Seismic response of classical

monuments-a numerical perspective

developed at the Temple of Apollo in
Bassae, Greece
Dimitri Papastarnatiou and loannis Psycharis

Earthquake Engineering Laboratoy, National Technical University of Athens,

Polytechnioupoli,Zografou, 157 00 Zografos, Greece
ABSTRACT
structures made of large blocks which
We report on the initial phase of assessing numerically the seismic rely for their stability on the frictional and
cohesive resistance at the interface of the
vulnerability of sections of the Temple of Apollo in Bassae, in the W.
building stones. This type of construction
Peloponnesus, Greece. The site is exposed to large subduction has been replaced by structures of
earthquakes and to smaller local extensional events. In this phase the concrete, steel and other modem
only link with the seismotectonic environment is the selection of materials. The evolution in building
representative recorded accelerograms for numerical analysis. techniques has affected not only the
The analysis confirms the highly non-linear nature of the response of construction but also the methods of
megalithic structures relying for their stability on the friction and structural analysis. Computational
cohesion between the constituent blocks. Intact sections of the Temple techniques developed for continuous
systems have surprising limitations and
showed substantial resistance to strong ground motions due to their cannot be used for the analysis of
capacity to absorb energy with large relative movements of the friction-cohesion structures.
building blocks that do not impair the stability of the structure. Appropriate techniques, however, have
However, imperfections typical of the present condition of the been developed for the stability of
monument, namely deterioration of the building stones and of the fractured rock masses, where friction-
foundation material, substantially reduce the stability threshold. cohesion is the only available mechanism.
Powerful numerical tools are available to assist rational schemes for We employed computational
techniques developed for the stability of
the protection of ancient structures and to subject archaeological rock masses, namely the computer
hypotheses to numerical tests. This analysis quantifies the effects of programme UDEC authored by Dr P. A.
weaknesses of the structure and allows testing the effectiveness of Cundall of Minnesota University, to
strengthening procedures. In the archaeological context there is a analyse the seismic response of elements
strong interaction with the ongoing geodynamic processes. of classical temples in Greece. Our report
is based on a preliminary assessment of
Tewa Nova, 5, 591-601, 1993. available numerical codes for the seismic
analysis of the Temple of Apollo in
Bassae, Central Peloponnese, Greece
(Papastamatiou et al., 1990). Although
we make an effort in our presentation to
INTRODUCTION materials/ structures and the keep the subject matter in focus, our
construction methods taking into results merely illustrate the potential of
Ancient structures have survived in a account its environmental history, in available numerical techniques.
frequently adverse social and natural order to effectively protect it.
environment. In their present form such In this presentation we are looking
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO IN
structures offer the challenge of into the transient changes of the
BASSAE AND ITS
deciphering their historical environment, caused by earthquakes.
SEISMOTECTONIC
development and of preserving them The structural response to such events
E NVlRON M ENT
for future generations. For the civil will depend on the stability of the
engineer the challenge is to understand foundations and on the structure itself. The Temple of Apollo in Bassae
the mechanical behaviour of the We have restricted ourselves to (C.P.T.A.E., 1986) was built in a remote

591
 D. PAPASTAMATIOU AND I . PSYCHARIS

592
 S E I S M I C R E S P O N S E OF C L A S S I C A L M O N U M E N T S

place on the western mountain range of
the Peloponnesus. The monument was
first described by Pausanias in 174 AD.
It then disappeared from historical
accounts for 17 centuries and was
rediscovered, in 1765, by the architect
traveller Joachim Bocher. Figure 1
shows an engraving of the Temple
produced in the early 19th century.
Today the Temple is preserved quite
well, after a restoration effort at the
beginning of this century, despite the
advanced deterioration of the building
materials (Beloyianniset al., 1988)and of
the foundation (Andronopoulos et al.,
1988). The deterioration of the building
stones, as illustrated in Fig. 3, is
accelerated by the adverse weather
conditions (the structure is built at a
height of approximately 1000 m a.s.1 .).
The slow erosion of the foundation
materials has resulted in substantial
leaning of some of the columns (Fig. 2).
The ancient site is located in a
tectonically active area of Greece (Fig.
4). Our present understanding of this
activity is dominated by two
mechanisms: the subduction of the
African Plate under the W.
Peloponnesus and the extension of the
Peloponnesus crust. The former
mechanism gives rise to infrequent large
earthquakes when the subducting crust
fails in compression whereas the latter
mechanism releases smaller
earthquakes when the overriding plate
fails in extension along normal faults.
The subduction is taken up by
substantial creep motion; only a small
amount of the plate convergence is
released by earthquakes. The large
euicentral area uroduced bv such an
event in 1886 is shown in Fig. 4
(Galanopoulos, 1941) and appears to
have been influenced by the excitation
of intense movement in surface
sedimentary formations. The extension
mechanism is manifested mostly by
earthquakes (Ambraseys & Jackson,
1990). These earthquakes show a
relatively small epicentral area like the
one produced by the 1986 Kalamata
earthquake (Fig. 4); as illustrated by this
recent earthquake the destruction
potential in this small area is high.
The actual risk (exposure of the
structure to earthquakes) is related to
the seismic hazard at the site through
the vulnerability of the structure.
Because the seismic hazard at the site is
poorly understood, due to limitations in
the historical and the tectonic records, a
parametric scheme was selected to
check the vulnerability of the structure
only.
In the parametric analysis we took a
broader view of the geodynamics of SW
Greece, illustrated on Fig. 4, to gain
insight into the interaction of
earthquakes with classical monuments.
We considered two sets of
accelerograms as representative of these
geodynamics. For the shallow extension
events we chose the Kalamata, 1986
recordings and the accelerograms
recorded in Corinth in 1981. The 1986
earthquake was recorded in the city of
Kalamata by two instruments separated
by 600 m. The Corinth 1981
accelerogram was generated by a large
normal faulting event in the Gulf of
Corinth. In the shallow event set we also
included the 1940 El Centro
acceleroeram that has acauired a
reference status in earthquake
engineering. In the second set,
representative of deeper subduction
events, we were restricted to recordings
from abroad, as such earthquakes have
not yet been recorded by strong motion
instruments in Greece. We resorted to
the 1974 Lima, Peru and the 1977
Bucharest, Romania recordings. The
former was recorded on a hard site and
exhibits extremely long duration
whereas the second is an unusually long
period record on soil that appears to
have been influenced primarily by the
disposition of the recording station with
respect to the source mechanism of the
earthquake (Hartzell, 1979). The
selected accelerograms are shown in
Fig. 5 at the same acceleration-time
scale. In the structural analysis the time
characteristics of the three records were
invariant whereas the strength of
ground shaking was altered by uniform
scaling of the acceleration.
N U M E R I C A L A N A L Y S I S OF
S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S OF T H E
TEMPLE
The LJDEC program (Cundall, 1971;
Cundall & Hart, 1983) has been
developed over the last twenty years
and has been applied extensively in
problems involving fractured rock
masses. The program models arbitrary
geometries in two (LJDEC) or three
(3DEC) dimensions of discrete element
assemblies with specified interface
properties. It then keeps track, in real
time during ground shaking, of the
uosition of each block. ensuring

Top row (left to right): Fig. 1. Engraving of the Apollo Temple in Bassae (seen from the North East) produced by the committee of W. Page
and W. Woolnoth in early 29th century; Fig. 2. Apollo Temple in Bassae. The western row of columns showing substantial deviations from
the vertical.

Middle row (left to right): Fig. 3. Apollo Temple in Bassae. Detail of column showing deterioration of building material and dislocation of
the section; Fig. 8. Slip-out section of a column at the entrance of the Acropolis of Athens attributed to impact from a falling piece from the
superstructure; Fig. 13. Modern model structure in the cemetery of Kalamata after the 1986 earthquake. The site, in the outskirts of the town,
is near the recordings at the top of Fig. 5.

Bottom row (left to right): Fig. 14. The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion. Although in a relatively low seismicity area in Greece, the columns
show pronounced slip-outs of their section; Fig 15. The Temple of Apollo in Ancient Corinth. The columns are monolithic and must have
experienced repeatedly strong seismic motions in their present condition.

593
 D. PAPASTAMATIOU AND I . PSYCHARIS

38

37O

36'

22' lOOkm "

I
35 I I I
229 23' 24'

Fig. 4. Seismotectonic map of the Peloponnesus and adjacent areas (from Lyon-Caen et al., 1988). Topographic contours at 600 m and 1200
m. Stereonets show the source mechanisms and the instrumental epicentres of the Megalopolis 1965 earthquake, the 1981 Alkyonides Bay
sequence and the 1986 Kalamata event. Shading indicates the epicentral areas of a small earthquake in 1986 and a large event in 1886. Also
shown are the locations of the Temples discussed in the text.

594
 S E I S M I C RESPONSE OF C L A S S I C A L M O N U M E N T S

0.3r Kalamata I detailed drawing in Fig. 6: a free-

standing column and a two column-
-_ beam system. The analysis was carried
0.0
out for the scaled combination of one of
the horizontal (pga = 0.27 g) and the
vertical (pga = 0.22 g) Kalamata 1
components (Fig. 5).
The results of the analysis of a free-
standing column are shown in Fig. 7a
0.0 for five times the Kalamata 1 record at
- various times. The column sections were
modelled accurately. As indicated by
the velocity vectors, the bottom section
0.31- Cori nth was modelled as an elastic block
whereas the remaining sections were
taken as rigid blocks. This assumption
0.0
does not alter the results substantially
for the large movements induced by
strong ground shaking. Rocking
occurred at the second and third
sections whereas the snapshot at rest
(19.3 s) shows that the lower sections of
the column have slipped out. This
deformation is hard to explain by other
mechanisms and when found in the
field provides evidence of strong
earthquake motion in the past. Such
deformation is weakly manifested on
sections of the Temple of Apollo (Fig. 3).
The results of the two column-beam
'I , I I ] 1 1 1 1 I ] ] I I 1 1 1 1 I I ] I I 1 system are shown in Fig. 7b for the
-0.310 I ' unscaled Kalamata 1 record. In this case
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
an imperfection was introduced to the
0.3r Peru beam that led to an early collapse
mechanism. This example demonstrates
0.0 the large deformation capability of the
program. Note the falling part of the
-0.3/01 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I beam hitting the right column, as
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 indicated by the velocity vectors. The
0.3
slip-out of the section at the entrance of
the Acropolis of Athens (Fig. 8) has been
0.0
attributed to such a falling piece from
the overstructure.
-0.3
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Time ( s ) THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS

Fig. 5. The set of accelerograms selected for the analysis. All registrations are plotted on the For simplified geometries of the free
same acceleration-time scale. standing column, theoretical predictions
are possible (e.g. Housner, 1963; Yim et
compatibility of the interacting geometry of the numerical model al., 1980; Psycharis and Jennings, 1983;
neighbouring blocks. Each block is free (C.P.T.A.E., 1986). Material properties of Spanos and Koh, 1984; Sinopoli, 1989,
to slide and rotate. The blocks can be the building stone are being assessed in 1991; Psycharis, 1990). We employed
either rigid or deformable. The the laboratory; in the numerical such predictions (Psycharis and
programme is written in a Lagrangean analysis, therefore, general properties Jennings, 1983; Psycharis, 1990) to gain
formulation and can follow large from the literature were assumed. an understanding of the deformation
displacements leading to collapse A limited number of runs were mechanism and to perform some
mechanisms. conducted to demonstrate the parametric studies. We used the piece-
Detailed drawings of the monument capabilities of the 2D program. Two wise linear equations of motion which
are available in order to specify the geometries were extracted from the are valid for small angles of rocking.

595
 D. PAPASTAMATIOU AND I. PSYCHARIS

0-?7
I
U-Q c-5 0 -n
I U-a €4 II
M 2 . 9 auo 280 am 0.00 auo o.+ 0x0 200 as0 2.00

B1 82
Fig. 6. Detailed drawing (Archive, C.P.T.A.E.) of the part of the Temple of Apollo in Bassae that was modelled numerically.

596
 1,; I

-
t 5.617 s f.7.117 s
S E I S M I C R E S P O N S E OF CLASSICAL M O N U M E N T S

<f=8.606s

(a)
2 3
Fig. 7. Snapshots from the numerical analysis of: (a) A single column subjected to five times
the Kalarnata 1 registration. (b) A two-columnlbearn system subjected to the Kalamata 1
record. In this case the unscaled accelerogram was sufficient to fail the already faulted beam
However, these equations can correctly
predict overturning, which involves
large rotations (Spanos and Koh, 1984).
Figure 7a shows that the system
behaves like a two-block model but
with varying numbers of stones in each
section. It seems, however, that a block
separation around 1 / 3 of the height is a
reasonable average and a two-block
model based on this assumption would
suffice to describe the response of the
column. The possible vibrations of a
two-block rocking model and the
comparison of theoretical predictions
with the numerical results are shown in
Fig. 9. The comparison is surprisingly
good, particularly if one takes into
account that the theoretical model
incorporates only rotations and
f=10.62s Final, 1.19.3
4
horizontal ground motion. The sliding
mechanism is apparent on the
numerical response beyond 12 s that
indicates about 0.1 cm of permanent
displacement of the top of the column
relative to the ground. This permanent
set occurs during rocking, following the
constitutive behaviour of the joints.
The simple monolithic rigid block
(Fig. lo), as an approximation of the
same column of the Temple of Apollo,
offers itself to useful parametric studies.
In spite of its apparent simplicity and
the fact that the equations of motion can
be linearized, the phenomenon is quite
complicated and highly nonlinear. This
is because the governing equations
change when the pole of rotation jumps
from one edge of the base to the other.
As a result, the block may overturn for a
certain earthquake motion and be stable
for a stronger one. This is illustrated in
Fig. 10 for the El Centro record: at 1.1 g
the column falls on one side, at 1.2 g the
column does not fall whereas at 1.3 g the
column falls on the other side. The
results of the parametric investigations
for the earthquake records of Fig. 5 are
shown in Fig. 11. These plots show the
maximum angle of rotation for several
values of the peak ground acceleration.
Overturning is assumed to occur when
this angle reaches 90". The results show
approximately the same instability level
(about 0.5-0.75 g) for the Kalamata 1,
the Corinth and the El Centro records.
For the Kalamata 2 and the Peru records
the block is much more stable and it
overturns at about 1.4 g, while for the
Romanian record it is very unstable and
it overturns for a ground acceleration
slightly higher than the threshold for
uplift to occur. It should be noted that,
although the two Kalamata records give
quite different overturning thresholds,
the response is similar where
overturning does not happen. The
difference in the occurrence of
overturning is due to the sensitivity of
the phenomenon to even the small
differences between the two ground
motion records. The exceptional
vulnerability apparent in response to
the Romanian record is evidently due to
the strong long-period harmonic motion
that prevailed.
Figure 12 shows the response of
imperfect columns to the Kalamata 1
record. The imperfections are evident on
the drawing of Figure 6: reduced width
of the base and initial tilt of the column.
These types of imperfection are the two
main problems of the monument in its
present condition i.e. deterioration of
the building stones and of the
foundation material. Reduction of the
base to half the width (Figure 12a)
brings the stability threshold down to
0.2 g whereas an initial tilt (Figure 1Zb)
of 0.05 rads (about 3") reduces the
stability threshold to 0.4 g.
DISCUSSION
The analysis presented here is
preliminary and any conclusions based
on the obtained results are deemed to be
tentative. A valid conclusion, however,

597
 p. fi,,
D. PAPASTAMATIOU AND I. PSYCHARIS
I I
,
f-j h I
/
I
Fig. 9. Vibration 'modes' of a two-block rocking system and comparison of its analytical response with the UDEf numerical analysis. The
time-histo y shows the top displacement for ground excitation five-times the Kalamata 1 registration.
is that powerful numerical tools are
available for the dynamic analysis of
deformation induced on friction-
cohesion structures. Clearly, although
the numerical models are built on sound
physics, the numerical experiments are
conducted in the uncertain environment
of ground motion, material behaviour,
and initial and boundary conditions.
Within this environment the numerical
tools can have a two-fold application: in
the field of the restoration of ancient
monuments and in the field of
experimental archaeology.
For the restoration of monuments it is
important to understand the dynamic
response of structures in seismic areas.
This is essential for taking sensible
protective measures, as well as for
testing such measures. Moreover, a
numerical analysis is the only feasible
approach: the analysis of the simple
rigid block has demonstrated that
scaling laws, a prerequisite of shaking
table testing, do not apply to friction-
cohesion structures, let alone the
interaction with their foundations. This
is due to the importance of gravity to
the dynamic response. Using blocks of
different density from the prototype
598
-0.6 -
would not overcome the difficulty, since
the governing equations of motion
depend on geometry and the
acceleration of gravity only and are
independent of the mass. However,
confidence in the proper use of the
numerical tools can be gained through
numerical simulations of shaking table
models. Occasionally, structures
resembling models of classical temples
are subjected to strong earthquake
motions. The final results of a field
'shaking table' test is shown in Fig. 13.
The model structure is in the cemetery
of Kalamata not far from the recordings
of Fig. 5.
The numerical analysis of perfect
sections of the existing Temple of
Apollo in Bassae showed substantial
resistance to strong ground motions.
This resistance is achieved with internal
dissipation of energy through large
relative movements of the building
blocks. For a perfect section such
deformations can occur without
impairing its stability. For imperfect
sections, however, the stability
threshold is substantially lowered. Two
such imperfections are typical
deterioration effects for the Temple of
---_
UDEC
Equivalent two-block system
Apollo: deterioration of the building
stones and of the foundation material.
Even in an intact part of the monument
such imperfections may occur during
shaking. The programme LJLJEC has the
possibility of breaking up blocks during
the calculations.
In experimental archaeology,
hypotheses on seismic damage can be
tested numerically. Such documentation
about the past of ancient structures
would reveal strong earthquake
motions or lack of such motions in the
long periods spanned by these
structures. Numerical studies of the
interaction between archaeology and
earthquake motions require the concerted
effort of archaeologists and
geoscientists. Meaningful numerical
tests will have to be conducted in the
context of possible earthquake sources,
the structural evolution of the
monument and the historical events that
might have had a dynamic effect on the
contemporary configuration of the
monument (e.g. the explosion inside the
Parthenon during the siege of the
Acropolis by the Venetians in 1687 AD).
The Temple of Apollo in Bassae was
mildly shaken during the 5 April 1965
 0.25 -
/
+ PGA -1.3 g
0.20 - /
PI
0.15- I
I

-0.05- I
I
\
\
-0.10-
-' PGA=I.I g
-0.15- '
\
-0.20 -
\
\
-0.25 I I I I I I I

Kalarnata 2

0
Fig. 10. (above and top left) Rocking of a
rigid block. The strongly nonlinear nature of
the response is illustrated with the time-
history of the rotation for three different
L
scalings of the El Centroground motion; the
column did not fall at the intermediate
scaled value of 1.2 g.
Cor I n t h E l Centro

Peru Romanian
Fig. 11. (left) Maximum rotation 5f the
10-2
0.00 0250.50 075 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
10-2 ,, I I I I I I I II I I I II,
monolithic typical column subjected to the
0.00 0.25 0.500.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 earthquake records of Fig. 5 after scaling
Feak ground acceleration (g) w.r.t. the peak ground acceleration. -

599
 D. PAPASTAMATIOU A N D I. PSYCHARIS
(a) Overturning
- 1
9 0
x
0
E X b - 0 . 9 0 bo
0 61 0:" 0.3 0.4 0.5
Peak ground acceleration ( g )
Fig. 12. Response of the monolithic imperfect column to the scaled Kalamata 1 record: (a) with reduced base of the column, (b) with
initial tilt of the column.
Megalopoli earthquake (Ambraseys,
1967). This, magnitude 6.0, earthquake
produced a mesoseismal area elongated
in the SE-NW direction that includes the
instrumental epicentre shown o n Figure
4. The guard of the site reported then
that the leaning of the columns (Fig. 2)
was aggravated (Ambraseys, pers.
comm.). The slight dislocation of
sections of the columns (Fig. 3) indicates
stronger shaking in the past.
In the more general area of Fig. 4 the
Temple of Poseidon of Sounion lies in
an area of relative low seismicity.
Nevertheless, the columns of the present
ruins show remarkable slip-outs of their
sections (Fig. 14). The Temple of Apollo
in Ancient Corinth (Fig. 15) lies in the
seismically active graben of the Gulf of
Corinth. This activity was recently
demonstrated with the 1981
earthquakes in the Gulf of Alkyonides
and earlier with the earthquakes of 1928
and 1855 that destroyed Corinth. The
Temple is made of monolithic columns
(Pachyyianni and Protonotarios, 1991)
that are accurately modelled by the
simple block on Fig. 10. The analysis on
Fig. 11 indicates high resistance to the
accelerogram of 1981 but also high
vulnerability to the Bucharest 1977
record. The possible interaction of the
free standing columns with such
motions in the past would provide
unique evidence of the relevance of the
600
(b)
* b=bo
+ b = 0 ; 8 0 ba
0 b 1 0 . 7 5 bo
0 b = 0 . 5 0 bo
0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.1
Romanian record to the seismic hazard
in S. Greece, particularly w.r.t. modern
long period structures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful for the financial support
and encouragement of the Committee
for the Preservation of the Temple of
Apollo Epicourios. Our thanks are
cordially extended to Mr
Papantonopoulos for his help in
formulating the problem and keeping
the ancient structure in focus. The
UDEC runs were performed by Itasa
Inc, Minneapolis.
REFERENCES
Ambraseys N.N. (1967) The Earthquakes
of 1965-66 in the Peloponnesus, Greece;
a field report, Bull seism. SOC. Am., 57(5),
1025-1046.
Ambraseys N.N. and Jackson J. A. (1990)
Seismicity and Associated Strain of
Central Greece between 1890 and 1988,
Geophys. J. Int., 101, 663-708.
Andronopoulos B., Tzitziras A. and
Koukis G. (1988) Engineering Geological
Investigations in the Area of Apollo
Epicurios Temple at Phigalia
(Peloponnesus, Greece). In: Proc. Int.
Symp. Eng. Geol. of Ancient Works (ed. by
P. Marinos and G. Koukis), 479-486,
Balkema, Athens, Greece.
- Over t u r n i n g
* Lpo=0
X .po=O.Ol rod
+ tpo=0.02 rod
~p,=0.03 rad
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Peak ground acceleration ( g )
Beloyiannis N., Theouslakis P. and
Haralambidis L. (1988) Causes and
Mechanism of Stone Alteration at the
Temple of Apollo Epicurios at Bassai,
Greece. (In:Proc. Inf. Symp. Eng. Geol. of
Ancieut Works ed. by Marinos and
Koukis), 763-769, Balkema, Athens.
C.P.T.A.E. (1986) The Temple of Apollo
Epicourios at Bassae. Committee for the
Preservation of the Temple of Apollo
Epicourios, Greek Ministry of Culture,
Athens.
Cundall P.A. (1971) A Computer Model for
Simulating Progressive Large Scale
Movements in Blocky Rock Systems,
Proc. Symp. Int. SOC.of Rock Mechanics,
Nancy, France, 1, paper No. 11-8.
Cundall P.A. and Hart R.D. (1983)
Development of Generaked 2-73 and 3 - 0
Distinct Element Programs for Modeling
Jointed Rock. Technical Report prepared
by Itasca Consulting Group Inc. for the
US. Army Engineers.
Galanopoulos A.G. (1941) Das
Riesenbeben der Messenischen Kuste
vom 27 August 1886. "Prakt. Athens
Acad.", 16, 127-134.
Hartzell S. (1979) Analysis of the Bucarest
Strong Ground Motion Record of the
March 4, 1977 Romanian earthquake,
Bull. seism. SOC. Am., 69(2), 513-530.
Housner G.W. (1963) The Behaviour of
Inverted Pendulum Structures During
Earthquakes, Bull. Seism. SOC.Am., 53(2),
403-417.
 SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CLASSICAL MONUMENTS
Lyon-Caen H. et al. (1988) The 1986
Kalamata (S. Peloponessos) Earthquake:
Detailed Study of a Normal Fault and
Tectonic Implications, 1.geophys. Res., 93,
967.
Pachyyianni A. and Protonotarios Y. (1991)
The Contribution of the Seismic
Response of Columns in Site Specific
Seismicity Studies (the Case of the
Temple of Apollo, Corinth). Proc.
Archaeoseismology, Athens, 13-15 June
1991.
Papastamatiou D., Psycharis I. and Elias D.
(1990) A n Approach to the Earthquake
Problem of the Temple of Apollo in S.
Peloponnese, Greece. Earthq. Eng. Lab,
NTUA, Report to the Greek Ministry of
Culture (in Greek).
Psycharis LN. and Jenning P.C. (1983)
Rocking of Slender Rigid Bodies
Allowed to Uplift, Earthq. Eng. Struct.
Dyn., 11, 57-76.
Psycharis LN. (1990) Dynamic Behaviour
of Rocking Two-block Assemblies,
Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 19, 555-575.
Sinopoli A. (1989) Kinematic Approach to
the Impact Problem of Rigid Bodies,
Appl. Mech. Review, ASME, 42, Part 2.
Sinopoli A. (1991) Dynamic Analysis of a
Stone Column Excited by a Sine Wave
Ground Motion, Appl. Mech. Review,
ASME, 44(10), Part 2.
Span0sP.D. and KohA.4. (1984)Rocking of
Rigid Blocks Due to Harmonic Shaking,I.
Eng. Mech., ASCE, llO(ll),1627-1642.
Yim C.S., Chopra A.K. and Penzien J.
(1980) Rocking Response of Rigid Blocks
to Earthquakes, Earthq. Eng. b Struct.
Dyn., 8(6), 565-587.
601