I

NDUSTRI
ALTRAI
NINGREPORT
On
CONSTRUCTI
ONOFROADAND
BUILDI
NG

UNDERTAKEN
AT
(
HPPWDSUB.DI
V.JAWALAMUKHI
)

SUBMI
TTEDI
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTFORTHEAWARDOF
TH
THEDEGREEOF7 SEMESTER

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
IN
CI
VILENGINEERI
NG

SUBMITTEDTO
DEPARTMENTOFCI VI
LENGINEERI
NG
RAJI
VGANDHIGOVT.ENGG.COLLEGE,
NAGROTABAGWAN

SUBMI
TTEDBY
RAMANKUMAR
14BTD5010472

01/
06/
2018t
o12/
07/
2018

RAJI
VGANDHIGOVT.ENGG.COLLEGE,
NAGROTABAGWAN,KANGRA(H.P.
)

i
i
i
 CONTENTS

PageNo.

Acknowl edgement
i
Certi
ficate ii
Certi
ficatebytrainingCompany /I
ndust
ry/
/Inst
it
ute ii
i
Abstract iv
Weekl yprogressr epor
ts(foreach6weeks) v
- xi
i
AboutCompany /
industry
/inst
itut
e xii
i
Li
stofTabl es
xi
v
Li
stofFi gures xv
Li
stofAbbr evi
ati
ons
xvi
Chapter s 1-
50
References

Chapt
er1-
INTRODUCTI
ON
1.
1 I
ntr
oducti
onofRoads 1
1.
1.1 cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofroads 2
1.
2 Bui
ldi
ng 5
1.
2.1 ty
pesofbuil
dings 6

Chapt
er2-TRAI
NINGASSI
GNMENTS
2.
1 I
ntroduct
ion 9
2.
2 Assignment#1 12
2.
2.1 Det
ail
s 13
2.
3 Assignment#2 20
2.
3.1 Det
ail
s 21
2.
4 Assignment#3 30
2.
3.1 Det
ail
s 32

Chapt
er3-CONCLUSI
ONS 40

Chapt
er4-REFERENCES 43

i
i
i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thei
ndust
ri
alt
rai
ningoppor
tuni
tyIhadwi
tht
heConst
ruct
ioncel
lofPubl
i
c
Wor
ks Depar
tment
,Jawal
amukhiwas a gr
eatchance f
orl
ear
ning and
pr
ofessi
onaldev
elopment.Ther
efor
eIconsi
dermy
sel
fav
eryl
uckyi
ndi
vi
dual
t
o beapar
toft
heor
gani
zat
ionand t
o meetso wonder
fulpeopl
eand
pr
ofessi
onal
swhol
edmet
hrought
hist
rai
ningper
iod.Bear
ingi
nthemi
ndt
he
pr
eci
ousIam usi
ngt
heoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
essmydeepestgr
ati
tudeand
speci
alt
hankst
othet
rai
ningi
nchar
geEr
.Ni
ti
nChoudhar
y.
Whose cont
ri
but
ion i
n st
imul
ati
ng suggest
ions and
encour
agementhel
pedmet
ocoor
dinat
ewel
li
nmyt
rai
ningper
iod.
I
tismyr
adi
antsent
imentt
opl
aceonr
ecor
dmybestr
egar
dsanddeepest
senseofgr
ati
tudet
oal
lthef
acul
tymember
sofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment
ofmycol
l
egef
ort
hei
rnecessar
yadv
iceandgui
dance.
Lastbutnott
hel
eastIwoul
dli
ket
othankt
heal
might
yforhi
sshowerof
bl
essi
ngandmypar
ent
sfort
hei
rbei
ngmygr
eat
estst
rengt
hthr
oughal
lthe
oddsandal
somyf
ri
endswi
thwhom Ishar
edmydayt
odayexper
ienceand
r
ecei
vedsev
eral
suggest
ionsf
ormybet
ter
ment
.

Pl
ace:

Dat
e: RAMANKUMAR
14BTD5010472
7th sem, Civ
il Engg.

i
v
 Dept
t.RGGEC,Nagr
ota
Bagwan

CERTI
FICATE
Iher
ebycer
ti
fyt
hatIhav
ecompl
etedsi
xweeksI
ndust
ri
alTr
aini
ngi
npar
ti
al
f
ulf
il
mentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heawar
dof7t
hsemest
eri
nBachel
orof
Technol
ogyi
nCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing.Idi
dmyt
rai
ningi
nHPPWDDi
vi
sionDehr
aat
HPPWDSub.Di
vi
sion,
Jawal
amukhi
from 1/
06/
2018t
o12/
07/2018.

Themat
terpr
esent
edi
nthi
srepor
thasnotbeensubmi
tt
edbymeor
any
oneel
se,
fort
heawar
dofanyot
herdegr
eeel
sewher
e.

Si
gnat
ureofSt
udent
Name- RAMANKUMAR
Rol
lNo.–14BTD5010472
Semest
er–7t
h ,
Year
-4t
h
Dept
.ofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing,
R.
G.G.
E.C.
,Nagr
otaBagwan

Tr
aini
ngSuper
visor

HOD,
Civ
ilEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment

Raj
i
vGandhi
Gov
t.Engg.Col
l
ege,
Nagr
otaBagwan,
Kangr
a(H.
P.)

Assi
stantTr
aini
ngandPl
acementOf
fi
cer

v
Ci
vi
lEngg.Depart
ment
RGGEC,Nagrot
aBagwan

ABSTRACT

Road Tr
anspor
tisv
italt
oIndi
a'
s economy
.It enabl
es t
he count
ry'
s
t
ranspor
tat
ionsect
orcont
ri
but
e4.
7per
centofI
ndi
a’
sgr
ossdomest
icpr
oduct
,
i
ncompar
isont
orai
l
way
sthatcont
ri
but
ed1per
cent
,in2009-
2010,despi
te
r
ail
way
shandl
i
ngofpassengerandpur
ecar
go.Road t
ranspor
thas gai
ned
i
nimpor
tanceov
ert
hey
ear
sdespi
tesi
gni
fi
cantbar
ri
ersandi
nef
fi
cienci
es
i
nint
er-
stat
efr
eightandpassengermov
ementcompar
edt
orai
l
way
sandai
r.
Thegov
ernmentofI
ndi
aconsi
der
sroadnet
wor
kascr
it
icalt
othecount
ry'
s
dev
elopment
,soci
ali
ntegr
ati
onandsecur
it
yneedsoft
hecount
ry.I
ndi
a'
sroad
net
wor
k car
ri
es ov
er65 per
centofi
tsf
rei
ghtand about85 per
centof
passengert
raf
fi
c.I
ndi
anr
oadnet
wor
kisadmi
nist
eredbyv
ari
ous
gov
ernmentaut
hor
it
ies,gi
venI
ndi
a'
sfeder
alf
orm ofgov
ernment
.Nat
ional
hi
ghway
sconnectcapi
tal
s,i
mpor
tantpl
aces,por
tsandpl
acesofst
rat
egi
c
i
mpor
tanceofv
ari
ousst
ates.Thoughnat
ionalhi
ghway
saccountf
oronl
y2%
oft
het
otal
roadl
engt
h,t
heycar
rynear
ly1/
3oft
het
otal
traf
fi
c.

v
i
Fl
exi
blepav
ementi
scomposedofabi
tumi
nousmat
eri
alsur
facecour
seand
under
lyi
ngbaseandsubbasecour
ses.Thebi
tumi
nousmat
eri
ali
smor
eof
ten
asphal
twhosev
iscousnat
ureal
l
owssi
gni
fi
cantpl
ast
icdef
ormat
ion.Most
asphal
tsur
facesar
ebui
l
tonagr
avelbase,al
thoughsome'
ful
ldept
h'asphal
t
sur
facesar
ebui
l
tdi
rect
lyont
hesubgr
ade.Dependi
ngont
het
emper
atur
eat
whi
chi
tisappl
i
ed,
asphal
tiscat
egor
izedashotmi
xasphal
t(HMA)
,war
m mi
x
asphal
t,orcol
dmi
xasphal
t.Fl
exi
blePav
ementi
ssonamedast
hepav
ement
sur
facer
efl
ect
sthet
otal
def
lect
ion
ofal
lsubsequentl
ayer
sduet
othet
raf
fi
cloadact
inguponi
t.Thef
lexi
ble
pav
ementdesi
gni
sbasedont
hel
oaddi
str
ibut
ingchar
act
eri
sti
csofal
ayer
ed
sy
stem.I
ttr
ansmi
tsl
oadt
othesubgr
adet
hroughacombi
nat
ionofl
ayer
s.
Fl
exi
blepav
ementdi
str
ibut
esl
oadov
erar
elat
ivel
ysmal
l
erar
eaoft
hesub
gr
adebeneat
h.Thei
nit
iali
nst
all
ati
oncostofaf
lexi
blepav
ementi
squi
tel
ow
whi
chi
swhyt
hist
ypeofpav
ementi
smor
ecommonl
yseenuni
ver
sal
l
y.
Howev
er,t
hef
lexi
blepav
ementr
equi
resmai
ntenanceand r
out
iner
epai
rs
ev
eryf
ew y
ear
s.Hi
ghwaysur
vey
sinv
olv
ethel
ocat
ionofal
i
gnment
sand
comput
ati
onofv
olumesmat
eri
alst
hatmustbeadded,
remov
ed,
ormov
ed.I
t
i
nit
ial
l
yrequi
resat
opogr
aphi
csur
veyoft
hesi
te.Thegoalofmostpr
oject
sis
t
omi
nimi
zet
hehaul
i
ngdi
stancesoft
heear
th.Theendr
esul
tisasmoot
h
al
i
gnmentwi
thsmoot
htr
ansi
ti
onsf
rom st
rai
ghtt
ocur
vedsect
ionsal
l
owi
ng
f
orsaf
epubl
i
ctr
anspor
tat
ion.

WEEKLYPROGRESSREPORT

WeekNo. Pr
ogr
ess

1 Ont
hef
ir
stweek,
thehonour
abl
eSDOsi
rgav
eust
he

I
mpor
tanti
ntr
oduct
ionaboutt
hepr
ojectandal
lthel
i
mit
sof
mat
eri
alwhi
char
etobeusedandot
heri
mpor
tantdet
ail
s.

2 Ont
hesecondweek,
wewentt
othesi
tewher
ethev
il
lage
r
oadwasunderconst
ruct
ion.Att
hesi
tet
her
emov
alofdust
f
rom WBM wi
tht
hehel
pofcompr
essormachi
newasunder
pr
ocessandl
ayi
ngofbi
tumencov
erwasi
npr
ogr
ess.The

v
ii
 wor
kwasi
nter
rupt
edbyt
heJEsi
rbecauseoft
her
ewasa
t
hickl
ayerofsoi
lpr
esentwhi
chwasundesi
rabl
eforr
oad
bi
tument
olayon.Andaf
tert
her
emov
alofsoi
lthewor
kwas
cont
inued.

3 Ont
het
hir
dweek,
wewentt
othesi
tewher
etheconst
ruct
ion
ofl
i
brar
ywasi
npr
ogr
ess.Ther
ewasr
oofsl
abwas
const
ruct
edduet
orai
nst
heconst
ruct
ionwasi
nter
rupt
edf
or
3day
s.

4 Ont
hef
our
thweek,
wewentt
osamespotandt
her
ewas
har
dlyandwor
ksowewer
emoni
tor
ingt
hewat
eri
ngt
osl
ab
andbr
ickwor
k.

5 Ont
hef
if
thweek,t
her
ewasr
esur
faci
ngofMDRr
oadf
rom
Jawal
amukhiToDehr
awasi
npr
ogr
esssobewentt
other
e
and cl
osel
y moni
tort
he aspect
s ofr
oad and l
ayi
ng of
bi
tumi
nousconcr
eteandl
ear
ntv
eryi
mpor
tantaspect
sabout
t
het
emp.
,thi
cknessofBCl
ayeret
c.

6 Ont
hel
astandf
inal
week,
theSDOsi
randJEsi
rwental
ong
usandper
for
medt
het
est
sonBi
tumi
nousconcr
etesof
ind
outt
hecont
entofi
t.Andal
soper
for
medt
het
eston
aggr
egat
esuchsi
eveanal
ysi
set
c.

ABOUTHPPWD

v
ii
i
Thedepar
tmenti
sengagedi
npl
anni
ng,const
ruct
ionandmai
ntenanceof
r
oads,
bri
dges,
ropeway
sandbui
l
dings(
bot
hresi
dent
ialandnon-
resi
dent
ialof
v
ari
ousGov
t.depar
tment
s)i
ntheSt
ate.Thedepar
tmentf
urt
herexecut
es
engi
neer
ingwor
konbehal
fofLocalBodi
es,Publ
i
cUnder
taki
ngs,Boar
ds&
ot
herI
nst
it
uti
onsunderHi
machal
PradeshGov
ernmentas"
Deposi
twor
ks"
.

i
x
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
eNo. Det
ail
s

1 Car
ri
agewaywi
dth.

2 Camberf
ordi
ff
erentRoadsur
faces.

3 BI
Sli
mitofpar
ti
clesi
ze.

4 Ty
pesofaggr
egat
eandt
hei
ror
igi
nal
rocks.

5 Si
zeandgr
adi
ngr
equi
rement
sofcoar
seaggr
egat
eforWBM.

6 Mar
shal
ltestr
equi
rement
.

7 Rei
nfor
cementcov
erf
ordi
ff
erentst
ruct
ural
element
s.

8 Ti
meofr
emov
aloff
ramewor
k.

x
 LI
STOFFI
GURES

Fi
gur
eNo. Det
ail
s

1 Aggr
egat
es.

2 Test
ingoft
emper
atur
eofl
ayi
ngbi
tumi
nouscoar
se.

3 Lay
edbi
tumi
nouscoar
se.

4 Equi
pmentusedf
orl
ayi
ng.

5 Excav
ati
on.

6 Rei
nfor
cementf
orsl
ab.

7 CBRappar
atus.

8 Sandr
epl
acementmet
hod.

9 Per
for
mingsandr
epl
acementt
estonBC.

10,
11 Si
eveanal
ysi
sandaggr
egat
ewei
ghi
ng.

xi
 LI
STOFABBREVI
ATI
ONS

ACWB : Asphal
tConcr
eteBear
ingCour
se

BC : Bi
tumi
nousConcr
ete

DBM : DenseBi
tumi
nousMacadam

GSB : Gr
anul
arSubBase

NH : Nat
ional
Highway

NHAI : Nat
ional
HighwayAut
hor
it
yOfI
ndi
a

HPPWD : Hi
machal
PradeshPubl
i
cWor
kDepar
tment

QC : Qual
i
tyCont
rol

RCC : Rei
nfor
cedConcr
eteCement

WMM : WetMi
xedMacadam

OMC : Opt
imum Moi
stur
eCont
ent

CBR : Cal
i
for
niaBear
ingRat
io

WBM : Wat
erBoundMacadam

I
RC : I
ndi
anRoadCongr
ess

xi
i
 CHAPTER-
1
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
1.
1Int
roduct
ion

xi
i
i
Roadsar
ethekeyt
othedev
elopmentofaneconomy
.Agoodr
oadnet
wor
k
const
it
utest
hebasi
cinf
rast
ruct
uret
hataccel
erat
est
hedev
elopmentpr
ocess
t
hroughconnect
ivi
tyandopeni
ngupoft
hebackwar
dregi
onst
otr
adeand
i
nvest
ment
.Roadsal
sopl
ayakeyr
olei
nint
er-
modalt
ranspor
tdev
elopment
est
abl
i
shi
ngl
i
nkswi
thai
rpor
ts,r
ail
wayst
ati
onsandpor
ts.I
naddi
ti
on,t
hey
hav
eani
mpor
tantr
olei
npr
omot
ingnat
ionali
ntegr
ati
on,whi
chi
spar
ti
cul
arl
y
i
mpor
tanti
nal
argecount
ryl
i
keI
ndi
a.Si
ncei
ndependence,t
her
ehasbeena
t
remendousi
ncr
easei
nthev
olumeofr
oadt
raf
fi
c,bot
hpassengerandf
rei
ght
.
Howev
er,t
hemai
nroadnet
wor
kcompr
isi
ngofnat
ionalandst
atehi
ghway
s
hasnotmat
chedt
hist
raf
fi
cgr
owt
h.Muchoft
heexpansi
onoft
her
oad
net
wor
khasbeent
hroughbui
l
dingt
her
uralr
oadst
opr
ovi
deconnect
ivi
tyt
o
r
uralmasses,al
though50per
centoft
hev
il
lagesar
est
il
ltobeconnect
ed
wi
thal
lweat
herr
oads.(
Themai
nroadshav
eal
sonotkeptpacewi
tht
he
t
raf
fi
cdemandi
nter
msoft
hei
rqual
i
ty)
.Despi
tet
hei
rimpor
tancet
othe
nat
ionaleconomy
,ther
oadnet
wor
kinI
ndi
aisgr
ossl
yinadequat
einv
ari
ous
r
espect
s.Theexi
sti
ngnet
wor
kisi
nadequat
eandi
sunabl
etohandl
ehi
gh
t
raf
fi
cdensi
tyatmanypl
acesandhaspoorr
idi
ngqual
i
ty.Roadsaf
etyi
sa
gr
owi
ngconcer
nint
hepr
esentdaywor
ld.ThoughI
ndi
a’
svehi
cul
arpopul
ati
on
i
sjustoneper
centoft
hatoft
hewor
ld,6% oft
hewor
ldacci
dent
soccuri
n
I
ndi
a.Thenat
ionalhi
ghway
s,compr
isi
ng2%oft
heent
ir
eroadnet
wor
kint
he
count
ry,accountf
ornear
ly20% oft
her
oadacci
dent
s.(
Sour
ce:-Cent
ral
I
nst
it
uteofRoadTr
anspor
t).Ov
er1,
25,
000peopl
ear
eki
l
ledandmor
ethan
5,
00,
000peopl
ear
einj
uredi
nthey
ear2009i
nIndi
aduet
oroadacci
dent
s.
Apar
tfr
om dr
iver
s’ski
l
lsandbehav
iour
,lackofknowl
edgeofr
oadsaf
ety
,
gener
alat
ti
tudeoft
her
oaduser
s,qual
i
tyandadequacyoft
her
oadsar
ethe
mosti
mpor
tantcont
ri
but
orst
osuchacci
dent
s.Pr
iort
otheNat
ional
Highway
s
Dev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
NHDP)i
nit
iat
edbyt
heNHAI
,al
mostal
lNat
ional
Hi
ghway
sand St
ate Hi
ghway
swer
e 2-
lane,undi
vi
ded r
oadswi
th unev
en
sur
facecausi
ngt
raf
fi
ccongest
ion,r
equi
redmor
etr
avel
l
ingt
ime,unsaf
enot
onl
ydur
ingt
heni
ghtt
imeandi
nther
ainyseasonbyal
sodur
ingt
hedayt
ime.
Theser
oadsr
equi
redmor
efuel
,mor
etr
avel
l
ingt
imeandt
heyal
soaddedt
o
t
heenv
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on.

xi
v
Ther
oadsi
deameni
ti
eswhi
chmaket
hej
our
neycomf
ort
abl
esuchaspet
rol
pumps,par
kingpl
aces,hot
elsandr
est
aur
ant
s,ser
vicer
oads,t
oil
ets,r
epai
r
shops,wei
ghbr
idgeset
c.wer
eei
thermi
ssi
ngori
nadequat
elyav
ail
abl
einan
unpl
annedmannermai
nlybyt
hepr
ivat
eent
repr
eneur
s.Ther
ear
evar
ious
f
act
orswhi
chmaker
oadsaf
eandl
essacci
dentpr
one,suchassmoot
h
sur
face,4-
lani
ng,di
vi
der
s,f
lyov
ers,under
passes,br
idges,subway
s,by
passes,
speedbr
eaker
s,si
gnal
s,si
gnboar
ds,r
oadmar
kingset
c.Al
lthesef
act
orsal
so
i
ncr
easet
hespeedandr
educef
uelr
equi
rement
.Butmaj
ori
tyoft
hesef
act
ors
wer
eei
thermi
ssi
ngorav
ail
abl
eini
nadequat
enumber
.Mor
eov
eri
nor
dert
o
r
educet
heai
randnoi
sepol
l
uti
on,causedbyt
heheav
ytr
aff
ic,har
dlyany
r
emedi
almeasur
einapl
annedmannerwasunder
taken.Themai
nreasonsf
or
al
l abov
e ment
ioned shor
tcomi
ngs i
s t
he i
nadequacy of f
unds f
or
mai
ntenanceandi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequant
it
yandt
hequal
i
tyoft
her
oadnet
wor
k
and‘
dev
elopment
’oft
heNat
ional
Highway
sandt
heSt
ateHi
ghway
s.
Tobr
idget
her
esour
cegapandt
oinst
ilt
hecompet
it
iveef
fi
ciency
,ef
for
tsar
e
bei
ngmadet
oassoci
atet
hepr
ivat
esect
orwi
thr
oadpr
oject
s;t
hePubl
i
c
Pr
ivat
e Par
tner
shi
p(PPP)usi
ng t
he BOT (
Bui
l
d-Oper
ate –Tr
ansf
er)i
s
i
ntr
oduced t
o‘dev
elop’t
he r
oads and hi
ghway
sinI
ndi
a.The Nat
ional
Hi
ghway
sAut
hor
it
yofI
ndi
a(NHAI
)wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1995t
oimpl
ementt
he
Nat
ional Hi
ghway
sDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme(
NHDP)whi
chconst
it
utes4/
6
l
ani
ngoft
heGol
denQuadr
il
ater
al.

1.
1.1 Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionOfRoadsAsPerNagpurI
RC(
NagpurPl
an)

Nat
ionalHi
ghway
s:Thesear
emai
nhi
ghway
srunni
ngt
hrought
hel
engt
hand
br
eadt
h oft
he count
ry connect
ing maj
orpor
ts,f
orei
gn hi
ghway
s,st
ate
capi
tal
s,l
argei
ndust
ri
alandt
our
istcent
erset
c.

St
ateHi
ghway
s:Thesear
ear
ter
ialr
out
esofst
atesl
i
nki
ngdi
rectheadquar
ter
s
and i
mpor
tantci
ti
eswi
thi
nthest
ateand connect
ing t
hem wi
th Nat
ional
Hi
ghway
sorHi
ghway
soft
henei
ghbor
ingst
ates.

Maj
orDi
str
ictRoads:Thesear
eimpor
tantr
oadswi
thi
nadi
str
ictser
vingar
eas
ofpr
oduct
ionandmar
ket
s,andconnect
ingt
hesewi
theachot
herorwi
tht
he
mai
nhi
ghway
s.

xv
Ot
herDi
str
ictRoads:Thesear
eroadsser
vingr
uralar
easofpr
oduct
ionand
pr
ovi
ding t
hem wi
th out
lett
o mar
ketcent
ers,t
ehsi
lheadquar
ter
s,bl
ock
dev
elopmentheadquar
ter
s,orot
hermai
nroads.

Vi
ll
ageRoads:Thesear
eroadsconnect
ingv
il
lagesorgr
oupsofv
il
lageswi
th
eachot
herandt
othenear
estr
oadofhi
ghercat
egor
y.

1.
1.2El
ement
sOfRoadOrGeomet
ri
cfeat
uresOfRoad

Thel
ayoutandot
hergeomet
ri
cfeat
uresofar
oadhav
edi
recti
nfl
uenceont
he
i
nit
ialcostofi
tsconst
ruct
ionandt
heef
fi
ciencyandeconomyofi
tsuseby
t
raf
fi
c.Thesaf
etyofoper
ati
oni
sal
sosi
gni
fi
cant
lyaf
fect
edbygeomet
ri
c
desi
gn.

Thedi
ff
erentgeomet
ri
cfeat
uresofar
oadar
easf
oll
ows:

1.
1.2.
1Roadl
anewi
dth:

I
tisal
sot
ermedt
her
ight
-of
-wayi
sthel
andacqui
redf
orr
oadpur
poses.
Desi
rabl
ewi
dthf
orNat
ionalandst
ateHi
ghway
sis45m i
nopenar
easi
ncase
ofpl
ainandr
oll
i
ngt
err
ain,and24m i
ncaseofmount
ainousandst
eep
t
err
ains.

Roadwaywi
dth:t
hewi
dthoft
her
oadwayf
orsi
ngl
eandt
wol
aner
oadsi
n
pl
ainandr
oll
i
ngt
err
aini
s12mt
sforNat
ional
andSt
atehi
ghway
s.

Car
ri
agewaywi
dth:Thet
otalwi
dthoft
hecar
ri
agewayshal
lbedet
ermi
nedi
n
r
elat
iont
othedesi
gnt
raf
fi
candcapaci
tyoft
her
oadway
.Thest
andar
dwi
dth
shal
lbeasi
ndi
cat
edbel
ow:

Tabl
e1.

Ty
peOfLane Wi
dth

Si
ngl
elane 3.
75mt
s

Twol
anewi
thoutr
aisedker
bs 7.
0mt
s

Twol
aneswi
thr
aisedker
bs 7.
5mt
s

xv
i
 Mul
til
ane pav
ement
s wi
dth per 3.
5mt
s
l
ane

1.
1.2.
2Pav
ementCamberOrCr
ossFal
l:

The camberorcr
oss f
allon st
rai
ghtsect
ions ofr
oads shoul
d be as
r
ecommendedi
ntabl
egi
venbel
owf
orv
ari
oust
ypesofsur
faces.Foragi
ven
sur
facet
ype,
thest
eeperv
aluesmaybeadopt
edi
nar
eashav
inghi
ghi
ntensi
ty
ofr
ainf
all
.

Tabl
e2.

1.
1.2.
3Hor
izont
alAl
ignment
:

Thehor
izont
alal
i
gnmentshoul
dbef
luentandbl
endwel
lwi
tht
hesur
roundi
ng
t
opogr
aphy
.The cur
ves shoul
d be suf
fi
cient
lyl
ong and hav
e sui
tabl
e
t
ransi
ti
onst
opr
ovi
depl
easi
ngappear
ance.Cur
vel
engt
hshoul
dbeatl
east
150mt
soradef
lect
ionangl
eof5degr
ees,
andt
hisshoul
dbei
ncr
easedby30
met
ersf
oreachonedegr
eedecr
easesi
nthedef
lect
ionangl
e.Fordef
lect
ion
angl
esl
esst
hanonedegr
ee,
nocur
vei
srequi
redt
obedesi
gned.

1.
1.2.
4Hor
izont
alcur
vesandsuperel
evat
ion:

Hor
izont
alcur
vei
sacur
vewi
thendt
ransi
ti
onst
opr
ovi
dechangei
ndi
rect
ion

xv
ii
t
othecent
erl
i
neofar
oad.Whenav
ehi
clet
rav
ersesahor
izont
alcur
ve,t
he
cent
ri
fugalf
orceact
shor
izont
all
yout
war
dst
hrought
hecent
erofgr
avi
tyof
t
hev
ehi
cl
e.Thecent
ri
fugalf
orceact
ingonav
ehi
clenegot
iat
ingahor
izont
al
cur
vehav
eat
endencyt
o ov
ert
urnt
hev
ehi
cleout
war
dsaboutt
heout
er
wheel
s and t
endencyt
o ski
dthe v
ehi
clel
ater
all
y,out
war
ds.I
n or
dert
o
count
eractt
heef
fectofcent
ri
fugalf
orce,t
heout
eredgeoft
hepav
ementi
s
r
aised wi
thr
espectt
othe i
nneredge t
hus pr
ovi
ding a t
ransv
erse sl
ope
t
hroughoutt
hel
engt
hoft
hehor
izont
alcur
ve.Thi
str
ansv
ersei
ncl
i
nat
iont
o
t
hepav
ementsur
facei
scal
l
ed“
superel
evat
ionorcantorbanki
ng.
”

Superel
evat
ionr
equi
redonhor
izont
alcur
vesshoul
dbecal
cul
atedf
rom t
he
f
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

e=V2/
225R

Wher
e,

e=superel
evat
ioni
nmet
erpermet
er.

V=speedi
nkm/
h.

R=Radi
usi
nmet
ers.

1.
1.2.
5Ver
ti
cal
ali
gnment
:

Ver
ti
calAl
i
gnmentshoul
dpr
ovi
def
orasmoot
hlongi
tudi
nalpr
ofi
l
econsi
stent
wi
thcat
egor
yoft
her
oadandl
ayoft
het
err
ain.Gr
adechangesshoul
dnotbe
f
requentast
ocauseki
nkssandv
isualdi
scont
inui
ti
esi
nthepr
ofi
l
e.Desi
rabl
y
t
her
eshoul
dbenochangei
ngr
adewi
thi
nadi
stanceof150mt
s.

Forpl
ainandr
oll
i
ngt
err
ain1i
n30i
sther
uli
nggr
adi
entand1i
n15i
s
Except
ional
gradi
ent
.

1.
2Bui
ldi
ng

Abui
ldi
ng,
oredi
fi
ce,
isast
ruct
urewi
thar
oofandwal
l
sst
andi
ngmor
eorl
ess
per
manent
lyi
nonepl
ace,suchasahouseorf
act
ory
.Bui
l
dingscomei
na
v
ari
etyofsi
zes,shapes,andf
unct
ions,andhav
ebeenadapt
edt
hroughout

xv
ii
i
hi
stor
yforawi
denumberoff
act
ors,f
rom bui
l
dingmat
eri
alsav
ail
abl
e,t
o
weat
hercondi
ti
ons,l
and pr
ices,gr
ound condi
ti
ons,speci
fi
c uses,and
aest
het
icr
easons.Tobet
terunder
standt
het
erm bui
l
dingcompar
ethel
i
stof
nonbui
l
dingst
ruct
ures.

Bui
l
dingsser
vesev
eralsoci
etalneeds–pr
imar
il
yasshel
terf
rom weat
her
,
secur
it
y,l
i
vingspace,
pri
vacy
,tost
orebel
ongi
ngs,
andt
ocomf
ort
abl
yli
veand
wor
k.A bui
l
dingasashel
terr
epr
esent
saphy
sicaldi
vi
sionoft
hehuman
habi
tat(
apl
aceofcomf
ortandsaf
ety
)andt
heout
side(
apl
acet
hatatt
imes
maybehar
shandhar
mful
).

Ev
ersi
ncet
hef
ir
stcav
epai
nti
ngs,bui
l
dingshav
eal
sobecomeobj
ect
sor
canv
assesofmuchar
ti
sti
cexpr
essi
on.I
nrecenty
ear
s,i
nter
esti
nsust
ainabl
e
pl
anni
ngandbui
l
dingpr
act
iceshasal
sobecomeani
ntent
ionalpar
toft
he
desi
gnpr
ocessofmanynewbui
l
dings.

Def
ini
ti
on

Thewor
dbui
l
dingi
sbot
hanounandav
erb:t
hest
ruct
urei
tsel
fandt
heactof
maki
ngi
t.Asanoun,abui
l
dingi
s'ast
ruct
uret
hathasar
oofandwal
l
sand
st
andsmor
eorl
essper
manent
lyi
nonepl
ace'
,"t
her
ewasat
hree-
stor
ey
bui
l
ding on t
he cor
ner
";"
itwas an i
mposi
ng edi
fi
ce"
.Int
he br
oadest
i
nter
pret
ati
onaf
enceorwal
li
sabui
l
ding.Howev
er,
thewor
dst
ruct
urei
sused
mor
ebr
oadl
ythanbui
l
dingi
ncl
udi
ngnat
uralandman-
madef
ormat
ionsand
doesnotnecessar
il
yhav
ewal
l
s.St
ruct
urei
smor
eli
kel
ytobeusedf
oraf
ence.
St
urgi
s'Di
cti
onar
yincl
uded t
hat"
[bui
l
ding]di
ff
ersf
rom ar
chi
tect
urei
n
excl
udi
ngal
lideaofar
ti
sti
ctr
eat
ment
;andi
tdi
ff
ersf
rom const
ruct
ioni
nthe
i
deaofexcl
udi
ngsci
ent
if
icorhi
ghl
yski
l
fult
reat
ment
."Asav
erb,bui
l
dingi
s
t
heactofconst
ruct
ion.

St
ruct
uralhei
ghti
ntechni
calusagei
sthehei
ghtt
othehi
ghestar
chi
tect
ural
det
ailonbui
l
dingf
rom st
reet
-l
evel
.Dependi
ngonhow t
heyar
ecl
assi
fi
ed,
spi
resandmast
smayormaynotbei
ncl
udedi
nthi
shei
ght
.Spi
resandmast
s
usedasant
ennasar
enotgener
all
yincl
uded.Thedef
ini
ti
onofal
ow-
ri
sev
s.a
hi
gh-
ri
sebui
l
dingi
samat
terofdebat
e,butgener
all
ythr
eest
orey
sorl
essi
s

x
ix
consi
der
edl
ow-
ri
se.

1.
2.1Ty
pesOfBui
ldi
ng

Bui
l
dingsar
emai
nlyar
eoft
wot
ypes:

1.Resi
dent
ial
Bui
l
ding
2.Commer
cial
Bui
l
ding

Resi
dent
ialBui
ldi
ng:

Ar
esi
dent
ialbui
l
dingi
sdef
inedast
hebui
l
dingwhi
chpr
ovi
desmor
ethanhal
fofi
ts
f
loorar
eaf
ordwel
l
ingpur
poses.I
not
herwor
ds,
resi
dent
ial
bui
l
dingpr
ovi
dessl
eepi
ng
accommodat
ionwi
thorwi
thoutcooki
ngordi
ningorbot
hfaci
l
iti
es.

Commer
cialBui
ldi
ng:

Commer
cialbui
l
dingsar
ebui
l
dingst
hatar
eusedf
orcommer
cialpur
poses,
and i
ncl
ude of
fi
ce bui
l
dings, war
ehouses, and r
etai
l bui
l
dings (
e.g.
conv
eni
encest
ores,
'bi
gbox'
stor
es,
andshoppi
ngmal
l
s).I
nur
banl
ocat
ions,
a
commer
cialbui
l
dingmaycombi
nef
unct
ions,suchasof
fi
cesonl
evel
s2-
10,
wi
thr
etai
lonf
loor1.Whenspaceal
l
ocat
edt
omul
ti
plef
unct
ionsi
ssi
gni
fi
cant
,
t
hesebui
l
dingscanbecal
l
edmul
ti
-use.

Localaut
hor
it
iescommonl
ymai
ntai
nst
ri
ctr
egul
ati
onsoncommer
cialzoni
ng,
andhav
etheaut
hor
it
ytodesi
gnat
eanyzonedar
eaassuch;abusi
nessmust
bel
ocat
edi
nacommer
cial
areaorar
eazonedatl
eastpar
ti
all
yforcommer
ce.

xx
 CHAPTER-
2

TRAI
NINGASSI
GNMENTS

2.
1Int
roduct
ion
AsIt
aket
rai
ningf
rom t
heGov
ernmentdepar
tment‘
HPPWD’
,ther
ewast
hree
pr
oject
swer
eunderconst
ruct
ion.I
nwhi
cht
woar
erel
atedt
oroadsandone
was const
ruct
ion ofl
i
brar
yatAmb.I
nroad const
ruct
ion pr
ojectone i
s
const
ruct
ion ofv
il
lage r
oad f
rom Bhar
oliKohal
ato Maj
heen whi
ch i
s
appr
oxi
mat
ely17km.I
nthi
spr
ojectt
hel
ayi
ngofbi
tumi
nousl
ayerov
ert
he
WBM.Theot
herr
oadpr
ojectwasl
ayi
ngofnewbi
tumi
nousl
ayerov
ert
heol
d
f
ort
hepur
poseofr
epai
rofMaj
orDi
str
ictRoadf
rom Jawal
amukhiToDehr
a.
Andt
hir
donei
sconst
ruct
ionofl
i
brar
y.Thel
i
brar
yisoft
hreest
orey
.

2.
2Assi
gnment#1

Thef
ir
stassi
gnmentwast
heconst
ruct
ionofr
oadf
rom Bhar
oli
Kohal
aTo
Maj
heen.TheWBM wasal
readyconst
ruct
ed,
ther
eonl
ylay
ingofsur
face
coat
ingwasunderpr
ocess.

x
xi
2.
2.1Det
ail
s

The mosti
mpor
tantpav
ementmat
eri
als ar
e soi
l
s,mi
ner
alaggr
egat
es,
bi
tumi
nousbi
nder
s,andst
abi
l
izer
sli
kel
i
me,cement
,et
c.Mi
ner
alaggr
egat
es
const
it
uteabout90per
centoft
otalv
olumeofr
oadconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
als
used.Al
lroadshav
etobef
oundedonsoi
landar
erequi
redt
omakeopt
imum
useoft
hel
ocal
l
yav
ail
abl
emat
eri
als,i
fiti
stobeconst
ruct
edeconomi
cal
l
y.
Mat
eri
alsusedi
nthest
ruct
urall
ayer
soft
hepav
ementshoul
dbesel
ect
ed
basedonav
ail
abi
l
ity
,economyandpr
evi
ousexper
ience.

Soi
lasr
oadconst
ruct
ionmat
eri
al:

Subgr
adesoi
li
sani
ntegr
alpar
toft
her
oadpav
ementst
ruct
ureasi
tpr
ovi
des
suppor
ttot
hepav
ementasi
tsf
oundat
ion.Themai
nfunct
ionoft
hesubgr
ade
i
stogi
veadequat
esuppor
ttot
hepav
ementandf
ort
hist
hesubgr
adeshoul
d
possesssuf
fi
ci
entst
abi
l
ityunderadv
ersecl
i
mat
icandl
oadi
ngcondi
ti
ons.The
f
ormat
ionofwav
e,cor
rugat
ions,r
utt
ingandshov
ingi
nbl
ackt
oppav
ement
s
ar
egener
all
yat
tri
but
ed t
o poorsub gr
adecondi
ti
ons.Whensoi
lisused
i
nembankmentconst
ruct
ion,i
n addi
ti
on t
o st
abi
l
ity
,incompr
essi
bil
i
tyi
s
al
so i
mpor
tantasdi
ff
erent
ialset
tl
ementmaycausef
ail
ure.Soi
li
susedi
nit
s
nat
ural
for
m(gr
avel
andsand)ori
na
pr
ocessedf
orm(
stabi
l
izedl
ayer
)forpav
ementconst
ruct
ion.Soi
lisal
soused
asabi
nderi
nwat
er-
boundmacadam l
ayer
s.Soi
list
her
efor
e,consi
der
edas
oneoft
hepr
inci
pal
highwaymat
eri
als.Thef
oundat
ionofot
hercr
oss-
drai
nage
st
ruct
ures(
cul
ver
ts,br
idgesand r
etai
ning wal
l
s)r
est
son soi
l
sand t
hei
r
st
abi
l
ity depends on t
he soi
lst
rengt
h,knowl
edge ofsoi
lpr
oper
ti
es i
s
necessar
ytosel
ectt
heembankmentmat
eri
al,pav
ementst
ruct
ure,dr
ainage
sy
stem andf
oundat
ionofst
ruct
ures.Whenahi
ghembankmentr
est
sonsof
t
gr
ound,i
tsst
abi
l
itycanbepr
edi
ctedbyst
udy
ingt
hepr
oper
ti
esofsoi
l
.Fr
ost
act
ion,
commoni
nhi
ghal
ti
tudes,
canbet
akencar
eofi
fthesoi
lpr
oper
ti
esar
e
wel
lknown.Soi
lconsi
stsmai
nlyofmi
ner
alsmat
terf
ormedby
t
hedi
sint
egr
ati
onofr
ocks,byt
heact
ionofwat
er,f
rost
,temper
atur
e,and
pr
essur
eorbypl
antorani
mall
i
fe.Basedont
hei
ndi
vi
dualgr
ainsi
zeoft
he
soi
lpar
ti
cles,
soi
lhav
ebeencl
assi
fi
edasgr
avel
,sand,
sil
t,andcl
ay.

xxi
i
TheBI
Sgi
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngl
i
mit
sofpar
ti
clesi
ze:

Tabl
e3.

Ty
peofaggr
egat
e Si
ze(
mm)

Gr
avel 8.
0-4.
75mm

Sandcoar
se 4.
75-2.
00mm

Medi
um 2.
00-
0.475mm

Fi
ne 0.
475-
0.075mm

Si
l
t 0.
075-0.
002mm

Cl
ay <0.
002mm

Roadaggr
egat
es:

Thesehav
etobeart
hest
ressesduet
othewheel
loadsandhencet
heyshoul
d
possesssuf
fi
ci
entst
rengt
htor
esi
stcr
ushi
ng.Theyshoul
dbehar
denought
o
r
esi
stwearduet
oabr
asi
veact
ionoft
raf
fi
c.Theaggr
egat
esi
nthepav
ement
ar
eal
sosubj
ect
edt
oimpacthencet
oughnessi
sanot
herdesi
rabl
epr
oper
tyof
aggr
egat
es.Thest
onesusedshoul
dbedur
abl
eandr
esi
stdi
sint
egr
ati
ondue
t
oact
ionofweat
her
,thi
spr
oper
tyi
scal
l
edsoundness.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemostcommonl
yav
ail
abl
erocksi
nIndi
afr
om whi
chr
oad
aggr
egat
escanbeobt
ained:

Tabl
e4.

Ty
peofRock Pr
oper
ti
es Sui
tabi
li
ty

Basal
t Har
d and dur
abl
e, Goodf
orbasecour
ses.
r
esi
stantt
oabr
asi
on,f
ine
gr
ained.

Gr
ani
te Har
d and dur
abl
e Ver
y good f
or

xxi
i
i
 r
esi
stant t
o abr
asi
on, bi
tumi
nousCour
sesand
Coar
segr
ained. WBM.

Li
mest
one Reasonabl
yhar
d,l
i
abl
eto Goodf
orbasecour
se.
pol
i
sh t
o a Smoot
h
sur
faceundert
raf
fi
c,f
ine
gr
ained and hi
gh wat
er
absor
pti
on.

Quar
tzi
te Har
d,dur
abl
ebuti
sli
abl
e Goodf
orbasecour
se.
t
obebr
it
tl
eandadhesi
on
t
obi
tumeni
srat
herpoor
.

SandSt
one Moder
atel
y har
d and Goodf
orr
oadbases.
dur
abl
e,f
ine t
o medi
um
gr
ained.

Aggr
egat
esmayhav
eroundedcubi
calangul
arf
lakyorel
ongat
edshapeof
par
ti
cles.Thef
lakyorel
ongat
edpar
ti
cleswi
l
lhav
elessst
rengt
handdur
abi
l
ity
hencet
oof
lakyandel
ongat
edpar
ti
clesshoul
dbeav
oided.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e
t
hephy
sical
requi
rement
sofcoar
seaggr
egat
esusedf
orWBM asperI
S2386.

LosAngl
esabr
asi
onv
alue 40per
cent(
Maxi
mum)

Or

Aggr
egat
eimpactv
alue 30per
cent(
Maxi
mum)

Combi
ned f
laki
ness and el
ongat
ion 30per
cent(
Maxi
mum)
i
ndi
ces.

Gr
adi
ng r
equi
rement
s:The WBM i
s car
ri
ed outi
nlay
ers.The coar
se
aggr
egat
esf
oreachl
ayershoul
dconf
ir
mtoanyof(
3)gr
adi
ngbel
ow.Theuse
ofgr
adi
ngno1shal
lber
est
ri
ctedt
osubbasecour
sesonl
y.

xxi
v
 Tabl
e5.

Si
ze and gr
adi
ng r
equi
rement
s ofcoar
se aggr
egat
es f
orwat
erbound
macadam:

Gr
adi
ngNo. Thi
ckness and Si
zer
ange I
S si
eve Per
cent by
aggr
egat
eper10 desi
gnat
ion wei
ght
sqm passi
ng t
he
si
eve

1 10mm 1.90mm t
o 125mm 100
45mm
1.
21t
o1.
13 90mm 90-
100
cums
63mm 25-
60

45mm 0-
15

22.
4mm 0-
5

2 75mm 63mm t
o 90mm 100

0.
91t
o1.
01 45mm 63mm 90-
100
cums
53mm 25-
70

45mm 0-
15

22.
4mm 0-
5

3 375mm 53mm t
o 63mm 100
22.
4mm
0.
91t
o1.
07 53mm 95-
100
cums
45mm 65-
90

22.
4mm 0-
10

11.
2mm 0-
5

xxv
Thecompact
edt
hicknessf
oral
ayerwi
thgr
adi
ngno1shal
lbe100mm whi
l
e
f
orl
ayerwi
thot
hergr
adi
ngi
.e.2&3shal
lbe75mm.

Fi
g.1

Bi
tumi
nouscour
ses:

Bi
tumi
nouscour
sesofdi
ff
erentspeci
fi
cat
ionsar
elai
donWBM/
WMM baseor
exi
sti
ngBTsur
face.APRI
MECOATov
ermacadam baseatt
her
ateof6t
o9
kg/
10sqm andTACKCOATof2t
o3kg/
sqm ov
erexi
sti
ngBTsur
faceshal
l
pr
ecedet
hebi
tumi
nouscour
ses.Thespeci
fi
cat
ionf
ordi
ff
erentcl
assesofBT
wor
kvar
ieswi
thr
espectt
osi
zeofaggr
egat
esandquant
it
yofbi
tumenused.
Thev
oidsi
nbi
tumi
noussur
facewi
l
lbeseal
edbyappl
i
cat
ionofseal
coat
.

Requi
rement
sbef
orel
ayi
ngbi
tumi
nouscour
ses:

i
. Sur
faceshoul
dbecl
eananddr
y.

i
i
. Ther
eshoul
dbenopr
esenceofor
gani
cori
nor
gani
csubst
ances.

i
i
i. Thel
evelofDBM l
ayershoul
dbecheckedbef
orel
ayi
ngbi
tumi
nous
cour
seandi
fanyer
rori
sfound,
itshoul
dbecor
rect
ed.

xxv
i
i
v. Aggr
egat
esusedshoul
dal
sobecl
eananddr
y.

v
. Loosesoi
li
fpr
esentshoul
dbescr
atchedout
.

xxv
ii
 Fi
g.3

Apar
tfr
om conf
ormi
ty wi
th gr
adi
ng and qual
i
tyr
equi
rement
sindi
vi
dual
i
ngr
edi
ent
sthemi
xshal
lmeett
her
equi
rement
sofMar
shal
ltest
.

Tabl
e6

Mi
nimum st
abi
l
ity
(kg at60 degr
ee 820kg
cent
igr
ade)

Fl
ow(
mm) 2-
4

Compact
ionl
evel
(noofbl
ows) 75bl
owsoneachoft
wof
acesoft
he
speci
men.

Per
centai
rvoi
ds 3-
5

Per
centv
oids i
n mi
ner
alaggr
egat
e 8-
22
(
VMA)

Lay
ingequi
pment
:

Thef
oll
owi
ngpl
ant
sar
erequi
redf
ort
hel
ayi
ngofsub-
base:
-

i
. Mot
orGr
aderi
i
.

xxv
ii
i
i
i
. Ti
pperTr
ucks

i
i
i. Vi
brat
oryRol
l
er

i
v. Wat
erTanker

xxi
x
 Fi
g.3

Fi
g.4

Bi
tumi
nousconcr
etewear
ingcour
se:

Gener
al:

TheB.
C.wear
ingcour
sei
sthef
inal
lay
eroft
hepav
ement
.Themat
eri
alqual
i
ty
shal
lmeett
he r
equi
rement
s ofMORTH Techni
calspeci
fi
cat
ions. The
aggr
egat
eshal
lbesur
facedr
yandshal
lbemi
xedat155degr
eeCel
siust
o
163degr
eeCel
si
ust
emper
atur
e.Themi
xmat
eri
alasdel
i
ver
edt
othel
ayi
ng
si
teshal
lbe120t
o160degr
eesCel
sius.

Equi
pment
s:

Pl
antr
equi
redt
opr
oduceWCshal
lbe:

xxx
 i
. Asphal
tPr
emi
xPl
ant

i
i
. Wheel
loader
.

Machi
ner
iesr
equi
redf
orl
ayi
ngWC:

i
. Ti
pperTr
ucks

i
i
. Asphal
tPav
er

i
i
i. Tandem Rol
l
er

i
v. Bi
tumenSpr
ayer

Pr
ocedur
e:

Tr
ial
mixandt
ri
all
ayshal
lbecar
ri
edoutt
oassesst
hesui
tabi
l
ityoft
hemi
xi
ng,
l
ayi
ngandcompact
ingpl
antandt
oest
abl
i
sht
hesequenceoft
hel
ayi
ng
oper
ati
on.Wor
ksshal
lcommenceonsi
teuponappr
ovalandaccept
anceof
t
heasphal
tconcr
etewear
ing cour
se.Thesur
facet
orecei
vet
heAsphal
t
concr
etewear
ingcour
seshal
lbef
reedofal
ldi
rt
,loosemat
eri
alsandst
andi
ng
wat
er.

Tackcoatofappr
ovedbi
tumenemul
sionorcutbackshal
lbeappl
i
edasper
t
hespeci
fi
cat
ionsont
hepr
epar
edsur
facepr
iort
olay
ingoft
heasphal
ti
c
concr
ete wear
ing cour
se.The ACWC shal
lbe pl
antmi
xed wi
th bi
tumen
cont
entasest
abl
i
shedi
ntheJobSt
andar
dMi
xtur
e.Theappr
ovedasphal
ti
c
concr
etemi
xtur
eshal
lbedel
i
ver
edt
osi
tebyt
ippert
rucks.Topr
eventt
hel
oss
ofheat
,themi
xtur
eshal
lbecov
eredi
fnecessar
y.

TheACWCshal
lbel
aidi
nsi
ngl
elay
er.

I
fthesai
dsur
facei
sopent
ext
ured,backcast
ingshal
lbecar
ri
edoutandt
he
bi
ggersi
zeaggr
egat
esr
emov
edbef
orer
oll
i
ng.

Att
heendofpav
ingoper
ati
on,t
het
ransv
ersej
ointshal
lbef
eat
her
eddown.
Ver
ti
cal
joi
ntshal
lbepr
ovi
dedf
ort
henextoper
ati
onofpav
ing.

Compact
ion shal
lbe car
ri
ed outusi
ng t
he speci
fi
ed/
equi
val
entt
ype of
compact
orsandt
her
oll
i
ngpat
ter
nshal
lbeasagr
eedwi
tht
heEngi
neer
.Inour

xxxi
pr
oject
,ev
eryl
ayerwascompact
edsi
xti
mes,wi
thf
ir
standl
astcompact
ion,
pl
ainandmi
ddl
efourcompact
ions,
wit
hvi
brat
ions.

Rol
l
ingshal
lal
way
scommencef
rom t
hel
owerendt
othehi
ghersi
deoft
he
car
ri
ageway
.Themi
nimum r
oll
i
ngt
emper
atur
eshal
lbe100degr
eeCel
sius.
Thesur
faceoft
heACWCshal
lbef
ini
shedt
othegr
adeandl
i
neasr
equi
redt
o
t
he dr
awi
ngs wi
thi
nthe t
oler
ance l
i
mit
s.On compl
eti
on ofl
ayi
ng and
compact
ion,checks shal
lbe car
ri
ed outt
over
if
y compl
i
ance wi
tht
he
speci
fi
edr
equi
rement
s.

2.
3Assi
gnment#2

Assi
gnment2wast
hepr
ojectofconst
ruct
ionofl
i
brar
yatAmb.TheLi
brar
yis
oft
hreest
orey
.

2.
3.1Det
ail
s

SequenceofSt
ruct
ureWor
k:

1)Si
teCl
ear
ance

2)Demar
cat
ionofSi
te

3)Posi
ti
oni
ngofCent
ral
coor
dinat
ei.
e.(
0,0,
0)aspergr
idpl
an

4)Sur
vey
ingandl
ayout

5)Excav
ati
on

6)Lay
ingofPCC

7)BarBi
ndi
ngandpl
acementoff
oundat
ionst
eel

8)Shut
ter
ingandScaf
fol
ding

9)Concr
eti
ng

10)El
ect
ri
cal
andPl
umbi
ng

11)Deshut
ter
ing

12)Br
ickwor
k

xxxi
i
13)Door
sandwi
ndowsf
ramesal
ongwi
thl
i
ntel
s

14)Wi
ri
ngf
orel
ect
ri
cal
pur
poses

15)Pl
ast
eri
ng

16)Fl
oor
ingandt
il
ingwor
k

17)Pai
nti
ng

18)Fi
nal
Compl
eti
onandhandi
ngov
ert
hepr
oject

Const
ruct
ionPr
ocessAndMat
eri
alsUsed:

Si
teCl
ear
ance–Thev
eryf
ir
stst
epi
ssi
tecl
ear
ancewhi
chi
nvol
vesr
emov
alof
gr
assandv
eget
ati
onal
ongwi
thanyot
herobj
ect
ionswhi
chmi
ghtbet
her
ein
t
hesi
tel
ocat
ion.

Demar
cat
ionofSi
te–Thewhol
ear
eaonwhi
chconst
ruct
ioni
stobedonei
s
mar
kedso ast
oident
if
ytheconst
ruct
ionzone.I
nourpr
oject
,apl
otof
450*
350sqf
twaschosenandt
her
espect
ivemar
kingwasdone.

Posi
ti
oni
ngofCent
ralcoor
dinat
eandl
ayout
–Thecent
repoi
ntwasmar
ked
wi
tht
hehel
pofat
hreadandpl
umbbobaspert
hegr
iddr
awi
ng.Wi
thr
espect
t
othi
scent
erpoi
nt,al
ltheot
herpoi
ntsofcol
umnswer
etobedeci
dedsoi
ts
exactposi
ti
oni
sver
ycr
it
ical
.

Excav
ati
on-Excav
ati
onwascar
ri
edoutbot
hmanual
l
yaswel
lasmechani
cal
l
y.
Nor
mal
l
y1-
2ear
thexcav
ator
s(JCB’
s)wer
eusedf
orexcav
ati
ngt
hesoi
l
.
Adequat
epr
ecaut
ionsar
etakent
oseet
hatt
heexcav
ati
onoper
ati
onsdonot
damaget
headj
oini
ngst
ruct
ures.Excav
ati
oni
scar
ri
edoutpr
ovi
dingadequat
e
si
desl
opesanddr
essi
ngofexcav
ati
onbot
tom.

xxxi
i
i
 Fi
g.5

Thesoi
lpr
esentbeneat
hthesur
facewast
oocl
ayeysoi
twasdumpedand
wasnotusedf
orbackf
il
li
ng.Thef
il
li
ngi
sdonei
nlay
ernotexceedi
ng20cm
l
ayerandt
hani
tscompact
ed.Dept
hofexcav
ati
onwas5’
4”f
rom Gr
oundLev
el.

PCC – Pl
ainCementConcr
ete-Af
tert
hepr
ocessofexcav
ati
on,l
ayi
ngof
pl
aincementconcr
etet
hati
sPCCi
sdone.Al
ayerof4i
ncheswasmadei
n
suchamannert
hati
twasnotmi
xedwi
tht
hesoi
l
.Itpr
ovi
desasol
i
dbasef
or
t
her
aftf
oundat
ionandami
xof1:
5:10t
hati
s,1par
tofcementt
o5par
tsof
f
ineaggr
egat
esand10par
tsofcoar
seaggr
egat
esbyv
olumewer
eusedi
nit
.
Pl
ainconcr
etei
svi
brat
edt
oachi
evef
ullcompact
ion.Concr
etepl
acedbel
ow
gr
ound shoul
d be pr
otect
ed f
rom f
all
i
ng ear
th dur
ing and af
terpl
aci
ng.
Concr
etepl
acedi
ngr
oundcont
aini
ngdel
eter
ioussubst
ancesshoul
dbekept
f
reef
rom cont
actwi
thsuchagr
oundandwi
thwat
erdr
aini
ngt
her
efr
om
dur
ingpl
aci
ngandf
oraper
iodofsev
enday
s.Whenj
ointi
nal
ayerofconcr
ete
ar
eunav
oidabl
e,andendi
ssl
opedatanangl
eof30andj
unct
ionsofdi
ff
erent
l
ayer
sbr
eakj
ointi
nlay
ingupperl
ayerofconcr
ete.Thel
owersur
facei
smade
r
oughandcl
eanwat
eredbef
oreupperl
ayeri
slai
d.

Lay
ingofFoundat
ion

Atoursi
te,
Raf
tfoundat
ionsar
eusedt
ospr
eadt
hel
oadf
rom ast
ruct
ureov
er
al
argear
ea,
nor
mal
l
ytheent
ir
ear
eaoft
hest
ruct
ure.Nor
mal
l
yraf
tfoundat
ion
i
susedwhenl
argel
oadi
stobedi
str
ibut
edandi
tisnotpossi
blet
opr
ovi
de
i
ndi
vi
dual
foot
ingsduet
ospaceconst
rai
ntst
hati
stheywoul
dov
erl
aponeach
xxxi
v
ot
her
. Raf
tfoundat
ions hav
e t
he adv
ant
age of r
educi
ng di
ff
erent
ial
set
tl
ement
sast
heconcr
etesl
ab r
esi
stsdi
ff
erent
ialmov
ement
sbet
ween
l
oadi
ngposi
ti
ons.Theyar
eof
tenneededonsof
torl
oosesoi
l
swi
thl
ow
bear
ingcapaci
tyast
heycanspr
eadt
hel
oadsov
eral
argerar
ea.

I
nlay
ingofr
aftf
oundat
ion,speci
alcar
eist
akeni
nther
einf
orcementand
const
ruct
ionofpl
i
nthbeamsandcol
umns.I
tist
hemai
npor
ti
ononwhi
ch
ul
ti
mat
elywhol
eoft
hest
ruct
urel
oadi
stocome.Soasl
i
ght
ester
rorcan
causehugepr
obl
emsandt
her
efor
eal
lthi
sischeckedandpassedbyt
he
engi
neeri
nchar
geoft
hesi
te.

Cement

Por
tl
and cementi
s composed ofcal
cium si
l
icat
es and al
umi
nat
e and
al
umi
nof
err
it
eIti
sobt
ainedbybl
endi
ngpr
edet
ermi
nedpr
opor
ti
onsl
i
mest
one
cl
ayandot
hermi
ner
alsi
nsmal
lquant
it
ieswhi
chi
spul
ver
izedandheat
edat
hi
ght
emper
atur
e– ar
ound1500degcent
igr
adet
opr
oduce‘
cl
inker
’.The
cl
i
nkeri
sthengr
oundwi
thsmal
lquant
it
iesofgy
psum t
opr
oduceaf
ine
powdercal
l
edOr
dinar
yPor
tl
andCement(
OPC)
.Whenmi
xedwi
thwat
er,
sand
andst
one,i
tcombi
nessl
owl
ywi
tht
hewat
ert
ofor
m ahar
dmasscal
l
ed
concr
ete.Cementi
sahy
groscopi
cmat
eri
almeani
ngt
hati
tabsor
bsmoi
stur
e
I
npr
esenceofmoi
stur
eitunder
goeschemi
calr
eact
iont
ermedashy
drat
ion.
Ther
efor
ecementr
emai
nsi
ngoodcondi
ti
onasl
ongasi
tdoesnotcomei
n
cont
actwi
thmoi
stur
e.I
fcementi
smor
ethant
hreemont
hsol
dtheni
tshoul
d
bet
est
edf
ori
tsst
rengt
hbef
orebei
ngt
akeni
ntouse.

TheBur
eauofI
ndi
anSt
andar
ds(
BIS)hascl
assi
fi
edOPCi
nthr
eedi
ff
erent
gr
adesThecl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
smai
nlybasedont
hecompr
essi
vest
rengt
hof
cement
-sand mor
tarcubesoff
acear
ea50 cm2 composed of1 par
tof
cementt
o3par
tsofst
andar
dsandbywei
ghtwi
thawat
er-
cementr
ati
o
ar
ri
vedatbyaspeci
fi
edpr
ocedur
e.Thegr
adesar
e

(
i)33gr
ade

(
ii
)43gr
ade

(
ii
i)53gr
ade

xxxv
Thegr
adenumberi
ndi
cat
est
hemi
nimum compr
essi
vest
rengt
hofcement
sandmor
tari
nN/
mm2at28day
s,ast
est
edbyabov
ement
ionedpr
ocedur
e.

Por
tl
and Pozzol
ana Cement(
PPC)i
s obt
ained by ei
theri
nter
gri
ndi
ng a
pozzol
ani
cmat
eri
alwi
thcl
i
nkerandgy
psum,
orbybl
endi
nggr
oundpozzol
ana
wi
th Por
tl
and cement
.Nowaday
s good qual
i
tyf
lyash i
s av
ail
abl
efr
om
Ther
malPowerPl
ant
s,whi
char
epr
ocessedandusedi
nmanuf
act
uri
ngof
PPC.

Coar
seAggr
egat
e

Coar
seaggr
egat
efort
hewor
ksshoul
dber
ivergr
avelorcr
ushedst
one.
It
shoul
dbehar
d,st
rong,dense,dur
abl
e,cl
ean,andf
reef
rom cl
ayorl
oamy
admi
xtur
esorquar
ryr
efuseorv
eget
abl
emat
ter
.Thepi
ecesofaggr
egat
es
shoul
dbecubi
cal
,orr
oundedshapedandshoul
dhav
egr
anul
arorcr
yst
all
i
ne
orsmoot
h(butnotgl
ossy
)non-
powder
ysur
faces.Aggr
egat
esshoul
d be
pr
oper
lyscr
eenedandi
fnecessar
ywashedcl
eanbef
oreuse.

Coar
seaggr
egat
escont
aini
ngf
lat
,el
ongat
edorf
lakypi
ecesormi
cashoul
dbe
r
eject
ed.Thegr
adi
ngofcoar
seaggr
egat
esshoul
dbeasperspeci
fi
cat
ionsof
I
S-383.

Af
ter24-
hrsi
mmer
sioni
nwat
er,apr
evi
ousl
ydr
iedsampl
eoft
hecoar
se
aggr
egat
eshoul
dnotgai
ninwei
ghtmor
ethan5%.

Aggr
egat
esshoul
dbest
oredi
nsuchawayast
opr
eventsegr
egat
ionofsi
zes
andav
oidcont
ami
nat
ionwi
thf
ines.

Dependi
ngupont
hecoar
seaggr
egat
ecol
our
,ther
equal
i
tycanbedet
ermi
ned
as:

Bl
ack=>v
erygoodqual
i
ty

Bl
ue=>good

Whi
ti
sh=>badqual
i
ty

Fi
neAggr
egat
e

xxxv
i
Aggr
egat
ewhi
chi
spassedt
hrough4.
75I
SSi
evei
ster
medasf
ineaggr
egat
e.
Fi
ne aggr
egat
eis added t
o concr
etet
o assi
stwor
kabi
l
ityand t
o br
ing
uni
for
mit
yinmi
xtur
e.Usual
l
y,t
henat
uralr
iversandi
susedasf
ineaggr
egat
e.
I
mpor
tantt
hingt
obeconsi
der
edi
sthatf
ineaggr
egat
esshoul
dbef
reef
rom
coagul
atedl
umps.

Gr
adi
ngofnat
uralsandorcr
ushedst
onei
.e.f
ineaggr
egat
esshal
lbesuch
t
hatnotmor
ethan5per
centshal
lexceed5mm i
nsi
ze,notmor
ethan10%
shal
lISsi
eveNo.150notl
esst
han45%ormor
ethan85%shal
lpassI
Ssi
eve
No.1.
18mm andnotl
esst
han25%ormor
ethan60%shal
lpassI
Ssi
eveNo.
600mi
cron.

Br
ickwor
k

Br
ickwor
kismasonr
ydonewi
thbr
icksandmor
tarandi
sgener
all
yusedt
o
bui
l
dpar
ti
ti
onwal
l
s.I
noursi
te,al
ltheext
ernalwal
l
swer
eofconcr
eteand
mostoft
hei
nter
nalwal
l
swer
emadeofbr
icks.Engl
i
shbondwasusedanda
r
ati
onof1:
4(1cement
:4coar
sesand)and1:
6wer
euseddependi
ngupon
whet
hert
hewal
lis4.
5inchesor9i
nches.Ther
einf
orcementshal
lbe2nos.
M.
S.r
oundbar
sorasi
ndi
cat
ed.Thedi
amet
erofbar
swas8mm.Thef
ir
st
l
ayerofr
einf
orcementwasusedatsecondcour
seandt
henatev
eryf
our
th
cour
seofbr
ickwor
k.Thebar
swer
epr
oper
lyanchor
edatt
hei
rendswher
ethe
por
ti
onsandorwher
ethesewal
l
sjoi
nwi
thot
herwal
l
s.Thei
nlai
dst
eel
r
einf
orcementwascompl
etel
yembeddedi
nmor
tar
.

Br
ickscanbeoft
wot
ypes.Thesear
e:

1)Tr
adi
ti
onalBr
icks-
Thedi
mensi
oni
ftr
adi
ti
onalbr
icksv
aryf
rom 21cm t
o
25cm i
nlengt
h,10t
o13cm i
nwi
dthand7.
5cm i
nhei
ghti
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsof
count
ry.
The commonl
yadopt
ed nor
malsi
ze oft
radi
ti
onalbr
icki
s23 *
11.
5*7.
5cm wi
thav
iewt
oachi
eveuni
for
mit
yinsi
zeofbr
icksal
lov
ercount
ry.

2)Modul
arBr
icks– I
ndi
anst
andar
dinst
it
uti
onhasest
abl
i
shedast
andar
d
si
zeofbr
ickssuchabr
icki
sknownasamodul
arbr
ick.Thenor
malsi
zeof
br
icki
stakenas20*
10*
10cm wher
easi
tsact
ualdi
mensi
onsar
e19*
9*9cm

xxxv
ii
masonr
ywi
thmodul
arbr
ickswor
koutt
obecheapert
her
eissav
ingi
nthe
consumpt
ionofbr
icks,mor
tarandl
abourascompar
edwi
thmasonr
ywi
th
t
radi
ti
onal
bri
cks.

St
rengt
hOfBr
ickMasonr
y

The per
missi
ble compr
essi
ve st
ressi
n br
ickmasonr
ydependsupon t
he
f
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:

1.Ty
peandst
rengt
hofbr
ick.

2.Mi
xofmot
or.

3.Si
zeandshapeofmasonr
yconst
ruct
ion.

Thest
rengt
hofbr
ickmasonr
ydependsupont
hest
rengt
hofbr
icksusedi
n
t
hemasonr
yconst
ruct
ion.Thest
rengt
hofbr
icksdependsupont
henat
ureof
soi
lusedf
ormaki
ngandt
hemet
hodadopt
edf
ormoul
dingandbur
ningof
br
icks.
sincet
henat
ureofsoi
lvar
iesf
rom r
egi
ont
oregi
on,
theav
erage
st
rengt
hofbr
icksv
ari
esf
rom asl
ow as30kg/
sqcm t
o150kg/
sqcm t
he
basi
ccompr
essi
vest
ressar
edi
ff
erentcr
ushi
ngst
rengt
h.

Ther
ear
emanycheckst
hatcanbeappl
i
edt
oseet
hequal
i
tyofbr
icksusedon
t
hesi
te.Nor
mal
l
ythebr
icksar
etest
ed f
orCompr
essi
vest
rengt
h,wat
er
absor
pti
on,di
mensi
onalt
oler
ances and ef
fl
orescence.Howev
eratsmal
l
const
ruct
ionsi
test
hequal
i
tyofbr
ickscanbeassessedbasedonf
oll
owi
ng,
whi
chi
spr
eval
enti
nmanysi
tes.

•Vi
sual
check–Br
icksshoul
dbewel
lbur
ntandofuni
for
m si
zeandcol
our
.

•St
ri
ki
ngoft
wobr
ickst
oget
hershoul
dpr
oduceamet
all
i
cri
ngi
ngsound.

•I
tshoul
dhav
esur
facesohar
dthatcan’
tbescr
atchedbyt
hef
inger
nai
l
s.

•A goodbr
ickshoul
dnotbr
eaki
fdr
oppedi
nst
andi
ngposi
ti
onf
rom one
met
reabov
egr
oundl
evel
.

•Agoodbr
ickshoul
dn’
tabsor
bmoi
stur
eofmor
ethan15-
20% bywei
ght
,
whensoakedi
nwat
erForexampl
e;agoodbr
ickof2kgshoul
dn’
twei
ghmor
e

xxxv
ii
i
t
han2.
3to2.
4kgi
fimmer
sedi
nwat
erf
or24hour
s.

Pr
ecaut
ionst
obet
akeni
nbr
ickmasonr
ywor
k

•Br
icksshoul
dbesoakedi
nwat
erf
oradequat
eper
iodsot
hatt
hewat
er
penet
rat
es

t
oit
sful
lthi
ckness.Nor
mal
l
y6t
o8hour
sofwet
ti
ngi
ssuf
fi
cient
.

•Asy
stemat
icbondmustbemai
ntai
nedt
hroughoutt
hebr
ickwor
k.Ver
ti
cal
j
oint
s

shoul
dn’
tbecont
inuousbutst
agger
ed.

•Thej
ointt
hicknessshoul
dn’
texceed1cm.I
tshoul
dbet
hor
oughl
yfi
l
ledwi
th
t
he

cementmor
tar1:
4to1:
6(Cement
:Sandbyv
olume)

•Al
lbr
icksshoul
dbepl
acedont
hei
rbedwi
thf
rogsont
op(
depr
essi
onont
op
oft
he

br
ickf
orpr
ovi
dingbondwi
thmor
tar
).

•Thr
ead,pl
umbbobandspi
ri
tlev
elshoul
dbeusedf
oral
i
gnment
,ver
ti
cal
i
ty
and

hor
izont
ali
tyofconst
ruct
ion.

•Joi
ntsshoul
dber
akedandpr
oper
lyf
ini
shedwi
tht
rowelorf
loat
,topr
ovi
de
goodbond.

•Amaxi
mum ofonemet
rewal
lhei
ghtshoul
dbeconst
ruct
edi
naday
.

•Br
ickwor
kshoul
dbepr
oper
lycur
edf
oratl
east10day
s

REI
NFORCEMENT

St
eelr
einf
orcement
sar
eused,gener
all
y,i
nthef
orm ofbar
sofci
rcul
arcr
oss
sect
ioni
nconcr
etest
ruct
ure.Theyar
eli
keaskel
etoni
nhumanbody
.Pl
ain
concr
etewi
thoutst
eeloranyot
herr
einf
orcementi
sst
rongi
ncompr
essi
on

xx
xix
butweaki
ntensi
on.St
eeli
soneoft
hebestf
ormsofr
einf
orcement
s,t
otake
car
eoft
hosest
ressesandt
ost
rengt
henconcr
etet
obearal
lki
ndsofl
oads

Mi
l
dst
eelbar
sconf
ormi
ngt
oIS:432(
Par
tI)andCol
d-wor
kedst
eelhi
gh
st
rengt
hdef
ormedbar
sconf
ormi
ngt
oIS:1786(
gradeFe415andgr
adeFe
500,wher
e415and500i
ndi
cat
eyi
eldst
resses415N/
mm2and500N/
mm2
r
espect
ivel
y)ar
ecommonl
yused.Gr
adeFe415i
sbei
ngusedmostcommonl
y
nowaday
s.Thi
shasl
i
mit
edt
heuseofpl
ainmi
l
dst
eelbar
sbecauseofhi
gher
y
iel
dst
ressandbondst
rengt
hresul
ti
ngi
nsav
ingofst
eelquant
it
y.Some
compani
eshav
ebr
oughtt
her
momechani
cal
l
ytr
eat
ed(
TMT)andcor
rosi
on
r
esi
stantst
eel
(CRS)bar
swi
thaddedf
eat
ures.

Bar
srangei
ndi
amet
erf
rom 6t
o50mm.Col
d-wor
kedst
eelhi
ghst
rengt
h
def
ormedbar
sst
artf
rom 8mm di
amet
er.Forgener
alhouseconst
ruct
ions,
bar
sofdi
amet
er6t
o20mm ar
eused.

Tr
ansv
erser
einf
orcement
sar
ever
yimpor
tant
.Theynotonl
ytakecar
eof
st
ruct
uralr
equi
rement
s butal
so hel
p mai
nrei
nfor
cement
stor
emai
nin
desi
redposi
ti
on.Theypl
ayav
erysi
gni
fi
cantr
olewhi
l
eabr
uptchangesor
r
ever
sal
ofst
ressesl
i
keear
thquakeet
c.

Theyshoul
dbecl
osel
yspacedaspert
hedr
awi
ngandpr
oper
lyt
iedt
othe
mai
n/l
ongi
tudi
nal
rei
nfor
cement
.

Ter
msUsedi
nRei
nfor
cementBar
-bendi
ng-
schedul
e

Bar
-bendi
ng-
schedul
eist
he schedul
e ofr
einf
orcementbar
s pr
epar
ed i
n
adv
ancebef
orecut
ti
ngandbendi
ngofr
ebar
s.Thi
sschedul
econt
ainsal
l
det
ail
sofsi
ze,
shapeanddi
mensi
onofr
ebar
stobecut
.

Lapl
engt
h:

Lapl
engt
hist
hel
engt
hov
erl
apofbar
sti
edt
oext
endt
her
einf
orcement
l
engt
h..Lapl
engt
habout50t
imest
hedi
amet
eroft
hebari
sconsi
der
edsaf
e.
Lapsofnei
ghbor
ing barl
engt
hsshoul
d best
agger
ed and shoul
d notbe
pr
ovi
dedatonel
evel
/l
ine.Atonecr
osssect
ion,amaxi
mum of50% bar
s

xl
shoul
dbel
apped.I
ncase,r
equi
redl
apl
engt
hisnotav
ail
abl
eatj
unct
ion
becauseofspaceandot
herconst
rai
nts,bar
scanbej
oinedwi
thcoupl
ersor
wel
ded(
wit
hcor
rectchoi
ceofmet
hodofwel
ding)
.

Anchor
ageLengt
h:

Thi
sist
headdi
ti
onall
engt
hofst
eelofonest
ruct
urer
equi
redt
obei
nser
tedi
n
ot
heratt
hej
unct
ion.Forexampl
e,mai
nbar
sofbeam i
ncol
umnatbeam
col
umnj
unct
ion,
col
umnbar
sinf
oot
inget
c.Thel
engt
hrequi
rementi
ssi
mil
ar
t
othe l
ap l
engt
h ment
ioned i
n pr
evi
ous quest
ion oras pert
he desi
gn
i
nst
ruct
ions

Fi
g.6

Cov
erbl
ock:

Cov
erbl
ocksar
epl
acedt
opr
eventt
hest
eelr
odsf
rom t
ouchi
ngt
heshut
ter
ing
pl
atesandt
her
ebypr
ovi
dingami
nimum cov
erandf
ixt
her
einf
orcement
sas
pert
hedesi
gndr
awi
ngs.Somet
imesi
tiscommonl
yseent
hatt
hecov
erget
s
mi
spl
aceddur
ingt
heconcr
eti
ngact
ivi
ty.Topr
eventt
his,t
yingofcov
erwi
th

xl
i
st
eelbar
susi
ngt
hinst
eelwi
rescal
l
edbi
ndi
ngwi
res(
proj
ect
edf
rom cov
er
sur
face and pl
aced dur
ing maki
ng or cast
ing of cov
er bl
ocks) i
s
r
ecommended.Cov
ersshoul
dbemadeofcementsandmor
tar(
1:3)
.Ideal
l
y,
cov
ershoul
dhav
est
rengt
hsi
mil
art
othesur
roundi
ngconcr
ete,wi
tht
hel
east
per
imet
ersot
hatchancesofwat
ert
openet
rat
ethr
oughper
ipher
ywi
l
lbe
mi
nimi
zed.Pr
ovi
si
onofmi
nimum cov
ersaspert
heI
ndi
anst
andar
dsf
or
dur
abi
l
ityoft
hewhol
est
ruct
ureshoul
dbeensur
ed.

Shapeoft
hecov
erbl
ockscoul
dbecubi
calorcy
li
ndr
ical
.Howev
er,cov
er
i
ndi
cat
est
hicknessoft
hecov
erbl
ock.Nor
mal
l
y,cubi
calcov
erbl
ocksar
e
used.Asat
humbr
ule,
mini
mum cov
erof2”i
nfoot
ings,
1.5”i
ncol
umnsand1”
f
orot
herst
ruct
uresmaybeensur
ed.

Tabl
e7

St
ruct
uralel
ement Cov
ert
orei
nfor
cement(
mm)

Foot
ings 40

Col
umns 40

Sl
abs 15

Beams 25

Ret
aini
ngwal
l 25f
orear
thf
ace

20f
orot
herf
ace

Thi
ngst
oNot
e

Rei
nfor
cementshoul
dbef
reef
rom l
ooser
ust
,oi
lpai
nts,
mudet
c.i
tshoul
dbe
cut
,bentandf
ixedpr
oper
ly.Ther
einf
orcementshal
lbepl
acedandmai
ntai
ned
i
nposi
ti
onbypr
ovi
dingpr
opercov
erbl
ocks,
spacer
s,suppor
ti
ngbar
s,l
apset
c.
Rei
nfor
cement
sshal
lbepl
acedandt
iedsucht
hatconcr
etepl
acementi
s
possi
ble wi
thoutsegr
egat
ion,and compact
ion possi
ble byan i
mmer
sion
v
ibr
ator
.

xl
i
i
Foranyst
eelr
einf
orcementbar
,wei
ghtperr
unni
ngmet
eri
sequalt
od*
d/162
Kg,wher
edi
sdi
amet
eroft
hebari
nmm.Forexampl
e,10mm di
amet
erbar
wi
l
lwei
gh10×10/
162=0.
617Kg/
m

Thr
eet
ypesofbar
swer
eusedi
nrei
nfor
cementofasl
ab.Thesei
ncl
ude
st
rai
ghtbar
s,cr
ankbarandanext
rabar
.Themai
nst
eeli
spl
acedi
nwhi
cht
he
st
rai
ghtst
eeli
sbi
ndedf
ir
st,t
hent
hecr
ankst
eeli
spl
acedandext
rast
eeli
s
pl
acedi
ntheend.Theext
rast
eelcomesov
ert
hesuppor
twhi
l
ecr
anki
s
encount
eredatdi
stanceof¼(
1-di
stancebet
weent
hesuppor
ts)f
rom t
he
sur
roundi
ngssuppor
ts.

Forpr
ovi
dingnomi
nalcov
ert
othest
eeli
nbeam,cov
erbl
ockswer
eused
whi
chwer
emadeofconcr
eteandwer
ecast
edwi
that
hinst
eelwi
rei
nthe
cent
erwhi
chpr
oject
sout
war
d.Thesekeept
her
einf
orcementatadi
stance
f
rom bot
tom ofshut
ter
ing.Formai
ntai
ningt
hegapbet
weent
hemai
nst
eel
andt
hedi
str
ibut
ionst
eel
,st
eel
chai
rsar
epl
acedbet
weent
hem.

SHUTTERI
NGANDSCAFFOLDI
NGDEFI
NITI
ON

Thet
erm‘
SHUTTERI
NG’
or‘
FORMWORK’
incl
udesal
lfor
ms,
moul
ds,
sheet
ing,
shut
ter
ingpl
anks,
wal
rus,
pol
es,
post
s,st
andar
ds,
lei
zer
s,V-
Heads,
str
uts,
and
st
ruct
ure,t
ies,pr
ight
s,wal
l
ing st
eelr
ods,bol
ts,wedges,and al
lot
her
t
empor
arysuppor
tst
otheconcr
etedur
ingt
hepr
ocessofsheet
ing.

For
m Wor
k:

For
msormoul
dsorshut
ter
sar
ether
ecept
acl
esi
nwhi
chconcr
etei
spl
aced,
sot
hati
twi
l
lhav
ethedesi
redshapeorout
li
newhenhar
dened.Oncet
he
concr
etedev
elopsadequat
est
rengt
h,t
hef
ormsar
eremov
ed.For
msar
e
gener
all
ymadeoft
hemat
eri
alsl
i
ket
imber
,pl
ywood,
steel
,et
c.

Gener
all
ycamberi
spr
ovi
dedi
nthef
ormwor
kforhor
izont
almember
sto
count
eractt
heef
fectofdef
lect
ioncausedduet
othewei
ghtofr
einf
orcement
andconcr
etepl
acedov
ert
hat
.Apr
operl
ubr
icat
ionofshut
ter
ingpl
atesi
sal
so
donebef
oret
hepl
acementofr
einf
orcement
.Theoi
lfi
l
m sandwi
chedbet
ween
concr
eteandf
ormwor
ksur
facenotonl
yhel
psi
neasyr
emov
alofshut
ter
ing
butal
sopr
event
slossofmoi
stur
efr
om t
heconcr
etet
hroughabsor
pti
onand

xl
i
ii
ev
apor
ati
on.

Thest
eelf
orm wor
kwasdesi
gnedandconst
ruct
edt
otheshapes,l
i
nesand
di
mensi
onsshownont
hedr
awi
ngs.Al
lfor
mswer
esuf
fi
cient
lywat
ert
ightt
o
pr
eventl
eakageofmor
tar
.For
mswer
esoconst
ruct
edast
ober
emov
abl
ein
sect
ions.Onesi
deoft
hecol
umnf
ormswer
elef
topenandt
heopensi
def
il
led
i
nboar
dbyboar
dsuccessi
vel
yast
heconcr
etei
spl
acedandcompact
ed
exceptwhenv
ibr
ator
sar
eused.Akeywasmadeatt
heendofeachcast
ingi
n
concr
etecol
umnsofappr
opr
iat
esi
zet
ogi
vepr
operbondi
ngst
ocol
umnsand
wal
l
sasperr
elev
antI
S.

CLEANI
NGANDTREATMENTOFFORMS

Al
lrubbi
sh,par
ti
cul
arl
ychi
ppi
ngs,shav
ingsandsawdust
,wasr
emov
edf
rom
t
hei
nter
ioroft
hef
orms(
steel
)bef
oret
heconcr
etei
spl
aced.Thef
orm wor
k
i
ncont
actwi
tht
heconcr
etewascl
eanedandt
hor
oughl
ywet
tedort
reat
ed
wi
thanappr
ovedcomposi
ti
ont
opr
eventadhesi
onbet
weenf
orm wor
kand
concr
ete.Car
ewast
akent
hatsuchappr
ovedcomposi
ti
oni
skeptoutof
cont
actwi
tht
her
einf
orcement
.

DESI
GN

Thef
orm-
wor
kshoul
dbedesi
gnedandconst
ruct
edsucht
hatt
heconcr
ete
canbepr
oper
lypl
acedandt
hor
oughl
ycompact
edt
o obt
aint
her
equi
red
shape,
posi
ti
on,
andl
evel
ssubj
ect
.

ERECTI
ONOFFORMWORK

Thef
oll
owi
ngappl
i
est
oal
lfor
mwor
k:

a)Car
eshoul
dbet
akent
hatal
lfor
mwor
kissett
opl
umbandt
ruet
oli
neand
l
evel
.

b)Whenr
einf
orcementpassest
hrought
hef
ormwor
kcar
eshoul
dbet
akent
o
ensur
ecl
osef
it
ti
ngj
oint
sagai
nstt
hest
eelbar
ssoast
oav
oidl
ossoff
ines
dur
ingt
hecompact
ionofconcr
ete.

xl
i
v
c)I
ffor
mwor
kishel
dtoget
herbybol
tsorwi
res,
theseshoul
dbesof
ixedt
hat
noi
roni
sexposedonsur
faceagai
nstwhi
chconcr
etei
stobel
aid.

d)Pr
ovi
si
oni
smadei
ntheshut
ter
ingf
orbeams,
col
umnsandwal
l
sforapor
t
hol
eofconv
eni
entsi
zesot
hatal
lext
raneousmat
eri
alst
hatmaybecol
l
ect
ed
coul
dber
emov
edj
ustpr
iort
oconcr
eti
ng.

e)For
mwor
kissoar
rangedast
oper
mitr
emov
aloff
ormswi
thoutj
arr
ingt
he
concr
ete.Wedges,cl
amps,and bol
ts shoul
d be used wher
e pr
act
icabl
e
i
nst
eadofnai
l
s.

f
)Sur
facesoff
ormsi
ncont
actwi
thconcr
etear
eoi
l
edwi
thamoul
doi
lof
appr
ovedqual
i
ty.Theuseofoi
l
,whi
chdar
kenst
hesur
faceoft
heconcr
ete,
is
notal
l
owed.Oi
l
ingi
sdonebef
orer
einf
orcementi
spl
acedandcar
etakent
hat
nooi
lcomesi
ncont
actwi
tht
her
einf
orcementwhi
l
eiti
spl
acedi
nposi
ti
on.
Thef
ormwor
kiskeptt
hor
oughl
ywetdur
ingconcr
eti
ngandt
hewhol
eti
me
t
hati
tisl
efti
npl
ace.I
mmedi
atel
ybef
oreconcr
eti
ngi
scommenced,t
he
f
ormwor
kiscar
eful
l
yexami
nedt
oensur
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

a)Remov
alofal
ldi
rt
,shav
ings,sawdustandot
herr
efusebybr
ushi
ngand
washi
ng.

b)Thet
ight
nessofj
ointbet
weenpanel
sofsheat
hingandbet
weent
heseand
anyhar
denedcor
e.

c)The cor
rectl
ocat
ion oft
ie bar
s br
aci
ng and spacer
s,and especi
all
y
connect
ionsof

br
aci
ng.

d)Thatal
lwedgesar
esecur
edandf
ir
minposi
ti
on.

e)Thatpr
ovi
si
oni
smadef
ort
raf
fi
conf
ormwor
knott
obeardi
rect
lyon
r
einf
orcementst
eel
.

VERTI
CALI
TYOFTHESTUCTURE

Al
ltheout
ercol
umnsoft
hef
ramewer
echeckedf
orpl
umbbypl
umb-
bobas
t
hewor
kpr
oceedst
oupperf
loor
s.I
nter
nalcol
umnswer
echeckedbyt
aki
ng

xl
v
measur
ement
sfr
om out
err
owofcol
umnsf
ort
hei
rexactposi
ti
on.Jackwer
e
usedt
oli
ftt
hesuppor
ti
ngr
odscal
l
edpr
ops.

STRI
PPI
NGTI
MEORREMOVALOFFORMWORK

For
mswer
enotst
ruckunt
ilt
heconcr
etehasat
tai
nedast
rengt
hatl
eastt
wice
t
hest
resst
owhi
cht
heconcr
etemaybesubj
ect
edatt
het
imeofr
emov
alof
f
orm wor
k.Thest
rengt
href
err
edi
sthatofconcr
eteusi
ngt
hesamecement
andaggr
egat
eswi
tht
hesamepr
opor
ti
onsandcur
edundercondi
ti
onsof
t
emper
atur
eandmoi
stur
esi
mil
art
othoseexi
sti
ngont
hewor
k.Wher
eso
r
equi
red,
for
m wor
kwasl
eftl
ongeri
nnor
mal
cir
cumst
ances

Adv
ert
isement
sFor
m wor
kwasr
emov
edi
nsuchamanneraswoul
dnot
causeanyshockorv
ibr
ati
ont
hatwoul
ddamaget
heconcr
ete.Bef
orer
emov
al
ofpr
ops,concr
etesur
facewasexposedt
oascer
tai
nthatt
heconcr
etehas
suf
fi
cient
lyhar
dened.Wher
etheshapeofel
ementi
ssucht
hatf
orm wor
khas
r
e-ent
rantangl
es,t
hef
orm wor
kwasr
emov
edassoonaspossi
bleaf
tert
he
concr
etehasset
,toav
oidshr
inkagecr
acki
ngoccur
ri
ngduet
other
est
rai
nt
i
mposed.Asagui
del
i
ne,wi
tht
emper
atur
eabov
e20degr
eef
oll
owi
ngt
ime
l
i
mit
sshoul
dbef
oll
owed:

Tabl
e8

St
ruct
uralComponent Age

Foot
ings 1day

Si
desofbeams,
col
umns,
li
ntel
s, 2day
s
wal
l

Under
sideofbeamsspanni
ngl
ess 14day
s
t
han6m

Under
sideofbeamsspanni
ngov
er 21day
s
6m
7day
s
Under
sideofsl
absspanni
ngl
ess
t
han4m

xl
vi
 Under
sideofsl
absspanni
ngmor
e 14day
s
t
han4m

Fl
atsl
abbot
tom 21day
s

2.
4ASSI
GNMENT#3

Thedi
ff
erentt
est
sar
eper
for
medont
her
oadsur
facesandf
ori
tsmat
eri
alt
o
f
indoutt
hemat
eri
alusedandusedi
nhowmuchquant
it
y.Thet
est
sar
eal
so
per
for
medt
ofi
ndoutt
hatt
hecont
ract
orusedt
hequant
it
yandqual
i
tyof
appr
opr
iat
est
andar
dandaccor
dingt
otheneedoft
hepr
oject
.

2.
4.1Det
ail
s

Thedi
ff
erentt
est
sper
for
medar
easf
oll
ows:

2.
4.1.
1Labor
ator
ytestf
orCBR(
Cal
if
orni
aBear
ingRat
io)
:

Obj
ect
ive:Todet
ermi
net
heCBRofsoi
l
sfr
om t
her
e-moul
dedspeci
mensby
dy
nami
ccompact
ionmet
hodi
nsoakedst
ateatl
abor
ator
y.

CBR:Ther
ati
ooft
hef
orceperuni
tar
ear
equi
redt
openet
rat
easoi
lmasswi
th
apl
ungerof50mm di
amet
eratt
her
ateof1.
25mm/
minut
etot
her
equi
red
cor
respondi
ngpenet
rat
ionofst
andar
dmat
eri
al.

Gener
all
yther
ati
oisdet
ermi
nedf
or2.
5mm and5.
0mm penet
rat
ions,and
wher
ether
ati
oat5.
00mm i
sconsi
stent
lyhi
ghert
hant
hatat2.
5mm,
ther
ati
o
at5.
00mm i
sconsi
der
ed.

Appar
atus:Cy
li
ndr
icalmoul
d,met
alr
ammer
,spacerdi
sc,met
alwei
ght
s,
per
for
ated base pl
ate,met
alt
ri
pod st
and,penet
rat
ion pl
unger
,loadi
ng
machi
newi
thmov
inghead,si
eves,bal
ances,ov
en,ai
rti
ghtcont
ainer
,tr
ay,
t
rowel
,measur
ingj
ar.

Pr
ocedur
e:

i
.Takear
epr
esent
ati
vesampl
etobet
est
ed,
pouri
tint
hef
orm ofaheapand
di
vi
dei
nto4equalpar
tsbyquar
ter
ingmet
hodandmi
xthemat
eri
ali
noneof

xl
vi
i
t
het
wodi
agonal
sandsi
evei
tthr
ough19mm si
eve,
themat
eri
alr
etai
nedshal
l
ber
epl
acedbyt
heequalamountofpassi
ngt
hrough19mm si
eve,
butr
etai
ned
on4.
75mm si
eve,obt
ainedf
rom t
hemat
eri
aloft
heot
hert
wodi
agonal
s,so
t
hatt
hepassi
ngmat
eri
alshal
lwei
ghami
nimum of5500gm.

i
i
.Pl
acei
tinat
rayandmi
xwi
tht
heequalamountoft
hatwat
err
equi
red
obt
aini
ng OMC.

i
i
i.Not
etheempt
ywei
ghtoft
hecy
li
ndr
ical
moul
dtot
henear
est1gm.

i
v.Pl
acet
hemoul
donasol
i
dbase,
suchasconcr
etef
loororpl
i
nth.

v
.Maket
hewat
ermi
xedsoi
lint
o5equalpar
ts,pl
acet
hespacerdi
sci
nthe
moul
d andaf
il
terpaperandpl
aceonepar
tint
othemoul
dfi
tt
edwi
thcol
l
ar.

v
i.Compactt
hesoi
lwi
tht
hemet
alhammerbydi
str
ibut
ingt
he55bl
ows
equal
l
yont
hesur
faceoft
hesoi
l
.

v
ii
.Cont
inuet
hispr
ocesst
il
lthef
our
thl
ayer
,makeani
mpr
essi
onont
he
f
our
thl
ayeroft
hecompact
edsoi
ltoadept
hof25mm,sot
hatt
henextl
ayer
wi
l
lpl
ugi
ntot
hisandav
oidsepar
ati
onoft
het
opl
ayerf
rom t
hepr
evi
ouswhi
l
e
r
emov
ingt
hecol
l
ar.

v
ii
i.Addf
if
thl
ayerandcompacti
twi
thmet
alhammerbygi
vi
ng55bl
ows.i
x.
Remov
ethecol
l
arandal
sor
emov
etheexcesssoi
lupt
othel
evelexact
ly
equalt
othecy
li
ndr
icalmoul
dbyusi
ngt
rowelorspat
ula.Not
ethewei
ghtof
t
hesampl
ewi
tht
hemoul
dtot
henear
est1gm.

x.Rev
erset
hecompact
edmoul
d,t
ight
ent
hemoul
dont
hebasepl
ate,pl
ace
t
heper
for
ateddi
scwi
thsur
char
gewei
ght
sof5kgont
hecompact
edsoi
l
speci
menwi
tht
hemoul
dandsoaki
tinwat
erf
or96hour
s.Mai
ntai
nconst
ant
wat
erl
evel
int
het
ankt
hroughoutt
hesoaki
ngper
iod.

xi
.Af
tert
hesoaki
ngper
iod,t
akeoutt
hemoul
dwi
tht
hesoi
lspeci
menf
rom
t
he wat
ert
ank and al
l
ow i
tto dr
ainf
ree wat
ercol
l
ect
ed i
nthe moul
d,
downwar
dfor15mi
nut
es.

xl
vi
ii
 Fi
g.7CBRAppar
atus

2.
4.1.
2Fl
aki
nessi
ndexandel
ongat
ioni
ndexofcoar
seaggr
egat
es:

Ai
m:

i
.Todet
ermi
net
heel
ongat
ioni
ndexoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
es.

i
i
.Todet
ermi
net
hef
laki
nessi
ndexoft
hegi
venaggr
egat
es.

Appar
atus:Theappar
atusf
ort
heshapet
est
sconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

i
.Ast
andar
dthi
cknessgauge.

i
i
.Ast
andar
dlengt
hgauge.

i
i
i.I
Ssi
evesofsi
zes63,
5040,
31.
5,25,
20,
16,
12.
5,10and6.
3mm.

i
v.Abal
anceofcapaci
ty5kg,
readabl
eandaccur
ateupt
o1gm.

Theor
y: Thepar
ti
cl
eshapeofaggr
egat
esi
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
heper
cent
ages
off
laky and el
ongat
ed par
ti
cles cont
ained i
nit
.Forbase cour
se and
const
ruct
ionofbi
tumi
nousandcementconcr
etet
ypes,t
hepr
esenceoff
laky
andel
ongat
edpar
ti
clesar
econsi
der
edundesi
rabl
east
hesecausei
nher
ent
weakness wi
th possi
bil
i
ties ofbr
eaki
ng down underheav
yloads.Thus,

xl
i
x
ev
aluat
ionofshapeoft
hepar
ti
cles,par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
efer
encet
ofl
aki
ness
and el
ongat
ion i
s necessar
y.The Fl
aki
ness i
ndex ofaggr
egat
es i
sthe
per
cent
agebywei
ghtofpar
ti
cleswhosel
eastdi
mensi
on(
thi
ckness)i
sless
t
han t
hree-f
if
ths (
0.6t
imes)oft
hei
rmean di
mensi
on.Thi
stesti
s not
appl
i
cabl
etosi
zessmal
l
ert
han6.
3mm.TheEl
ongat
ioni
ndexofanaggr
egat
e
i
stheper
cent
agebywei
ghtofpar
ti
cleswhosegr
eat
estdi
mensi
on(
lengt
h)i
s
gr
eat
ert
hanni
ne-
fi
ft
hs(
1.8t
imes)t
hei
rmeandi
mensi
on.Thi
stesti
snot
appl
i
cabl
eforsi
zessmal
l
ert
han6.
3mm.

Pr
ocedur
e:

i
.Si
evet
hesampl
ethr
ought
heI
Ssi
eves(
asspeci
fi
edi
nthet
abl
e).

i
i
.Takeami
nimum of200pi
ecesofeachf
ract
iont
obet
est
edandwei
gh
t
hem.

i
i
i.I
nor
dert
osepar
atet
hef
lakymat
eri
als,gaugeeachf
ract
ionf
ort
hickness
onat
hicknessgauge.Thewi
dthoft
hesl
otusedshoul
dbeoft
hedi
mensi
ons
speci
fi
edi
ncol
umn(
4)oft
het
abl
efort
heappr
opr
iat
esi
zeoft
hemat
eri
al.

i
v.Wei
ght
hef
lakymat
eri
alpassi
ngt
hegauget
oanaccur
acyofatl
east0.
1
percentoft
het
estsampl
e.

v
.Inor
dert
osepar
atet
heel
ongat
edmat
eri
als,
gaugeeachf
ract
ionf
orl
engt
h
onal
engt
hgauge.Thewi
dthoft
hesl
otusedshoul
dbeoft
hedi
mensi
ons
speci
fi
edi
ncol
umn(
6)oft
het
abl
efort
heappr
opr
iat
esi
zeoft
hemat
eri
al.

v
i.Wei
ghtt
heel
ongat
edmat
eri
alr
etai
nedont
hegauget
oanaccur
acyofat
l
east0.
1percentoft
het
estsampl
e.

Obser
vat
ions:

Wt
. Of Thi
cknes Wt
. Of Lengt
h Wt
. Of
f
ract
ion s gauge aggr
egat gauge aggr
egat
Si
zeofaggr
egat
es
consi
sti
n si
ze ei
neach si
ze ei
neach
Passi
ng Ret
ained g of (
mm) f
ract
ion (
mm) f
ract
ion
t
hrough on I
S at
least passi
ng r
etai
ned
I
Ssi
eve si
eve 200 t
hicknes on

l
(
mm) (
mm) pi
eces sgauges l
engt
h
(
gm) (
gm)w gauge
(
gm)x
W

63 50 0 23.
9 0 -
-- 0

50 40 0 27 0 81.
00 0

40 25 0 19.
5 0 58 0

32 25 0 16.
95 0 -
-- 0

25 20 2562 13.
5 235 40.
5 154

20 16 1653 10.
8 216 32.
4 135

16 13 854 8.
55 135 25.
5 195

13 10 462 6.
75 169 20.
20 142

10 6 263 4.
89 63 14.
7 69

Fl
aki
nessI
ndex = (
X1+X2+….
.)/(
W1+W2+….
)X100

El
ongat
ionI
ndex = (
Y1+Y2+…)/(
W1+W2+….
)X100

Resul
t:

i
.Fl
aki
nessI
ndex = 12.
71%

i
i
.El
ongat
ionI
ndex =10.
92%

2.
4.1.
3Det
ermi
nat
ionoff
iel
ddensi
tyofsoi
lbySandRepl
acementMet
hod
(
IS2720-
28)

Sand 
repl
acement
 t
est
 met
hodi
susedt
odet
ermi
net
hef
iel
ddensi
tyori
n-
pl
acedensi
tyofear
thembankment
s,r
oadf
il
ls,sub-
grade,sub-
baseoranyof
compact
edmat
eri
al.Thi
smet
hodser
vesasbaseuponwhi
chonecanaccept
t
he densi
tyofa compact
ed mat
eri
alt
o a speci
fi
ed magni
tude ort
oa

l
i
per
cent
ageofmaxi
mum uni
tdr
ydensi
tydet
ermi
nedaspr
oct
or.

Asweknow t
hatmoi
stur
econt
entoft
hesoi
lvar
yfr
om t
imet
oti
meand
hencet
hef
iel
ddensi
tyal
so,sowear
erequi
redt
orepor
tthe 
testr
esul
t 
in
t
ermsofdr
ydensi
ty.I
nor
dert
odet
ermi
net
hedr
ydensi
tywemusthav
eto
exami
net
hemoi
stur
econt
enti
nthesoi
lbyusi
nggener
almet
hod.

Moi
stur
econt
ent(
%)=m=(
(wt
.ofwetsoi
l–wtofdr
ysoi
l
)/wtofdr
ysoi
l
)x
100
Dr
ydensi
ty=(
bul
kdensi
ty)/(
1+w)

Appar
atusRequi
red:
-

 Sandpour
ingcy
li
nder

 Cal
i
brat
ing

 Met
alt
ray

 Excav
ati
ngt
ool

 Bal
ance

 Gl
asspl
ate

 Met
alt
ray

 Cl
eanuni
for
m sand(
1mm pass600mi
rcor
etai
n)

 Wat
ercont
entdet
ermi
nat
ionappar
atus.

l
i
i
 Fi
g.8SandRepl
acementmet
hod

Theor
y:-

The dr
y densi
ty oft
he sampl
e obt
ained as a r
esul
tis di
vi
ded by t
he
pr
oct
or 
testr
esul
t 
i.
e.t
hemaxi
mum dr
yobt
ainedoft
hesampl
ethatcanbe
obt
ained i
nthel
abor
ator
ybyusi
ng st
andar
d AASHTO compact
ion 
test
 or
Modi
fi
edAASHTOcompact
ion 
test
 andt
her
esul
tisr
epor
tedasper
cent
age.

Theaccept
ancecr
it
eri
afort
hese 
per
cent
ages 
dependont
hespeci
fi
cat
ion
r
equi
rement
sandgener
all
yfol
l
owi
ngr
ulesi
sfol
l
owed:

Nol
esst
han98%wi
thi
n150mm bel
ow 
for
mat
ion 
l
evel
.
Nol
esst
han95%bet
ween150mm and1200mm bel
ow 
for
mat
ion.
Nol
esst
han90%bey
ond1200mm bel
owf
ormat
ionl
evel
.

Backgr
ound:
-
Asweknow densi
tymeanswei
ghtperuni
tvol
umeori
not
herwor
dshow
muchmassi
sbei
ngencl
osedi
naspeci
fi
cquant
um ofv
olume.Wecaneasi
l
y
det
ermi
net
hemassofsoi
lbyusi
ngt
hephy
sicalbal
anceordi
git
albal
ance,
butt
hepr
obl
em l
i
esi
nfi
ndi
ngt
hev
olumeoft
hehol
edug.Thi
spr
obl
em
i
s sol
ved 
wit
hthehel
pofacal
i
brat
edsandwhoseuni
twei
ghtordensi
tyi
s

l
i
ii
al
readybei
ngdet
ermi
nedandt
husi
fwecoul
ddet
ermi
nehowmuchwei
ghtof
cal
i
brat
edsandi
sgoi
ngt
oresti
nthedughol
ewecan 
fi
ndt
he 
vol
umeoft
he
hol
ebyusi
ngf
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a;

Vol
umeofdughol
e=wei
ghtofsoi
li
nhol
edug 
/uni
twei
ghtofcal
i
brat
edsoi
l

Pr
ocedur
e:-

Thest
andar
dpr
ocedur
eoft
his 
test
 i
sbei
ngdi
vi
dedi
ntwopar
tsi
nfi
rstpar
t
we wi
l
l 
fi
nd t
he 
uni
twei
ghtoft
he st
andar
d soi
lby cal
i
brat
ion pr
ocess
descr
ibed 
asf
oll
ows;

Cal
ibr
ati
on:
-

1.Det
ermi
net
he 
i
nter
nal
 
vol
umeoft
hecal
i
brat
ingcont
ainerbyusi
ngt
he
di
mensi
onsasf
oll
ows;
              
 V=(
(Pi
)d^
2/4)xh
2.Now f
il
lthesandpour
ingcy
li
nderwi
tht
hesandt
obecal
i
brat
edwi
thi
n
about
 10mm 
ofi
tst
opl
eftv
acantandt
hendet
ermi
net
hemassoft
he
sandpour
ingcy
li
nderal
ongwi
thsandandnot
eitasw1.
3.Now pl
acet
hesandpour
ingcy
li
nderont
opofcal
i
brat
ingcy
li
nderof
knownv
olumeandopent
heshut
tert
oal
l
ow t
hesandt
ofal
lint
othe
cy
li
nderaf
ternomor
esandi
sfal
l
ingcl
oset
heshut
teranddet
ermi
net
he
massoft
hecal
i
brat
ingcy
li
nderf
il
ledwi
thsandandnot
eitasW2
4.Nowasweal
sohav
ethewei
ghtoft
hesandi
ntheconi
calpor
ti
onoft
he
sand pour
ing cy
li
nder
,wemustsubt
ractt
hewei
ghtofsand t
hatcan
accumul
atewi
thi
nthatconi
calpor
ti
on.Fort
hatt
akeaf
latgl
asspl
ateand
pl
acet
hesandpour
ingcy
li
nder
.Opent
heshut
tert
il
lnomor
esandf
all
s
anddet
ermi
net
hemassofsandi
ntheconi
cal
por
ti
onandnot
eitasW3.
5.Nowt
hewei
ghtoft
hesandi
nthecal
i
brat
ingcy
li
nderi
sdet
ermi
nedas
            Wa=W1–W2–W3
6.Thebul
kdensi
tyoft
hesandi
sdet
ermi
nedbydi
vi
dingt
hemassofsandi
n
t
hecal
i
brat
ingcy
li
nderwi
tht
hev
olumeoft
hecal
i
brat
ingcy
li
nder
.

l
i
v
 Fi
g.6

Det
ermi
net
hedr
ydensi
tyoft
hesoi
lundersampl
e:-

1.Pr
epar
ethear
eaoft
heembankmentsubj
ectt
o t
est
,lev
elt
het
opoft
he
soi
lusi
ngt
hescr
appert
ool
.
2.Pl
acet
hemet
alt
rayont
hef
latsur
face,i
frequi
redi
nser
tthenai
l
sint
othe
smal
lhol
esoft
hemet
alt
ray
.
3.Tr
acet
heci
rcul
arhol
eoft
het
rayont
hegr
oundandexcav
atet
hesoi
l
car
eful
l
y wi
thout l
osi
ng any of t
he soi
lfr
agment
.Di
g a hol
e of
appr
oxi
mat
ely150mm i
nthegr
ound.
4.Col
l
ectal
ltheexcav
atedmat
eri
ali
namet
alcont
ainerandcl
eart
hehol
e
usi
ngabr
ush.
5.Det
ermi
net
hemassoft
hissoi
laswei
ghtofwetsoi
lfr
om hol
eWw.
6.Fi
l
lthesandpour
ingcy
li
nderwi
tht
hecal
i
brat
edsandanddet
ermi
nei
ts
massasW1.
7.Pl
acet
hecy
li
nderdi
rect
lyov
ert
heexcav
atedhol
e.Al
l
ow t
hesandt
orun
outt
hecy
li
nderbyopeni
ngt
heshut
ter
.Cl
oset
heshut
terwhent
hehol
eis
compl
etel
yfi
l
ledandnof
urt
hermov
ementofsandi
sobser
ved.
8.Nowwei
ght
her
emai
ningsandi
nthesandpour
ingcy
li
nderandnot
eitas
w4.
9.Take 
a sampl
e oft
he excav
ated soi
lin an ai
rti
ghtsampl
erf
ort
he

l
v
 det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hewat
ercont
entormoi
stur
econt
ent
.
10.
Vol
umeoft
hehol
eisdet
ermi
nedbyusi
ngt
heuni
twei
ghtoft
hecal
i
brat
ed
sandal
readyknown.

Obser
vat
ion&Cal
cul
ati
ons:
-

Vol
umeofcal
i
brat
ingcont
ainer=VCm3=1000cm3
Wei
ghtofcy
li
nder+sand(
bef
orepour
ing)
,W1g=7476g
Meanwei
ghtofcy
li
nder+sand(
aft
erpour
ing)
,W2g=5610g
Meanwei
ghtofsandi
ncone(
ofpour
ingcy
li
nder
),W3g=436g
Wei
ghtofsandt
ofi
l
lcal
i
brat
ingcont
ainerWa=w1–w2–w3g=1430g
Bul
kdensi
tyofsand=Gammab=Wa/vg/
cm3=1.
43

Dr
yDensi
ty:
-

Wei
ghtofcal
i
brat
edsandi
nhol
ewb=W1+W3–W2=2302
Vol
umeofhol
e=Vh=Wb 
/Uni
twei
ghtofsand
Dr
ydensi
tyofsoi
l
=ww/v
h
%compact
ion=(
drydensi
ty/pr
oct
ordensi
ty) 
x100

Thedensi
tyofbi
tumi
nousconcr
etecomeouti
s7.
3,whi
chi
slowert
han
r
ecommendedv
alue.

2.
2.4.
3Test
sonCoar
seandFi
neAggr
egat
es

Pur
pose:Toobt
aint
hef
inenessmodul
us,densi
ty,andv
oidsr
ati
ooff
ineand
coar
seaggr
egat
esampl
es
Mat
eri
alsandAppar
atus:
-sampl
eoff
ineaggr
egat
e

-sampl
eofcoar
seaggr
egat
es

-di
git
alwei
ghi
ngscal
e

-si
evesi
ft
erf
orcoar
seaggr
egat
es

-v
ari
ouscl
eani
ngbr
ushes(
poi
ntandwi
re)
.

l
vi
Pr
ocedur
e:

Par
t1:Si
eveAnal
ysi
soff
ineaggr
egat
e

St
ep1:Take500gsampl
eoff
ineaggr
egat
e(asperCSAcodepr
ovi
sions,t
he
aggr
egat
esmustbecompl
etel
ydr
y).Thi
sisdet
ermi
nedbywei
ghi
ngt
he
mat
eri
alonadi
git
alscal
e.Al
sowei
gheachsi
eveoft
hemechani
calsi
ft
er,
and
t
hepan,
andr
ecor
dthewei
ght
s.

St
ep2:Pl
acet
heaggr
egat
eint
het
opsi
eveoft
hewel
l
-cl
eanedmechani
cal
si
ft
er(
siev
esusedar
e#4,#8,#16,#30,#50&#100)
.Thi
sappar
atusi
s
usedf
orshaki
ngt
heaggr
egat
es(
simi
l
art
othepr
inci
pleusedi
napai
nt-
mixi
ng
machi
ne)andsi
evi
ngt
hem.Themechani
calsi
ft
erhasabot
tom pan(
to
r
ecei
vet
hemat
eri
alpassi
ng#100si
eve)andal
i
dtocl
oset
hesi
ft
erdur
ing
t
het
est
.Af
terpl
aci
ngt
hel
i
dont
hesi
ft
er,agi
tat
ethesi
ft
erf
orabout10
mi
nut
es.

St
ep3:Det
ermi
net
hewei
ghtofaggr
egat
est
hatar
eret
ainedi
neachoft
he
si
eves,bywei
ghi
ngeachoft
hesi
eves(
alongwi
tht
her
etai
nedaggr
egat
es)
,
andsubt
ract
ingt
hewei
ghtofeachsi
eve.Al
so r
ecor
dal
lthewei
ght
sof
aggr
egat
esr
etai
nedi
neachoft
hesi
eves.Toensur
ethatal
lmat
eri
alsar
e
col
l
ect
ed,cl
eaneachsi
evecar
eful
l
yusi
ngt
hepr
opert
ypeofbr
ush.Uset
he
pai
ntbr
ushf
ort
hef
inersi
eves,t
hecopperbr
ushf
ori
nter
medi
atesi
evesand
t
hest
eelwi
rebr
ushf
ort
hecoar
sesi
eves.Al
sov
eri
fywhet
hert
hesum of
wei
ght
sofaggr
egat
es,r
etai
nedi
nal
lthesi
eves,andt
hebot
tom pani
sequal
t
othei
nit
ial
wei
ghtoft
heaggr
egat
est
aken.

St
ep4:Tabul
atet
hedat
aanddet
ermi
net
heper
centr
etai
nedi
neachsi
eve.
Fr
om t
hesev
aluescal
cul
atet
he(
cumul
ati
ve)per
cent
ageofmat
eri
alt
hat
woul
dhav
ebeenr
etai
nedi
nthesi
evei
fthewhol
evol
umeofmat
eri
alwast
o
besi
ft
edi
nthatsi
eveal
one.Thenaddt
heper
cent
ageofmat
eri
alr
etai
nedi
n
al
lthesi
evesanddi
vi
deby100t
ogett
hef
inenessmodul
us.Al
sopr
epar
e
col
umnt
odet
ermi
net
hecumul
ati
veper
cent
agepassi
ngt
hrought
hesi
evet
o
pl
ott
hef
inenessmodul
uscur
ve(
asspeci
fi
edi
nCSA23.
1).

St
ep5:Pl
otagr
aphofper
centpassi
ngbywei
ghtv
ssi
evesi
ze,
wit
hthel
i
mit
s

l
vi
i
speci
fi
ed i
n CSA st
andar
d A23.
1forf
ine and coar
se aggr
egat
e si
zes
super
imposed.

Not
e:(
1)Al
lsi
eveshav
etobecl
eanedpr
iort
oexper
iment
.

(
2)Seet
hesampl
ecal
cul
ati
onsgi
venatt
heendoft
hissect
ion

PART2:Si
eveAnal
ysi
sofCoar
seAggr
egat
e

Pr
ocedur
e:
St
ep1:Take5000gr
amsofcoar
seaggr
egat
esbywei
ghi
ngt
hemat
eri
ali
na
di
git
alscal
e.Wei
gheachoft
hecl
eansi
eve,al
ongwi
tht
hebot
tom pan,and
r
ecor
dthei
rwei
ght
s.

St
ep2:
Placet
heaggr
egat
esi
nthemechani
cal
sif
ter(
siev
esi
zesusedar
e1
½”
,1”
,¾”
,½”
,3/
8”,
&#4)
.Thi
sappar
atusi
susedf
orshaki
ngt
hemat
eri
al
(
simi
l
art
othepr
inci
pleofapai
nt-
mixi
ngmachi
ne)andsi
evi
ngi
t.

St
ep3:Det
ermi
net
heaggr
egat
est
hatar
eret
ainedi
neachi
ndi
vi
dualsi
eve,
as
ment
ionedear
li
eri
nPar
tI,andr
ecor
dthedat
a.Toensur
ethatal
lmat
eri
als
ar
ecol
l
ect
ed,
uset
hest
eel
brusht
ocl
eaneachsi
eve.

St
ep 4:Tabul
atet
he dat
a and det
ermi
ne t
he per
centr
etai
ned,and t
he
per
cent
aget
hatwoul
dhav
ebeenr
etai
nedi
neachsi
eve,i
fthatsi
eveal
one
wasusedt
osi
evet
hewhol
evol
ume.Thef
inenessmodul
usi
sobt
ainedby
addi
ngt
heper
cent
ageofmat
eri
alr
etai
nedi
nal
lthesi
evesanddi
vi
dingi
tby
100.

l
vi
ii
 Fi
g.10

Fi
g.11

St Pl
ep5: otagr
aphofper
centpassi
ngbywei
ghtv
s.si
evesi
zes.

Not
e:Al
lsi
eveshav
etobecl
eanedpr
iort
oexper
iment
.

Par
t3:Bul
kDensi
tyandVoi
dsRat
ioofFi
neAggr
egat
es

St
ep1:Takeabucket(
ofv
olume,say
,2.
5li
tr
es)andwei
ghi
t.Pl
acet
he

l
i
x
aggr
egat
esi
nthebucket(
whosev
olumei
sal
readydet
ermi
nedbydi
vi
dingt
he
wei
ghtoft
hev
olumeofwat
ert
hati
scont
ainedi
nthecompl
etel
yfi
l
ledbucket
byt
hewei
ghtdensi
tyofwat
er.I
naddi
ti
on,t
hebucketmustbepr
oper
lydr
ied
bef
orepl
aci
ngf
ineaggr
egat
eini
t)t
ofi
l 3rdi
l1/ tscapaci
tyeacht
ime.Rodeach
por
ti
on25t
imes.Thest
epsar
erepeat
edt
il
lthebucketi
nisf
il
ledwi
thf
ine
aggr
egat
es.Remov
eexcessaggr
egat
eusi
ngt
het
ampi
ngr
odasast
rai
ght
edge.

St
ep2:Det
ermi
net
hewei
ghtoff
ineaggr
egat
esbywei
ghi
ngt
hebucketf
ullof
aggr
egat
es,
andsubt
ract
ingt
hewei
ghtofempt
ybucket
.

St
ep3:Det
ermi
net
hebul
kwei
ghtdensi
tyoff
ineaggr
egat
esbydi
vi
dingt
he
wei
ghtoft
heaggr
egat
esbyt
hev
olumeoft
hebucket
.

St
ep4: Al
sodet
ermi
net
hev
olumeofv
oidsi
nthef
ineaggr
egat
e,usi
ng
t
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion.

%v
oidsi
nfi
neaggr
egat
es=

{
[(
Sp.Gr
.off
ineaggr
egat
es)
*w-
bul
kdensi
ty]
/[
w*
(Sp.Gr
.off
ineaggr
.)
]}
*100

Par
t4:Bul
kDensi
tyandVoi
dsRat
ioi
nCoar
seAggr
egat
es

Repeatt
hepr
ocedur
esgi
veni
nPar
t3f
orf
ineaggr
egat
es,
andobt
aint
hebul
k
densi
tyandv
oidsr
ati
oforcoar
seaggr
egat
es.

Par
t5:Sampl
eCal
cul
ati
onsf
orFi
nenessModul
us,Bul
kDensi
tyandVoi
ds
Rat
io

1. Si
eveanal
ysi
sofa1000-
gsampl
eoff
ineaggr
egat
esr
esul
tedi
nthe
f
oll
owi
ngdat
a.Fi
ndt
hef
inenessmodul
us.

Si
evesi
ze #4 #8 #16 #30 #50 #
100

Wei
ght 26 130 240 252 210 138
r
etai
ned

l
x
 (
g)

Cal
cul
ati
ons:

Si
eve# Wei
ght Percent Percent Per
cent
r
etai
ned(
g) r
etained coarser fi
ner

4 26 2.
6 2.
6

8 130 13.
0 15.
6

16 240 24.
0 39.
6

30 252 25.
2 64.
8

50 210 21.
0 85.
8

100 138 13.

8 99.
6

Cumul
ati
ve=
308

Fi
nenessmodul
us=308/
100=3.
08

2. Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofv
oidsi
na3cubi
cyar
dsofcoar
seaggr
egat
es,of
bul
kdensi
tyequalt
o102l
bs/
(cubi
cfeet
).Thespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofpar
ti
clesi
s
2.
65.

%ofVoi
ds=[
(SG*
W -B)
*100]
/(SG*
W)

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty,
SG=2.
65

Densi
tyofwat
er,
W =62.
4lbs/
(cu.f
t.
)

Bul
kdensi
ty,
B=102l
bs/
(cu.f
t.
)

%ofv
oids=[
(2.
65*
62.
4-102)
*100]
/(2.
65*
62.
4)=38.
3%

Vol
umeofv
oids=(
38.
3/100)
*3=1.
143cu.Yar
ds==1.
143*
27=31cu.f
t.

l
xi
 CHAPTER-
3

CONCLUSI
ONS

AsIgott
rai
ningf
rom HPPWD Sub.Di
v.Jawal
amukhi
,Ihav
elear
ntmuch
usef
ult
hings.Ast
hemaj
orpr
ojectoft
hedepar
tmentar
efocusedonr
oad
const
ruct
ionandr
epai
r,soIhav
elear
ntmor
eaboutr
oadsascompar
edt
o
ot
her
.Il
ear
nmanyi
mpor
tantaspect
sofr
oadsuchasl
ayi
ngofbi
tumen,
hei
ght
/dept
hofcov
ert
oroadwhi
chi
s20mm at
least
,temper
atur
eofl
ayi
ngof
bi
tumi
nouscoar
sewhi
chwas140-
150degr
eecal
ciusandt
hedi
ff
erentt
est
s
per
for
medonWCBandBCsuchassandr
epl
acementmet
hodi
swhi
chused
t
ocal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyofbi
tumeni
nBCandcompact
ionf
act
orandmat
eri
al
usedi
nWBM andt
hesi
eveanal
ysi
swhi
chi
susedt
ocal
cul
atet
hecont
entof
pr
opor
ti
onofeachsi
zeaggr
egat
eusedi
nroadconst
ruct
iont
oav
oidany
cor
rupt
ioni
nconst
ruct
ion.

l
xi
i
 CHAPTER-
4

REFERENCES

 ht
tps:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/Road#Const
ruct
ion

 ht
tps:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/Bui
l
ding

 Hi
ghwayEngg.BookbyS.
K.KhannaandJust
o

 ht
tps:
//ci
vi
lbl
og.
org/
2014/
04/
02/
det
ermi
nat
ion-
of-
fi
eld-
densi
ty-
of-
soi
l
-
by
-sand-
repl
acement
-met
hod-
is-
2720-
par
t-
28/

 www.
googl
e.com

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