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Geotechnical Engineering Formulas PDF
Geotechnical Engineering Formulas PDF
Properties of Soils
Water content
W
• w W 100
WS
WW = Weight of power
WS = Weight of solids
Void ratio
Vv
• e
Vs
Vv = Volume of voids
V = Total volume of soil
Degree of Saturation
V
• S w 100
Vv
Vw = Volume of water
Vv = Volume of voids
0 ≤ S≤ 100
for perfectly dry soil : S = O
for Fully saturated soil : S = 100%
Air Content
Va
• ac 1 s Va = Volume of air
Vv
Sr + ac = 1
% Air Void
Volume of air V
%na 100 a 100
• Total volume V
Unit Weight
• Bulk unit weight
W Ws Ww
V Vs Vw Va
Relative Compaction
• Indicate: Degree of denseness of cohesive + cohesionless soil
D
Rc
D max
Relative Density
• Indicate: Degree of denseness of natural cohesionless soil
Some Important Relationships
• Relation between d ,
d
1 w
V W
(ii) Vs (iii) Ws
1 e 1 w
• Relation between e and n
e n
n or e
1 e 1 n
• Relation between e, w, G and S:
Se = w. G
• Bulk unit weight ( ) in terms of G, e, w and w , G, e, Sr, w
(G eSr ) w
1 e
G (1 w)
w {Srxe = wG}
(1 e)
• Saturated unit weight ( sat.) in terms of G, e & w
G e
Sr = 1 sat . w
1 e
• Dry unit weight ( d ) in terms of G, e and w
G w G w (1 a )G w
Sr = 0 d
1 e 1 wG 1 wG
S
• Submerged unit weight ( ') in terms of G, e and w
G 1
sat w ' . w
1 e
• Relation between degree of saturation (s) w and G
W
S
w 1
(1 W )
G
• Calibration of Hydrometer
Consist. Description IC IL
Liquid Liquid <0 >1
Plastic Very soft 0-0.25 0.75-1.00
soft 0.25-0.5 0.50-0.75
medium 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50
stiff 0.75-1.00 0.0-0.25
stiff
Semi- Very stiff
solid OR Hard >1 <0
Solid Hard OR
very hard >1 <0
Compaction of Soil
G w
• d for, rd max' S = 1, ha = 0 correspond to 100% saturation or zero air void line.
wG
1
S
(a na )G w
d
• 1 wG
• Ratio of total energy given in heavy compaction test to that given in light compaction test
4.9 g (5 25) 450
4.5
2.6 g (3 25) 310
Compaction Equipments
Road
construction
Smooth
2. wheeled Crushed
rollers rocks,
Base, sub-
gravels
base and
sands
embankment
Pneumatic Sand, compaction
tyred rollers gravels silts, for highways,
3. clayey soils air fields etc.
Earth dams.
Core of earth
dams.
Embankment
for oil storage
Clayey soils
tanks etc.
Sheep foot Sands
Rollers
4.
Vibratory
Rollers
5.
Compaction Tests
Boussinesq's Theory
Vertical stress at point 'P'. ( Z )
5/2
3Q 1
• Z where, Q = Point load in newton
2 z 2 r 2
1
z 2
Q
Z kB .
• z2
5/2
3 1
kB =
2 r 2
1 2
z
3
kB |max 0.4775
2
• ' Z ' below the point load at depth z,
Q
z 0.4775.
Z2
Westergaard's Theory
3/2
Q 1
z 2
z 2r 2
1 2
• z
Q
z kW .
• Z2
k w |max 0.3183
•
Boussinesq's Result
Q
z |max 0.0888
• r2
Q2
z |max 0.1332
• 22
Westergaard's Results
• Vertical Stresss due to Live Loads
2
2q ' 1
z
z X2
1 2
z
where, z = Vertical stress of any point having coordinate (x, z)
q
Z [ sin ]
•
Trapezoidal Method
q ( B L)
• z at depth ' z '
( B 2 z )( L 2 z )
q ( B L)
z
• ( B 2 z )( L 2 z )
q ( B L)
z
• ( B 4 z )( L 4 z )
Shear Strength
max imum
• c where, max. = Angle between resultant stress and normal stress on
4 2
critical plane.
= Friction angle of soil = ∅
c
4 2
↓
for clay ∅ = 0
c
4
tan C tan
• (iii) , for C-∅ soil.
• 1 3 d
P
• ( d ) failure ( 1 3 ) failure
A
• S C n tan
Height of 20 mm 10 to 20 cm
vane (H)
Dia of vane 12 mm 5 to 10 cm
(D)
Shear Strength
T
S
H D
D2
2 6
When top and bottom of vanes both take part in shearing.
T
• S
H D
D2
2 12
Deep Foundation
Dynamic Approach
• Engineering News Records Formula
WH
Qup
S C
Qup WH
Qap
6 (S C )
Qup = Ultimate load on pile
Qap = Allowable load on pile
W = Weight of hammer in kg.
H = Height of fall of hammer in cm.
S = Final set (Average penetration of pile per blow of hammer for last five blows in cm)
C = Constant
= 2.5 cm → for drop hammer
= 0.25 cm → for steam hammer (single acting or double acting)
Under-Reamed Pile
An 'under-reamed' pile is one with an enlarged base or a bulb;
• Qug .Qup
Qug
• Qug where, Qug = Allowable load on pile group.
FOS
Sg
• Sr
Si
• When Piles are Embended on a Uniform Clay
Cc H 0
S g H log10 0 and
1 e0 0
Q
0
( B z )2
• In case of Sand
4 B 2.7
2
Sg
Sr where, B = Size of pile group in meter.
Si B 3.6
Sheet Pile Walls
d (H d )
Pp . Pa
• 3 3 … without factor of safety.
Pp d (H d )
• Pa …. with factor of safety.
Fos 3 3
1 1
Pp k p d 2 Pp k p ( H d ) 2
• 2 2
Bearing Capacity
• The load carrying capacity of foundation soil or rock which enables it to bear and transmit
loads from a structure.
Gross Pressure Intensity
• It is the total pressure at the base of the footing due to the weight of the super structure,
self weight of the footing and weight of the earth fill.
qu D f tan 4 45 2
• 2 or q D 1 sin
f
1 sin
u
• Bells Theory (C - ∅)
W .I r CR
qult qult 5.5C
b.I 0
Prandtl Method: (C - ∅)
1
qu CN c D f N q BN For strip footing
2
For C-soil N c 5.14, N q 1, N 0
Terzaghi Method (C - ∅)
• For strip footing
1
qu CN c D f N q BN
2
• For square footing
qu 1.3CN c D f N q 0.4 BN
• For rectangular footing
æ Bö
q u = çç1 + 0.3 ÷ ÷CNC +
çè L ø÷
1 æ 0.2 B ö
÷
g D f N q + çç1- ÷g BN g
2 çè L ÷
ø
• For circular footing
qu 1.3CN c D f N q 0.3 DN
Skemptons Method (c-soil)
qnu CN c
Df
• If 0i.e. of the surface.
B
Then NC = 5 For strip footing
NC = 6.0 For square and circular footing.
where Df = Depth of foundation.
Df
• If 0 2.5
B
Df
NC 5 1 0.2 , for strip footing
B
Df
NC 6 1 0.2 , For square and circular footing.
B
B Df
NC 5 1 0.2 1 0.2 for rectangular footing
L B
Df
• if 2.5 NC =7.5
B
for strip footing
NC =9.0 for circular, square and rectangular footing.
Pecks Equation
qa net 0.44 NS Cw kN / m 2
Dw
Cw 0.5 1
D B
f
Teng's Equations
B 0.3
2
2B
D
CW 0.5 1 w
B
Df
CD 1 2
B
Cw =Water table correction factor
Dw = Depth of water table below foundation level
B = Width of foundation
Cd =Depth correction factor
S = Permissible settlement in 'mm'.
Meyer-hoffs Equation
• qns 0.49 NSCwCd where, qns = Net safe bearing capacity in kN/m2.
B < 1.2 m
Df 1 Dw
Cd 1 2 Cw 1
B 2 B
B 0.3
2
• K a .K P 1
• Pa P0 PP
Pa = Active earth pressure.
P0 = Earth pressure at rest.
PP = Passive earth pressure.
1 H
Pa1 K a H12 --- acts of H 2 1 from base H1
2 3
H
Pa2 K a 1 H1 H 2 --- acts of 2 from base H 2
2
1 H
Pa3 K a ' H 22 --- acts at 2 from base H 3
2 3
1 H
Pa4 w H 22 --- acts of 2 from base H 4
2 3
1 1
• K a tan 2 45 where N = Influence Factor.
2 2 N
tan 45
2
• Active Earth Pressure of Any Depth z
Pa ka z 2c ka
• Active Earth Pressure of Surface. i.e., at z = 0 Pa 2c ka
• At z zc Pa O
2c
Zc tan 45
2
•
4c
Hc tan 45
2
• When Tension Cracks are not Developed
1
Pa ka H 2 2CH ka
2
• When Tension Cracks are Developed
1
Pa (ka H 2C ka )( H Z c )
2
1 2C 2
Pa ka H 2CH ka
2
2
1 H Zc
or Pa (ka ( H Z c ) 2 acts at
2 3
Passive Earth Pressure for Cohesive Soil
2
sin( )
ka sin
sin( ).sin( )
sin( )
sin( )
2
sin( )
kp sin
sin( ) sin( )
sin( )
sin( )
Special points:
• Retaining wall are designed for active earth P.
• Ranking theory
• Overstimate → Active earth pressure
Underestimates → Passive earth pressure
• Seepage taking place and water table is parallel to the slope in Cohesionless soil
Cr 2 1
F
• we