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CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE@
EXAMINATION

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY

Paper 02 - General Proficiency

2 hours

RBAD THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

I This paper consists of SIX questions in TWo sections. Answer ALL questions.

2. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

J. Do NOT write in the margins.

4. If you need to rewrite any answer and there is not enough space to do so on the
original page, you must use the extra lined page(s) provided at the back of this
booklet. Remember to draw a line through your original answer.

5 If youuse the extra page(s) you MUST write the question number clearly in
the box provided at the top of the extra page(s) and, where relevant, include
the question part beside the answer.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright @ 2015 Caribbean Examinations Council

All rights reserved.
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SECTION A

Answer ALL questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

l. (a) Rebecca carries out the following food tests on a sample of food in the laboratory and
obtains the results shown in Table l.

TABLE l: RESULTS OF TESTS ON FOOD SAMPLE

Iodine Test Biuret Test Spot Test

Positive Negative Positive

(i) Based on the data in Table I, suggest the macronutrients which are present in the
food sample and the macronutrient which is absent.

Present

Absent
(3 marks)

(ii) Circle, from the choices below, the food that is MOST likely Rebecca's test sample.

Mango Fried chicken French fries Beef patties

(1 mark)

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 r (b) (i) Define the term 'balanced diet'
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(2 marks)

(ii) Discuss how a balanced diet would differ for EACH of the following groups:

. A pregnant woman versus a nonpregnant woman of the same age

A young person versus an older person

(4 marks)
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r (c) (i)
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Reza is taking 500 mg of vitamin A daily to treat his poor eyesight. His friend
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says that all he needs is 90 mg a day and therefore he is wasting his money. What
would MOST likely happen with the excess vitamin A?

(1 mark)

(ii) Name a disease which is MOST likely to develop from a deficiency of EACH of
the following:

Vitamin C

Iron

Vitamin D
(3 marks)

(d) State ONE reason why fibre is an important part of the diet.

(1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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2. Figure I shows a diagram of the human heart.
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Figure 1. Diagram of the human heart

(a) (i) Identify the parts labelled X and Y

x
Y
(2 marks)

(ii) State ONE function of the part labelled X.

(1 mark)

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r (b) Complete the following table for A, B and C
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Blood CeIl Shape Function

A Biconcave disc; lacks a nucleus Transports oxygen and carbon

dioxide

White blood cell Has an irregular shape; contains a B..

nucleus

Platelets
C Clotting of blood

(3 marks)

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(c) Charlotte and George, both nine years old, love to play. Charlotte notices that after a few
hours of playing, George complains of feeling tired. George is taken to the doctor and
diagnosed with sickle-cell anaemia.

Explain why having sickle-cell anaemia would cause George to feel tired

(4 marks)

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(d) The major component of blood is called plasma which contains nutrients and other
components.

(i) Explain the difference between plasma and serum.

(2 marks)

(iD Explain the relationship between plasma and tissue fluid.

(3 marks)

Total 15 marks

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3.
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Figure 2 shows a diagram of the muscles, bones and joints of the upper arrn.
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Figure 2. Diagram showing muscles, bones and joints of the upper arm

(a) (i) Which letter identifies the triceps muscle?

(l mark)

(ii) Which letters indicate the origin and insertion of the triceps muscle?

Origin

Insertion
(2 marks)

(iii) Identify the type ofjoint labelled D.

(1 mark)

(iv) State the type of movement that joint D allows.

(1 mark)

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(b) (i) Diana's personal trainer asks her to complete 20 biceps curls. This exercise requires
her to flex and extend her arm. Discuss how the biceps and triceps muscles work
together to achieve this task.

(4 marks)

(ii) Diana is exercising to tone her muscles. State what is meant by 'muscle tone'and
suggest how it could benefit Diana's joints.

Muscle tone

Benefit

(2 marks)

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 r (c) Diana needs to lift a 50-kg
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weight. Her trainer instructs her to maintain proper posture

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(i) Advise Diana on the correct way to lift heavy objects.

(3 marks)

(ii) Suggest what could happen if Diana does Nor maintain proper posture.

(l mark)

Total 15 marks

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4.
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Homeostasis is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It includes a negative
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and a
positive feedback mechanism.

(a) Define the term 'homeostasis'.

(2 marks)

(b) Name TWO organs in the body that are involved in homeostasis and state ONE product
that EACH organ excretes. Write your answers in the following table.

Organ Excretory Product

(4 marks)

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 r (c)
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Kenrick has his first meal of the day at 7:00 a.m. It consists of toast with peanut butter,
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a glass ofjuice and some fruit. He works through the day and does not eat again until
4:00 p.m.

(i) After digestion of the toast, glucose enters his bloodstream. Explain the role of
hormones in causing the glucose to enter the cells of Kenrick's body.

(2 marks)

(ii) Around 4:00 p.m., Kenrick begins to feel listless and suspects that it is as a result
of not eating. Upon checking his blood glucose level, he realizes that it is very
low. Explain what would take place in his body to raise his blood glucose level.

(2 marks)

(iii) As a result of being so hungry, Kenrick eats a very high carbohydrate and fat meal,
and soon falls asleep. Suggest what would happen to the excess glucose formed
after the digestion of the carbohydrates.

(1 mark)

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(d) The effects of lifestyle-related diseases on the human body can be significantly reduced
or managed by diet and exercise. Explain how diet and exercise can reduce the risks of
ONE lifestyle-related disease.

(4 marks)

Total 15 marks

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 r SECTION B
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AnswerALL questions in this section.

s. (a) Reshma believes that her sister is having an asthma attack. State TWO signs/symptoms
of the disease, TWO factors that may have triggered the disease, and explain to Reshma
how asthma affects the respiratory system.

Signs/symptoms

Factors

Explanation

(6 marks)

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(b) (i) Explain the difference between an infectious/communicable and a
non-infectious/non-communicable disease and give ONE example from EACH
category.

(4 marks)

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 r (ii)
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Because infectious diseases can be communicable and can, therefore, become a

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public health issue, they need to be carefully monitored. Explain the link between
poor personal hygiene in males and the incidence of cervical cancer in females.
In your explanation, include the benefits of circumcision.

(5 marks)

Total 15 marks

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6. (a)
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A bacterium often found in raw sewage is Vibrio cholera. State the disease the bacterium
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causes and give TWO symptoms of the disease.

(3 marks)

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 r (b) Figure 3 shows a diagram of a drop latrine.
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Stream

Figure 3. Diagram of a drop latrine

Describe how the drop latrine shown in Figure 3 operates, and recommend a suitable
alternative small-scale sewage disposal solution. Justify your recommendation.

(6 marks)

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(c) Explain THREE steps a community can take to reduce water pollution.

(6 marks)

Total 15 marks

END OF TEST

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TrME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THrS TEST.

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