally symmetrical
bucal mass absent
- enlarged ctenidia and labial palps
-feeding through a siphon
-two valves connected by a single
ligament
• Class Cephalopoda
- bilaterally symmetrical
- with oral arms and tentacles
- equipped with suckers around
the head
 Class Polyplacophora
1. Acanthozostera
- oval body with eight overlapping uniform
calcareous dorsal plates
- girdle covered by bands of black and gray
spines
-single muscular foot found ventrally
surrounded by a mantle groove
2. Cryptoplax
- long and vermiform
- eight dorsal plates are very small and not
overlapping
- girdle has wide band covered with very
small spines
- gill rows are restricted to the posterior
third of the foot
 Class Scaphopoda
3. Dentalium (Tooth shell/ Elephant’s tusk shell)
- shell is slightly curved and open at both
ends
- shell has ribs and has light blue green
coloration
- when alive, submerged into sandy
bottom with the posterior tip of the
shell exposed allowing water to enter
mantle cavity
- has tentacles used for capturing food
 Class Gastropoda
A. Subclass Prosobranchia
4. Acmea (Limpet)
- attached to rocks with its powerful foot
- solid conical apex shell is open on its base
- has 7-8 prominent ribs
-has distinctive muscle scar in the interior
5. Haliotis (Abalone)
- spire is very low
-with row of holes
-interior shell is shiny
6. Tonna (Tun shell)
- has large, globular and inflated body
whorls
- body whorl has prominent varices
- can vary in color
7. Conus (cone shell)
- has low spire and conical body whorl
- aperture is low and narrrow
- considered as venomous because of its
conotoxin
8. Lambis (spider or scorpion shell)
- characterized by the processes projecting
from the aperture lip margin
- body whorl is expanded while he spire is
very low
9. Oliva (olive shell)
- distinctive cylindrical body whorl with a
very low spire
- color varies from deep green to dark
brown with unique patterns specific for a
species
- aperture is long and narrow
10. Cyprea (cowry)
- has globular dorsal shell flattened at the
ventral aspect
- superficially resemble as bilateral due to
the complete enclosure of the body whorl
hiding the spire
- the aperture is long and narrow,
characterized by rows of teeth along the lip
margin
11. Pomacea caniculata (Golden apple snail)
- agricultural pest
- has globular shell concentrated on its
body whorl
- shell color ranges from light to dark
brown
- spire is short and its aperture is covered
with an operculum
B. Subclass Opisthobranchia
12. Dolabella (Sea hare)
- has triangular body with two pairs of
tentacles (rhinophores and oral tentacles)
- wildely used in comparative neurobiology
and animal behavior because of their large and
easily dissected nerve cells
13. Chromodoris (Nudibranch)
- shell-less marine mollusk
- has exposed gills and bears a pair of
rhinophores, which are chemosensory organs
- has vivid coloration when alive from reds
to blues enabling it to advertise itself as a very
poisonous animal
C. Subclass Pulmonata
13. Radix quadrasi (freshwater snail)
- no operculum and with thin subglobular
shell
- has single pair of tentacles and eyes locted
at its base
- has pointed spire and an enlarged body
whorl
- shell color ranges from light to dark brown
14. Ryssota oteheitana (Bayuko)
- edible and endemic land snail
- has thick discoidal shell with laterally
projecting body whorl which is also oriented
downward
- shell color is lightly brown; easily
removed exposing the white inner layer
15. Helicostyla rufogaster (Bayukong tulis)
- largest helicostylid land snail of Mt.
Makiling
- has conical brown shell with blunt spire
and marked with white oblique bands
- aperture is wide with dark rounded
thickened lips
16.Achatina fulica (Japanese Garden Snail)
- an introduced mollusk to the country
- initially used as a delicacy but later
became invasive
- has brown conical shell with pointed spire
- body whorl is expanded with white bands
- aperture is wide with thin lips
17. Perna viridis (Green mussel/ tahong)
Class Bivalvia
- an edible bivalve with deep green
periostracum
- individual valves have a narrow anterior
region and broader posterior
- growth lines can also be seen on the
surface of each valve
18. Paphia (Halaan)
- marine bivalve; has an egg shaped valve
with concentric ridges on the surface
- color range from light yellow to grayish
white
19. Tridacna (Giant clam)
- one of the largest mollusks
- has thick shell with its valves with
prominent ribs with arch-like ridges which
increases size ventrally
20.Corbicula (Tulya)
- has triangular shell with concentric growth
lines and distinctive white umbo
- shell color ranges from yellow to dark green
to brown
 Class Cephalopoda
21. Loligo (Squid)
-has modified head-foot region
- divided into the head and trunk region
- inside its mantle is areduced internal shell
called gladius or pen
- head bears eight short oral arms and a pair
of long tentacles surrounding the mouth
- large eyes are located laterally
- pair of posterior lateral fin serves as
stabilizers
 - funnel is located at the ventral region that
ejects water facilitating a jet propulsion
movement of the animal
22. Nautilus
- has shell oriented in a single plane and is
marked with red or brown bands
- interior of the shell is divided into chambers
with small opening on the center known as
siphuncle to control flow of air for buoyancy
23. Octopus
- has globular head and eight oral arms
- has prominent lateral eyes
- mouth is equipped with beaks for crushing
hard prey such as shelled mollusks and
crustaceans