Basic Writig Skills Final 2006

Ar
baMi
nchUni
ver
sit
y
Col
legeofSoci
alSci
encesandHumani
ti
es
Depar
tmentofEngl
ishLanguageandLi
ter
atur
e
Basi
cWr
it
ingSki
ll
s
Wr
it
tenby
Al
emayehuLet
a(MAi
nTEFL)
Gut
aLegese(
MAi
nTEFL)
Edi
tedby
Tesf
ayeHabt
emar
iam (
M.EdELT)
Apr
il
,2012
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s i
i
Acknowl
edgement
s i
v
I
ntr
oduct
ion v
Tot
heI
nst
ruct
ors vi
Tot
heSt
udent
s vi
i
Uni
tOne:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences 1
1.
1.Cl
ausesi
nWr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences 1
1.
2.TypesofCl
auses 3
1.
3.Sent
enceTypesBasedonThei
rSt
ruct
ure 4
1.
4.Sent
rFunct
ion 11
1.5.
Faul
tySent
ences…………………………………………….
..
………….
..
.13
1.
5.1.Subj
ectVer
bAgr
eementEr
ror
s 13
1.
5.2.Pr
onounRef
erenceEr
ror
s 19
1.
5.3.Sent
enceFr
agment
s 22
1.
5.4.Run-
onSent
ences 24
1.
5.5.Mi
spl
acedModi
fi
ers 30
1.
5.6.Dangl
ingModi
fi
ers 31
1.
5.7.Faul
tyPar
all
eli
sm 33
1.
5.8.Unnecessar
yShi
ft
s 37
1.
6.Usi
ngVar
iedSent
enceTypes 44
1.
7.Avoi
dingChoppySent
ences 47
1.
8.Conci
senessi
nWr
it
ingSent
ences 48
Basic writing skills Pagei

i
1.
9.Avoi
dNeedl
essRepet
it
ion 49
1.
10.Punct
uat
ionMar
ksi
nWr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences 55
Uni
tTwo:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
ivePar
agr
aphs 59
2.
1.Basi
cSt
ruct
ureofaPar
agr
aph 60
2.
2.Posi
ti
onofaTopi
cSent
encei
naPar
agr
aph 65
2.
3.Nar
rowi
ngaSubj
ecti
ntoTopi
cs 69
2.
4.Wr
it
inganEf
fect
iveTopi
cSent
ence 70
2.
5.Char
act
eri
sti
csofGoodPar
agr
aph 74
2.
6.Par
agr
aphOr
gani
zat
ion 87
2.
7.TypesofPar
agr
aphs 97
Uni
tThr
ee:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
iveEssays 136
3.
1.Basi
cChar
act
ersofaGoodEssay 137
3.
2.TheDi
ff
erenceBet
weenaPar
agr
aphandanEssay 138
3.
3.TheSt
ruct
ureofanEssay 138
3.
4.Thesi
sSt
atement 141
3.
5.Wr
it
ingaSt
rongThesi
sSt
atement 143
3.
6.St
epsi
nWr
it
inganEssay 146
3.
7.Out
li
ninganEssay 147
3.
8.TypesofEssays 150
Ref
erences 204
Appendi
x:Cor
rect
ionSymbol
s……………………………………………….
..
.206

ii
Acknowl
edgement
s
Pr
imar
il
y,wewoul
dli
ket
oacknowl
edget
heaut
hor
swhosemat
eri
alsar
eused
f
ordesi
gni
ngt
heact
ivi
ti
esort
asksi
nthi
smodul
e.Next
,wewoul
dli
ket
o
expr
essourhear
tf
eltgr
ati
tudet
oinst
ruct
orTesf
ayeHabt
emar
iam f
ort
ir
elessl
y
edi
ti
ng t
hemat
eri
al.Wewoul
d al
so f
orwar
d speci
alt
hankst
o Ar
ba Mi
nch
Uni
ver
sit
yandCol
legeofSoci
alSci
encesandHumani
ti
esf
orf
inanci
ngt
he
pr
oduct
ionoft
hismodul
e.Mor
eover
,wewoul
dacknowl
edgeDepar
tmentof
Engl
ish Languageand Li
ter
atur
efori
nit
iat
ing t
hef
ormalpr
oduct
ion oft
he
modul
e.

v
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thi
smodul
eismeantf
orr
egul
arst
udent
swhoar
efr
eshent
ryt
oAr
baMi
nch
Uni
ver
sit
y.I
tfocusesondevel
opi
ngt
hest
udent
s’basi
cwr
it
ingski
ll
swhi
ch
coul
dhel
pthem i
nwr
it
ingacademi
cessays,r
epor
ts,assi
gnment
s,pr
oject
s,
summar
iesandt
hel
ikei
nthei
rsubj
ectspeci
ali
zat
ion.Si
ncei
tisacommon
cour
se,
ital
sohel
pst
hei
nst
ruct
orst
ohavecommonmat
eri
al.
Themodul
eisor
gani
zedi
ntot
hreeuni
ts.Thef
ir
stuni
tisaboutwr
it
ingef
fect
ive
sent
ences.I
nthi
suni
t,st
udent
slear
nthet
ypesofcl
ausesandr
ecogni
zehow
t
hese cl
auses pl
ay si
gni
fi
cant r
olei
n wr
it
ing ef
fect
ive sent
ences.Her
e
t
hest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
omaket
hemsel
vesf
ami
li
arwi
thsent
encet
ypes.
Theyar
eal
sor
equi
redt
ounder
standt
heusesofdi
ff
erentpunct
uat
ionmar
ks,
l
ear
ntoexami
nevar
ioussent
encef
aul
tsandcor
rectt
hem i
ntoef
fect
iveones.
Theseconduni
tdeal
swi
thpar
agr
aphwr
it
ing.I
tfami
li
ari
zest
hest
udent
swi
th
t
he def
ini
ti
on ofa par
agr
aph,t
he basi
c st
ruct
ure ofa par
agr
aph and t
he
char
act
eri
sti
csofef
fect
ivepar
agr
aph.I
tal
sohel
pst
hest
udent
stopr
act
ice
wr
it
ingappr
opr
iat
etopi
csent
encewhi
chcoul
dbedevel
opedi
ntoef
fect
ivel
y
uni
fi
ed,
coher
entandwel
ldevel
opedpar
agr
aph.Uni
tthr
eei
saboutanext
ended
oressaywr
it
ing.I
nthi
suni
t,st
udent
swi
lldi
sti
ngui
shdi
ff
erentt
ypesofessays
andl
ear
nhow t
owr
it
ecoher
entandwel
l-
str
uct
uredessays.Theywi
llal
so
under
standt
hepur
poseofessayout
li
neandt
hei
mpor
tanceofwr
it
ingef
fect
ive
t
hesi
sst
atement
.
Each uni
tint
he modul
eis accompani
ed by di
ff
erentact
ivi
ti
es t
hatgi
ve
oppor
tuni
tyf
ort
hest
udent
stopr
act
icet
hei
rbasi
cwr
it
ingski
ll
.Al
ltheact
ivi
ti
es
ar
edesi
gnedi
nani
ntegr
atedway.Speci
alat
tent
ioni
sgi
veni
nint
egr
ati
ng
wr
it
ing wi
thr
eadi
ng whi
ch i
ssupposed t
o hel
pthest
udent
simpr
ovet
hei
r
wr
it
ingabi
li
ty.Theact
ivi
ti
esal
lowt
hest
udent
stowor
ktoget
herei
theri
npai
ror
i
ngr
oupandf
inal
lywor
kwi
tht
hei
rteacher
.So,t
oachi
evet
heobj
ect
ivesoft
he
cour
se,
iti
sexpect
edt
hatbot
hst
udent
sandt
hecour
sei
nst
ruct
orsshoul
dwor
k
Basic writing skills Pagev

cooper
ati
vel
y
Tot
heI
nst
ruct
ors
Wr
it
ingski
ll
sthatcont
ri
but
est
otheacademi
csuccessi
sver
yimpor
tantf
or
uni
ver
sit
yst
udent
s.Hence,t
hismodul
eisi
ntendedt
odevel
opt
hest
udent
s’
academi
cwr
it
ingski
ll
s.I
tgi
vesdueat
tent
iont
owr
it
ingef
fect
ivesent
ences,
par
agr
aphs,
essaysandl
ett
ers.Ampl
eoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orpr
act
icear
edesi
gnedt
o
hel
pyourst
udent
sdevel
opt
hei
rbasi
cwr
it
ingski
ll
sbyf
ocusi
ngonspeci
fi
c
t
asks.
Thet
asksi
nthegi
venuni
tsar
eor
gani
zedandpr
esent
edi
naconsi
stentmanner
.
Thest
udent
sfi
rstwor
konwr
it
ingef
fect
ivesent
encesi
nuni
tone.Theyr
ead
not
est
hatar
eaccompani
edbysuf
fi
cientexampl
esent
ences.Then,t
heywi
ll
wor
kont
het
askst
hatcheckt
hei
runder
standi
ng.I
ntheot
heruni
tst
heyar
e
pr
imar
il
yrequi
redt
owor
konr
ecogni
zingandi
dent
if
yingt
hebasi
cst
ruct
ures
f
rom t
he gi
ven modelpar
agr
aphs and essays.Then,t
hey mani
pul
atet
he
st
ruct
uresi
nef
fect
iveandmanageabl
etasksgi
veni
nthemat
eri
al.Last
ly,t
hey
ar
eexpect
edt
oappl
ythest
ruct
urest
othei
rownwr
it
ing.Thest
udent
sar
eal
so
gi
venchancet
owor
kindependent
lyandwi
tht
hei
rcl
assmat
es.Theact
ivi
ti
es
canbedoneei
theri
ncl
assorashomewor
k.I
ntegr
ati
ngt
heski
ll
s,especi
all
y
wr
it
ing wi
thr
eadi
ng and cr
it
icalt
hinki
ng i
s gi
ven due at
tent
ion.I
tis al
so
i
ntendedt
omaket
hest
udent
sbecomeawar
eoft
hei
mpactoft
hei
rchoi
ceof
wor
ds,sent
encesandor
gani
zat
ionalt
echni
quesont
heef
fect
ivenessoft
hei
r
wr
it
ing.Themai
nfocust
hroughoutt
hemodul
eist
odevel
opt
hest
udent
s’basi
c
wr
it
ingski
ll
s.Ther
efor
e,youi
nst
ruct
orsar
eexpect
edt
oef
fect
ivel
yfaci
li
tat
eand
pr
ovi
del
ear
ningoppor
tuni
ti
esf
oryourl
ear
ner
stoachi
evet
hemai
nobj
ect
ivesof
t
hecour
se.
Theeval
uat
ioni
srecommendedt
obeconduct
edi
ntwoways:youar
eal
so
r
equi
redt
oeval
uat
ethest
udent
sandt
hest
udent
swi
llal
soeval
uat
ethei
rown
wor
ks.I
nthecaseofsel
f-eval
uat
ion,maket
hest
udent
seval
uat
ethei
rown
wor
ksbyt
ryi
ngt
oanswert
hequest
ionsseti
neacht
askandf
inal
lygi
vet
hem
Basic writing skills Pagevi

chancet
ocompar
ethei
ranswer
swi
tht
heanswer
syouar
erequi
redt
ogi
ve
t
hem.
Tot
heSt
udent
s
I
tiscl
eart
hatwr
it
ingi
sacr
uci
alpar
tofyouruni
ver
sit
yst
udy.Youar
eof
ten
r
equi
red t
o engage your
sel
fin var
ious wr
it
ing act
ivi
ti
es such as wr
it
ing
academi
cessays,assi
gnment
sand t
erm paper
sthatmayr
angef
rom one
par
agr
apht
osever
alpagesl
ong.Thus,t
hismodul
eist
ohel
pyoudevel
opyour
basi
cwr
it
ingski
ll
sinEngl
ishsot
hatyouf
eelmor
econf
identaboutt
hewr
it
ing
youneedt
odoi
nyourf
iel
dofst
udyoryourever
ydayl
if
e.
Thecour
set
ri
est
ogi
veyoumor
eoppor
tuni
ti
est
ost
udyanddi
scussonwr
it
ing
ef
fect
ivesent
ences,par
agr
aphsandessays.I
tal
sor
emi
ndsyouhowi
mpor
tant
t
her
eaderi
stot
hewr
it
erandhowt
oexpr
esscl
ear
lyanddi
rect
lywhatyoumean
t
ocommuni
cat
e.I
tisi
ntendedt
hatwhatyoul
ear
nint
hiscour
sewi
llhel
pyou
t
hroughoutyouracademi
cst
udi
esandbeyondt
hat
.
Consequent
ly,youar
est
rongl
yadvi
sedt
oat
tendt
hecl
assf
oryouar
erequi
red
t
owor
koveranumberoft
asksi
ndi
vidual
ly,
inpai
rsandi
ngr
oupsi
nthemodul
e.
Thet
asksi
nthemodul
ear
epr
efer
abl
ydonei
ncl
asseswher
eassomeoft
hem
r
equi
redt
obedoneashomewor
kindi
vidual
ly.Anyoft
het
asksoract
ivi
ti
esi
n
t
hemodul
emaybemar
kedbasedonyouroryouri
nst
ruct
or’
spr
efer
encesas
par
tofyourcont
inuousassessment
.Ther
efor
e,i
tisver
yessent
ialt
odot
he
t
asksont
imeandgetr
eadywi
tht
hem i
fyouar
eassi
gnedbyyouri
nst
ruct
ort
o
wor
kthem out
.
Mor
eover
,youshoul
dbeari
nmi
ndt
hatyouri
nst
ruct
orandyourcl
assmat
es
haveal
ott
oshar
ewi
thyou,
andyouhaveal
ott
oshar
ewi
tht
hem.Thus,
ifyou
havegotanydi
ff
icul
tyi
nanypar
toft
hemodul
e,pl
easedonothesi
tat
etoget
youri
nst
ruct
oraswel
lasyourcl
assmat
est
otal
kwi
tht
hem.Youshoul
dal
so
under
standt
hatt
hemodul
edoesnotai
mtot
eachi
temsofvocabul
aryand
gr
ammar
,butgi
vessomeawar
enesson how t
hesei
temsar
eimpor
tanti
n

i
wr
it
ingcont
ext
.Ther
ear
eal
otofsuppl
ement
aryorr
efer
encebookswhi
chdo
t
eacht
heset
hings,soyoumaywantt
oref
ert
othosebookst
oincr
easeyour
vocabul
aryandt
odevel
opyourgr
ammarknowl
edget
hatmayhel
pyouwr
it
e
ef
fect
ivel
yandpl
easant
ly.

ii
Uni
tOne:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences
Lear
ningObj
ect
ives
Att
heendoft
hisuni
t,t
hest
udent
swi
llbeabl
eto:
 Under
standhowcl
ausesar
eusedt
oident
if
ythet
ypesof
sent
encesbasedont
hei
rgr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure.
 Recogni
zet
hei
mpor
tanceofcl
ausesi
nwr
it
ingef
fect
ive
sent
ences.
 Di
ff
erent
iat
ethevar
ioust
ypesofsent
encesbasedont
hei
r
st
ruct
ureandt
hei
rfunct
ion.
 Di
sti
ngui
shdi
ff
erentt
ypesofsent
encef
aul
ts.
 Knowwaysofcor
rect
ingavar
iet
yoff
aul
tysent
ences.
I
mpr
ovet
heski
llofwr
it
ingcor
rectsent
ences.
 Connectsent
encesusi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
ds.
 Di
sti
ngui
sht
heusesofdi
ff
erentki
ndsofpunct
uat
ionmar
ks.
1.
1. Cl
ausesi
nWr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences
Lead-
in-
Task
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsi
ndi
vidual
lyanddi
scussyourr
esponsesi
n
t
hrees.
1.Whatar
ecl
auses?
2.Whatar
ethet
ypesofcl
auses?Canyougi
veexampl
esf
oreach?
3.Whatr
olesdot
heypl
ayi
nwr
it
ingef
fect
ivesent
ences?
I
nor
dert
oconst
ructef
fect
iveandgr
ammat
icalsent
encest
hatgi
vevar
iet
yto
yourwr
it
ing,you need t
o know t
he necessar
y gr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure of
sent
ences.To i
dent
if
y sent
ence t
ypes based on t
hei
rst
ruct
ure,i
tis al
so
i
mpor
tantt
olookatcl
ausesbecausesent
encescanbecl
assi
fi
edbasedont
he
Basic writing skills Page1

numberandki
ndsofcl
ausest
heycont
ain.Hence,
thi
ssect
ionbr
ief
lydi
scusses
aboutcl
ausest
hatwoul
dhel
pyoui
nident
if
yingt
het
ypesofsent
encesbasedon
t
hei
rgr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure.
Acl
ausei
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hathasasubj
ectandapr
edi
cat
e.Byl
ear
ning
aboutcl
auses,youl
ear
nhowt
owr
it
eef
fect
ivesent
encest
hatcl
ear
lyshowt
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenyouri
deas.
Foranal
ysi
s,r
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngshor
tpar
agr
aphandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
ow.
(
a)Becauset
hei
rli
ter
atur
eanddr
amacl
ubpr
oposedt
orai
semoneyf
ort
he
act
ivi
ti
est
hissemest
er,
thest
udent
spl
annedt
ohol
dat
alentshowi
nthesoci
al
sci
encecol
lege.(
b)Al
lthest
udent
sint
hecl
ubar
enat
ural
lyt
alent
ed,butt
hey
don’
thavesuf
fi
cientper
for
mingexper
iencesandqual
if
icat
ions.(
c)Never
thel
ess,
t
heyt
hor
oughl
ypr
act
icedf
ormor
ethanamont
h,andt
heshowi
scer
tai
ntobe
usef
ulandent
ert
aini
ng.
1.Whatt
woi
deasdoessent
ence(
a)pr
esent
?Whydi
dthest
udent
shol
da
t
alentshow?
2.Whatt
woi
deasdoessent
ence(
b)pr
esent
?Whatpr
obl
em doest
his
sent
enceexpr
ess?
3.Whatt
woi
deasdoessent
ence(
c)pr
esent
?How t
hest
udent
shave
sol
vedt
hei
rpr
obl
em?
I
nthegi
venpar
agr
aph,youcanr
ecogni
zet
hateachsent
encepr
esent
stwo
i
deas,andeachi
deai
spr
esent
edi
nadi
ff
erentcl
ause.Thi
sshowst
hati
tis
essent
ialt
olear
nhow cl
ausesf
unct
ionandhow t
heycanbeut
il
izedt
omake
yourwr
it
ingcl
ear
.
1.
2. TypesofCl
auses
Cl
ausesar
epr
imar
il
yoft
wot
ypes:mai
ncl
ause(
alsocal
ledi
ndependentcl
ause)
andsubor
dinat
ecl
ause(
alsocal
leddependentcl
ause)
.Ani
ndependentcl
ause

hasasubj
ectandapr
edi
cat
eandcanst
andbyi
tsel
fasasent
ence.Exampl
e:
Mostoft
heguest
slef
tthepar
tyatni
ne,
butwest
ayedt
ohel
pcl
eanup.
(
‘Mostoft
heguest
slef
tthepar
tyatni
ne.
’and‘
West
ayedt
ohel
pcl
ean
up.
’ar
ebot
hindependentcl
ausesandt
heycanst
andasi
ndependent
sent
ences)
Adependentcl
ausehasasubj
ectandapr
edi
cat
e,buti
tcannotst
andbyi
tsel
f
asani
ndependentcl
ausebuthast
odependonanot
hercl
ausef
ort
hef
ull
meani
ngoft
hesent
ence.Dependentcl
auseusual
lybegi
nswi
thsubor
dinat
e
conj
unct
ionorr
elat
ivepr
onoun.
Exampl
e:
Al
exanderFl
emi
ng di
scover
ed peni
cil
li
nin 1928whi
lehewasgr
owi
ng
somecul
tur
esofcommonger
ms.(
‘Al
exanderFl
emi
ngdi
scover
edpeni
cil
li
n
i
n1928’i
sani
ndependentcl
ause.‘
Whi
lehewasgr
owi
ngsomecul
tur
esof
commonger
ms.
’isdependentcl
ause.
)
Task1
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encescar
eful
lyandi
dent
if
ythedependentandt
he
i
ndependentcl
ausesi
neachoft
hem.
1.Al
though t
radi
ti
onalChi
nese medi
cine i
s an anci
entsci
ence,many
west
erner
sar
eunf
ami
li
arwi
thi
tspr
inci
ples.
2.West
ernmedi
cinedi
ff
ersgr
eat
lyf
rom Chi
nesemedi
cinewhi
chi
sroot
ed
i
neast
erncul
tur
eandphi
losophy.
3.Al
thoughever
yonewonder
saboutt
hef
utur
e,noonecanpr
edi
cti
twi
th
compl
eteaccur
acy.
4.Thepl
ayer
,whoscor
edahatt
ri
ck,
gotar
ewar
d.
5.I
fpeopl
ebegi
ntol
iveheal
thi
er,l
ongerl
ives,t
heymaychooset
ohave
sever
aldi
ff
erentcar
eer
sinonel
if
eti
me.
6.Myf
ri
endsspoket
othecoupl
ewhol
ivedi
nal
it
tl
ecot
tage.
7.Jabi
randMar
thawentt
othecaf
eter
iaaf
tert
heyhadf
ini
shedst
udyi
ng.

8.When Mar
ieCur
iewashi
red t
oteach physi
csand chemi
str
yatt
he
Sor
bonne,
shebecamet
hef
ir
stwomant
oteacht
her
e.
9.Thesi
ngercoul
dnotgoont
othest
agel
astni
ghtbecausehi
svoi
cewas
hoar
se.
10. Al
lper
sonspr
esentshoul
dst
andr
espect
ful
lyatat
tent
ionwhi
let
hef
lagi
s
bei
ngr
aised.
1.
3.Sent
rSt
ruct
ure
I
nor
dert
owr
it
eef
fect
iveandmeani
ngf
ulsent
ences,youhavet
oknow t
he
r
equi
red gr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ures ofsent
ences.I
fyou ar
efami
li
arwi
tht
he
pat
ter
nsofconst
ruct
iononwhi
chdi
ff
erentt
ypesofsent
encesar
ebased,you
canf
eelconf
identofexpr
essi
ngyouri
deascl
ear
lyt
oot
her
s.Youcanal
sovar
y
t
he sent
ence t
ypes t
hatyou use i
n youressays and r
epor
tst
o avoi
d
monot
onousser
iesofsent
encest
ruct
ures.Thi
smeans,i
fyouconsi
stent
lyvar
y
si
mpl
esent
enceswi
thot
her
,mor
ecompl
icat
edsent
encest
ruct
ures,
youpr
ovi
de
yourr
eader
swi
thvar
iet
yandmai
ntai
nthei
rint
erest
.Thi
ssect
ionmakesyou
f
ami
li
arwi
tht
hef
ourbasi
csent
encet
ypest
hatmayhel
pyouachi
evet
hisqual
it
y
i
nyourwr
it
ing.
1.
3.1.Si
mpl
eSent
enceandCompoundSent
ence
Asi
mpl
eSent
ence
Asi
mpl
esent
encecanbedescr
ibedasasent
encest
ruct
uret
hatconsi
stsof
onl
yonei
ndependentcl
ause.I
nasi
mpl
esent
encewemayhaveacompound
subj
ect
,acompoundpr
edi
cat
eorbot
h.
1.Mybr
otherr
eadsmagazi
nes.(
Simpl
esent
encewi
thasi
ngl
esubj
ect
)
2.Abebe and Gut
ema r
ead f
ict
ions.(
Simpl
e sent
ence wi
th compound
subj
ect
s)
3.Dr
.Kemalcl
eaned t
he pat
ient
’st
eet
h and exami
ned t
hem.(
Simpl
e
sent
encewi
thcompoundpr
edi
cat
e)
4.Al
mazandherbr
otherl
ist
enedcar
eful
lybutmi
ssedt
heannouncement
.
(
Simpl
esent
encewi
thcompoundsubj
ect
sandcompoundpr
edi
cat
e)

5.Myf
ather
,mot
herand si
stercamet
otheschoolpl
ay,appl
auded t
he
per
for
mer
sandat
tendedt
hepar
tyaf
ter
war
d.(
Simpl
esent
encewi
tht
hree
subj
ect
sandt
hreepr
edi
cat
es)
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
orecogni
zet
hatasi
mpl
esent
encecanbeasshor
tasonewor
d
such as ‘
Devour
!’
,‘Remember
!’and ‘
Stop!
’However
,a si
mpl
e sent
ence i
s
usual
lyqui
tel
ongsi
nceadj
ect
ives,adver
bs,pr
eposi
ti
onalphr
ases,apposi
ti
ves,
ver
balphr
ases and compl
ement
s ar
e used t
o expand i
ts subj
ect and
pr
edi
cat
e.Seet
heseexampl
es:
1.Theboydevour
edpast
a.
2.The boy f
rom Nor
th Amer
ica wi
tht
he f
unny ear
ri
ng i
n hi
slef
tear
devour
edadi
shofdel
ici
ousI
tal
ianpast
a.
3.Hawar
emember
edt
hest
oryofamur
der
er.
4.Hawar
emember
edt
hest
oryofamur
der
erwat
chi
ngadr
amashowi
nga
mur
deront
hest
ageandconf
essi
nghi
sgui
lt
.
Asyoucanseef
rom t
heseexampl
es,youcaneasi
lyunder
standt
hati
tisa
mi
staket
otel
lasi
mpl
esent
encef
rom acompoundorcompl
exsent
encesi
mpl
y
byl
ooki
ngati
tsl
engt
h.
ACompoundSent
ence
Acompoundsent
encei
sasent
encet
hatcont
ainst
woormor
eindependent
cl
ausest
hatar
ejoi
nedbycoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions:and,
but
,nor
,or
,fororyet
.
I
not
herwor
ds,Compoundsent
encesar
efor
medbyl
inki
ngsi
mpl
esent
ences.
When f
ormi
ng compound sent
ences,a comma i
s usual
ly pl
aced bef
ore
coor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.
Acompoundsent
encei
smostef
fect
ivewhenyouusei
ttocr
eat
easenseof
bal
ance or cont
rastbet
ween t
wo or mor
e equal
lyi
mpor
tantpi
eces of
i
nfor
mat
ioni
nyourwr
it
ing.
Exampl
es:
1.Kansar
angt
hebel
ldoorsever
alt
imes,
butnooneanswer
ed.
2.Shet
ookdancecl
asses,
butshehadnonat
uralgr
aceorsenseofr
hyt
hm,

sosheevent
ual
lygaveupt
hei
deaofbecomi
ngadancer
.
3.Thesunwasset
ti
ngovert
hemount
ains,
andt
heshadowswer
egr
owi
ng
l
ong.
A compound sent
encehasal
so i
ndependentcl
ausesj
oined byconj
unct
ive
adver
bssuchast
her
efor
e,ot
her
wise,
never
thel
essorsemi
col
on.
Exampl
es:
1.Nucl
earacci
dent
scanhappen;t
her
efor
e,nucl
earpowerpl
ant
sshoul
d
havest
ri
ctsaf
etycont
rol
.
2.Al
waysgot
oot
herpeopl
esf
uner
als;ot
her
wise,
theywon’
tgot
oyour
s.
3.Sust
ainabl
edevel
opmentwoul
drequi
rei
ndust
ryt
oreducepol
lut
ion
out
putand r
esour
ce use;as a r
esul
t,t
echni
cali
nnovat
ion wi
llbe
st
imul
ated.
4.Al
lsent
ences i
n a par
agr
aph mustsuppor
tthe mai
n poi
ntoft
he
par
agr
aph;al
lpar
agr
aphsi
nanessaymustsuppor
tthet
hesi
soft
he
essay.
Task2
Combi
neeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
elat
edsent
encesi
ntoonecompoundsent
ence.
Uset
heappr
opr
iat
ecoor
dinat
ing conj
unct
ionsorconj
unct
iveadver
bsand
punct
uat
ions
1.Ant
hropol
ogi
sts di
scuss cul
tur
al mat
eri
als wi
th i
nfor
mant
s.
Ant
hropol
ogi
stsexami
neact
ionsi
ncul
tur
alcont
ext
.
2.I
nmostsoci
eti
es,t
hef
ami
lyi
stheuni
tthatr
egul
arl
yeat
stoget
her
.In
somesoci
eti
es,
menandwomeneatsepar
atel
y.
3.Moneycanbuyabed.I
tcannotbuyagoodni
ght
'ssl
eep.
4.I
nthe1960s,
manyyoungAmer
icanmenwor
ethei
rhai
rlongasasymbol
ofopposi
ti
ont
oaut
hor
it
y.Thesedaysl
onghai
risnotaf
orm ofpr
otestat
al
l.
5.Newzeal
andl
iesi
nthePaci
fi
cOcean,1,
600km t
otheeastofAust
ral
ia.

Newzeal
andconsi
stsoft
wol
argei
slandsandanumberofsmal
lerones.
6.Sol
arener
gyi
scl
eanandunl
imi
ted.Wemustt
urnt
othesunt
osol
ve
ener
gyneeds.
7.Sun,wi
ndandwat
erar
erenewabl
eener
gysour
ces.Theydonotcause
pol
lut
ion.
8.Hi
stor
yisnotmer
elyar
ecor
dofpastevent
s.Hi
stor
yisani
mpor
tant
connect
ingl
inkbet
weent
hepastandt
hepr
esent
.
9.Manyuni
ver
sit
yst
udent
shavesomecomput
erski
ll
s.Theyof
tenl
ackt
he
t
ypi
ngski
llandequi
pmentneededt
opr
oducecl
ean,
prof
essi
onal
-l
ooki
ng
t
erm paper
s.
10. Usi
ng chl
orof
luor
ocar
bon as aer
osolpr
opel
lant
s has a devast
ati
ng
ef
fectont
heenvi
ronment
.In1978,
theUni
tedSt
atesgover
nmentbanned
t
heuseofchl
orof
luor
ocar
bonaspr
opel
lant
.
1.
3.2.Compl
exSent
enceandCompoundCompl
exSent
ence
Acompl
exSent
ence
A compl
exsent
enceconsi
stsofonei
ndependentcl
auseand oneormor
e
dependentcl
auses.A compl
exsent
enceof
ten hasa subor
dinat
orsuch as
because,
since,
aft
er,
alt
hough,
orwhenorar
elat
ivepr
onounsuchast
hat
,who,
orwhi
ch.
Exampl
es:
a.Whenhehandedhi
shomewor
k,hef
orgott
ogi
vet
het
eachert
hel
ast
page.
Thi
sisacompl
exsent
encebecausei
tisconst
it
utedf
rom onei
ndependent
cl
auseandonedependentcl
ause.
‘
Whenhehandedhi
shomewor
k,’
isdependentorsubor
dinat
ecl
ause.
‘
Hef
orgott
ogi
vet
het
eachert
hel
astpage.
’Independentormai
ncl
ause
b.Thest
oryt
hatwast
oldusbyal
it
tl
eboyandt
hatseemedal
most
unbel
ievabl
etur
nedoutt
obet
rueonenqui
ry.
Thi
sisacompl
exsent
encebecausei
tisconst
it
utedf
rom onei
ndependent
cl
auseandt
wodependentcl
auses.

‘
Thest
oryt
urnedoutt
obet
rue’
isi
ndependentort
hemai
ncl
ause.
‘
Thatwast
oldusbyal
it
tl
eboy’i
sdependentorsubor
dinat
e.I
tisan
adj
ect
ivecl
ausequal
if
yingt
henoun‘
stor
y’i
nthemai
ncl
ause.
‘
Thatseemedal
mostunbel
ievabl
e’i
sal
sodependentorsubor
dinat
e.I
t
i
sanadj
ect
ivecl
ausequal
if
yingt
henoun‘
stor
y’i
nthemai
ncl
ause.I
tis
coor
dinat
etot
hesubor
dinat
ecl
ause‘
thatwast
oldusbyal
it
tl
eboy.
’
c.I
fyouwor
khar
dtogai
nsuf
fi
cientknowl
edgeandski
lli
nyourf
iel
dof
st
udywhi
leyouar
est
il
latuni
ver
sit
y,youwi
llef
fect
ivel
yser
veyour
nat
ionwhenyoul
eavet
heuni
ver
sit
y.
Thi
sisal
soacompl
exsent
encebecausei
tisconst
it
utedf
rom onei
ndependent
cl
auseandt
hreedependentcl
auses.
‘
Ifyouwor
khar
dtogai
nsuf
fi
cientknowl
edgeandski
lli
nyourf
iel
dof
st
udy,
’‘Whi
le you ar
e st
il
latuni
ver
sit
y’and ‘
When you l
eave t
he
uni
ver
sit
y’ar
eal
ldependentorsubor
dinat
ecl
auses.
‘
Youwi
llef
fect
ivel
yser
veyournat
ion’
ist
hei
ndependentormai
ncl
ause.
AcompoundCompl
exSent
ence
Acompoundcompl
exsent
enceconsi
stsoft
woormor
eindependentcl
auses
andoneormor
edependentcl
auses.
a.Alt
houghIli
ketogocampi
ng,
Ihaven'
thadt
het
imet
ogol
atel
y,andIhaven'
t
foundanyonetogowit
h.
Thi
sisa compound compl
exsent
encebecausei
tisconst
it
uted f
rom t
wo
i
ndependentcl
ausesandonedependentcl
ause.
Ihaven'
thadt
het
imet
ogol
atel
y.(
Independentcl
ause)
Ihaven'
tfoundanyonet
ogowi
th.(
Independentormai
ncl
ause)
"
Alt
houghIl
iket
ogocampi
ng.
.."
.(Dependentorsubor
dinat
ecl
ause)
b.Event
houghmyf
ri
endpr
efer
stoeatwi
thaf
ork,hechoosest
ouse
chopst
icksi
nChi
neser
est
aur
ant
s;however
,theyar
en'
teasyt
ouse.
Thi
sisal
soacompoundcompl
exsent
encebecausei
tisconst
it
utedf
rom t
wo
i
ndependentcl
ausesandonedependentcl
ause.
Hechoosest
ousechopst
icksi
nChi
neser
est
aur
ant
s(I
ndependentor

mai
ncl
ause)
Theyar
en'
teasyt
ouse.(
Independentormai
ncl
ause)
Even t
hough my f
ri
end pr
efer
sto eatwi
thaf
ork,(
Dependentor
subor
dinat
ecl
ause)
C.Wedeci
dedt
hatt
hemovi
ewast
oovi
olent
,butourchi
ldr
en,whol
iket
o
wat
chscar
ymovi
es,
thoughtt
hatwewer
ewr
ong.
Wedeci
dedt
hatt
hemovi
ewast
oovi
olent
(i
ndependentcl
ause)
ourchi
ldr
ent
houghtt
hatwewer
ewr
ong(
independentcl
ause)
whol
iket
owat
chscar
ymovi
es(
dependentcl
ause)
Task3
Wr
it
ewhet
hert
hef
oll
owi
ng sent
encesar
esi
mpl
e,compound,compl
exor
compoundcompl
exsent
ences.Gi
ver
easonsf
oryouranswer
s.
1.Headaches,f
ever
,exhaust
ion,l
ossofwei
ght
,badcoughandspi
tt
ing
bl
oodar
esympt
omsoft
uber
cul
osi
s.si
mpl
e
2.Al
though Af
ri
ca i
s economi
cal
ly backwar
d,Af
ri
can sci
ent
ist
s have
becomewi
del
yknownal
lovert
hewor
ld.compl
ex
3.Unl
esspol
lut
ioni
scont
rol
led,ski
eswi
llbecomesmoggy,andci
ti
eswi
ll
bedi
rt
ier
.compl
ex
4.I
ftour
ist
sfr
om Addi
swi
sht
ovi
sitOmoNat
ionalPar
k,t
heymayhavet
o
t
ravelbycar
,butt
het
ri
pmayl
astmor
ethanaday.compoundcompl
ex
sent
ences
5.Ener
gysour
ceshavebeencl
assi
fi
edasr
enewabl
eornon-
renewabl
e;a
r
enewabl
eener
gysour
cescanneverbedepl
eted.compound
6.Thedemandf
orener
gyi
nAmer
icahasbeendoubl
ingnear
lyever
ytwent
y
year
s.si
mpl
e
7.Unl
essyoupr
act
icespeaki
ngasmuchaspossi
ble,youwi
llnotdevel
op

conf
idencei
nyouror
alski
ll
s.compl
ex
8.Somesci
ent
ist
sandenvi
ronment
ali
stsopposet
heuseofnucl
earpower
.
si
mpl
e
9.Thecarr
anof
fther
oad,
butf
ort
unat
elynoonewashur
t.compound
10. Dr
.Dani
elHal
eWi
ll
iams,t
hef
ir
stsuccessf
ulhear
tsur
geon,pr
act
iced
medi
cinei
ntheni
net
eencent
ury.si
mpl
e
11. Af
tert
hest
orm wasover
,wedeci
dedt
ogohome,butt
hesnow had
bl
ockedt
hedr
iveaway.compoundcompl
ex
12. I
fsomeonewant
stobeef
fect
ivepubl
icspeaker
,he/
shei
sadvi
sedt
o
havet
hingscar
eful
lypl
annedandor
gani
zed.compl
ex
13. Pat
ri
ckHenr
yst
ir
redt
hecol
oni
stst
orevol
t,Wi
nst
onChur
chi
llbol
ster
ed
t
hespi
ri
tsoft
heBr
it
ishdur
ingWor
ldWarI
I,andMar
ti
nLut
herKi
ng
demandedequal
it
yforal
l.compound
14. ThoughMogespr
efer
swat
chi
nghor
rorf
il
ms,her
ent
edt
hel
atestspy
t
hri
ll
er,
andheenj
oyedi
tver
ymuch.compl
ex
15. Sci
ent
ist
s and envi
ronment
ali
sts ar
e st
udyi
ng gl
obalwar
ming and
r
epor
ti
ngoni
tsi
mpact
.si
mpl
e
16. Wesubmi
tt
edourcal
cul
ati
ons,andwei
ncl
udedsever
aldr
awi
ngseven
t
houghbot
htypesofi
nfor
mat
ionwer
enotr
equi
red.compoundcompl
ex
17. BecauseMr
.Adugnawasat
alent
edi
nst
ruct
or,hewasvot
edt
eacherof
t
heyear
,andhi
sst
udent
spr
osper
ed.compl
ex
1.
4.Sent
rFunct
ion
I
nthepr
ecedi
ngsect
ionyouhaveseenhowsent
encesar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
ding
t
othenumberandki
ndsoft
hecl
ausest
heycont
ain.I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
nki
ng
aboutt
hei
rcl
ause st
ruct
ures,i
tis al
so ver
y usef
ult
o know t
he f
unct
ion
sent
encesper
for
m.Br
oadl
yspeaki
ng,i
tispossi
blet
ocl
assi
fysent
encesas
f
it
ti
ngi
ntooneoft
hef
ourcat
egor
ies:decl
arat
ive,i
nter
rogat
ive,i
mper
ati
vesand
excl
amat
ion.
1.
4.1.Decl
arat
iveSent
ence
Adecl
arat
ivesent
encei
susedt
omakeast
atement
.Ital
waysendswi
thaper
iod.

Exampl
es:
a.Thel
absampl
eswi
llber
eadyonWednesday.
b.Thewest
ernst
yleofeducat
ionhasgai
nedpopul
ari
tyal
lovert
hewor
ld.
c.Thecal
fandi
tsmot
herl
if
tedt
hei
rheadsandbel
lowed.
1.
4.2.I
nter
rogat
iveSent
ence
Ani
nter
rogat
ivesent
encei
susedt
oaskquest
ions.I
tal
waysendswi
thquest
ion
mar
k.Exampl
es:
a.Whati
sthepr
imar
ypur
poseofar
esear
ch?
b.Whendoyouf
ini
shwr
it
ingyourassi
gnment
?
1.
4.3.I
mper
ati
veSent
ence
Ani
mper
ati
vesent
encegi
vesanyt
hingf
rom acommandoror
der
,toar
equest
,
di
rect
ion,ori
nst
ruct
ion.I
fthecommandort
her
equesti
smi
ld,t
hesent
ence
endswi
thper
iod.I
fthecommandort
her
equesti
sst
rongt
hesent
enceends
wi
tht
heexcl
amat
ionmar
k.Exampl
es:
a.St
opr
ightt
her
e!
b.Submi
tther
evi
sedspeci
fi
cat
ionsofyourpl
anbyFr
iday.
c.Pl
easet
urnoutt
hel
ight
s.
d.Af
tersepar
ati
ngt
hem f
rom t
heyol
ks,
beatt
hewhi
tesunt
ilt
heyar
eli
ght
andf
luf
fy.
Not
icet
hati
mper
ati
vesent
encesbegi
nwi
thaver
b.Thesubj
ect‘
you’i
simpl
ied.
Not
icet
oot
hati
mper
ati
vesent
encesar
eusedwhendescr
ibi
ngst
epsi
nasetof
i
nst
ruct
ions.
1.
4.4.Excl
amat
orySent
ence
Anexcl
amat
orysent
encei
susedt
oexpr
essst
rongf
eel
ing.I
tof
tenbegi
nswi
th
t
he modi
fi
er‘
what
’or‘
how’
.An excl
amat
ory sent
ence al
ways ends wi
th
excl
amat
ionmar
k.Exampl
es:

a.Whatawonder
fulday!
b.Howbeaut
if
uli
sit
!
c.Her
ecomest
hepar
ade!
Not
icet
hatsci
ent
if
icandt
echni
calwr
it
ersshoul
davoi
dthi
stypeofsent
encef
or
t
hemostpar
tbecausei
tvi
olat
esapr
efer
encef
ordi
spassi
onat
elogi
c.
Task4
Labeleachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesasDecl
arat
ive,
Int
err
ogat
ive,
Imper
ati
ve,
orExcl
amat
ory.Putt
hecor
rectpunct
uat
ionmar
katt
heendofeachsent
ence.
1.Ar
en’
tyousor
ryt
hatyoudi
dn’
tgof
oraf
iel
dtr
ip
2.Whatami
ser
abl
edayf
orar
ecr
eat
ion
3.Sl
owl
yandcaut
iousl
y,t
her
abbi
temer
gedf
rom i
tshi
dingpl
ace
4.Howhappyyoul
ook
5.TheMagnaChar
tawassi
gnedi
n1215,andi
tisconsi
der
edt
hemost
i
mpor
tantdocumenti
nthehi
stor
yofEngl
and
6.Ret
urnal
lthebookst
hatyouhavebor
rowedf
rom t
hel
ibr
ary,
please
1.
5.Faul
tySent
ences
1.
5.1.Subj
ectVer
bAgreementErr
ors
When the agr
eementbetween t
he subj
ectand a ver
b,a pr
onoun and i
ts
ant
ecedentandanumberoft
hesubj
ectandaver
bisnotmai
ntai
nedi
tresul
tsi
n
f
aul
tyagr
eement
.Exampl
es:
a.Ever
yscr
apofsoi
landphot
oscanwer
eanal
yzedf
orsi
gnsofpastl
if
eon
Mar
s.(
Faul
ty)
b.Ever
yscr
apofsoi
landphot
oscanwasanal
yzedf
orsi
gnsofpastl
if
eon
Mar
s.(
Cor
rect
)
a.Al
maz and hercousi
n has been st
udyi
ng mechani
calengi
neer
ing.
(
Faul
ty)
b.Al
mazand hercousi
n havebeen st
udyi
ng mechani
calengi
neer
ing.
(
Cor
rect
)
I
nor
dert
owr
it
ecor
rectandef
fect
ivesent
ences,youar
ether
efor
eexpect
edt
o

makeyoursubj
ect
sagr
eewi
tht
hever
bs.Thi
ssect
ionmayhel
pyout
owr
it
e
sent
encesf
reef
rom agr
eementer
ror
s.
1.
5.1.
1.Si
ngul
arandPl
uralNounsandPr
onouns
I
fanounorper
sonalpr
onouni
nyoursent
encer
efer
stooneper
son,
place,
thi
ng
ori
dea,i
tissi
ngul
ari
nnumberandt
akesasi
ngul
arver
b.I
fanounorper
sonal
pr
onounr
efer
stomor
ethanoneper
son,pl
aceort
hing,ori
dea,i
tispl
urali
n
numberandt
akespl
uralver
b.
Exampl
es:
a.Het
eachest
echni
calr
epor
twr
it
ing.(
Thesi
ngul
arpr
onoun‘
He’andt
he
si
ngul
arver
b‘t
eaches’
agr
eei
nnumber
)
b.Chi
ldr
enneedf
requentchangesofact
ivi
ty.Theyneedact
ivi
ti
eswhi
ch
ar
eexci
ti
ngandst
imul
ati
ngt
hei
rcur
iosi
ty.(
Thepl
uralnoun‘
chi
ldr
en’or
t
hepl
uralpr
onoun‘
They’
andt
hepl
uralver
b‘need’
agr
eei
nnumber
)
1.
5.1.
2.Wor
dsofAmountandTi
measSubj
ect
s
I
fthepl
uralsubj
ectdenot
esadef
ini
teamountorqual
it
ytakenasawhol
e,t
he
ver
bisusual
lysi
ngul
ar.Exampl
es:
a.Tendol
lar
sist
oomucht
opayf
ordues.(
Tendol
lar
sisconsi
der
edone
amountofmoney)
b.Thr
eemont
hsi
sneededt
ocompl
etet
heassi
gnment
.(Thr
eemont
hs,i
n
t
hissent
ence,
isoneper
iodoft
ime.
)
c.Onehundr
ed t
housand l
ightyear
sisan ext
remel
ylong t
ime.(
One
hundr
edt
housandl
ightyear
s,i
nthi
ssent
ence,
isoneper
iodoft
ime.
)
Not
ethatwhensuchsubj
ect
sref
ert
oanumberofi
ndi
vidualuni
ts,t
heyar
e
pl
ural
.
a.Tendol
lar
swer
etuckedi
nthemat
tr
ess.(
Int
hissent
ence,
tendol
lar
sis
consi
der
edt
obet
eni
ndi
vidualdol
lar
sandnotasi
ngl
euni
t)

b.Thr
eemont
hshavepassedsi
ncet
heassi
gnment
.(I
nthi
sexampl
e,t
hree
mont
hsi
sconsi
der
edt
obet
hreei
ndi
vidualmont
hsandnotoneper
iod
oft
ime)
I
fwewantt
owr
it
efr
act
ionorper
centweneedt
omaket
hever
bagr
eewi
tht
he
pr
ecedi
ngnoun.
Exampl
es:
a.One-
thi
rdoft
hisar
ti
clei
stakenupwi
thst
ati
sti
calanal
ysi
s.
b.One-
thi
rdoft
hest
udent
shavegr
aduat
edegr
ees.
c.Fi
ft centoft
yper hej
obi
srout
ine.
d.Fi
ft centoft
yper hosechi
ldr
enhavepsychol
ogi
calpr ems.
obl
e.Thr
eef
our
thsofhi
ssal
arygoest
otaxes.
f
.Thr
eef
our
thsoft
hej
uni
orsar
egoi
ngt
othedance.
1.
5.1.
3.Ti
tl
esandNamesasSubj
ect
s
Thet
it
leofabook,st
ory,pl
ay,movi
e,t
elevi
sionpr
ogr
am,musi
calcomposi
ti
on,
ormagazi
ner
efer
stoonewor
k.Eveni
fanounwi
thi
nthet
it
lei
spl
ural
,at
it
lei
s
al
wayssi
ngul
arandt
akesasi
ngul
arver
b.Exampl
es:
a.Thet
hreeMusket
eer
sisanexci
ti
ngnovelbyAl
exandr
eDumas.
b.Ar
seni
c and Ol
d Lace was per
for
med l
astyearby bot
hthe l
ocal
communi
tyt
heat
erandt
hehi
ghschool
’sdr
amacl
ub.
c.Pr
obl
emat
icalRecr
eat
ionsi
sacol
lect
ionofmat
hemat
icalpuzzl
es.
1.
5.1.
4.Manya,
Ever
y,andEachwi
thCompoundSubj
ect
s
Whenmanya,ever
y,andeachpr
ecedesacompoundsubj
ect
,thesubj
ecti
s
consi
der
edsi
ngul
ar.
a.Manyawr
it
er,
pai
nterandmusi
cianknowsdi
sappoi
ntment
.
b.Ever
ychi
ldandadul
tenj
oyst
heper
for
mancesoft
heent
ert
ainer
s.
c.Eachdol
phi
nandi
tst
rai
neri
sint
hepool
.
1.
5.1.
5.I
ndef
ini
tePr
onounsasSubj
ect
s
I
nEngl
ish,
somei
ndef
ini
tepr
onounsar
esi
ngul
ar,
somear
epl
ural
,andsomecan

beei
thersi
ngul
arorpl
ural
,dependi
ngupont
henount
heyr
efert
o.I
nor
dert
o
makeyoursent
encesef
fect
iveandmeani
ngf
ul,youar
ether
efor
erequi
redt
o
det
ermi
newhet
hert
hei
ndef
ini
tepr
onouni
ssi
ngul
arorpl
ural
,andmaket
hever
b
agr
ee.
I
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns
Si
ngul
arorpl
ural
Al
wayssi
ngul
ar Al
wayspl
ural
each ever
yone nobody sever
al Some most
anyt
hingei
ther ever
ybody af
ew Mor
e pl
ent
y
not
hing someonenei
ther f
ew Al
l
ever
ythi
ng anyone somebody many none
one noone anybody Enough
somet
hing
a.Exampl
es:
Ever
yonei
nthecl
asswant
stor
eadRomeoandJul
iet
.Noonewant
sto
r
eadKi
ngLear
.
Ei
theri
sanappr
opr
iat
eanswer
.
Ever
ybodywashopi
ngf
oravi
ctor
y.
b.Exampl
es:
Fewar
eexpect
edf
orr
efr
eshment
.
Bot
hwer
egoodchoi
ces.
c.Exampl
es:
Someoft
hemeatwasover
cooked.
Someoft
hest
udent
swer
eabsentf
rom t
hecl
ass.
Al
lofherr
elat
ivesar
ecomi
ngf
rom Cal
if
orni
a.
Al
loft
hesugarhasbeenused.
1.
5.1.
6.Compoundsubj
ect
sjoi
nedby‘
or’or‘
nor
’
Whenorornor(ei
ther
…orornei
ther
…nor
)connect
sacompoundsubj
ectmade
upofasi
ngul
arsubj
ectandapl
uralsubj
ect
,useaver
bfor
mthatagr
eesi
n

numberwi
tht
hesubj
ectt
hati
scl
osert
othever
bint
hesent
ence.
1.Acal
cul
atororanaddi
ngmachi
nei
sneededf
ort
hisj
ob.
2.Nei
thert
hest
udent
snort
hei
rcol
legedeanwasr
epr
esent
edatt
he
assembl
y.(
Thesi
ngul
arnoundeani
scl
osert
othever
bandi
tagr
ees
wi
thi
t)
3.Ei
thermysi
sterorhercl
assmat
esar
emaki
ngpubl
icspeaki
ng.(
The
pl
uralsubj
ectcl
assmat
esi
scl
osert
othever
bandi
tagr
eeswi
thi
t)
Al
thought
hesesent
encesar
egr
ammat
ical
lycor
rect
,theysoundawkwar
dand
maymaket
her
eader
shavet
roubl
einunder
standi
ngt
hemeani
ngcl
ear
ly.Thus,
youar
eadvi
sedt
orewr
it
esuchsent
encest
oel
imi
nat
etheawkwar
dnessas
f
oll
ows:
1.Thest
udent
swer
enotr
epr
esent
edatt
heassembl
y,norwast
hei
r
col
legedean.
2.Ei
thermysi
steri
smaki
ngpubl
icspeaki
ng,
orhercl
assmat
esar
e.
1.
5.1.
7.I
nter
veni
ngExpr
essi
ons
Thenumberofasubj
ecti
snotaf
fect
edbyphr
asesorexpr
essi
onssuchas
t
oget
herwi
th,aswel
las,accompani
edby,i
naddi
ti
ont
o,pl
us,wi
thandal
ong
wi
th.Al
thoughexpr
essi
onssuchast
hesehaveameani
ngt
hati
ssi
mil
art
othat
oft
heconj
unct
ion‘
and’t
heydonotcr
eat
eacompoundsubj
ect
.However
,ifone
oft
het
wosubj
ect
shappenst
obepl
ural
,thever
bagr
eeswi
tht
hef
ormeroft
he
t
wo.
Exampl
es:
1.The depar
tmenthead,wi
th hi
s chi
ldr
en,has been at
tendi
ng t
he
gr
aduat
ioncer
emony.
2.The chi
ldr
en,wi
tht
hei
rfat
her
,have been at
tendi
ng t
he gr
aduat
ion
cer
emony.
3.Hanna’
sjob,
inaddi
ti
ont
oherschoolwor
k,t
akesherspar
eti
me.
4. Thepr
ocessi
nguni
t,t
oget
herwi
thal
lofi
tst
ypesofmemor
y,f
ormst
he
hear
toft
hemachi
ne.

1.
5.1.
8.I
nter
veni
ngPr
eposi
ti
onalPhr
ases
Whent
hepr
eposi
ti
onalphr
aset
hatmodi
fi
est
hesubj
ectusual
lycomesbet
ween
t
hesubj
ectandt
hepr
edi
cat
e,makesur
ethatt
hever
bagr
eeswi
tht
heact
ual
subj
ectoft
hesent
enceandnotwi
tht
heobj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
on.Thatmeans
youshoul
dnotmi
stakeawor
dinapr
eposi
ti
onalphr
asef
ort
hesubj
ectoft
he
sent
ence.
Exampl
es:
1.Thebowlofr
awveget
abl
esl
ooksappet
izi
ng.(
Thesi
ngul
arnoun,
bowl
,
i
sthe subj
ect
.The pl
uralnoun,veget
abl
es,i
sthe obj
ectoft
he
pr
eposi
ti
on “
of”
.The ver
b,l
ooks,agr
ees wi
tht
he subj
ectoft
he
sent
ence,
notwi
tht
heobj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
on.
)
2.Thebooksont
hatshel
far
ebi
ogr
aphi
es.(
Thepl
uralnoun,books,i
s
t
hesubj
ect
.Thesi
ngul
arnoun,shel
f,i
stheobj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
on,
on.Thever
b,ar
e,agr
eeswi
tht
hesubj
ectoft
hesent
ence,
notwi
tht
he
obj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
on.
)
Task5
Wr
it
ethever
binpar
ent
hesi
sthatagr
eesi
nnumberwi
tht
hesubj
ectofeachof
t
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.
2.Beamsofcol
our
edl
ight(
has,have)passedt
hrought
hepr
ism wi
thout
cr
eat
ingar
ainbowpat
ter
n.
3.At
erm paperwi
thmanymi
stakes(
does,
do)notmakeagoodi
mpr
essi
on.
4.Nei
thert
hedi
rect
ionsont
hepackagenort
hebr
ochur
e(expl
ain,
expl
ains)
howt
opl
ay.
5.Mostpeopl
eknow whenacomput
ersyst
em orpr
ogr
am (
wor
k,wor
ks)
pr
oper
ly,
andt
heycanusual
lydomi
norr
epai
rst
hemsel
ves.
6.Twohundr
edmi
les(
is,
are)al
ongwayst
ogoonabi
cycl
e
7.Thebar
kofsomet
rees(
have,has)beenusedf
oryear
sbyher
bal
ist
sto
t
reatcer
tai
ndi
seases.
8.Manyr
eader
sofShakespear
ebel
ievet
hatKi
ngLear(
is,
are)hi
sbestpl
ay.
9.Ever
yman,
womanandchi
ld(
remember
,remember
s)t
hatcol
dwi
nter
.

10.
Mer
on,t
oget
herwi
thhert
eammat
es,(
present
,pr
esent
s)af
ormi
dabl
e
opponentont
hebasket
bal
lcour
t.
11. Thr
eemont
hssomet
imes(
seem,
seems)l
iket
hreeyear
s.
12. Twent
y-f
iveyear
s(i
s/ar
e)t
hel
engt
hoft
imedur
ingwhi
chGi
lber
tand
Sul
li
vancol
labor
atedont
hei
roper
as.
13. Fr
ance,aswel
lasot
herEur
opeancount
ri
es,(
has,have)at
ip-
incl
uded
pol
icy.
1.
5.2.Pr
onounRef
erenceEr
ror
s
Apr
onounshoul
dref
ercl
ear
lyt
oone,cl
ear
,unmi
stakabl
enouncomi
ngbef
ore
t
hepr
onoun.Whenapr
onounl
acksacl
earandexpl
ici
tant
ecedent
,itr
esul
tsi
n
pr
onounr
efer
enceer
ror
.
1.
5.2.
1.VaguePr
onounRef
erence
Youar
eadvi
sednevert
ouset onounst
hepr his,t
hat
,whi
chandi
twi
thouta
cl
ear
lyst
atedant .Whenyouuset
ecedent hem,besur
ethatyouhavecl
ear
ly
expr
essedt
heobj
ectort
hei
deat
hatyoumeant
hesewor
dst
ost
andf
or.
a.Ourschoolf
oot
bal
lteam won,
whi
chwasi
tsr
ewar
dformuchhar
dwor
k.
(
Vaguebecauset
hepr
onoun‘
whi
ch’
hasnocl
earant
ecedent
)
b.Ourschoolf
oot
bal
lteam wont
hechampi
onshi
ptr
ophy,whi
chwasi
ts
r
ewar
dformuchhar
dwor
k.(
Eff
ect
ivebecauseacl
earant
ecedenti
sadd
f
ort
hepr
onoun)
a.Manypeopl
eenj
oyt
het
alentofWhoopiGol
dber
g,andt
hisi
sobvi
ous
f
rom t
hegr
eatnumberofpeopl
ewho go t
o seeherf
il
ms.(
Vague
becauset
hepr
onoun‘
thi
s’hasnocl
earant
ecedent
)
b.Manypeopl
eenj
oyt
het
alentofWhoopiGol
dber
g,andherpopul
ari
tyi
s
obvi
ousf
rom t
hegr
eatnumberofpeopl
ewhogot
oseeherf
il
ms.
(
Eff
ect
ivebecauseacl
earant
ecedenti
saddf
ort
hepr
onoun)
1.
5.2.
2.Ambi
guousPr
onounRef
erence

When a pr
onoun seemst
oref
ert
o mor
ethan oneant
ecedent
,rewor
dthe
sent
encet
omaket
heant
ecedentcl
ear
,orel
imi
nat
ethepr
onoun.
a.Car
lost
oldJef
fer
sont
hathehadbeenel
ect
edt
hechai
rper
sonoft
he
school
.(Vague:Whohadbeenel
ect
ed–Car
losorJef
fer
son?
)
Car
lost
oldJef
fer
sont
hatJef
fer
sonhadbeenel
ect
edt
hechai
rper
sonof
t
heschool
.(Ef
fect
ive)
Car
lossai
dtoJef
fer
son,“
youhadbeenel
ect
edt
hechai
rper
sonoft
he
school
.”
(Ef
fect
ive)
Car
lossai
d,“
Jef
fer
son,youhadbeenel
ect
edt
hechai
rper
sonoft
he
school
.”
(Ef
fect
ive)
b.I
fyoul
eavet
hebooki
nyourbackpack,
youwi
llf
orgeti
t.(
Vague:whati
s
t
heant
ecedentof‘
it
’-t
hebookort
hebackpack?
)
Youwi
llf
orgett
hebooki
fyoul
eavei
tinyourbackpack.(
Eff
ect
ive
becauset
her
eiscl
earant
ecedent
)
I
fyou l
eave t
he book i
n yourbackpack,you wi
llf
orgett
he book.
(
Eff
ect
ive:t
hepr
onoun‘
it
’isel
imi
nat
ed)
Lef
tinyourbackpack,t
hebookwi
llbef
orgot
ten.(
Eff
ect
ive:t
hepr
onoun
‘
it
’isel
imi
nat
ed)
1.
5.2.
3.I
ndef
ini
teUseofPr
onouns
Donotuse‘
you’or‘
they’asi
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns.I
nst
ead,namet
heper
sonor
gr
oupt
owhi
chyouar
eref
err
ing.Youmayal
sobeabl
etor
ewor
dthesent
encei
n
suchawayt
hatyoudonotnamet
heper
sonorgr
oupandyoudonotusea
pr
onoun.Usual
lyyouwoul
duset
hepassi
vevoi
cet
oaccompl
isht
hiski
ndof
r
evi
sion.
a.Toi
ncr
easef
it
ness,
youhavet
oexer
ciser
egul
arl
y.(
Indef
ini
te)
b.Toi
ncr
easef
it
ness,ani
ndi
vidualhast
oexer
ciser
egul
arl
y.(
Eff
ect
ive
becauset
hesent
encei
srewr
it
tenbysubst
it
uti
ngt
henounf
orpr
onoun)
a.Aspar
tofbasket
bal
lteam,
theymustl
ear
ntowor
ktoget
her
.(I
ndef
ini
te)
b.Aspar
tofbasket
bal
lteam,
thepl
ayer
smustl
ear
ntowor
ktoget
her
.
(
Eff
ect
ivebecauset
hesent
encei
srewr
it
tenbysubst
it
uti
ngt
henounf
or

pr
onoun)
a.Theysai
datt
hebankt
hatmyaccountwasover
drawn.(
Indef
ini
te)
b.Thet
ell
eratt
hebanksai
dthatmyaccountwasover
drawn.(
Eff
ect
ive
becauseanouni
ssubst
it
utedf
ort
hepr
onoun)
Task6
Rewr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesbymaki
ngsur
ethatal
lthepr
onounsar
e
cl
ear
lyst
ated.
1.Af
teri
nter
viewi
ngsever
alnur
ses,Ir
eal
izedt
hati
twasnott
hecar
eerf
or
me.
2.I
nthear
myyoumustf
oll
owor
der
s.
3.Ber
eketandAyanaar
egoodf
ri
ends,whi
chbeganwhent
heywer
ein
el
ement
arycl
ass.
4.Al
thought
hemot
orcycl
ehi
tthehouse,
itwasnotdamaged.
5.Bywat
chi
ngt
hebi
rds,
Wil
burr
eal
izedt
hati
nor
dert
ofl
ysuccessf
ull
y,you
mustoper
ateanai
rpl
aneont
hreesepar
ateaxes.
6.Whenaper
soncomest
ocl
ass,
youshoul
dhaveyourhomewor
kready.
7.TheWr
ightbr
other
sfl
ew successf
ull
y,whi
choccur
redonDecember17,
1903.
8.Al
thoughMar
yJanehasst
udi
edFr
enchf
oranumberofyear
s,shehas
nevervi
sit
edt
her
e.
1.
5.3.Sent
enceFr
agment
s
Asent
encef
ragmenti
sagr
oupofwor
dst
hatdoesnotcont
ainasubj
ectora
ver
borbot
h.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hataf
ragmenti
sani
ncompl
etesent
ence.Hence,
youneedt
oavoi
dsent
encef
ragment
swhenyouwr
it
e.
Exampl
es:
a.LastMonday,
wal
kedt
othecl
assi
nther
ain.(
Subj
ecti
smi
ssi
ng)
Revi
sed:LastMonday,mydor
m mat
ewal
kedt
othecl
assi
nther
ain.
(
Subj
ecti
sadded)
b.Ouri
nst
ruct
oront
echni
quesofpar
agr
aphdevel
opment
.(Thever
bis
mi
ssi
ng)

Revi
sed:Ouri
nst
ruct
orl
ect
uredont
echni
quesofpar
agr
aphdevel
opment
.
(
Ver
bisadded)
Acommonki
ndofsent
encef
ragmenti
saphr
ase.I
tissepar
atedsent
encepar
t
t
hatdoesnotexpr
essacompl
etet
hought
.Inot
herwor
ds,i
tisusual
lyan
addi
ti
onali
deat
hathasbeeni
ncor
rect
lycutof
ffr
om t
hesent
encet
owhi
chi
t
bel
ongs.Thi
ski
ndoff
ragmenti
sof
tencor
rect
edbyi
ncl
udi
ngt
hephr
asei
na
r
elat
edsent
ence.
Exampl
es:
a.Isawt
het
wof
ri
ends.Runni
ngal
ongt
hemai
nroad.(
Fragment
)
Revi
sed:Isawt
het
wof
ri
endsr
unni
ngal
ongt
hemai
nroad.
b.Ar
ba Mi
nch Uni
ver
sit
yof
fer
smanymaj
orsi
n Engi
neer
ing.Such as
El
ect
ri
cal
,Mechani
cal
,andCi
vilEngi
neer
ing.(
Fragment
)
Revi
sed:Ar
baMi
nchUni
ver
sit
yof
fer
smanymaj
orsi
nengi
neer
ingsuch
asEl
ect
ri
cal
,Mechani
cal
,andCi
vilEngi
neer
ing.
Anot
hercommont
ypeofsent
encef
ragmenti
sthesubor
dinat
ecl
ause.Thi
ski
nd
of f
ragment can be f
ixed by combi
ng t
he cl
ause wi
th a r
elat
ed
sent
ence.
Exampl
es:
a.Johnwant
stovi
sitAust
ral
ia.
Becausehi
sancest
orscamef
rom t
her
e.
(
Fragment
)
Revi
sed:Johnwant
stovi
sitAust
ral
iabecausehi
sancest
orscamef
rom
t
her
e.
b.Al
thoughHensonr
ecei
vedl
it
tl
efor
maleducat
ion.Hewr
oteabookabout
hi
sadvent
ure.(
Fragment
)
Revi
sed:Al
thoughHensonr
ecei
vedl
it
tl
efor
maleducat
ion,hewr
otea
bookabouthi
sadvent
ure.
Task7
Rewr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ng i
tems,cor
rect
ing al
lthesent
encef
ragment
s.Suppl
y
sui
tabl
esubj
ect
sandpr
edi
cat
eswher
etheyar
eneeded
1.Ther
eisournew wi
ndmi
ll
.Whi
chpr
ovi
despar
toft
heel
ect
ri
cit
yfort
he
house.

2.Thet
igerl
il
yisat
allgar
denf
lower
.Thator
igi
nal
lygr
ewi
nAsi
a.
3.Wasbor
ninHawasabutgr
ewupi
nAr
baMi
nch.
4.Theequat
ori
sani
magi
nar
yli
ne.Thatdi
videst
heear
thi
ntot
henor
ther
n
andsout
her
nhemi
spher
e.
5.Wi
thgr
eatdi
sti
nct
ionf
rom t
hedepar
tmentofmanagement
.
6.I
fyouwantt
oimpr
oveyourconf
idencei
nmaki
ngef
fect
ivepubl
icspeech.
Youneedt
ofocusont
hemeani
ngyouwantt
oexpr
ess.
7.Whi
ler
eadi
ngt
hebookyest
erdayeveni
ngaf
terdi
nner
.
8.Al
thoughi
thappenedsever
alyear
sago.Onenewsst
oryst
aysi
nmymi
nd.
9.Wher
edi
dyoucampl
astni
ght
?Wef
oundapl
aceonani
slandi
nthemi
ddl
e
oft
hel
ake.Wher
ether
ewasapr
epar
edcampi
ngspot
.
10.
Whot
alkedt
oyoui
nthecor
ri
dor
.
11.
Thebandbegant
opl
aysomel
ivel
ymusi
c.Whi
chever
yoneenj
oyed.
12.
Alt
houghJackdi
dnotst
udy.Hepassedt
hecour
se.
Task8
Rewr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aphst
o el
imi
nat
esent
encef
ragment
s.Add or
del
etewor
dswher
evernecessar
yandbesur
etocheckyourr
evi
sedver
sionf
or
cor
rectcapi
tal
izat
ionandpunct
uat
ion.
El
li
sIsl
andsi
ts.I
nNew Yor
kCi
ty’
shar
borwi
thoneoft
hemostspect
acul
ar
vi
ewsi
ntheUni
tedSt
ates.Vi
sit
orscanseet
hest
atueofl
iber
tyandt
heNew
Yor
kskyl
ine.Whi
chi
sapopul
arat
tr
act
ion.
Thei
slandhashadani
nter
est
ingpast
.Hi
stor
yrecor
dsshow.Thatt
heDut
ch
or
igi
nal
lynamedi
tOyst
erI
sland.Thegover
nmentusedt
hei
slandt
ost
ore
weaponsi
ntheni
net
eencent
ury.I
tbecamewel
lknown.Asoneoft
hemaj
or
gat
ewaysf
ori
mmi
grant
stoAmer
ica.Peopl
ecamet
oAmer
icaf
rom manypl
aces.
Whi
chi
ncl
udeAf
ri
ca,Asi
aandLat
inAmer
ica.Ar
ri
vingbet
ween1892and1943
.
Sixt
eent
osevent
eenmi
ll
ioni
mmi
grant
sfi
rstsetf
ootonAmer
icansoi
latEl
li
s
I
sland.

Manyi
mmi
grant
swer
eunabl
e.TospeakEngl
ishwhent
heyar
ri
ved.Theyhad
j
ustt
akenal
ongandsomet
imeshazar
dousseavoyage.Theyhadver
yli
tt
le
money.I
nthei
rpocket
s.Whatt
heydi
dhavewasasenseofadvent
ure,ast
rong
desi
ret
omakeanew l
if
efort
hemsel
vesandt
hei
rfami
li
es.Thesebol
dpeopl
e
spr
eadout
.Acr
osst
hecount
ry.Somesoughtcommuni
ti
esmadeupoft
hei
r
f
ormercompat
ri
ots.Ot
her
sest
abl
ishednewt
owns.Thr
oughoutt
hecount
ry.
1.
5.4.Run-
onSent
ences
Ar
unonsent
encehast
woormor
ecompl
etesent
encest
hatar
ewr
it
tenas
t
hought
heywer
eonesent
ence.Ar
unonsent
encel
ackscor
rectpunct
uat
ions,
soi
tcanbeconf
usi
ngt
oreader
sasi
tdoesnotshowwher
eonei
deaendsand
t
henexti
deabegi
ns.
Runonsent
encesar
eoft
wot
ypes.Theyar
efusedsent
encesandcommaspl
ice.
Af
usedsent
enceconsi
stsoft
woormor
ecompl
etesent
encest
hatar
enot
separ
atedbycor
rectpunct
uat
ionatal
l.
Exampl
es:
a.Mostoft
hosecomput
ersi
ntheLear
ningAssi
stanceCent
erar
ebr
oken
al
readyt
hispr
ovesmypoi
ntaboutAmer
icancomput
ermanuf
act
urer
s.
b.Thephysi
cistMar
ieCur
iedi
scover
edr
adi
um shewont
woNobelpr
izes.
Thesecondt
ypeofr
unonsent
encei
sacommaspl
ice.Thecommaspl
ice
consi
stsoft
woi
ndependentcl
ausest
hatar
esepar
atedbyonl
ycomma,but
wi
thoutcoor
dinat
ion.
a.Copperi
sfarmor
emal
leabl
ethanst
eel
,itcaneasi
lybeshapedby
hammer
ingorpr
essi
ng.
b.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentki
ndsofr
adi
otel
escopes,al
loft
hem haveant
ennas
andr
ecei
ver
s.

Youhaveseenhow r
un-
onsent
enceshampert
hecl
ari
tyofmeani
ngi
nyour
wr
it
ing.Thus,you need t
ofi
xthem t
o be abl
eto expr
ess yourt
hought
s
ef
fect
ivel
y.Todoso,her
eyouhavesomei
mpor
tantwaysofcor
rect
ingr
un-
on
sent
ences.
1.
5.4.
1.Usi
ngaper
iod/
ful
lst
op(
.)
Thesi
mpl
estwayt
ocor
rectar
un-
onsent
encei
stosepar
atet
hei
mpr
oper
ly
j
oinedsent
encesbyusi
ngaper
iod.
Run-
on:Myf
ri
endf
rom chemi
str
ydepar
tmentvi
sit
edmeyest
erdaywe
t
alkedunt
ilmi
dni
ght
.
Revi
sed:Myf
ri
endf
rom chemi
str
ydepar
tmentvi
sit
edmeyest
erday.We
t
alkedunt
ilmi
dni
ght
.
1.
5.4.
2.Usi
ngasemi
col
on(
;)
I
fyouwantt
oencapsul
ateyourt
woi
deasi
nonesent
encer
athert
hant
wo,you
hadbet
teruseasemi
col
onr
athert
hanaper
iod.Asemi
col
oni
spr
obabl
ythe
mosti
mpor
tantr
emedywhent
her
eist
hel
ogi
calconnect
ionbet
weent
het
wo
i
ndependentcl
ausesi
sal
readycl
earandwhent
hei
dear
epr
esent
edi
nthet
wo
cl
ausesar
ever
ycl
osel
yrel
ated.
a.Run-on:Thegr
eatwhi
teshar
ksupposedl
yeat
shumansr
esear
chshows
t
hatmostwhi
teshar
ksspi
tthem outaf
tert
hef
ir
stbi
te.
Revi
sed:Thegr
eatwhi
teshar
ksupposedl
yeat
shumans;r
esear
chshows
t
hatmostwhi
teshar
ksspi
tthem outaf
tert
hef
ir
stbi
te.
b.Run-
on:Hegotupl
atet
hismor
ninghedi
dn’
thavet
imef
orbr
eakf
ast
.
Revi
sed:Hegotupl
atet
hismor
ning;hedi
dn’
thavet
imef
orbr
eakf
ast
.
1.
5.4.
3.Usi
ngacommaandacoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion
Joi
nthei
ndependentcl
auseswi
thacommaandcoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.Li
ke

t
hesemicol
on,aconj
unct
ional
lowsyout
ocombi
neyourt
woi
deasi
nasi
ngl
e
sent
ence,buti
thast
headdedadvant
ageofal
lowi
ngyout
oindi
cat
ethel
ogi
cal
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
het
woi
deas.
a.Runon:I
nwest
erncul
tur
es,bl
acki
sthecol
ourofmour
ning,i
nmuchof
Asi
a,whi
tei
swor
natt
imesofdeat
handmour
ning.
Revi
sed:I
nwest
erncul
tur
es,
blacki
sthecol
ourofmour
ning,
buti
nmuch
ofAsi
a,whi
tei
swor
natt
imesofdeat
handmour
ning.
b.Runon:Ever
yli
vingcr
eat
uregi
vesof
faweakel
ect
ri
calchar
gei
nthe
wat
erspeci
alpor
esont
heshar
k’sski
ncandet
ectt
hesesi
gnal
s.
Revi
sed:Ever
yli
vingcr
eat
uregi
vesof
faweakel
ect
ri
calchar
gei
nthe
wat
er,
andspeci
alpor
esont
heshar
k’sski
ncandet
ectt
hesesi
gnal
s.
1.
5.4.
4.Usi
ngsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions
Changeoneoft
hei
ndependentcl
ausest
o a subor
dinat
ecl
ause,addi
ng a
subor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ion.
a.Runon:Ihaveneverbeencomf
ort
abl
ewi
thpubl
icspeaki
ngi
nmyl
if
e,I
deci
dedt
otakesomeadvancedspeechcour
ses.
Revi
sed:BecauseIhaveneverbeencomf
ort
abl
ewi
thpubl
icspeaki
ngi
n
myl
if
e,Ideci
dedt
otakesomeadvancedspeechcour
ses.
b.Runon:Ther
ainst
opped,
wewentf
orawal
kal
ongt
hebeach.
Revi
sed:Whent
her
ainst
opped,
wewentf
orawal
kal
ongt
hebeach.
1.
5.4.
5.Usi
ngconj
unct
iveadver
bs
Joi
nthet
woi
ndependentcl
auseswi
thasemi
col
onf
oll
owedbyaconj
unct
ive
adver
bandacomma.
a.Runon:Asoci
algr
oupsuchasacl
anmayber
epr
esent
edbydi
ff
erent
symbol
sat
otemi
cani
malmayr
epr
esentt
hecl
an.
Revi
sed:Asoci
algr
oupsuchasacl
anmayber
epr
esent
edbydi
ff
erent
symbol
s;f
orexampl
e,at
otemi
cani
malmayr
epr
esentt
hecl
an.
b.Runon:Hei
saver
yweakpr
esi
dent
,mostpeopl
esuppor
thi
m.
Revi
sed:Hei
saver
yweakpr
esi
dent
;never
thel
ess,mostpeopl
esuppor
t

hi
m.
Not
icet
hati
tisal
sopossi
blet
ocor
rectt
hosesent
encesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway:
 Asoci
algr
oupsuchasacl
anmayber
epr
esent
edbydi
ff
erentsymbol
s.
Forexampl
e,at
otemi
cani
malmayr
epr
esentt
hecl
an.
 Hei
saver
yweakpr
esi
dent
.Never
thel
ess,
mostpeopl
esuppor
thi
m.
Task9
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
un-
onsent
encescar
eful
lyandr
ewr
it
ethem sot
hatyou
maket
hem i
ntogoodsent
ences
1.Theannualf
oot
bal
lbanquetofourUni
ver
sit
ywi
llt
akepl
aceonSat
urday,
al
l pl
ans ar
e now compl
ete, Kasa, t
he st
ar pl
ayer of t
he
2011champi
onshi
pteam,i
scomi
ngf
rom Hawasaandhewi
llgi
vet
he
mai
naddr
ess.
2.Att
henextmeet
ingoft
heDr
amat
icCl
ub,
sixnewst
udent
swi
llbei
nit
iat
ed
i
ntot
heor
gani
zat
ion,f
ouroft
hem ar
eseni
orsandt
woar
ejuni
orssot
he
t
otalmember
shi
pint
hecl
ubwi
llbei
ncr
easedt
otwent
y.
3.Twonewspor
tshavebeenaddedt
otheschoolat
hlet
icpr
ogr
am,
theyar
e
t
enni
sandgol
f,gr
eati
nter
esti
sbei
ngshownandi
tishopedt
hatt
henext
yeart
her
ecanbeani
ntr
amur
alt
our
namenti
neachoft
hesespor
ts.
4.Al
ber
tEi
nst
eini
soneoft
hegr
eat
estt
hinker
soft
het
went
iet
hcent
uryhe
changedt
hewaypeopl
evi
ewt
heuni
ver
se.
5.Buyi
ngorl
easi
ngacari
samat
terofi
ndi
vidualpr
efer
ence,however
,it
’s
wi
set
oconsi
dersever
alpoi
ntsbef
oremaki
ngadeci
sion.
Task10
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
extcont
ainsbot
hfr
agment
sandr
un-
onsent
ences.Rewr
it
ethe
t
extbyel
imi
nat
ingsent
encef
ragment
sandcor
rect
ingt
her
un-
onsent
ences
Thel
arge,hol
low or
gansoft
hedi
gest
ivet
ractcont
ainal
ayerofmuscl
e.That
enabl
est
hei
rwal
lst
omove.Themovementofor
ganwal
lscanpr
opelf
oodand
l
iqui
dthr
ought
hesyst
em f
oodmovesf
rom oneor
gant
othenextt
hrough
muscl
eact
ioncal
ledper
ist
alsi
s.Per
ist
alsi
slooksl
ikeanocean.Wavet
ravel
ing

t
hrought
hemuscl
e.Themuscl
eoft
heor
gancont
ract
stocr
eat
eanar
rowi
ng
andt
henpr
opel
sthenar
rowedpor
ti
onsl
owl
ydownt
hel
engt
hoft
heor
gant
hese
wavesofnar
rowi
ngpusht
hef
oodandf
lui
dinf
rontoft
hem t
hrougheachhol
low
or
gan.
Thef
ir
stmaj
ormuscl
emovementoccur
s.Whenf
oodorl
iqui
disswal
lowed.
Swal
lowedf
oodi
spushedi
ntot
heesophagus.Whi
chconnect
sthet
hroatabove
wi
tht
hest
omachbel
ow.Att
hej
unct
ionoft
heesophagusandst
omach,
ther
eis
ar
ingl
ikemuscl
e,cal
ledt
hel
oweresophagealsphi
nct
erasf
oodappr
oachest
he
cl
osedsphi
nct
er,t
hesphi
nct
err
elaxesandal
lowst
hef
oodt
opasst
hrought
o
t
hest
omach.
Thest omachhast hreemechani calt asks,fi

rst,itstorest heswallowedf oodand
l
iqui d.Todot hi
s, t
hemuscl eoft heupperpar toft hest omachr elaxes.Toaccept
l
ar gevol umesofswal l
owedmat erial.Thesecondj obi stomi xupt hef ood,l
iquid,
anddi gestivejuice.Pr oducedbyt hest omach.Thel owerpar toft hestomach
mixest hesemat erial
sbyi tsmuscl eact i
ont het hirdt askofthest omachi st o
empt yi t
s cont ents sl owlyi ntot he smal li ntesti
ne.Sever alf act ors aff
ect
empt yi
ngoft hest omach.Car bohydr at
es,forexampl e,spendt hel eastamount
oft i
mei nthest omach.Whi leprot einstaysint hestomachl onger ,andf at
st he
l
ongest .Ast hef ooddi ssolvesi ntot hej ui
cesf rom t hepancr eas,l iver
,and
i
nt estine,thecont entsoft hei ntestinearemi xedandpushedf orwar dt oall
ow
furtherdigestion.
1.5.5.Mi splacedModi fiers
Mispl acemodi fi
ersar edi f
ferentf rom dangl i
ngmodi f
iersi
nt hatnot hinghas
beenl
eftoutf
rom t
hesent
ence.However
,themodi
fi
ersar
esi
mpl
yint
hewr
ong
pl
acemodi
fyi
ngt
hewr
ongwor
dorgr
oupofwor
ds.I
nor
dert
opr
oducecoher
ent
andmeani
ngf
ulwr
it
ing,youar
ether
efor
erequi
redt
ousemodi
fyi
ngwor
ds,
phr
asesorcl
ausesi
nasent
encewher
etheycl
ear
lydescr
ibewhatt
heyar
e
i
ntendedt
odescr
ibe.
Exampl
es:
a.Ouri
nst
ruct
orcoul
dnotdr
ivet
ohomei
nhi
ssmal
lnewcarwi
thabr
oken
l
eg.(
Mispl
aced)

Revi
sed:Wi
thabr
okenl
eg,
ouri
nst
ruct
orcoul
dnotdr
ivet
ohomei
nhi
s
smal
lnewcar
.
b.Mybr
othernear
lyst
udi
esf
orf
ivehour
sever
yday.(
Mispl
aced)
Revi
sed:Mybr
otherst
udi
esnear
lyf
orf
ivehour
sever
yday.
c.Myf
ri
end’
smot
herhel
dthet
ickett
ight
lyi
nherhandt
hatIgaveher
.
(
Mispl
aced)
Revi
sed:Myf
ri
end’
smot
herhel
dthet
ickett
hatIgavehert
ight
lyi
nher
hand.
d.Onl
y capaci
tor
s and i
nduct
ors become good conduct
ors when a
f
requencyr
eachesacer
tai
nlevel
.(Mi
spl
aced)
Revi
sed:Capaci
tor
sandi
nduct
orsbecomegoodconduct
orsonl
ywhen
af
requencyr
eachesacer
tai
nlevel
.
Task12
Thef
oll
owi
ngsent
enceshavemi
spl
acedmodi
fi
ers.Rewr
it
ethem cor
rect
ly
1. Ipl
acedt
het
elevi
sioni
nthecor
neroft
her
oom t
hatIhadr
ecent
ly
pur
chased.
2.Manyt
ownsar
eli
kel
ytohaveanAI
DSpr
obl
em whi
chi
sonamaj
orr
oad
orwat
ert
ranspor
trout
e.
3.Mal
ari
aiscommoni
nAr
baMi
nchwhi
chi
saser
iousheal
thpr
obl
em.
4.Mybr
othermanagedt
opl
aywi
thoutanyt
rai
ningt
hegui
tar
.
5.Thel
adywhom wegr
eet
edl
astMondayi
nfr
ontoft
her
egi
str
arof
fi
ce
f
rom Ger
manyof
fer
sInt
roduct
iont
oBasi
cEl
ect
roni
cs.
6.Henr
y Rose Per
otr
an f
ort
he Uni
ted St
ates pr
esi
dency i
n 1992 an
Amer
icanbusi
nessexecut
ive.
7.Iexper
iencedaf
terj
oggi
ngt
enmi
lesi
ntheaf
ter
noonsunext
remef
ati
gue.
8.Awomanpassedbyl
eadi
ngaSpr
ingerspani
eli
nal
ongbl
ackdr
ess.
9.Whenasoundsyst
em i
swor
kingpr
oper
ly,t
hespeakernear
lypr
oduces
t
hesamevi
brat
ionst
hatt
hemi
crophoneor
igi
nal
lyr
ecor
dedandencoded
ont
het
apeorCD.
10.Pr
ofessorWangar
iMaat
haiwont
heNobelPeacePr
izei
n2004,wi
tht
he
Nobelcommi
tt
eeci
ti
ng "
hercont
ri
but
ion t
o sust
ainabl
edevel
opment
,

democr
acy and peace who was known f
orest
abl
ishi
ng Gr
een Bel
t
Movement
.
1.
5.6.Dangl
ingModi
fi
ers
Tomodifymeanstoqual
ifyorl
imi
tthemeani
ngofawor
d,phr
ase,oracl
ause.
Thusi
ngr
ammar
,amodi
fi
eri
sawor
d,phr
ase,orcl
auset
hatqual
if
iesorl
imi
ts
ot
herwor
ds,phr
ases,orcl
auses.Whent
hemodi
fi
eroccur
satt
hebegi
nni
ngof
t
hesent
ence,r
eader
susual
lyexpecti
ttomodi
fyt
hesubj
ectoft
hesent
ence.
Wheni
tdoesn’
tlogi
cal
lydot
hat
,themodi
fi
eri
ssai
dtodangl
e.A dangl
ing
modi
fi
er,aspeci
fi
ccaseofwhi
chi
sthedangl
ingpar
ti
cipl
e,canchanget
he
i
ntendedmeani
ngoft
hesent
encedr
amat
ical
ly,whi
chmakesr
eader
shavet
o
sl
owdowni
nor
dert
osor
t-outt
hemeani
ng.
Exampl
es:
a.Whi
ledr
ivi
ngongr
eenwoodavenueyest
erdayaf
ter
noon,
atr
eebegant
o
f
allt
owar
dAl
maz’
scar
.(I
tsoundsl
iket
het
reewasdr
ivi
ng.
)
Revi
sed:Whi
le Al
maz was dr
ivi
ng on gr
eenwood avenue yest
erday
af
ter
noon,
atr
eebegant
ofal
ltowar
dhercar
.
b.Rol
li
ngar
oundi
nthesl
op,kumsawat
chedt
hest
one.(
Rol
li
ngmodi
fi
es
‘
Kumsa’
not‘
stone’
)
Revi
sed:Kumsawat
chedt
hest
onet
hatwasr
oll
ingar
oundi
nthesl
op.
c.Havi
ng ar
ri
ved l
atef
orpr
act
ice,awr
it
ten excusewasneeded.(
The
l
ogi
caldoeroft
heact
ioni
slef
toutf
rom t
hemai
ncl
ause)
Revi
sed:Havi
ngar
ri
vedl
atef
orpr
act
ice,t
hecapt
ainoft
het
eam needed
awr
it
tenexcuse.
Task11
Themodi
fi
ersi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
encear
edangl
ing.Readt
hesent
ences
car
eful
lyandwr
it
ethei
rcor
rectver
sions
1.Li
steni
ngcar
eful
ly,st
il
lcoul
dnotunder
standwhatt
hei
nst
ruct
orwas
sayi
ng.
2.Wal
kingt
hrought
hecemet
ery,
manynewgr
aveswer
efound.
3.Af
terst
udyi
ngsohar
d,t
hef
inalexami
nat
ionseemedeasy.

4.Dr
ivi
ngf
if
tymi
lesovert
hespeedl
imi
t,t
hedogwashi
tbyt
hecar
.
5.Readi
ngFaul
kner
’sshor
tst
ory“
Arosef
orEmi
ly,
”theendi
ngsur
pri
sedus.
6.Dr
ivi
ngont
heNechSarNat
ionalPar
kRoadatdusk,t
hebeaut
if
ulzebr
as
wer
efor
agi
ngf
orf
ood.
7.Af
terr
eadi
ngt
heor
igi
nalr
esear
ch,
thef
indi
ngsr
emai
nunconvi
nci
ng.
8.Wal
kingdownt
hemai
nst
reet
,asnakest
art
ledhi
m.
9.Havi
ngbeent
hrowni
ntot
heai
r,t
hedogcaughtt
hebal
l.
10.Cl
imbi
ngupt
hel
addercar
eful
ly,t
hef
ri
ght
enedcatwasbr
oughtdown
f
rom t
het
ree.
1.
5.7.Faul
tyPar
all
eli
sm
Par
all
elconst
ruct
ionorst
ruct
urei
stheuseofsi
mil
arst
ruct
urei
napai
rorser
ies
ofsuccessi
ve expr
essi
ons i
n a sent
ence.Par
all
eli
sm hel
ps t
he f
low ofa
sent
enceandemphasi
zest
her
elat
ionshi
psoft
hei
deasi
npar
all
elel
ement
s.
Thi
s means,i
t keeps a sent
ence bal
anced by maki
ng t
hese el
ement
s
gr
ammat
ical
lyequal
:nounsar
epai
redwi
thnouns,
ver
bswi
thver
bs,
andt
hel
ike.
Faul
typar
all
eli
sm occur
swhent
woormor
epar
tsofasent
encear
epar
all
eli
n
meani
ng,
butnotpar
all
eli
nfor
m.
1.
5.7.
1.Wi
thl
ist
saf
teracol
onorl
ist
sinser
ies
Whenl
ist
ingaser
iesoft
hings,
ideas,
oract
ions,
makesur
ethatal
ltheel
ement
s
i
nal
isthavet
hesamegr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure.
a.Thedi
cti
onar
ycanbeusedf
ort
hesepur
poses:t
ofi
ndwor
dmeani
ngs,
pr
onunci
ati
ons,cor
rectspel
li
ngsandl
ooki
ngupi
rr
egul
arver
bs.
(Non-
par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thedi
cti
onar
ycanbeusedf
ort
hesepur
poses:t
ofi
ndwor
d
meani
ngs,
pronunci
ati
ons,
cor
rectspel
li
ngsandi
rr
egul
arver
bs.
b.Thef
acul
tydeanwentt
othehai
rdr
esser
’s,
visi
tedt
hebut
chershop,
and
st
oppedof
fatt
hemovi
etheat
er.(
Non-
par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thef
acul
tydeanwentt
othehai
rdr
esser
’s,
tot
hebut
chershop,

andt
othemovi
etheat
er.
c.Thest
udent
swantt
olear
nhow t
owr
it
ewi
thsi
mpl
ici
ty,cl
ear
lyand
l
ogi
cal
ly.(
Non-
par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thest
udent
swantt
olear
nhowt
owr
it
ewi
thsi
mpl
ici
ty,cl
ari
ty
andl
ogi
c.
1.
5.7.
2.Wi
thcoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions
Whenj
oini
ngt
wowor
dsorwor
dgr
oupsbyt
hecoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions,each
wor
dorwor
dgr
oupmusthavet
hesamegr
ammat
icalf
unct
ions.
a.Heenj
oyspl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
landt
oreaddi
ff
erentf
ict
ions.(
Non-
par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Heenj
oyspl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
landr
eadi
ngdi
ff
erentf
ict
ions.
b.Myf
ri
endbl
ockedwel
l,
butt
ackl
esunski
ll
ful
ly.(
Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Myf
ri
endbl
ockedwel
l,butt
ackl
edunski
ll
ful
ly.OrMyf
ri
end
bl
ockswel
l,
butt
ackl
esunski
ll
ful
ly.
c.Hi
smot
herkeptt
hest
orecl
eanandshemadei
tconveni
ent
lyar
ranged.
(
Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Hi
smot
herkeptt
hest
orecl
eanandconveni
ent
lyar
ranged.
1.
5.7.
3.Wi
thcor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ions
Thesei
ncl
udes:ei
ther
…or
,nei
ther
…nor
,notonl
y….
butal
so,bot
h….and,needt
o
havet
hesameorbal
ancedpat
ter
nsbot
hbef
oreandaf
tert
hehal
foft
hepai
r.
Exampl
es:
a.Thi
sbooki
snotonl
ybr
oader
,butal
sot
hemostdi
ff
icul
tone.(
Non-
par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thi
sbooki
snotonl
ybr
oader
,butal
somor
edi
ff
icul
t.Or
Thi
sbooki
snotonl
ythebr
oadest
,butal
sot
hemostdi
ff
icul
tone.
b.Thatmani
sei
therat
hieforr
obbi
ngt
hebank.(
Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thatmani
sei
therat
hieforar
obber
.

c.Ei
theryoumustgr
anthi
srequestori
ncurhi
sil
lwi
ll
.(Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Youmustei
thergr
anthi
srequestori
ncurhi
sil
lwi
ll
.
1.
5.7.
4.Compar
isonwi
th‘
than’or‘
as’
Whencompar
ingpeopl
eort
hingsusi
ng‘
than’or‘
as’
,youhavet
omakepar
all
el
compar
ison.
a.Thegi
rl
sinOnt
ari
oar
epr
ett
iert
hanCal
if
orni
a.(
Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Thegi
rl
sinOnt
ari
oar
epr
ett
iert
hant
hegi
rl
sinCal
if
orni
a.
b.Joan does notl
ike basket
bal
las much as she seemed t
oli
ke
f
oot
bal
l.
(Non-par
all
el)
Revi
sed:Joandoesnotl
ikebasket
bal
lasmuchasshel
ikesf
oot
bal
l.
Task13
Thef
oll
owi
ngsent
enceshaveer
ror
sinpar
all
eli
sm.I
dent
if
ythei
rpr
obl
emsand
wr
it
ethei
rcor
rectver
sion
1.Hernew f
ri
endenj
oyswor
kinghar
d,get
ti
ngpai
dwel
l,andt
oachi
evea
senseofsat
isf
act
ion.
2.Myl
it
tl
ebr
otherhat
est
ogetupear
lyi
nthemor
ning,t
obr
ushhi
steet
h
andcombi
nghi
shai
r.
3.Thecomput
ersyst
em hasmul
ti
plef
unct
ionssuchascor
rect
ingspel
li
ng
mi
stakes,checki
ng f
orgr
ammat
icaler
ror
s,and can checkpar
agr
aph
st
ruct
ure.
4.Thedr
ummerkeptt
hebeat
,thegui
tar
istpl
ayedt
hemel
odyandt
he
si
ngi
ngwasdonebyt
hepi
anopl
ayer
.
5.Mar
thal
ikeswal
king,
mount
aineer
ing,
swi
mmi
ngandshel
ikesr
eadi
ng.
6.Myi
nst
ruct
orwar
nedmet
orevi
semyessayandt
hatIshoul
dpaycl
ose
at
tent
iont
opar
all
elst
ruct
ures.
7.Thecommi
tt
eemember
sat
tendedt
hemeet
ing,r
efl
ect
edt
hei
rvi
ewsand
t
heywer
egoi
ngbackt
othei
rhomet
own.
8.AssoonasIent
eredt
hedor
m,Igr
eet
edmyf
ri
ends,pl
acedmyexer
cise
booksi
nthel
ocker
,andIwasr
unni
ngqui
ckl
ytot
hecaf
eter
ia.

9.Themovi
ewesawwasnotonl
ytool
ongbutwasal
soext
remel
yvi
olent
.
10. Hewant
edt
hreet
hingsoutofcol
lege:t
olear
nski
ll
,tomakegoodf
ri
ends,
andl
ear
ningaboutl
if
e.
Task14
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandr
evi
seanyunder
li
nedsect
ionsf
or
par
all
elgr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure.
Manycol
legecour
sesr
equi
rest
udent
stowr
it
eessaysaspar
toft
hecl
ass
cur
ri
cul
um.Anacademi
cessayf
oracol
legecour
seshoul
dcont
ainat
hesi
s,
body,
andt
oconcl
ude.I
tisi
mpor
tantf
orst
udent
stoper
for
m somet
ypeofpr
e-
wr
it
ingort
ocl
ust
erbef
oret
heyst
artt
ypi
ngont
hecomput
er.Pr
e-wr
it
ingwi
ll
usual
lyhel
pst
udent
stof
indandexpandnew i
deasf
ort
hepaper
. Af
terpr
e-
wr
it
ing,st
udent
s shoul
dtype a r
ough dr
aftusi
ng t
hei
rpr
evi
ous cl
ust
er.
St
udent
sar
eal
waysner
vousi
nwr
it
ingt
her
oughdr
aftandst
art
edt
hepaper
.It
i
sbet
terf
orst
udent
stowr
it
etot
heendoft
her
oughdr
aftt
hanst
oppi
ngever
y
f
ew sent
encest
ocheckt
hegr
ammar
.Ifst
udent
sdonotexpandt
hei
rrough
dr
aft
,theessaywi
llnotonl
ybeshor
tbutwi
llbeal
sodi
sor
gani
zed.Revi
singt
he
essayf
ora st
rong t
hesi
s,or
gani
zat
ion,and pr
opersuppor
ti
ng i
sthemost
i
mpor
tantpar
toft
hewr
it
ingpr
ocess.Thi
siswhatsepar
atest
hest
rongwr
it
ers
f
rom t
heweakwr
it
ers.Thef
inalst
epi
nwr
it
ingacol
legepaperi
sedi
ti
ng.Thi
sis
wher
est
udent
swi
llcheckt
hepaperf
orgr
ammat
icaler
ror
s,pr
operpunct
uat
ing,
andspel
li
nger
ror
s.A st
rongwr
it
ingpr
ocesswi
llal
low st
udent
stowr
it
ea
pr
opercol
legeessay.
1.
5.8.Avoi
dingUnnecessar
yShi
ft
s
Ashi
fti
nasent
encecanbedescr
ibedasanabr
upt
,unneededchangei
nsubj
ect
,
voi
ce,t
ense,mood,per
son,numberordi
rectori
ndi
rectdi
scour
se.These
unnecessar
yshi
ft
scanconf
user
eader
sandmakei
tdi
ff
icul
tfort
hem t
ofol
low
whatyouwr
it
e.Hence,youar
eint
endedt
ouseconsi
stentver
btense(
pastor
pr
esent
),per
son (
second ort
hir
d),voi
ce (
act
ive orpassi
ve)
,and mood
(
stat
ement
sorcommands)sot
hatyoucanconveyyourmessagesef
fect
ivel
y.

1.
5.8.
1.Shi
ft
sinsubj
ect
Ashi
fti
nsubj
ecti
sagr
ammat
icaler
rori
nwhi
cht
hewr
it
erst
art
sasent
ence,
par
agr
aph,orsect
ionofapaperusi
ngonepar
ti
cul
art
ypeofsubj
ectandt
hen
suddenl
yshi
ft
stoanot
her
.Thi
sof
tenconf
usest
her
eader
.Exampl
es:
a.Mostpeopl
e expectmaj
ori
mpr
ovement
sint
he f
utur
e,butsome
har
dshi
ps ar
e al
so ant
ici
pat
ed.(
The subj
ectshi
ft
sfr
om peopl
eto
har
dshi
psandt
hevoi
cef
rom act
ivet
opassi
ve)
Revi
sed:Mostpeopl
eexpectmaj
ori
mpr
ovement
sint
hef
utur
e,butt
hey
al
soant
ici
pat
esomehar
dshi
ps.or
Mostpeopl
eexpectmaj
ori
mpr
ovement
sint
hef
utur
e,butal
soant
ici
pat
e
somehar
dshi
ps.
b.Iam st
udyi
ngchemi
str
y,al
thoughl
abor
at ywor
or kdoesnotespeci
all
y
appealt
ome.(
Thesubj
ectshi
ft
sfr
om It
olabor
at ywor
or k)
Revi
sed:Iam st
udyi
ng chemi
str
y,al
though Ido notespeci
all
yli
ke
l
abor
ator
ywor
k.
1.
5.8.
2.Shi
ft
sinvoi
ce.
Shi
ft
sinvoi
ceoccurwhenawr
it
ermakesunnecessar
yshi
ft
sbet
weent
he
act
ivevoi
ceandt
hepassi
vevoi
ce.Mi
stakesl
iket
heseof
tenhappenwhen
combi
ningt
wot
hought
swi
thi
nasent
enceandi
tendsupmaki
ngt
hewhol
e
passagesoundawkwar
d.
Exampl
es:
a.Ouruni
ver
sit
y pr
esi
dentwi
llspeak f
oraboutan hourt
oday;t
hen
quest
ionsf
rom t
heaudi
encewi
llbeanswer
ed.(
Shi
ftf
rom act
ivevoi
cet
o
passi
vevoi
ce)
Revi
sed:Ouruni
ver
sit
ypr
esi
dentwi
llspeakf
oraboutanhourt
oday;t
hen
hewi
llanswerquest
ionsf
rom t
heaudi
ence.
b.Thef
ir
stdr
aftofmyr
esear
chpaperwascompl
eted,andt
henIst
art
ed
t
heseconddr
aft
.(Shi
ftf
rom passi
vet
oact
ive)
Revi
sed:Icompl
etedt
hef
ir
stdr
aftofmyr
esear
chpaper
,andt
henI
st
art
edt
heseconddr
aft
.

1.
5.8.
3.Shi
ft
sint
ense.
Ashi
fti
ntenseoccur
swhenasent
encebegi
nsi
nonet
enseandshi
ft
swi
thout
war
ningandf
ornor
easont
oanot
her
.Unl
essi
tisr
equi
redbyt
heevent
syouar
e
t
ell
ingi
nthepi
eceofwr
it
ing,youshoul
dnevershi
ftbet
weenpast
,pr
esentand
f
utur
etenses.Unnecessar
yshi
ft
sint
ensemor
ecommonl
yoccurwi
thi
na
par
agr
aphr
athert
hanwi
thi
nani
ndi
vidualsent
ence.Exampl
es:
a.I
nhi
stor
y,Har
ri
etTubmanwasapi
oneerf
ort
hef
reedom ofsl
aves.She
i
sanawesomewoman.(
Shi
ftf
rom pastt
opr
esentt
ense)
Revi
sed:I
nhi
stor
y,Har
ri
etTubmanwasapi
oneerf
ort
hef
reedom of
aves.Shewasanawesomewoman.
sl
b.JohnF.Kennedyar
ri
vedi
nDal
las,Texas,atar
ound11:
35a.
m.Fr
om t
he
ai
rpor
t,hi
scarwi
llbet
ravel
ingt
owar
ddownt
ownDal
las.Ast
hecar
s
t
urnedt
owar
dtheDal
lasBookDeposi
tor
y,shot
sr .(
angout Shi
ftf
rom
pastt
ofut
urecont
inuoust
ense)
Revi
sed:JohnF.Kennedyar
ri
vedi
nDal
las,Texas,atar
ound11:
35a.
m.Fr
om
t
heai
rpor
t,hi
scart
ravel
edt
owar
ddownt
ownDal
las.Ast
hecar
stur
ned
t
owar
dtheDal
lasBookDeposi
tor
y,shot
srangout
.
Not
e:Ofcour
seashi
fti
ntensei
snecessar
ywhenevert
her
eisachangei
nti
me.
Ther
efor
e,youmayshi
ftf
rom pr
esentt
opastt
enseorf
rom pastt
opr
esentonl
y
whenyouneedt
oindi
cat
eachangei
nti
measi
nthef
oll
owi
ngexampl
es:
a.Usual
ly,mydor
m mat
esandIst
udysever
aldaysbef
oreat
est
,butt
his
t
imewest
udi
edt
heni
ghtbef
ore.
b.Ouri
nst
r orwr
uct oteani
nter
est
ingl
abmanual
,whi
chi
sst
il
lusedt
oday
i
nourdepar
tment
.
Task15
Revi
set
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encest
oavoi
dunnecessar
yshi
ft
sinsubj
ect
,tense
andvoi
ce
1.Hest
udi
edcomput
ersci
encei
nAddi
sAbabaUni
ver
sit
yandobt
ainsa
bachel
ordegr
eewi
thgr
eatdi
sti
nct
ion.
2.I
fst
udent
sreal
lyl
ear
nhowt
ost
udyef
fi
cient
ly,
muchbet
tergr
adeswi
llbe

madeonexams.
3.Quest
ionsar
easkedbyt
hest
udent
swhent
heydonotunder
standt
he
i
nst
ruct
or.
4.Et
hiopi
an f
armer
s have l
ear
ned how t
o gr
ow cer
ealcr
ops and t
hei
r
t
radi
ti
onal knowl
edge and pr
act
ices have been passed on f
rom
gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.
5.Iaskedmyf
ri
endwhatsor
tofmusi
chel
iked,
andhet
ell
smet
hathehad
al
waysl
ikesspi
ri
tualmusi
c.Iaskedhi
mifhehadeverl
ist
enedt
oapop
musi
candhet
ell
smet
hathehadneverl
ist
enedt
oit
.
6.Acampai
gnt
ocl
eanupmovi
esi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesbegani
nthe1920s
asci
vicandr
eli
giousgr
oupst
ryt
obansexandvi
olencef
rom t
hescr
een.
7.Theuni
ver
sit
yisat
tempt
ingt
orevi
sei
tscur
ri
cul
um andt
hest
udent
s
wer
easkedt
osubmi
tsuggest
ions.
8.Somepeopl
eli
kebananas,
butst
rawber
ri
esar
epr
efer
redbyot
her
s.
1.
5.8.
4.Shi
ft
sinmood.
Moodi
ndi
cat
eswhet
herasent
encei
sast
atementoraquest
ion(
indi
cat
ive
mood)
,acommandorr
equest(
imper
ati
vemood)
,oracondi
ti
onalorot
hert
han
ar
ealst
atement(
subj
unct
ivemood)
.Shi
fti
nmoodoccur
swhent
hewr
it
erst
art
s
asent
enceusi
ng onepar
ti
cul
art
ypeofmood and t
hen suddenl
yshi
ft
sto
anot
her
.Exampl
es:
a.Readt
hei
nst
ruct
ionscar
eful
lyandyoumustassembl
etheequi
pment
compl
etel
ybef
orebegi
nni
ngt
hepr
ocedur
e.(
Shi
ftf
rom i
mper
ati
vemood
t
oindi
cat
ivemood)
Revi
sed:Readt
hei
nst
ruct
ionscar
eful
lyand assembl
etheequi
pment
compl
etel
ybef
orebegi
nni
ngt
hepr
ocedur
e.(
Imper
ati
vemoodi
susedconsi
stent
ly)
Revi
sed:You mustr
ead t
hei
nst
ruct
ionscar
eful
lyand assembl
ethe
equi
pmentcompl
etel
ybef
orebegi
nni
ngt
hepr
ocedur
e.(
Indi
cat
ivemoodi
sused
consi
stent
ly)
b.I
fhewer
eindi
ff
icul
tyandwasunabl
etoover
comei
t,woul
dyounothel
p

hi
m?(
Shi
ftf
rom subj
unct
ivemoodt
oindi
cat
ivemood)
Revi
sed:I
fhewer
eindi
ff
icul
tyandwer
eunabl
etoover
comei
t,woul
d
younothel
phi
m?
c.Hol
dther
if
lef
ir
mlyagai
nstyourshoul
der
,andt
henyoushoul
dtake
car
efulai
m.(
Thever
bshi
ft
sfr
om i
mper
ati
vet
oindi
cat
ivemood)
Revi
sed:Hol
dther
if
lef
ir
mlyagai
nstyourshoul
derandt
hent
akecar
eful
ai
m.
1.
5.8.
5.Shi
ft
sinper
son.
Ashi
fti
nper
sonoccur
swhenawr
it
ershi
ft
sbackandf
ort
hamongt
hef
ir
st,
secondandt
hir
dper
sons.
Exampl
es:
I
fourst
udent
sreal
lyst
udyhar
dandl
ear
nhow t
owor
kef
fect
ivel
y,you
cansucceedi
nthei
rli
fet
ime.(
Shi
ftf
rom t
hir
dper
sonpl
uralt
osecond
per
son)
Revi
sed:
a.I
fourst
udent
sreal
lyst
udyhar
dandl
ear
nhowt
owor
kef
fect
ivel
y,t
hey
cansucceedi
nthei
rli
fet
ime.
b.I
fyour
eal
lyst
udyhar
dandl
ear
nhow t
owor
kef
fect
ivel
y,youcan
succeedi
nyourl
if
eti
me.
1.
5.8.
6.Shi
ft
sinnumber
.
A shi
fti
nnumberoccur
swhenapl
uralpr
onouni
susedt
oref
erbackt
oa
si
ngul
arant
ecedentorvi
cever
sa.
Exampl
e:
Whenanempl
oyeei
str
eat
edwi
thr
espect
,theyar
emor
emot
ivat
edt
odoa
goodj
ob.(
Shi
ftf
rom t
hir
dper
sonsi
ngul
art
othi
rdper
sonpl
ural
)
Revi
sed:
a.Whenempl
oyeesar
etr
eat
edwi
thr
espect
,theyar
emor
emot
ivat
edt
odo
agoodj
ob.
b.Anempl
oyeewhoi
str
eat
edwi
thr
especti
smor
emot
ivat
edt
odoagood

j
ob.
c.Empl
oyeeswhoar
etr
eat
edwi
thr
espectar
emor
emot
ivat
edt
odoagood
j
ob.
1.
5.8.
7.Shi
ft
sfr
om di
rectt
oindi
rectdi
scour
se.
I
nwr
it
ing,
youar
erequi
redt
oavoi
dshi
ft
sbet
weeni
ndi
rectdi
scour
seanddi
rect
di
scour
se.I
tisi
ncor
rectt
owr
it
edi
rectdi
scour
seandomi
tthequot
ati
onmar
ks.
I
tisal
soi
ncor
rectt
owr
it
esent
encest
hatmi
xindi
rectanddi
rectdi
scour
se.
Suchshi
fter
ror
sconf
user
eader
swhocan’
ttel
lwhatwassai
dandwhatwas
mer
elybei
ngr
epor
ted.
Acr
it
icsai
dthatboar
dmember
swer
eact
ingascensor
sandwhatyouar
e
doi
ngi
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.(Sai
dthatset
supi
ndi
rectdi
scour
se,butwhat
youar
edoi
ngi
sunconst
it
uti
onali
sdi
rectdi
scour
se;i
tal
sol
acksquot
ati
on
mar
ksandt
hechangesi
nlanguaget
hatdi
sti
ngui
shspokenwor
dsf
rom
r
epor
tedwor
ds.
)
Revi
sed:
a.Acr
it
icsai
dthatboar
dmember
swer
eact
ingascensor
sandt
hatwhat
t
hey wer
e doi
ng i
s unconst
it
uti
onal
.(I
ndi
rect di
scour
se i
s used
consi
stent
ly)
b.Acr
it
ic,i
nst
ati
ngt
hatboar
dmember
swer
eact
ingascensor
s,added
“
Whatyouar
edoi
ngi
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.”(
Thi
srevi
sionusesdi
scour
se
cor
rect
ly,wi
th quot
ati
on mar
ks and ot
herchanges i
nlanguage t
o
di
sti
ngui
shspokenwor
dsf
rom r
epor
tedwor
ds.
)
Task16
Revi
set
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encest
oavoi
dunnecessar
yshi
ft
sinmood,per
son,
number
,anddi
rectt
oindi
rectdi
scour
se.
1.Peopl
efeelpr
oduct
ive,so when t
he j
ob i
s unsat
isf
ying,you usual
ly
become depr
essed.
2.Ahi
ghschoolorapr
imar
yteacheri
sver
yluckybecauset
heygett
he
summerof
f.
3.A uni
ver
sit
ylect
urerhasani
nter
est
ingj
obbecauset
hei
rst
udent
sar
e

al
wayssodi
ff
erent
.
4.Bef
oreyoucanpl
anwaysofi
mpr
ovi
ngyourEngl
ish,t
heywantt
oknow
exact
lywhatt
heydowel
landwhatneedsi
mpr
ovement
.
5.Mer
onandFenetbot
hthi
nkt
heywi
llwi
nfi
rstpr
izei
nthepoet
rycont
est
t
hatwi
llbehel
dbyEngl
ishl
anguageandl
it
erat
uredepar
tment
,butshe
wi
llnotbet
hewi
nnert
hisyear
.
6.Lookatt
hesky,
andyouwi
llt
ellmei
tscol
or.
7.Iam ver
yeagert
ocont
inuemyst
udi
esbyst
udyi
ngamast
er’
spr
ogr
am i
n
comput
ersci
encesot
hathecanspeci
ali
zei
nar
ti
fi
ciali
ntel
li
gence.
8.Thepr
oduct
ionCodei
ncl
udedt
wogui
del
inesonvi
olence:donotshowt
he
det
ail
sofbr
utalki
ll
ings,andmovi
esshoul
dnotbeexpl
ici
tabouthow t
o
commi
tcr
imes.
9.Bef
oreyoubegi
ntocr
it
ici
zeot
her
s,weshoul
dconsi
derwhatt
hosepeopl
e
mi
ghthavebeent
hrough.
10.Comet
othemai
ncampust
omor
row,andt
henyoushoul
dcal
lmei
nthe
mor
ning.
Task17
Revi
set
hef
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph t
o el
imi
nat
eunnecessar
yshi
ft
sin per
son,
number
,tense,
mood,
andvoi
ce.
Dr
ivi
ngi
nsnow neednotbedanger
ousi
fyoupr
act
iceaf
ew r
ules.Fi
rst
,one
shoul
davoi
dfastst
art
s,whi
chpr
eventt
hewheel
sfr
om gai
ningt
ract
ionand
mayr
esul
tint
hecar
'sget
ti
ngst
uck.Second,dr
ivemor
esl
owl
ythanusual
,and
youshoul
dpayat
tent
iont
othef
eeloft
hecar
:ift
hest
eer
ingseemedunusual
ly
l
ooseort
hewheel
sdi
dnotseem t
obegr
abbi
ngt
her
oad,sl
ow down.Thi
rd,
avoi
dfastst
ops,whi
chl
eadt
oski
ds.Oneshoul
dbeal
ertf
orot
hercar
sand
i
nter
sect
ionst
hatmaynecessi
tat
ethatt
hebr
akesbeappl
iedsuddenl
y.I
fyou
needt
osl
owdown,
thecar
'smoment
um canber
educedbydownshi
ft
ingaswel
l
asbyappl
yingt
hebr
akes.Whenbr
aki
ng,
presst
hepedalt
othef
looronl
yifyou
haveant
il
ockbr
akes;ot
her
wise,t
hepedalshoul
dbepumpedi
nshor
tbur
sts.I
f
youf
eelt
hecarski
ddi
ng,
thebr
akesshoul
dber
eleasedandt
hewheelshoul
dbe

t
urnedi
ntot
hedi
rect
ionoft
heski
d,andt
hent
hebr
akesshoul
dbepr
essedor
pumpedagai
n.I
foner
epeat
edt
hesemot
ions,
theski
dwoul
dbest
oppedandt
he
speedoft
hecarwoul
dber
educed.
1.
6.Usi
ngVar
iedSent
enceTypes
I
naddi
ti
ont
obei
ngf
ami
li
arwi
thsent
encesaccor
dingt
othei
rgr
ammat
ical
f
orms,youshoul
dlear
nhow t
ovar
ysent
encel
engt
handhow t
ousespeci
al
l
it
erar
ysent
encet
ypes.Sent
encevar
iet
yest
abl
ishesr
hyt
hm,cont
ri
but
est
o
meani
ngandkeepst
her
eader
’si
nter
est
.Thi
ssect
ionpr
ovi
desyouwi
tht
he
waysofvar
yingsent
encesi
nyourwr
it
ing.
Toomanysi
mpl
eorcompoundsent
encesbegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hesubj
ectf
oll
owed
byt
hever
bcancr
eat
eamonot
onousef
fect
.Mor
eimpor
tant
ly,
suchwr
it
ingmay
l
ackcoher
enceandneededemphasi
s.I
nor
dert
oimpr
ovecoher
enceandadd
emphasi
stoyourwr
it
ing,
consi
derbegi
nni
ngyoursent
encesdi
ff
erent
ly.Lookat
someoft
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
es:
1.
6.1.Begi
nwi
thadver
bialmodi
fi
er
Youcaneasi
lybegi
nwi
thanadver
bialmodi
fi
eri
nfr
ontoft
hesent
encesubj
ect
,
i
fsuch const
ruct
ion i
s needed t
o achi
eve emphasi
s and coher
ence.The
modi
fi
erscanbesi
ngl
ewor
d,phr
ases,
orcl
auses.
Exampl
es:
Or
igi
nal
:Thewor
ker
sint
hef
act
orywer
eint
hei
rroomsf
orsevendays,
wher
etheywer
edepr
ivedofsl
eep,over
whel
medbywor
ks,anddr
ivent
o
di
str
act
ionwi
thwor
ry.
Revi
sed f
orvar
iet
y:Forseven days,t
he wor
ker
sint
he f
act
ory wer
e
depr
ivedofsl
eep,over
whel
medbywor
ks,anddr
ivent
odi
str
act
ionwi
th
wor
ry.

Or
igi
nal
:Theor
nit
hol
ogi
stcaut
iousl
yappr
oachedt
heeagl
e’snest
.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Caut
iousl
y,t
heor
nit
hol
ogi
stappr
oachedt
heeagl
e’s
nest
.
1.
6.2.Begi
nwi
thpr
eposi
ti
onalphr
ase
Or
igi
nal
:Todaywast
hef
ir
stdayi
nmyEngl
ishcl
ass,
andIcoul
dn'
tbel
ieve
t
hatwehadanassi
gnmental
ready.
Revi
sed f
orvar
iet
y:I
n my Engl
ish cl
ass t
oday,we al
ready have an
assi
gnment
.
Or
igi
nal
:Ther
ewer
etwoki
ndsofengi
neer
sbef
oret
heI
ndust
ri
alRevol
uti
on.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Bef
oret
heI
ndust
ri
alRevol
uti
on,t
her
ewer
etwoki
nds
ofengi
neer
s.
1.
6.3.Begi
nwi
thPar
ti
cipi
alphr
ases
Or
igi
nal
:Ikeept
hinki
ngoft
hel
azydaysofsummer
,andIwi
shSept
ember
hadneverar
ri
ved.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Thi
nki
ngoft
hel
azydaysofsummer
,Iwi
shSept
ember
hadneverar
ri
ved.
Or
igi
nal
:Themol
ecul
esofagasathi
ght
emper
atur
emovewi
thi
nacl
osed
space,
const
ant
lycol
li
dingwi
thwal
lsandot
hermol
ecul
es.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Const
ant
lycol
li
dingwi
thwal
lsandot
hermol
ecul
es,
the
mol
ecul
esofagasathi
ght
emper
atur
emovewi
thi
nacl
osedspace.
1.
6.4.Begi
nwi
thi
nfi
nit
ivephr
ase
Or
igi
nal
:Mybr
otherusedt
ost
udyhar
dtoper
for
m wel
lonmat
ri
cul
ati
on.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Toper
for
m wel
lonmat
ri
cul
ati
on,mybr
otherusedt
o
st
udyhar
d.
Or
igi
nal
:A t
hor
ough under
standi
ng oft
her
modynami
cs i
srequi
red t
o
desi
gnaheatsi
nk,anai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngsyst
em,orani
nter
nalcombust
ion
engi
ne.

Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Todesi
gnaheatsi
nk,
anai
rcondi
ti
oni
ngsyst
em,
oran
i
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
ne,at
hor
oughunder
standi
ngoft
her
modynami
cs
i
srequi
red.
1.
6.5.Begi
nwi
thsubor
dinat
ecl
ause
Subor
dinat
ecl
ausesatt
hebegi
nni
ngsofsent
encesusual
lyser
veasadver
bs.
Begi
nasent
encewi
thasubor
dinat
eordependentcl
auset
oachi
evevar
iet
ythat
r
esul
tsi
nacompl
exsent
ence.
Or
igi
nal
:Todaywasthefi
rstdayinmyEngl
ishcl
ass,andIcoul
dn'
tbel
ievet
hat
wehadanassignmentalready.
Revi
sedforvari
ety:Sincetodaywasthefi
rstdayinmyEngl i
shclass,I
f
oundi
thar
dtobel
ievet
hatweal
readyhadhomewor
k.
Or
igi
nal
:Mostnoct
urnalbi
rdshavever
ylar
geeyes,butt
heNew Zeal
and
Ki
wi’
seyesar
eti
ny.
Revi
sedf
orvar
iet
y:Al
thoughmostnoct
urnalbi
rdshavever
ylar
geeyes,
the
NewZeal
andKi
wi’
seyesar
eti
ny.
Task18
Rewr
it
eeachsent
encesot
hati
tbegi
nswi
thani
ntr
oduct
orywor
d,phr
ase,or
cl
ausemodi
fi
er.Oneexampl
eisdonef
oryou.
Exampl
e:
 Thenew ci
tyhal
l,an excel
lentexampl
eofmoder
n ar
chi
tect
ure,i
sa
f
avor
it
etour
istsi
te.
 An excel
lentexampl
eofmoder
n ar
chi
tect
ure,t
henew ci
tyhal
lisa
f
avor
it
etour
istsi
te.
1.Ar
chaeol
ogi
stshavedi
scover
edmanyf
act
saboutt
hel
if
eandt
imesof
anci
entPompei
ici
tyt
oaddt
oourknowl
edgeofbygonedays.
2.Weal
thy Romans, at
tr
act
ed by t
he beaut
y of t
he l
ocat
ion and
heal
thf
ulnessoft
hecl
imat
e,bui
ltmanyvi
ll
asi
nPompei
i.
3.Amer
icansi
n1776hel
damockf
uner
alf
ort
heBr
it
ishKi
ng,mar
kingt
he
“
deat
h”oft
yranny.

4.Hel
ookedt
hrought
hepr
ogr
am t
ofi
ndwhatsongsChi
taRi
ver
awoul
d
si
ng.
5.Someoneusual
lypl
ayedapi
anoi
nthet
heat
ert
oaccompanyt
heact
ioni
n
t
hef
il
m.
6.Themet
ri
csyst
em,
test
edandr
efi
ned,
hasbeeni
nusei
nEur
opeand
mostoft
her
estoft
hewor
ldsi
ncet
heear
lyni
net
eent
hcent
ury.
1.
7.ChoppySent
ences
I
fyou over
load yourwr
it
ing wi
th sent
encesoft
hesamel
engt
h orchoppy
sent
ences,i
tbecomesmonot
onous.Toavoi
dthi
smonot
ony,useavar
iet
yof
sent
encest
ruct
uresi
nyourwr
it
ing.Youmaymakechoppysent
encesef
fect
ive
bycombi
ningsomesi
mpl
esent
encesi
ntocompoundorcompl
exsent
ences;by
var
yingsent
encebegi
nni
ngsorbycombi
ningsomeshor
tsent
encesi
ntol
onger
ones.
Exampl
es:
Choppy:Acarspr
ingwi
llext
endandr
eleaset
heener
gy.I
tabsor
bst
his
ener
gywheni
thi
tsabump.Whent
hebumpoccur
s,t
hespr
ingext
endsand
r
eleasest
heener
gyatanuncont
rol
ledr
ate.Thi
scanbepr
event
edbya
shockabsor
ber
.Theshockabsor
berpr
ovi
desadampeni
ngst
ruct
ure.
Ef
fect
ive:Unl
essadampeni
ngst
ruct
urepr
ovi
dedbyashockabsor
beri
s
pr
esent
,acarspr
ingwi
llext
endandr
eleaset
heener
gyt
hati
tabsor
bsf
rom
abumpatanuncont
rol
ledr
ate.
Choppy:Thespr
ingwi
llcont
inuet
obounce.I
twi
llbounceati
tsnat
ural
f
requency.I
twi
lldot
hisunt
ilal
loft
heener
gyi
susedup.Thi
sisener
gy
t
hatwasor
igi
nal
lyputi
ntoi
t.
Ef
fect
ive:Thespr
ingwi
llcont
inuet
obounceati
tsnat
uralf
requencyunt
il
al
loft
heener
gyor
igi
nal
lyputi
ntoi
tisusedup.

Task19
Thef
oll
owi
ngi
temscont
ainchoppysent
encest
hatr
esul
tinpoorst
yleof
academi
c wr
it
ing.Rewr
it
ethem by maki
ng t
he choppy sent
ences mor
e
ef
fect
ive
1.Wemustf
indnew sour
cesofener
gy.Nat
uralsour
cesofener
gyar
e
decr
easi
ng.Sol
arener
gyi
sapr
omi
singnew sour
ceofener
gy.Sol
ar
ener
gyi
sener
gyf
rom sun.
2.Mygr
andmot
herwasagr
egar
iouswoman.Shehadmanyf
ri
ends.She
of
teni
nvi
tedt
hem t
oherhomei
nthecount
ry.
3.Shewasourbi
ologyt
eacher
.Wewer
einhi
ghschool
.Shewast
iny.She
wasabi
rdl
ikewoman.Shewasswar
thy.Shehaddar
keyes.Hereyes
wer
espar
kli
ng.Herhai
rwasgr
ayi
ng.
4.Wi
ndi
sanendur
ingsour
ceofpower
.Wat
eri
sal
sounl
imi
tedener
gy
sour
ce.Damspr
oducehydr
aul
icpower
.Theyhaveexi
stedf
oral
ongt
ime.
Wi
ndmi
ll
sar
erel
ati
vel
ynew.
5.Hemustcl
eanal
lthesi
lver
.Hemustputi
taway.Hemustl
ooki
tup.He
mustbr
ingmet
hekeyoft
hebox.Thesewer
emyor
der
stohi
m.
6.At
ti
cusFi
nch i
sa l
awyer
.He l
ivesi
n a smal
lAl
abama t
own cal
led
Maycomb.Hehast
wochi
ldr
en.Her
aisest
hem al
onebecausehei
sa
wi
dower
.Hei
sanhonestman.Hel
ivesamongpoor
,pr
ejudi
cedpeopl
e.
Hef
acest
roubl
ewhenhedef
endsabl
ackmani
nat
ri
al.
7.Myf
ri
endwasr
est
less.Hewal
kedoutofhi
shouse.Hewal
keddownt
he
bl
ock.Het
urnedl
eftatt
hecor
ner
.Hewentt
othegr
ocer
y.Hewal
kedi
nto
t
hegr
ocer
y.Heboughtsomest
alecheese.Hewal
kedhomeandat
ethe
st
alecheese.
1.
8.Conci
senessi
nWr
it
ingSent
ences
Somebel
ievet
hatconci
senesscanbeachi
evedbywr
it
ingt
hesent
enceswi
th
st
rongandf
ewwor
ds.However
,asent
encei
sshor
tdoesnotnecessar
il
ymean
t
hati
tisconci
se,
ort
hatasent
encei
slongmeansi
tisnotnecessar
il
ywor
dy.To
wr
it
econci
sel
ymeanst
omakeyourwr
it
ingcl
earandunder
standabl
ebyst
ati
ng

youri
deasdi
rect
lyandbr
ief
ly.
Whi
ch oft
hef
oll
owi
ngsar
econci
se?Whi
ch onesar
ewor
dy?Why?What
st
rat
egi
escanyouuset
oel
imi
nat
ethi
swor
diness?
a.Ther
ivermovesmor
esl
owl
yonl
evell
and,
andsoi
tspr
eadsoutoverawi
de
ar
ea,
andi
ttr
acesacur
vecal
leda“
meander
.”
b.Ther
ivermovesmor
esl
owl
yonl
evell
and.I
tspr
eadsoutoverawi
dear
ea
andi
ttr
acesacur
vecal
leda“
meander
.”
a.Overt
hecour
seoft
heyear
,Jer
ryBr
other
sInc.i
ncr
easedt
hei
rpr
ofi
tsbyonl
y
t
hreeper
cent
,whi
chwasdi
sappoi
nti
ng,butt
heywer
eabl
etor
educet
hei
r
over
headbymor
ethanf
if
typer
cent
,sot
heover
allpr
ofi
tsf
ort
hecompany
near
lyt
ri
pleddur
ingt
hecour
seoft
heyear
.
b.Overt
hecour
seoft
heyear
,Jer
ryBr
other
sInc.i
ncr
easedt
hei
rpr
ofi
tsbyonl
y
t
hreeper
cent
,whi
chwasdi
sappoi
nti
ng.Ont
heot
herhand,
theywer
eabl
eto
r
educet
hei
rover
headbymor
ethanf
if
typer
cent
.Consequent
ly,t
heover
all
pr
ofi
tsf
ort
hecompanynear
lyt
ri
pleddur
ingt
hecour
seoft
heyear
.
Asyoucanseef
rom t
heaboveexampl
e,onei
mpor
tantst
rat
egyt
oel
imi
nat
e
wor
dinessi
stomakesur
ethatyouhavenotj
oinedt
oomanyi
deasi
none
sent
encebyover
usi
ngcoor
dinat
ingwor
ds.Revi
sesent
enceswi
tht
oomany
i
deasbydi
vidi
ngt
hem i
ntot
woormor
esent
ences,
byusi
ngcompoundsubj
ect
s
andcompoundpr
edi
cat
es,andbyput
ti
ngsomei
deasi
nsubor
dinat
ecl
ause.
Her
ear
eal
sosomemor
eimpor
tantst
rat
egi
est
oavoi
dneedl
esswor
diness
1.
9.Needl
essRepet
it
ion
I
nor
dert
okeept
hei
nter
estoft
her
eader
sandt
oemphasi
zesi
gni
fi
canti
deas,
it
i
susual
lyi
mpor
tantandevennecessar
y,t
orepeatmai
nideasandpoi
ntsi
nyour
wr
it
ing.Repet
it
ioni
sal
soessent
iali
nconnect
ingasent
encewi
tht
heonet
hat
pr
ecedesi
tforcohesi
on.However
,unnecessar
yrepet
it
ionwast
esr
eader
s’t
ime
andener
gy,causeswr
it
ingt
obeneedl
essl
ywor
dy,andcani
rr
it
ater
athert
han
ai
dreader
s.Whent
her
epet
it
ionofawor
dorphr
asei
scl
ear
lynotneeded,
revi
se

t
hesent
ence.
Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:WhenMar
kossaw t
headver
ti
sementi
nthenewspaperf
ort
he
execut
iveaccount
antposi
ti
on,
hedeci
dedt
oappl
yfort
heposi
ti
on.Mar
kos
hadwor
kedf
orhi
scur
rentf
ir
mforf
iveyear
s,butMar
koswasr
eadyf
ora
newposi
ti
onwi
thadi
ff
erentf
ir
m.Mar
koswasconf
identt
hathewoul
dbe
of
fer
edt
heposi
ti
oni
fheappl
iedf
ort
heposi
ti
on.
Conci
se:WhenMar
kossaw t
headver
ti
sementi
nthenewspaperf
ort
he
execut
iveaccount
antposi
ti
on,hedeci
dedt
oappl
yfort
hej
ob.Theyoung
manhadwor
kedf
orhi
scur
rentf
ir
mforf
iveyear
s,buthewasr
eadyf
ora
newr
olewi
thadi
ff
erentcompany.Mar
koswasconf
identt
hathewoul
dbe
of
fer
edt
heposi
ti
oni
fheappl
iedf
ori
t.
1.
9.1Avoi
dEmpt
yWor
dsandPhr
ases
Avoi
dusi
ngempt
ywor
dsandphr
ases,suchasusi t
ng‘her
ear
e’or‘
iti
s’att
he
begi
nni
ngofasent
encei
nst
eadofst
art
ingwi
tht
hesubj
ectoft
hesent
ence.
Whenpossi
ble,
rewor
dthesent
encesot
hatt
hesubj
ectcomesatt
hebegi
nni
ng.
Ot
herexampl
esofempt
ywor
dsandphr
asesar
eusi
nghedgewor I
dssuchas‘
bel
ieve’
,‘i
nmyopi
nion’
,‘i
tappear
s’,andsof
ort
h.I
tisgener
all
ybestt
osi
mpl
y
l
eaveoutt
hesephr
ases,asr
eader
sassumet
hatyouar
eshar
ingyourown
bel
ief
s,opi
nions,
andt
hel
ikewhenyouwr
it
e.Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:Ther
ear
emor
ethant
hir
typeopl
eli
vingi
nthi
sapar
tmentbui
ldi
ng.
I
nmyopi
nion,
thebestt
hingt
hatt
heycandoi
sst
artover
.
Conci
se:Mor
ethant
hir
typeopl
eli
vei
nthi
sapar
tmentbui
ldi
ng.Thebest
t
hingt
heycandoi
sst
artover
.
Wor
dy:Ther
eisasnow-
cappedmount
aint
hatappear
sont
hel
eft
,and
t
her
ear
est
orm cl
oudst
hatar
egat
her
ingi
nthebackgr
ound.
Conci
se:Asnow-
cappedmount
ainappear
sont
hel
eft
,andst
orm cl
ouds
ar
egat
her
ingi
nthebackgr
ound.
Wor
dy:It
hinkt
hatGeor
ge'
swi
fei
sunhappybecauseGeor
gei
gnor
esher
.

Conci
se:Geor
ge'
swi
fei
sunhappybecauseGeor
gei
gnor
esher
.
1.
9.2.Avoi
dWor
dyPhr
asesandSent
ences
Soast
omaket
hesent
encet
obemor
edi
rectandpower
ful
,inmanycases,
you
needt
ost
rengt
hensent
encesbyr
epl
aci
ngwor
dyver
bphr
aseswi
tht
hever
b
al
one.
Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:Whenyouneedt
omaker
epai
rst
oyourappl
iance,
car
eful
lyconsul
t
t
heowner
’smanual
.
Conci
se:Whenyouneedt
orepai
ryourappl
iance,car
eful
lyconsul
tthe
owner
’smanual
.
Wor
dy:Bef
oreper
for
mingt
het
estont
hepat
ient
s,t
hedoct
ormadesur
eto
obt
aint
hei
rper
missi
on.
Conci
se:Bef
oret
est
ingt
hepat
ient
s,t
hedoct
orobt
ainedt
hei
rper
missi
on.
Nomi
nal
izat
ionsar
eanot
herexampl
eofwr
it
ingt
hati
sof
tenover
lywor
dy.A
nomi
nal
izat
ioni
sanount
hati
smadef
rom awor
dthati
snor
mal
lyusedasa
ver
b,suchaspr
eser
vat
ionf
rom pr
eser
veandr
eli
ancef
rom r
ely.Suchwor
dsar
e
of
tenf
oll
owedbyaf
orm oft
obeorapr
eposi
ti
onalphr
aseorbot
h,asi
nthe
phr
ase“
thedeci
sionoft
heboar
dist
o….
”Suchconst
ruct
ionsar
eneedl
essl
y
l
ong.
Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:Theyr
efused t
o make al
ter
ati
ons t
othe pl
ans i
n or
dert
o be
compl
iantwi
tht
hebui
ldi
ngcode.
Conci
se:Theyr
efusedt
oal
tert
hepl
ansi
nor
dert
obecompl
iantwi
tht
he
bui
ldi
ngcode.
Conci
se:Hi
smanagementoft
hebusi
nesswasexcel
lent
.
Conci
se:Hemanagedt
hebusi
nessexcel
lent
ly.
1.
9.3.Avoi
dUnnecessar
yPassi
veVoi
ce
Sent
encest
hatuset
hepassi
vevoi
cear
egener
all
ylessdi
rectandwor
diert
han
t
hoset
hatuseact
ivevoi
cef
ort
hesubj
ectposi
ti
oni
soccupi
ednotbyt
heper
son
ort
hingdoi
ngt
heact
ion.Fort
hisr
eason,youar
eint
endedt
ouseact
ivevoi
ce
whenpossi
bleandappr
opr
iat
e.Exampl
es:

Wor
dy:Themeet
ingwasi
nit
iat
edbyourcol
legedean.
Conci
se:Ourcol
legedeani
nit
iat
edt
hemeet
ing.
Wor
dy:Yest
erday,
anemer
gencyevacuat
ionwasmandat
edbyt
hemayor
.
Conci
se:Yest
erday,
themayormandat
edanemer
gencyevacuat
ion.
However
,ther
ear
eti
meswhent
hepassi
vevoi
cei
spr
efer
red.Fori
nst
ance,
when
wr
it
erswantt
ofocusont
heact
ionr
athert
hant
heact
ororwhent
heact
ori
s
uni
mpor
tantorunknown,
passi
veconst
ruct
ionsar
egener
all
ybest
.Exampl
es:
Lastweekt
woescapedconvi
ctswer
ecapt
ured.
Wehear
dthatt
hir
tyempl
oyeeswi
llbel
aidof
fnextweek.
1.
9.4.Maket
heRi
ghtDi
cti
on
I
nor
dert
owr
it
eyoursent
encesconci
sel
yandef
fect
ivel
y,youhavet
omake
car
efulwor
d choi
ce.Use pr
eci
se,descr
ipt
ive,and i
nter
est
ing wor
ds.For
exampl
e,t
ryt dvaguenounssuchast
oavoi ype,t
hing,ki
nd,andsi
tuat
ion;vague
adj
ect
ivessuchasni
ce,good,bad,andal
ot;andvagueadver
bssuchasr
eal
ly,
ver
y,and t
otal
ly.Keep a good di
cti
onar
yand t
hesaur
us athand f
oreasy
r
efer
encesot
hatyoucanf
indt
hewor
dst
hatbestexpr
essyourmeani
ng.
Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:Thati
sexact
lyt
het
ypeoft
hingt
hati
sver
ygoodf
orourcompany.
Conci
se:Fi
ndi
ngsol
idcompani
eswi
thwhi
cht
omer
gehaspr
ovent
obean
excel
lentwayt
oexpandourmar
ketshar
eandi
ncr
easepr
ofi
ts.
Wor
dy:Thi
ssi
tuat
ionhast
urnedoutt
ober
eal
lybad.
Conci
se:Unf
ort
unat
ely,
thest
ockhol
der
s’meet
ingwasadi
smalf
ail
ure.
1.
9.5.Avoi
dRedundancy
Redundancyi
nyourwr
it
ingmeansusi
ngwor
dst
hatcoul
dbel
eftoutwi
thout
changi
ngorl
osi
nganymeani
ng.Sayi
ngt
hati
tis67degr
eesi
ntemper
atur
e,f
or

exampl
e,i
sredundantbecauseweal
readyknowt
hatwhenweusedegr
eeswe
ar
etal
kingaboutt
emper
atur
e.Whenyouf
indr
edundantwor
dingi
nyourwr
it
ing,
r
evi
sei
t.
Exampl
es:
Wor
dy:Many uneducat
ed ci
ti
zens who have neverat
tended school
cont
inuet
ovot
eforbet
terschool
s.
Conci
se:Manyuneducat
edci
ti
zenscont
inuet
ovot
eforbet
terschool
s.
Wor
dy:Thet
eacherdemonst
rat
edsomeoft
hevar
iouswaysandmet
hods
f
orcut
ti
ngwor
dsf
rom myessayt
hatIhadwr
it
tenf
orcl
ass.
Conci
se:Thet
eacherdemonst
rat
edmet
hodsf
orcut
ti
ngwor
dsf
rom my
essay.
Task20
Revi
set
hesesent
encest
ost
atet
hei
rmeani
ngi
nconci
sewor
ds.Uset
woor
mor
esent
encesi
fnecessar
y
1.I
n myopi
nion,Iwasconvi
nced t
hatt
hebui
ldi
ng wel
ivei
n coul
d be
r
epai
red.
2.Thei
nspect
orhadnocl
eari
deai
nhi
smi
ndast
othei
dent
it
yofwhot
he
j
ewelt
hiefwas.
3.Aboveal
lthi
ngsmyyoungerbr
otherl
ikesmyst
eryst
ori
esbest
.
4.Theai
rpl
anewasi
nvent
edi
n1903,andsot
ravelwi
thi
nNor
thAmer
ica
becamef
astandconveni
ent
,andai
rtr
avelsoonconnect
edt
hecont
inent
wi
tht
her
estoft
hewor
ld.
5.A campusr
all
ywasat
tendedbymor
ethanat
housandst
udent
s.Fi
ve
st
udent
swer
ear
rest
edbycampuspol
icef
ordi
sor
der
lyconduct
,whi
le
sever
alot
her
sar
echar
gedbycampusadmi
nist
rat
orswi
thor
gani
zinga
publ
icmeet
ingwi
thoutbei
ngi
ssuedaper
mitt
odoso.
Task21

Thesent
encesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphar
ewor
dy.Rewr
it
ethepar
agr
apht
o
maket
hesesent
encesmor
econci
se
Canadahasasmal
lpopul
ati
onf
ori
tssi
ze,andsoi
thasonl
yaf
ewl
argeci
ti
es,
andTor
ont
oist
hel
argestci
ty.I
tisi
nthepr
ovi
nceofOnt
ari
o.Banki
ngand
i
ndust
ryar
eimpor
tantact
ivi
ti
esi
nTor
ont
o,andt
hebusyst
ockexchanget
her
e
l
eadst
hewhol
ewor
ldi
nbuyi
ngandsel
li
ngmi
ningshar
esi
nmi
nes.Mont
reali
s
t
hesecond l
argestci
ty,and i
tisi
nthepr
ovi
nceofQuebec.Byt
he1980s
Vancouver
,int
hepr
ovi
nceofBr
it
ishCol
umbi
a,hadbecomet
het
hir
dlar
gestci
ty,
andsoi
tisnextaf
terTor
ont
oandMont
real
.Al
lthr
eeci
ti
esar
ecl
oset
othe
cont
inent
alUni
tedSt
ates.However
,al
lthr
eeci
ti
esar
efari
ndi
stancef
rom t
he
nor
ther
npar
tofCanada.
1.
10.Punct
uat
ionMar
ksi
nWr
it
ingEf
fect
iveSent
ences
Punct
uat
ionmar
kscanmakeormart
hemeani
ngofasent
ence.Theyar
easet
ofsymbol
s,andar
eani
ntegr
alpar
tofwr
it
tenl
anguage.Ther
ear
especi
fi
crul
es
f
ort
heusageofeach.Punct
uat
ionmar
kshel
pputspokenwor
dsi
ntowr
it
ing.
Thus,i
tissai
dthatpunct
uat
ioni
sthear
tofdi
vidi
ngwr
it
tendi
scour
sesi
nto
sect
ionsbymeansofpoi
nts,f
ort
hepur
poseofshowi
ng t
hegr
ammat
ical
connect
ionanddependence,
andofmaki
ngt
hesensemor
eobvi
ous.
Themosti
mpor
tantpunct
uat
ionmar
ksar
e:t
hef
ullst
oporper
iod,t
hequest
ion
mar
k,t
heexcl
amat
ionmar
k,t
hecomma,t
hesemi
col
on,t
hecol
on,
thedash,t
he
hyphen,
thebr
acketorpar
ent
hesi
s,t
hequot
ati
onmar
kandt
heapost
rophe.
Punct
uat
ionmar
kswi
thsomer
elevantexampl
es
Punct
uat
ionMar
ks Exampl
es
Ful
lst
oporper
iod(
.)

Putaf
ullst
oporper
iodt
oenda Fl
ower
sar
ebeaut
if
uli
nthespr
ing.
st
atementoracommand. Wat
ert
hef
lower
s.
Useaf
ullst
oporaper
iodaf
teran B.
Sc.
,Ph.
D.,
Mr.
,Mr
s.
abbr
evi
ati
onorshor
tenedwor
d
Putaquest
ionmar
katt
heendofa Howl
onghavebeeni
nAr
baMi
nch?
quest
ion
Useanexcl
amat
ionmar
ktoshowst
rong Wel
l,
Iam notagar
dener
!Whatanawf
ul
f
eel
ing si
ght
!
Comma(
,)mar
kfort
heshor
testpausei
sused:
Tosepar
atei
temsi
naser
ies Iam t
aki
ngEngl
ish,
Spani
sh,
physi
cs,
and
economi
cs.
Tosepar
atet
hedayoft
hemont
hfr
om Amer
icansdecl
aredt
hei
rindependence
t
heyear
,andaf
tert
heyear
. f
rom Engl
andonJul
y4,
1776,
in
Phi
ladel
phi
a.
Not
e:i
fnodayi
sgi
ven,
nocommasar
e Amer
icansdecl
aredt
hei
rindependence
necessar
y. f
rom Engl
andi
n1776i
nPhi
ladel
phi
a.
Tosepar
atet
hepar
tsofanaddr
essi
na Theof
fi
ceoft
hef
amousf
ict
ionaldet
ect
ive
sent
ence. Sher
lock Hol
mes was l
ocat
ed at221b
BakerSt
reet
,London,
Engl
and.
Wal
kinghome,
mysi
sterdeci
dedt
o
Tosetof
fani
ntr
oduct
oryphr
asef
rom t
he changehermaj
or.
r
estoft
hesent
ence. Tokeepf
it
,peopl
eshoul
dtr
ytoexer
cise
r
egul
arl
y.
Ihavevi
sit
ed onl
yonecount
ry,Canada,
Tosetof
fanapposi
ti
ve—awor
dorwor
d out
sidet
heUni
tedSt
ates.
gr
oupt
hati
dent
if
ies,
renames,
or Mr
.John,
ourheadmast
er,
isout
.
descr
ibesanounorapr
onoun. Ar
eal
lygi
ft
edar
ti
st,hei
sal
soawonder
ful
f
ather
.
Themayor
,whowasr
ecent
lyel
ect
ed,has
Tosepar
ateanon-
def
ini
ngcl
ause. nopol
it
icalexper
ience.
Theboy,
whost
oodf
ir
st,
gotapr
ize.
Wedon’
tneedt
obr
ingumbr
ell
as,
fort
he
Bef
oreacoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ioni
na suni
sshi
ningbr
ight
ly.
compoundsent
ence. Becausekor
aisanout
standi
ngst
udent
,he

Af
teradependentadver
bialcl
auset
hati
s al
waysget
sthef
ir
str
ankf
rom t
hecl
ass.
f
oll
owedbyani
ndependentcl
ausei
na
compl
exsent
ence.
Semi
col
on(
;)mar
kforal
it
tl
elongerpauset
hant
hecomai
sused:
Bet
weeni
ndependentcl
ausest
hatar
e Mybat
ter
yisdead;mycarwon’
tst
art
.
notconnect
edbyacoor
dinat
ing Mybat
ter
yisdead;t
her
efor
e,mycarwon’
t
conj
unct
ioni
nacompoundsent
ence. st
art
.
Comei
nti
me;del
aymayspoi
lyour
chance.
Col
on(
:)al
ongerpauset
hansemi
col
oni
sused:
Toi
ntr
oduceadi
rectquot
ati
on. Ourf
ami
lymot
toi
sasi
mpl
eone:“
Accept
nosubst
it
utes.
”
Toi
ntr
oduceanexpl
anat
ion,
a Onl
yonet
hingkepthi
mfr
om cl
imbi
ngMt
.
cl
ari
fi
cat
ion,
oranexampl
e. Ever
est
:fearofhei
ght
s.
Toi
ntr
oduceal
ist
. Il
eftmyj
obf
orf
ourr
easons:bor
ingwor
k,
poorwor
kingcondi
ti
ons,
lowpay,
anda

t
err
ibl
esuper
visor
.
Thedash(
—),
thehyphen(
-),
andt
hebr
acket()
Usedashest
osetof
fimpor
tant Shepar
kedhercar
—ar
edFi
rebi
rd—i
nfr
ont
i
nfor
mat
ion. oft
hepr
esi
dentof
fi
ce.
Pi
ck-
pocket
,hotwat
er-
bot
tl
e
Usehyphent
ofor
m acompoundwor
d. Theweat
heri
nPor
tl
and(
aci
tyi
nOr
egon)
Usebr
acketorpar
ent
hesest
oencl
ose wasover
cast
.
mat
eri
alt
hati
srel
ati
vel
yuni
mpor
tant
.
Quot
ati
onmar
ks(
“”)ar
eused:
Ar
oundt
hewor
dsofdi
rectquot
ati
on Shesai
d,“
I’
llmi
ssyou.
”
“
I’
llwr
it
eyouever
yday,
”shepr
omi
sed.
“
I’
llt
hinkaboutyouever
yday,
”she
cont
inued,
“andI
’l
ldr
eam aboutyouever
y
ni
ght
.”
Apost
rophe(’)i
sused:
Tocombi
net
wowor
ds.Theapost
rophe Idi
dn’
t=di
dnot
,It
’s=i
tisnot
,Iam=I
’m
t
akest
hepl
aceofomi
tt
edl
ett
ers.
Toshowowner
shi
p.Nounsandi
ndef
ini
te Thest
ri
ke’
sout
come(
theout
comeoft
he
pr
onounsdonothavespeci
alpossessi
ve st
ri
ke)wasuncer
tai
n.
f
orms.I
nst
ead,
theyuseapost
rophest
o Whet
heri
twoul
dsucceedwasanyone’
s
i
ndi
cat
eowner
shi
p. guess(
theguessofanyone)
.
Tof
ormt
hepossessi
veofpl
uralnouns Thet
wodr
ugs’
sideef
fect
s(t
hesi
de
endi
ngi
n-s(
incl
udi
ngnames)
,addj
ust ef
fect
soft
het
wodr
ugs)wer
equi
te
anapost
rophe(
notanapost
rophepl
us di
ff
erent
.
ans)
. TheJohnsons’
frontdoor(
thef
rontdoorof
t
heJohnsons)i
sred.
Task22
[
Readthef ol
lowingtwopar agraphscaref
ull
yandaddt hecorr
ectpunct
uat
ions
wherenecessary.ConsiderCapit
ali
zat
ioninyourcor
recti
on.
1.
MarklovestotravelbutMerrydoesn’tsotheyof
tenargueaboutwher
etospend
t
hei
rvacat
iont
imeonesummert
heydeci
dedt
otr
ysomet
hingdi
ff
erentMar
k
wentt
oThai
landbutMer
ryst
ayedhomeMar
ksbr
otherAl
exandsi
ster
-in-
law
Jenni
ferwentwi
thhi
mtheyknew t
hatt
heycoul
donl
yspendoneweeki
n
Thai
landsot
heyhadt
odeci
dewhatt
odot
heycoul
dal
lgoscubadi
vingi
n

Sout
her
nThai
landorMar
kcoul
dgobyhi
msel
fonanel
ephantt
reki
nNor
ther
n
Thai
landandAl
exandJenni
fercoul
dmeethi
mlat
eri
nBangkokMar
kchoset
he
el
ephantt
rekandhehadanexci
ti
ngt
imeMer
rywasal
sohavi
ngagoodt
ime
backhomesomet
imesshewentoutwi
thherf
ri
endsatni
ghtandsomet
imesher
mot
herwoul
dvi
sitherdur
ingt
hedaysheal
sol
ikedt
ospendt
imebyher
sel
f
pr
act
ici
ng herpi
ano Mar
k and Mer
ryl
ear
ned t
hatt
hey coul
d spentt
hei
r
vacat
ionssepar
atel
yyett
heybot
hcoul
dhaveagoodt
ime
2.
Alt
houghnew t
echnol
ogycr
eat
esnew ki
ndsofj
obsnew t
echnol
ogyal
so
usual
lymakesmanyexi
sti
ngj
obsdi
sappearf
orexampl
ewhent
rai
nsst
art
edt
o
beusedasapr
imar
yfor
m oft
ranspor
tat
ionmanyj
obst
hatdependedonhor
ses
andoxenst
art
edt
odi
sappearl
ateraut
omobi
lesbecamet
hemaj
orf
orm of
t
ranspor
tat
ionasar
esul
trai
lr
oadcompani
escoul
dnol
ongerkeepasmany
peopl
eempl
oyedanot
hernew ki
ndoft
echnol
ogyt
hati
sleadi
ngt
ojobl
ossi
s
t
hedi
git
alcamer
acompani
est
hatmakef
il
m ar
elayi
ngof
fwor
ker
sbecauseso
manyconsumer
sar
eswi
tchi
ngf
rom camer
ast
hatusef
il
mtocamer
ast
hatt
ake
di
git
alphot
ogr
aphsi
nthesamewaycel
lphonesmakepubl
icpayphonesl
ess
pr
ofi
tabl
e so t
elephone compani
es no l
ongerneed t
o empl
oy as many
t
echni
cianst
oinst
allandmai
ntai
npayphoneswhi
lei
tist
ruet
hatt
echnol
ogi
cal
changecanpr
oducenewweal
thandnewj
obsnewi
nvent
ionsal
sot
endt
olead
t
othel
ossofj
obs
Uni
tTwo:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
ivePar
agr
aphs
Lear
ningObj
ect
ives
Att
heendoft
hisuni
t,t
hest
udent
swi
llbeabl
eto:
 Under
standaboutapar
agr
aph.
 Recogni
zet
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureofapar
agr
aph.
 Di
ff
erent
iat
evar
ioust
ypesofpar
agr
aphs.
 Under
stand t
he di
ff
erence bet
ween a t
opi
c and t
opi
c
sent
ence.
 Lear
npr
oduci
ngef
fect
ivet
opi
csent
encesf
rom t
hegi
ven
Lead-
in-
Task
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsi
ndi
vidual
lyanddi
scussyourr
esponsesi
n
t
hrees.
1.Whati
sapar
agr
aph?
2.Whati
sat
opi
csent
enceandwher
eisi
tsposi
ti
oni
napar
agr
aph?
3.Whatar
ethesuppor
ti
ngsent
ences?Whatar
ethei
rfunct
ionsi
na
par
agr
aph?
4.Whatr
elat
ions do t
he suppor
ti
ng sent
ences have wi
tht
he t
opi
c
sent
ence?Whataboutt
heconcl
udi
ngsent
ence?
I
tisconsi
der
edt
hatwr
it
ingapar
agr
aphi
sthemostbasi
cst
ruct
urei
nany
wr
it
ing.Under
standi
nghow t
owr
it
eef
fect
iveandi
ntr
igui
ngpar
agr
aphscan
i
mpr
oveyourwr
it
inggr
eat
ly.Thus,
bef
oreyouwi
llpr
act
icewr
it
ingpar
agr
aphs,
t
hissect
ioni
sdevot
edt
opr
ovi
deyouwi
tht
hedef
ini
ti
onofapar
agr
aphand
i
tsbasi
cst
ruct
ure.
A par
agr
aphi
sacombi
nat
ionofsent
encest
hatdealwi
thadi
sti
nctuni
t
devel
opi
ngonemaj
ori
deaorat
opi
csent
ence.Apar
agr
aphcanbewr
it
tenf
or
anyofsever
alpur
poses,butal
lpar
agr
aphshaveonet
hingi
ncommon:each
sent
encel
ogi
cal
lyr
elat
est
othesamet
opi
c.I
n ot
herwor
ds,agr
oup of

unr
elat
edsent
encesi
snotapar
agr
aph.Agoodpar
agr
aphi
swel
lor
gani
zed,
pr
oper
lyl
inked and adequat
ely devel
oped.Fr
om t
he def
ini
ti
on you can
gener
all
yunder
standt
hatapar
agr
aph:
 I
sagr
oupofsent
ences;
 Thesent
encesar
elogi
cal
lyr
elat
ed;
 Al
lsent
encesdealwi
tht
hesi
ngl
emai
nideaort
opi
csent
ence
gi
vingdet
ail
edandr
elevanti
nfor
mat
ion.
I
n ot
herwor
ds,t
hisi
sto mean t
hatan ef
fect
ive par
agr
aph has uni
ty,
coher
ence,and adequat
e devel
opmentorcompl
eteness.These wi
llbe
di
scussedi
ndet
ailundert
het
opi
cthebasi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofanef
fect
ive
par
agr
aph.
2.
1.Basi
cSt
ruct
ureofaPar
agr
aph
Mostoft
hepar
agr
aphshavet
hreebasi
cst
ruct
ures:t
hei
ntr
oduct
ion,t
he
body,andt
heconcl
usi
on.Thatmeansmostpar
agr
aphsar
emadeupofa
t
opi
csent
ence,
aser
iesofdet
ail
edorsuppor
ti
ngsent
ences,
andaconcl
udi
ng
sent
ence.
2.
1.1.TheI
ntr
oduct
ion
Thei
ntr
oduct
ioni
sthef
ir
stsect
ionofapar
agr
aphwhi
chi
ncl
udesat
opi
c
sent
ence.Thet
opi
csent
encei
susedt
oexpr
esst
hecent
ralorcont
rol
li
ngi
dea
ofapar
agr
aph.I
tiscal
ledsobecausei
tist
hati
deaort
opi
cal
onewhi
chi
s
devel
opedandexpl
ainedi
nther
estoft
hepar
agr
aph.
2.
1.2.Thebody
The bodyofa par

agr
aph i
sthe sect
ion t
hatf
oll
ows t
he i
ntr
oduct
ion and
cont
ainst
hedet
ail
edorsuppor
ti
ngsent
ences.Thebodyi
sthemai
npar
tofa
par
agr
aph whi
ch i
s devel
oped sequent
ial
ly.The det
ail
ed or suppor
ti
ng
sent
encesi
nthebodyexpl
ainordi
scusst
hecont
rol
li
ngi
deast
atedi
nthet
opi
c
sent
ence bypr
ovi
ding enough and speci
fi
c suppor
ti
ng det
ail
s,usi
ng f
act
s,
ar
gument
s,anal
ysi
s,exampl
es,andot
heri
nfor
mat
ion.Theyshoul
dbest
rong
convi
nci
ngpoi
ntsonwhi
cht
het
opi
csent
encecanr
elyuponandbecl
ear

evi
dencet
hatwhatt
het
opi
csent
encesaysi
str
ust
wor
thy.
2.
1.3.Theconcl
usi
on
Theconcl
usi
oni
sthef
inalsect
ionwhi
chsummar
izest
heconnect
ionsbet
ween
t
hei
nfor
mat
iondi
scussedi
nthebodyoft
hepar
agr
aphandt
hepar
agr
aph’
s
cont
rol
li
ng i
deat
hrough t
heconcl
udi
ng sent
ence.Theconcl
udi
ng sent
ence
r
emi
ndst
her
eader
sofwhatt
heyhavet
oval
uebysummi
ngupwhatt
het
opi
c
sent
enceandt
hesuppor
ti
ngdet
ail
stal
kabout
.
Sampl
epar
agr
aph
Ar
baMi
nchi
sfamousf
orsever
alamazi
ngnat
uralf
eat
ures.Forexampl
e,i
tis
not
edf
orChamoandAbayal
akeswhi
char
espect
acul
arsi
ght
sint
her
if
tval
ley.
Bet
weent
het
wol
akes,
ther
eisat
hickf
orestwher
epeopl
etr
ekt
ovi
ewmonkeys,
beaut
if
ulbi
rdsandot
herwi
ldani
mal
s.Thef
ort
yspr
ingst
hatar
efoundnowher
e
el
sei
nEt
hiopi
aar
eal
sof
oundi
nAr
baMi
nch.I
mmedi
atel
ytot
heeastofAr
ba
Mi
nch,i
stheNechSarNat
ionalPar
k.ThePar
kisf
ort
unat
einpossessi
nga
numberofr
iver
sandst
reamssuchasKul
foandSar
mel
ewhi
char
ereasonsf
or
t
her
ichwi
ldl
if
eresour
cesoft
hear
ea.Thel
andscapeswi
thbr
eat
htaki
ngvi
ews,
wher
eonecanpl
anavacat
iont
othear
east
hatpr
omi
semanyf
abul
ousphot
o
oppor
tuni
ti
es,ar
eal
sof
oundt
her
e.Mor
eover
,thecr
ocodi
lebr
eedi
ngar
eai
sa
wonder
fulnat
uralf
eat
uret
hatat
tr
act
smanyoft
het
our
ist
s.Al
linal
lthese
nat
uralf
eat
uresar
etr
ulyi
nter
est
ingandmakeAr
baMi
nchaf
amouspl
acet
o
vi
sit
.
I
fyouhavecar
eful
lyr
eadt
hegi
venmodelpar
agr
aph,youcani
mmedi
atel
y
not
icei
tsst
ruct
ureasf
oll
ows:
I
ntr
oduct
ion(
topi
csent
ence)
:Ar
baMi
nchi
sfamousf
orsever
alamazi
ngnat
ural
f
eat
ures.
Body(
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences)
:Forexampl
e,i
tisnot
edf
orChamoandAbaya
l
akeswhi
char
ever
ywi
deandat
tr
act
ive.Bet
weent
het
wol
akes,
ther
eisat
hick

f
orestwher
e peopl
etr
ek t
o vi
ew monkeys,beaut
if
ulbi
rds and ot
herwi
ld
ani
mal
s.Thef
ort
yspr
ingst
hatar
efoundnowher
eel
sei
nEt
hiopi
aar
eal
sof
ound
i
nAr
baMi
nch.I
mmedi
atel
ytot
heeastofAr
baMi
nch,i
stheNechSarNat
ional
Par
k.ThePar
kisf
ort
unat
einpossessi
nganumberofr
iver
sandst
reamssuch
asKul
foandSar
mel
ewhi
char
ereasonsf
ort
her
ichwi
ldl
if
eresour
cesoft
he
ar
ea.Thel
andscapeswi
thbr
eat
htaki
ngvi
ews,
wher
eonecanpl
anavacat
iont
o
t
hear
east
hatpr
omi
semanyf
abul
ousphot
ooppor
tuni
ti
es,
areal
sof
oundt
her
e.
Mor
eover
,thecr
ocodi
lebr
eedi
ngar
eai
sawonder
fulnat
uralf
eat
uret
hatat
tr
act
s
manyoft
het
our
ist
s.
Concl
usi
on(
concl
udi
ngsent
ence)
:Al
linal
lthesenat
uralf
eat
uresar
etr
uly
i
nter
est
ingandmakeAr
baMi
nchaf
amouspl
acet
ovi
sit
.
Task1
Readt
hepar
agr
aphscar
eful
lyandi
dent
if
ythei
rst
ruct
ure(
thei
ntr
oduct
ion/
t
opi
csent
ence,t
hebody/
suppor
ti
ng sent
encesand Concl
usi
on/
concl
udi
ng
sent
ence)
.
Over t
he pastt
hir
ty year
s,r
esear
ch i
nthe heal
th ar
ena has at
tr
act
ed
psychol
ogi
stsandsoci
ologi
sts.Thef
ocusofpsychol
ogi
calr
esear
chi
nthi
sar
ea
i
sconcer
nedwi
thi
ndi
vidualmot
ives,at
ti
tudesandbel
ief
sinr
elat
iont
obot
h
heal
thandi
ll
ness.Ant
hropol
ogi
calst
udi
es,
however
,ar
econcer
nedwi
thcul
tur
e
andheal
thcar
e.Suchst
udi
esconcent
rat
eonaconcept
ionofdi
seaseasa
cul
tur
alpr
oductandont
hewaysoci
alandcul
tur
all
if
eint
hepastaf
fectbel
ief
s
aboutheal
thandi
ll
ness.I
nsoci
ologi
calst
udi
est
heemphasi
sissi
mil
ar,but
f
ocusedmor
eonsoci
alr
elat
ionswi
thi
napar
ti
cul
arsoci
alst
ruct
urewi
thr
espect
t
omedi
calcar
e.I
tisr
aret
hatani
ndi
vidualst
udyt
akesal
lthr
eeper
spect
ives
al
thought
hismayyi
eldt
hemostbenef
ici
alr
esul
ts.

I
ntr
oduct
ion/t
opi
csent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
Body/
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
___
__
Concl
usi
on/
concl
udi
ngsent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

The abi
li
tyt
o wr
it
e wel
lor
gani
zed conci
se par
agr
aphs i
s essent
ialt
oa
st
udent
’ssuccessi
nal
mostal
luni
ver
sit
ycour
ses.Fori
nst
ance,i
npr
epar
ing
st
udentpr
esent
shi
sfi
ndi
ngsi
nal
ogi
calor
derandcl
earl
anguagei
nor
dert
o
r
ecei
ve a f
avor
abl
e eval
uat
ion ofhi
s wor
k.Li
kewi
se,t
o wr
it
e successf
ul
answer
stoessayquest
ionsonhi
stor
yorsoci
ologyexami
nat
ion,ast
udent
mustar
ranget
her
elevantf
act
sandopi
nionsaccor
dingt
osomeaccept
ed
pat
ter
nofpar
agr
aphst
ruct
ure.Andcer
tai
nly,whenast
udentwr
it
esabook
r
epor
tforEngl
ishorcr
it
iquef
orpol
it
icalst
udi
esorat
erm paperf
orsoci
ology,
st
yle and or
gani
zat
ion ar
e of
ten as i
mpor
tantas cont
entt
oinf
orm and
per
suade hi
sreader
s.Gener
all
y,ski
lli
n exposi
tor
y wr
it
ing i
s cr
uci
alt
o
succeedi
nmostuni
ver
sit
ysubj
ect
s.
I
ntr
oduct
ion/t
opi
csent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Body/
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
Concl
usi
on/
concl
udi
ngsent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
But
ter
fl
iesar
eoneoft
hemostbeaut
if
ulandi
nter
est
ingcr
eat
uresonear
th.Thei
r
at
tr
act
ive,
bri
ll
iantcol
orscat
chi
nter
esti
mmedi
atel
y.Theyhavewi
ngsofvar
ying
shapes and si
zes,and some even appeart
o have "
eyes"on t
hem!Some
but
ter
fl
iesar
ecl
ever
lycamouf
lagedwi
thcol
orst
hatassi
stt
hem i
nbl
endi
ngwi
th

t
he pl
antl
if
eint
hei
renvi
ronment
s.The del
icat
e physi
calst
ruct
ure oft
he
but
ter
fl
y,al
ongwi
thhai
r-l
ikel
egsandant
ennae,
addst
oit
sgent
lebeaut
y.Some
oft
hesecur
iousi
nsect
svar
ydi
sti
nct
lyi
nsi
ze,
wit
hthel
argest
-knownwi
ngspan
atf
ouri
nches,andt
hesmal
lestmeasur
edf
rom wi
ngt
ipt
oti
patone-
hal
finch.
Wi
thoutt
hesegl
ori
ous,ar
tf
ulcr
eat
ionsdar
ti
ngabouti
nthewor
ld,ourl
ives
woul
dindeedbemuchmor
edr
abandbor
ing.
I
ntr
oduct
ion/t
opi
csent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Body/
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
Concl
usi
on/
concl
udi
ngsent
ence:
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
2.
2.Posi
ti
onofaTopi
cSent
encei
naPar
agr
aph
At
opi
csent
encecanbepl
acedatt
hebegi
nni
ng,
int
hemi
ddl
e,oratt
heendi
na
par
agr
aph.However
,iti
s al
ways bet
tert
o use t
he t
opi
c sent
ence att
he
begi
nni
ngofapar
agr
aphf
ori
tisaver
yusef
ulgui
det
obot
hthewr
it
erandt
he
r
eader
.Whent
het
opi
csent
encei
spl
acedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofapar
agr
aph,i
t
hel
psawr
it
ert
o seewhati
nfor
mat
ion t
oincl
udeand whati
nfor
mat
ion t
o
excl
udei
napar
agr
aph.Ther
eader
sal
sounder
standwhati
sgoi
ngt
ocomei
n
t
hatpar
ti
cul
arpar
agr
aphoncet
heyf
indt
het
opi
csent
enceatt
hebegi
nni
ng.
Now,r
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngsampl
epar
agr
aphsandst
udyhow i
tispossi
blet
o
pl
acet
opi
csent
enceatt
hebegi
nni
ng,i
nthemi
ddl
eandatt
heend.Thet
opi
c
sent
encei
sunder
li
nedi
neachpar
agr
aph.

Sampl
e1
Ther
ear
eanumberofst
epst
otakei
fyouar
est
ungbyabeeorahor
net
.The
f
ir
stt
hingt
odoi
sremovet
hest
inger
.Ast
ingercont
ainsvenom.I
twi
llcont
inue
t
orel
easevenom asl
ongasi
tiscont
actwi
thski
n.Whent
hest
ingeri
sremoved,
puti
ceont
hewound.Thi
swi
llr
educet
heswel
li
ng.Then,
appl
yasmal
lamount
ofbaki
ngsoda.I
tcont
ainsenzymest
hatwi
llweakent
hevenom.Fi
nal
ly,
lookf
or
si
gnsofanal
ler
gicr
eact
ionsuchasdi
ff
icul
tyi
nbr
eat
hing.Peopl
ehavedi
ed
f
rom st
rongal
ler
gicr
eact
ionst
ost
ings.Whensuchar
eact
ionoccur
s,t
hevi
cti
m
shoul
dbet
akent
othehospi
talf
ort
reat
ment
.
Sampl
e2
Sci
encei
snotani
mper
sonalconst
ruct
ion.I
tisnol
essandnomor
eper
sonal
t
hananyot
herf
orm ofcommuni
cat
edt
hought
.Thi
sbooki
snotl
esssci
ent
if
ic
becausemymanneri
sper
sonal
,andImakenoapol
ogyf
ori
t.Sci
encesear
ches
t
hecommonexper
ienceofpeopl
e,andi
tismadebypeopl
eandi
thast
hei
rst
yle.
Thest
yleofagr
eatmanmar
ksnotonl
yhi
sownwor
k,butt
hroughi
t,t
hewor
kof
ot
her
sforgener
ati
ons.Thest
yleofNewt
on’
swor
kasmuchast
hecont
ent
,
domi
nat
edsci
encef
ort
wocent
uri
esandi
nthatt
imeshapedi
tsmannerandi
ts
mat
ter
.Butst
ylei
snotmonopol
yoft
hegr
eat
,nori
sit
sappr
eci
ati
onavi
ntage
r
eser
vedf
orexper
ts.Theschoolboywhocant
ellaneatpr
ooff
rom adul
lone
knowst
hest
yleandt
akespl
easur
eini
t.I
ndeedhef
indsi
teasi
ert
oappr
eci
ate
t
hest
yleofsci
encet
hant
hest
yleofShakespear
e.
Sampl
e3
Thet
ruepr
obl
em ofci
typl
anni
ngandr
ebui
ldi
ngi
naf
reesoci
etyi
show t
o
cul
ti
vat
emor
eci
tydi
str
ict
sthatar
efr
ee,
li
vel
yandf
ert
il
epl
acesf
ort
hedi
ff
eri
ng
pl
ansoft
housandsofi
ndi
vidual
s,notpl
anner
s.Not
hingcoul
dbef
art
herf
rom

t
heai
msofpl
anner
stoday.Theyhavebeen t
rai
ned t
othi
nkofpeopl
eas
i
nter
changeabl
est
ati
sti
cst
obepushedar
ound,t
othi
nkofci
tyvi
tal
it
yand
mi
xtur
easamess.Pl
anner
sar
etheenemi
esofci
ti
esbecauset
heyof
ferusonl
y
t
hepoi
sonouspr
omi
seofmaki
ng ever
ypl
acei
n aci
tymor
eli
kedul
land
st
andar
dizedmor
ningsi
dehei
ght
s.Theyhavef
ail
edt
opur
suet
hemai
npoi
nt:t
o
st
udyt
hesuccessandf
ail
ureoft
her
eall
if
eoft
heci
ti
es.Wi
tht
hei
reyeson
si
mpl
e mi
nded panaceas,t
hey dest
roy success and heal
th.Pl
anner
s wi
ll
becomehel
pfulonl
ywhent
heyabandonwhatt
heyhavel
ear
nedabout‘
ought
’to
begoodf
orci
ti
es.
I
mpor
tantNot
e:
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
icet
hati
nsomepar
agr
aphs,i
tishar
dlypossi
blet
o
gett
her
ightposi
ti
onoft
het
opi
csent
encebecausei
tmaybei
mpl
iedi
n
t
hedet
ail
sgi
ven.Forexampl
e,nar
rat
iveand descr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aphs
somet
imesdonotst
ateat
opi
csent
encedi
rect
ly.
Task2
Readthef
oll
owi
ngparagr
aphscar
eful
ly.Then,
ident
if
ytheposi
ti
onoft
het
opi
c
sent
encei
neachpar
agraph.
Par
agr
aph1
Ther
ear
ethr
eequal
it
iest
hatIneedt
oseei
nagoodf
ri
end.Fi
rst
,agoodf
ri
end
shoul
dn'
ttel
lli
es.Ineedt
otr
usthi
m sot
hatIcant
alkt
ohi
m.Second,agood
f
ri
endshoul
dbet
her
ewhenIneededhi
m.Ishoul
dbeabl
etof
indhi
m nearme
whenIam i
nabadmoodorwhenIhaveapr
obl
em.Fi
nal
ly,
whennecessar
y,he
shoul
dcr
it
ici
zemesot
hatIcanchangemyundesi
rabl
ebehavi
ororseewher
eI
am wr
ong.It
hink,
theset
hreequal
it
iesar
ethebasi
cpr
oper
ti
esi
nagoodf
ri
end.
Par
agr
aph2
Mygi
rl
fr
iend,Sal
lyJenki
ns,l
ivesatt
heendofal
ongandwi
ndi
ngandnar
row
di
rtr
oadt
hatt
akesmef
orevert
otr
avel
.Ther
ear
esomanypot
hol
esandt
ree

r
oot
sthatIhavet
ocr
eepal
ongatundert
enmi
lesperhoursoIdon’
tbr
eakan
axl
e.I
tisevenwor
seaf
terahar
drai
nwhent
hepuddl
eshi
det
hepot
hol
esand
f
orcemet
oinchal
ongt
heshoul
deroft
hedi
rtr
oad,
orel
semyt
ruckandIar
ein
dangerofdr
owni
ng.Whent
heweat
heri
sdr
y,Ihavet
obecar
efult
hatmyt
ruck’
s
t
ir
esdon’
tloset
ract
ioni
nthel
oosesandandgetst
uck.Thewor
stt
imei
sat
ni
ghtwhenI
’mi
ndangerofget
ti
ngl
ostbecauseIhavet
roubl
epi
cki
ngoutt
he
l
andmar
kst
hatt
ellmewher
eIam,andt
her
eisnost
reetsi
gnf
ort
hedi
rtl
ane
t
hatf
eedsi
nto herdr
iveway.Pi
cki
ng up mygi
rl
fr
iend f
ora dat
eisa r
eal
chal
lenge!
Par
agr
aph3
Whenacamer
afl
ashi
susedi
nal
ow-
li
ghtenvi
ronment
,thesubj
ect
'seyesmay
appearr
edi
nthef
ini
shedphot
ogr
aph.Whati
sknownas"
red-
eye"i
sther
esul
t
ofl
ightf
rom t
hef
lashr
efl
ect
ingof
fthepupi
lsoft
heeyes.Thephenomenonof
r
ed-
eyecan bel
essened byusi
ng t
her
ed-
eyer
educt
ion f
eat
uref
ound on
manysi
ngl
e-l
ensr
efl
ex(
SLR)camer
as.Thi
sfeat
ureact
ivat
esal
amp whi
ch
shi
nesasmal
lli
ghtdi
rect
lyi
ntot
hesubj
ect
'seyes.Whent
hishappens,t
he
di
amet
eroft
hepupi
lisr
educed,t
hust
ight
eni
ngt
heopeni
ngi
nthei
ri
s.Si
ncea
smal
lerpupi
lmeansasmal
lerhostf
ort
her
efl
ect
ion,t
hechancesofr
ed-
eye
occur
ri
ngar
egr
eat
lyr
educed.

2.
3.Nar
rowi
ngaSubj
ecti
ntoTopi
cs
Subj
ectr
efer
stoagener
alar
eaofi
nter
est
.Topi
cisasubj
ectt
hathasbeen
nar
roweddown.Youri
nst
ruct
orsusual
lygi
veyouasubj
ectt
owr
it
eabout
.Iti
s
youwhoshoul
ddeci
dehowt
ochanget
hesubj
ecti
ntoagoodt
opi
c.Youshoul
d
nar
row t
hesubj
ecti
nsuchawayast
obeabl
etocoveri
twi
thi
nthel
imi
ts
assi
gnedbyyouri
nst
ruct
or.
Lookatt
heexampl
esbel
owwhi
chshowhoweachsubj
ecthasbeennar
rowed
i
ntoaf
ewt
opi
cs.
Subj
ect Topi
c
Spor
ts Soccer
Basket
bal
l
Tenni
s
Mi
ner
aloi
ls
Oi
ls Veget
abl
eoi
ls
Ani
maloi
ls
Mar
s
Pl
anet
s Ear
th
Jupi
ter
Thenar
rowedt
opi
csf
rom t
hegi
vensubj
ect
sar
est
il
lbr
oadandi
tispossi
blet
o
nar
rowdownt
heset
opi
cst
oo.Supposet
hatyouhavechosenonet
opi
cforeach
oft
heabovesubj
ect
s.Forexampl
e,youhavechosensoccerast
het
opi
cfr
om
t
hespor
tssubj
ect
,Mar
sfr
om t
hepl
anet
ssubj
ect
,andveget
abl
eoi
lsf
rom t
he
oi
lssubj
ect
.Youcannow f
urt
hernar
row eachoft
heset
opi
cs.Thi
scanmake
yourpar
agr
aphsevenmor
eint
erest
ingt
other
eader
sbecausenar
row t
opi
c

f
orcesyout
obemor
especi
fi
c.
Topi
c Speci
fi
cTopi
c
Soccer Howsocceraf
fect
spol
it
ics
Gr
eatsoccert
eamsoft
hewor
ld
TheWor
ldCup
Thepr
ocessofget
ti
ngoi
lfr
om veget
abl
es
Veget
abl
eoi
ls Di
ff
erentt
ypesofveget
abl
eoi
ls
Medi
calval
ueofveget
abl
eoi
ls
Thepossi
bil
it
yofl
if
eonMar
s
Mar
s Mar
scompar
edt
oEar
th
Spacet
ravelt
oMar
Task3
A.Wr
it
eatl
eastt
hreet
opi
csf
oreachoft
hesesubj
ect
s.
1.Popul
ati
ongr
owt
h 6.Beggi
ng
2.Agr
icul
tur
e 7.
Tour
isi
minEt
hiopi
a
3.Mar
ri
agei
nEt
hiopi
a 8.Spacet
ravel
4.Comput
ers 9.St
reetchi
ldr
en
5.Gl
obalwar
ming 10.Educat
ion
B.Now,wr
it
ethr
eeormor
especi
fi
ctopi
csf
oreachoft
het
opi
csyouhave
wr
it
ten
2.
4.Wr
it
inganEf
fect
iveTopi
cSent
ence
Youhaveal
readyl
ear
ntt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weensubj
ectandt
opi
c.At
opi
cis
def
inedt
obeasubj
ectt
hathasbeennar
roweddown.Whatyouneedt
olear
n
now i
sthatf
orever
ytopi
csever
alpar
agr
aphscanbewr
it
ten.Eachoft
hese
par
agr
aphswi
llhaveat
opi
csent
ence.
Thenexti
mpor
tantst
epi
stost
ateorwr
it
eyourt
opi
ccl
ear
lyi
nsent
encef
orm.
Thi
sisani
mpor
tantst
ept
owar
danef
fect
ivepar
agr
aphbecauset
het
opi
c
sent
encecont
rol
sthedi
rect
ionandscopeoft
hebody.At
opi
csent
enceshoul
d

haveacl
earcont
rol
li
ngi
deaandshoul
dbeacompl
etesent
ence.Youcant
hink
oft
het
opi
csent
enceashavi
ngt
wopar
ts,
atopi
candacont
rol
li
ngi
dea.I
not
her
wor
ds,
youneedt
oli
mityourt
opi
cbypl
aci
ngkeywor
dsorphr
ases(
cont
rol
li
ng
wor
dsorphr
ases)i
nthet
opi
csent
ence.I
fnotyoumaynotpr
oduceanef
fect
ive
par
agr
aph.
Ther
ear
emanywayst
oli
mitat
opi
c.Themostcommont
ypesofcont
rol
li
ng
i
deasusedt
oli
mitat
opi
car
ethoset
hatl
imi
tthet
opi
cint
ermsofgeogr
aphi
cal
l
ocat
ion,t
imeorper
iodoft
ime,cer
tai
naspect
s,t
ypes,ki
nds,phases,st
eps,
st
ages,ef
fect
s,causes,r
easonsandt
hel
ike.Take,f
orexampl
e,t
het
opi
cthe
ef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionandseehow t
hewr
it
erdeci
dedhow t
owr
it
eaboutt
he
ef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ion:
1.Theef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionar
enow maj
orpr
obl
emsi
nsomeEur
opean
count
ri
es.
2.Theef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionhavebecomei
mpor
tanti
ssueswi
thi
nthel
ast
f
iveyear
s.
3.Theef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionandt
hatofwat
erpol
lut
ionhaveagr
eatdeali
n
common.
4.Theef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionar
emor
edanger
oust
hant
heef
fect
sofwat
er
pol
lut
ion.
5.Theef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ionar
eser
iousf
orsever
alr
easons.
I
nal
loft
heabovet
opi
csent
ences,t
heef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ion,i
sthet
opi
c.
However
,thel
imi
ti
ng orcont
rol
li
ng i
deasused i
n each t
opi
csent
encear
e
di
ff
erent
.Int
hef
ir
stsent
ence,
forexampl
e,t
het
opi
chadbeenl
imi
tedi
nter
msof
geogr
aphi
call
ocat
ion.I
nthesecondsent
ence,t
het
opi
chasbeenl
imi
tedi
n
t
ermsoft
ime(
ort
imeper
iod)
.Int
het
hir
dsent
encet
hecont
rol
li
ngi
deaf
ocuses
on t
hesi
mil
ari
ti
esbet
ween t
heef
fect
sofai
rpol
lut
ion and wat
erpol
lut
ion,
wher
easi
nthef
our
thsent
encei
tdr
awsont
hei
rdi
ff
erences.Fi
nal
ly,i
nthel
ast
sent
ence,
thet
opi
chasbeenl
imi
tedi
nter
msofcauses.
Task4

Nar
roweachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsubj
ect
stoappr
opr
iat
etopi
cs.Thenwr
it
eagood
t
opi
csent
encef
oreacht
opi
c.Under
li
net
hecont
rol
li
ngi
deast
hatyouhave
usedi
nyourt
opi
csent
ences.
1.Pol
it
ics 8.El
ect
ri
cit
y
2.Cul
tur
e 9.Agr
icul
tur
e
3.Money 10.Cr
ime
4.Li
ber
ty 11.For
est
5.Revol
uti
on 12.Sci
ence
6.Spor
ts 13.Educat
ion
7.Pover
ty 14.Technol
ogy
Task5
Readt
hedet
ail
scar
eful
lyandwr
it
eappr
opr
iat
etopi
csent
encef
oreachoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphs.Thenwr
it
eat
opi
cforeach.Wr
it
eyouranswer
sonyour
exer
cisebookoronsepar
atepaper
.
Topi
c:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………. Usual
ly
col
legest
udent
sli
veont
hei
rown,i
nthedor
mit
oryori
nanapar
tment
.Thi
s
meanst
heyar
efr
eet
ocomeandgoast
heyl
ike.Thei
rpar
ent
scan’
ttel
lthem
whent
ogetup,whent
ogot
oschool
,andwhent
ocomehome.I
tal
someans
t
hatt
heyar
efr
eet
owearwhatt
heywant
.Ther
ear
enopar
ent
stocomment
aboutt
hei
rhai
rst
ylesort
hei
rdi
rt
yjeans.Fi
nal
ly,t
heyar
efr
eet
oli
stent
othei
r
f
avor
it
emusi
cwi
thouti
nter
fer
encef
rom par
ent
s.
Topi
c:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Itmakes
t
hem f
eelbadaboutt
hemsel
vesandenvyot
herpeopl
e.Myf
ri
end,f
ori
nst
ance,
l
iveswi
thherf
ami
lyandhast
oshar
ear
oom wi
thhersi
ster
,whoi
sver
ycut
e
andi
ntel
li
gent
.Thi
sgi
rlwi
shesshecoul
dhaveherownr
oom andhaveal
otof
st
uff
,butshecan’
thavet
heset
hingsbecauseherf
ami
lydoesn’
thavemuch
money.Herf
ami
ly’
sincomei
spr
ett
ylowbecauseherf
atheri
sol
danddoesn’
t

got
owor
k.Hersi
steri
stheonl
yonewhowor
ks.Becauseherf
ami
lycan’
tbuy
hert
het
hingsshewant
s,shef
eel
sal
otofst
ressandget
sangr
ysomet
imes.
Once,shewant
edabeaut
if
uldr
esst
oweart
oasweet
hear
tdance.Sheasked
hersi
sterf
orsomemoneyt
obuyt
hedr
ess.Shewasdi
sappoi
ntedbecauseher
si
sterdi
dn’
thavemoneyt
ogi
veher
.Shesati
nsi
lencef
oral
it
tl
ewhi
leandt
hen
st
art
edyel
li
ngoutl
oud.Shesai
dherf
ri
endsgotanyt
hingt
heywant
edbutshe
di
dn’
t.Thenshef
eltsor
ryf
orher
sel
fandaskedwhyshewasbor
nint
oapoor
f
ami
ly.Nothavi
ngmoneyhascausedt
hisgi
rlt
othi
nknegat
ivel
yabouther
sel
f
andherf
ami
ly.I
thascausedal
otofst
ressi
nherl
if
e.
Topi
c:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Fi
rst
, t
he
i
nner
mostpar
tlocat
edi
nthecent
eroft
hef
lower
,ist
hef
emal
erepr
oduct
ive
st
ruct
ure,
orpi
sti
l.Thepi
sti
lconsi
stsoft
hreepar
ts:t
hest
igma,
thest
yle,
andt
he
ovar
y.Thenextpar
tconsi
stsoft
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivest
ruct
ures,sever
alor
manyst
amensar
rangedar
oundt
hepi
sti
l.Ast
amenconsi
stsofaf
il
amentand
anant
her
.Pet
als,t
henextpar
t,sur
roundt
hest
amens.Manypet
alshavebr
ight
col
ors.Fi
nal
ly,t
hesepal
s,t
heout
ermostpar
t,t
oget
herar
ecal
ledt
hecal
yx.I
n
t
hef
lowerbud,t
hesepal
sti
ght
lyencl
oseandpr
otectt
hepet
als,st
amens,and
pi
sti
lfr
om r
ainori
nsect
s.Thesepal
sunf
urlast
hef
loweropensandof
ten
r
esembl
esmal
lgr
eenl
eavesatt
hef
lower
’sbase.I
nsomef
lower
s,t
hesepal
s
ar
ecol
orf
ulandwor
kwi
tht
hepet
alst
oat
tr
actpol
li
nat
ors.
Topi
c:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.O
ner
easoni
sthatEngl
ishhasbecomeani
nter
nat
ionall
anguage.I
tisnowused
bymosti
nter
nat
ionalcompani
es,i
ncl
udi
ng t
hecompanywher
eIwor
k,f
or
busi
nesscommuni
cat
ion.Anot
herr
easonwhyIwantt
olear
nEngl
ishi
ssot
hatI
cant
ravelt
oEngl
ish-
speaki
ngcount
ri
es.TheUni
tedSt
ates,Engl
and,Aust
ral
ia

andmanyot
hercount
ri
esal
luseEngl
ishast
hei
rpr
imar
ylanguage.Fi
nal
ly,I
wantt
olear
nEngl
ishbecauseIpl
ant
omovet
otheUni
tedSt
atesi
nthef
utur
e.I
wi
llbecomeamanagerf
ormycompanysoon.Foral
ltheser
easons,Iam ver
y
exci
tedaboutl
ear
ningEngl
ish.
2.
5.Char
act
eri
sti
csofGoodPar
agr
aph
Wr
it
inggoodpar
agr
aphswi
llhel
pyouasawr
it
erst
ayont
rackdur
ingyour
dr
aft
ingandr
evi
sionst
ages.Goodpar
agr
aphi
ngal
sogr
eat
lyassi
stsyour
r
eader
sinf
oll
owi
ngapi
eceofwr
it
ing.Youcanhavef
ant
ast
ici
deas,buti
f
t
hosei
deasar
enotpr
esent
edi
nawel
luni
fi
ed,coher
ent
,andadequat
ely
devel
opedmanner
,youwi
lll
oseyourr
eader
s’i
nter
estandf
ailt
oachi
eveyour
goal
sinwr
it
ing.Hence,
thi
ssect
iondi
scussest
hebasi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofan
ef
fect
ive par
agr
aph: uni
ty, coher
ence, and adequat
e devel
opment or
compl
eteness.
2.
5.1.Uni
ty
Youhaveseent
hatat
opi
csent
encei
susedt
oexpr
esst
hecent
ralorcont
rol
li
ng
i
deaofapar
agr
aph.I
tst
atest
hemai
nideaofapar
agr
aph.Whenal
loft
he
det
ail
edorsuppor
ti
ngsent
encesi
napar
agr
aphar
edi
rect
lyr
elat
edt
othemai
n
i
deat
hati
sst
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence,t
hepar
agr
aphhasuni
ty.Thus,Uni
tyi
s
t
hequal
it
yofst
icki
ngt
oonei
deaf
rom st
artt
ofi
nish,wi
thever
ysent
ence
cont
ri
but
ingt
othecent
ralpur
poseandmai
nideaoft
hatpar
agr
aph.
Readcar
eful
lyandnot
icehow t
hedet
ail
edort
hesuppor
ti
ngsent
encesi
nthe
f
oll
owi
nguni
fi
edpar
agr
aphdevel
opt
hemai
nidea.
Al
linsect
shavet
hreemai
nbodypar
ts.Thesear
ethehead,
thet
hor
ax,
andt
heabdomen.Theheadhasapai
rofant
ennae,andapai
rof
compoundeyes.Thet
hor
axi
sthemi
ddl
eregi
onoft
hebody,andi
t
bear
sthel
egsandwi
ngs.Theabdomencont
ainsmanybodyor
gans,
such as t
he hear
t,r
espi
rat
ory syst
em,di
gest
ive syst
em and
r
epr
oduct
ivesyst
em.Even t
hough t
her
ear
emanydi
ff
erentsi
zes,

shapes,
andcol
orsofi
nsect
s,t
heyal
lhavet
hesamebody.
I
nthi
smodelpar
agr
aph,al
loft
hedet
ail
edorsuppor
ti
ngsent
encesdi
scusst
he
t
opi
csent
encewhi
chi
sthet
hreemai
nbodypar
tsofi
nsect
sandt
husf
orma
uni
toft
hought
-onenessofi
deasi
nthepar
agr
aph.I
nor
dert
owr
it
eauni
fi
ed
par
agr
aph,
youar
ethusr
equi
redt
oconsi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts:
 Makesur
ethatyourpar
agr
aphf
ocusesonasi
ngl
econt
rol
li
ngi
deaand
st
atet
hati
deai
nyourt
opi
csent
ence.
 Checkwhet
heryouhaveputyourt
opi
csent
enceef
fect
ivel
ywi
thi
nyour
par
agr
aphornot
.
 St
ick t
o one i
dea f
rom st
artt
ofi
nish by maki
ng yourpar
agr
aph'
s
evi
dences.Avoi
danysent
encet
hatdoesnotsuppor
tordevel
opt
hei
dea
st
atedi
nyourt
opi
csent
ence.
 Checkwhet
hert
hepur
poseofyourpar
agr
aphandt
henat
uresofyour
suppor
ti
ngevi
dencegui
deyouornot
.
 Expl
aint
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenyourevi
denceandyouri
deacl
ear
lyand
ef
fect
ivel
y.
2.
5.2.Compl et
enessorAdequateDevel
opment
Completeness oradequate devel
opmentis anot
heri
mpor
tantel
ementi
n
par
agr
aph wr
it
ing.I
f ever
yidea di
scussedi
nthe par
agr
aph shoul
d be
adequat
elyexpl
ainedandsuppor
tedt
hroughevi
denceanddet
ail
sthatwor
k
t
oget
hert
oexpl
aint
hepar
agr
aph’
scont
rol
li
ngi
dea,wecansayapar
agr
aphi
s
Wel
l-
devel
opedoradequat
elydevel
oped.Seet
hemodelpar
agr
aphusedunder
t
het
opi
cpar
agr
aphuni
ty.
Task6
Eachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphscont
ainssent
ence(
s)t
hati
s/ar
eir
rel
evantt
o
t
hemai
npoi
ntoft
hepar
agr
aph.Readt
hrougheachoft
hepar
agr
aphsand
i
dent
if
ythei
rr
elevantsent
ence(
s)t
hatvi
oletuni
ty
1.TheCol
legeofBusi
nessandEconomi
cshaspr
oposedt
hatal
lpr
ofessor
ssubmi
t
t
hei
rpr
ofessi
onaldevel
opmentpl
ansonl
inei
nor
dert
osavet
ime.Thenew

pr
ocedur
ewi
llr
equi
real
lpr
ofessi
onaldevel
opmentpl
anst
ofol
low t
hesame
f
ormat
.Usi
ngt
hesamef
ormatwi
llsavet
imef
orr
evi
ewer
soft
hepr
ofessi
onal
devel
opmentpl
ans.Al
lcol
legeofBusi
nessf
acul
tymember
smustpubl
ishone
r
efer
eed ar
ti
cle per year and make t
wo pr
esent
ati
ons at pr
ofessi
onal
conf
erences.
2.Thepl
anetJupi
terhassever
ali
nter
est
ingf
eat
ures.Fi
rstofal
l,i
thast
hir
teenor
f
our
teensat
ell
it
es,
fourofwhi
char
easl
argeasourownmoon.Themoondoes
nothavei
tsownl
ight
.Itr
efl
ect
sthel
ightt
hati
trecei
vesf
rom t
hesun.Jupi
teri
s
al
sot
hebi
ggestandt
hef
ast
estmovi
ngpl
aneti
nthesol
arsyst
em.I
tsvol
umei
s
t
hir
teenhundr
edt
imesgr
eat
ert
hant
hatofear
th,
yetJupi
terr
equi
resf
ewert
han
t
enhour
stor
otat
e.Anot
herunusualf
eat
ureofJupi
teri
sthati
tist
heonl
ypl
anet
knownt
oradi
atei
tsownheat
.Thepl
anetJupi
teri
soneoft
heni
nepl
anet
sint
he
sol
arsyst
em.OneofJupi
ter
’smostf
asci
nat
ingf
eat
ures,however
,isi
tsGr
eat
RedSpot
.Fordecadessci
ent
ist
swer
epuzzl
edbyt
het
remendoussi
zeoft
he
spot
,byi
tschangi
ngshapeandcol
our
,andbyi
tshabi
tofr
otat
ingmor
esl
owl
y
t
hant
her
estoft
hepl
anet
.Then,i
n1974,phot
ogr
aphst
akendur
ingaspace
pr
ober
eveal
edt
hatt
heGr
eatRedSpoti
s,i
nfact
,anenor
mousdr
if
ti
ngst
orm.

3.Amer
ica’
snat
ionalpar
ksar
ehavensofsupr
emebeaut
y.Thousandsofmi
lesof
r
oadsandt
rai
lsser
veover125mi
ll
ionpeopl
eannual
ly.Semi
teFal
ls,Amer
ica’
s
l
oft
iestpl
unge2500f
eetwi
thsuchf
orcet
hatt
heear
tht
rembl
esandt
hunderf
il
ls
t
heval
ley.I
nSequoi
aPar
kthef
ourGuar
dsmenf
ingert
hesky,
member
sofcoast
r
edwoodst
hatachi
evegi
rt
hsof44f
eetandhei
ght
sover360f
eet
.Pr
epar
ingt
he
par
kst
oaccommodat
ethei
rvi
sit
orshascostt
hegover
nmentabi
ll
iondol
lar
s.
Fr
om t
her
im oft
heGr
andCanyononel
ooksdown1500f
eeti
ntot
heCol
orado
Ri
vergr
ovecutf
rom pr
imor
dialr
ockabi
ll
ionandahal
fyear
sol
d.Backf
rom t
he
r
imi
sthecanyonvi
ll
agecompl
ex,bui
ltatacostofei
ghtmi
ll
iondol
lar
s,t
o
pr
ovi
del
odgi
ngs,f
ood,andser
vices.I
nspi
ri
ngawear
esuchf
lower
sast
he
beaver
tai
lcact
usi
nCal
if
orni
a’sDeat
hVal
ley,ast
ersonMt
.Rai
nni
er,andyel
low
l
ady’
s-sl
ipperanddeep-
pinkmount
ainl
aur
elont
hesl
opesoft
hegr
eatSmoki
es.
I
nthepr
esenceofsuchbeaut
yiti
sashamet
hatt
hought
less,car
elesst
our
ist
s
pol
lut
ether
oads,
str
eams,
andpi
cni
car
easwi
thpapercupsandpl
ates,
andol
d
beercans!
2.
5.3.Coher
ence
Lead-
in-
Task
I
ngr
oupsoft
hreesorf
our
sanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.
1.Whati
scoher
encei
npar
agr
aphwr
it
ing?
2.Doyout
hinkt
hatauni
fi
edpar
agr
aphi
scoher
ent
?Why?
3.Canl
ackofcoher
enceaf
fectt
hequal
it
yofapar
agr
aph?How?
4.Howcanyouachi
evecoher
encei
nyourpar
agr
aph?
You have di
scussed t
hatuni
tyi
s an i
mpor
tantel
ementi
n devel
opi
ng a
par
agr
aph.However
,auni
fi
edpar
agr
aphcanbei
ncoher
entwhent
hecont
inui
ty
oft
houghti
niti
snotmai
ntai
ned.I
nor
dert
omakeyourpar
agr
aphcoher
ent
,you
shoul
dar
rangeyoursent
encesi
nal
ogi
calmannerandi
nawayt
hatf
oll
ow a

def
ini
tepl
anf
ordevel
opment
.Youcanachi
evet
hist
hrought
hef
oll
owi
ngways.
A.Usi
ngt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
ases
Ski
lli
n usi
ng t
ransi
ti
onalwor
ds orphr
ases i
s vi
talt
o coher
entwr
it
ing.
Tr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesar
ewor
dsandphr
asest
hatpoi
ntoutt
heexact
r
elat
ionbet
weenonei
deaandanot
her
,onesent
enceandanot
her
.Wor
dsl
ike
t
her
efor
e,however
,forexampl
e,andf
inal
lyar
esi
gnal
sthatgui
det
her
eader
f
rom sent
ence t
o sent
ence.Wi
thoutt
hem,even or
der
ly and wel
l-
wri
tt
en
par
agr
aphscanbeconf
usi
ngandhar
dtof
oll
ow.
I
fyour
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphcar
eful
ly,youwi
llr
ecogni
zet
hatal
lthe
suppor
ti
ngsent
encest
alkaboutt
hemai
nideast
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence.Thi
s
meanst
hepar
agr
aphhasuni
ty.However
,thepar
agr
aphi
sincoher
entbecause
t
heappr
opr
iat
eli
nki
ngwor
dsorphr
asesar
enotused.
Ever
ybodycat
chescol
d.Col
dcausesal
otofi
nconveni
encet
othesuf
fer
ers.
Somepeopl
emayseeadoct
orwi
tht
hecompl
aint
.Someper
sonsmayt
ake
i
nhal
ati
on.Somebr
aveper
sonsmayi
gnor
eit
.Theywoul
dputupwi
thar
unni
ng
nose.Theymustkeepi
nthei
rper
sont
wohandker
chi
efs.Theyshoul
dnotbl
ow
t
hei
rnosenoi
sil
yinagr
oup.Theymustuset
hehandker
chi
efst
ocol
lectt
he
phl
egm.Theymustuset
hehandker
chi
efst
ocol
lectt
hephl
egm.Thephl
egm i
s
i
nfect
ious.Ot
hermaycat
chcol
dwi
thyourphl
egm.
Now,r
ead car
eful
ly and check how t
he above i
ncoher
entpar
agr
aph i
s
i
mpr
ovedt
oachi
evecoher
ence.
Ever
ybodycat
chescol
d.Ther
eupon,
itcausesal
otofi
nconveni
encet
othem.As
ar
esul
t,somemayseeadoct
orwi
tht
hecompl
aint
.And af
ew mayt
ake
i
nhal
ati
on.Andyet
,aSmal
lnumberofbr
aveonesmayi
gnor
eitcompl
etel
y.
Consequent
ly,t
heywoul
dputupwi
thar
unni
ngnose.However
,suchper
sons
mustkeepwi
tht
hemsel
vest
wohandker
chi
efs.Next
,theyshoul
dnotbl
owt
hei
r
nosenoi
sil
yinagr
oup.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heymustuset
hehandker
chi
efst
ocol
lect

t
hephl
egm.Theymustuset
hehandker
chi
efst
ocol
lectt
hephl
egm.I
nci
dent
all
y,
i
sinf
ect
ious.Ot
hermaycat
chcol
dwi
thyourphl
egm.
Task7
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphandwr
it
eoutt
hewor
dsl
inki
ngt
hesent
ences.
Di
scusswi
thyourpar
tneranyot
herwor
dst
hatcoul
drepl
acet
hel
inki
ng
wor
dsyouhavewr
it
ten.
Manhasbeenabl
etospr
eadacr
osst
heear
thsowi
del
yforf
ourmai
nreasons.
Fi
rst
,hei
sat
err
est
ri
alani
mal
,notr
est
ri
ctedt
othef
orest
.Secondl
y,hecan
cr
ossanynat
uralbar
ri
ers,
suchasdeser
ts,
oceansandmount
ains.Mor
eover
,he
canl
iveof
faver
ywi
devar
iet
yoff
ood.Mosti
mpor
tantofal
l,hehasdevel
oped
cul
tur
e;hehasl
ear
nedt
omakecl
othesandbui
ldf
ir
eswhi
chal
lowhi
mtol
ivei
n
cl
imat
eswher
ehewoul
dot
her
wiseper
ish.Toal
argeext
ent
,heshar
essomeof
t
heseadvant
ageswi
tht
hemonkeys.They,t
oo,canmoveoverunf
orest
edl
and.
They,
too,
cancr
osssomenat
uralbar
ri
ers,
ast
heyhavet
heabi
li
tyt
oswi
m.And
t
hey,t
oo,candi
gestmanyki
ndsoff
ood.Thus,asi
ngl
especi
esofbaboonhas
spr
eadacr
ossAf
ri
caf
rom Dakari
nthewestt
oEt
hiopi
aint
heeast
,andsout
hal
l
t
hewayt
otheCapeofGoodHope.Si
mil
arl
y,Macaqueshavedoneatl
eastas
wel
l.Onespeci
es,t
her
hesusmacaque,i
sequal
lyathomei
nfor
est
,inopen
cul
ti
vat
edf
iel
ds,
andi
nsi
deheavi
lypopul
atedci
ti
es.
2. Thef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphdescr
ibesaboutt
hegoodandt
hebadspel
ler
s.
Readi
tcar
eful
lyandwr
it
ethet
ransi
ti
onalwor
dst
hatmakei
tcoher
ent
f
rom t
hegi
venl
ist
.Then,di
scusswi
thyourpar
tneranyot
herwor
dst
hat
coul
drepl
acet
hel
inki
ngwor
dsyouhavewr
it
ten.

Fi
nal
ly Al
so Fi
rst Consequent
ly
Fur
ther
mor
e Then However Next
Thegoodspel
ler
susual
lyhaveaphot
ogr
aphi
cmemor
ywhi
chpr
ovi
dest
hei
r
subconsci
ousmi
ndwi
thacl
earment
ali
mageofawor
d.They_
___
___
___
__
usual
lyhavegoodear
sandknowhowt
opr
onouncet
hewor
ds.Thebadspel
ler
s,
_
___
___
___
_,donothavet
hisphot
ogr
aphi
cmemor
y,andt
husdonothavet
hat
ment
ali
mageoft
hewor
d._
___
___
___
___
__,
theyof
tendonothavegoodear
sand
mayheart
wodi
ff
erentsoundsast
hesamesound._
___
___
___
___
_,t
heyhavet
o
wor
kmuchhar
deri
ftheyar
etoi
mpr
ovet
hei
rspel
li
ng._
___
___
___
___
__,
theycan
t
ryt
olear
nsomeoft
hemor
ecommonr
ulesofspel
li
ngandi
mpr
ovet
hei
r
pr
onunci
ati
onofwor
ds._
___
___
___
___
__,t
heyst
il
lhavet
olookupal
lthenew
wor
dsi
nthedi
cti
onar
y._
___
___
___
___
_,t
heyhavet
oconsci
ousl
ymemor
izebot
h
t
hemeani
ngandt
hespel
li
ng._
___
___
___
___
_,t
heyhavet
opr
oofr
eadt
hei
rown
wor
kcar
eful
ly,
checki
ngont
hespel
li
ngofeachwor
d.
3.Thi
s par
agr
aph needs mor
e connect
ion.Revi
se i
t usi
ng appr
opr
iat
e
connect
ors.Then,
shar
eyourver
sionwi
thot
hercl
assmat
es.
Ho ChiMni
h Ci
ty,i
n Vi
etnam,i
saf
asci
nat
ing dest
inat
ion f
ort
ravel
erst
o
Sout
heastAsi
a.I
tisl
ocat
edont
heMekongRi
ver
.Itwasonceani
mpor
tant
t
radi
ngcent
erf
ort
heFr
enchi
nSout
heastAsi
a.Thei
nfl
uenceofFr
enchcul
tur
e
canst
il
lbef
elt
.Manypeopl
e,especi
all
ytheol
dergener
ati
on,l
ear
nedFr
enchi
n
schoolandst
il
lcanspeaki
tver
ywel
l.Somecaf
esser
veFr
ench-st
ylebr
eadand
past
ri
esi
nHoChiMni
hCi
ty.Expensi
vehot
elsandr
est
aur
ant
sser
veFr
enchf
ood.

Manyoft
hebui
ldi
ngsi
ntheci
tyar
ebui
lti
nFr
enchst
yle.TheVi
etnameseand
t
heFr
enchf
ought
.TheFr
enchevent
ual
lyl
eftt
hecount
ry.Ther
ear
emuseums
andmonument
sdocument
ingt
hecount
ri
esl
ong–andof
tenbl
oody–hi
stor
y.I
f
youar
elooki
ngf
orauni
queci
tyt
ovi
siti
nSout
heastAsi
a,HoChiMni
hCi
tyi
san
at
tr
act
ivechoi
ce.
B.Const
ruct
ingSuccessi
vesent
encesi
npar
all
elf
orm
Bycr
eat
ingpar
all
elst
ruct
uresyoumakeyoursent
encescl
ear
erandeasi
ert
o
r
ead.Seet
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
epar
agr
aphi
nwhi
chsuccessi
vesent
encesar
e
const
ruct
edi
npar
all
elf
orm.
Ther
ear
ethr
eer
easonswhyCanadai
soneoft
hebestcount
ri
esi
nthewor
ld.
Fi
rst
,Canadahasanexcel
lentheal
thcar
esyst
em.Al
lCanadi
anshaveaccesst
o
medi
calser
vicesatar
easonabl
epr
ice.Second,Canadahasahi
ghst
andar
dof
educat
ion.St
udent
sar
etaughtbywel
l-
trai
nedt
eacher
sandar
eencour
agedt
o
cont
inuest
udyi
ngatuni
ver
sit
y.Fi
nal
ly,Canada'
sci
ti
esar
ecl
eanandef
fi
cient
ly
managed.Canadi
anci
ti
eshavemanypar
ksandl
otsofspacef
orpeopl
etol
ive.
Asar
esul
t,Canadai
sadesi
rabl
epl
acet
oli
ve.
Task8
The f
oll
owi
ng j
umbl
ed sent
ences woul
d gi
ve one ef
fect
ive par
agr
aph i
f
cor
rect
lyor
der
edandcombi
ned.Cor
rectt
heor
derandr
ewr
it
ethepar
agr
aph.
1.Achi
evi
ngper
sonalpoweri
shel
pfulf
orsomeonewhopr
etendst
obemor
e
conf
identt
hanher
eal
lyi
s.
2.Oner
easonpeopl
eli
eist
oachi
eveper
sonalpower
.
3.Heaskedmet
ocomet
ohi
spar
tyandbr
ingadat
e.
4.Forexampl
e,oneofmyf
ri
endst
hrewapar
tyathi
shousel
astmont
h.
5.Al
thought
hisl
iehel
pedmeatt
het
ime,si
ncet
heni
thasmademel
ook
downonmysel
f.
6.Oneofmyot
herf
ri
ends,whohadadat
etogot
othepar
tywi
th,askedme
aboutmydat
e.

7.Isai
dIcoul
deasi
lyf
indadat
eevenbet
tert
hanhi
sifIwant
edt
o.
8.However
,Idi
dn’
thaveagi
rl
fr
iend.
9.Idi
dn’
twantt
obeembar
rassed,
soIcl
aimedt
hatIhadal
otofwor
ktodo.
10.
Iachi
evedpowert
ohel
pmef
eelconf
ident
;however
,Iembar
rassedmy
f
ri
endandhi
sdat
e.
11.
Ial
sot
oldhi
mthathi
sdat
ewasugl
y.
C.Repeat
ingkeywor
dsi
nsever
alsent
ences
Repeat
ingapat
ter
ninaser
iesofconsecut
ivesent
enceshel
psyourr
eadersee
t
heconnect
ionsbet
weeni
deasasi
nthef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e.
Fr
iendshi
ps ar
e ver
yimpor
tant
.Mostpeopl
e wantand need good f
ri
ends.
Tr
adi
ti
onal
ly,
goodf
ri
endscar
eforeachot
herandt
heydonotwantt
ohur
teach
ot
her
.Butf
ri
endshi
psdonotj
usthappen.I
ttakesal
otoft
imeandal
otofhar
d
wor
ktobui
ldagoodf
ri
endshi
p;whenyouhaveaf
ri
endshi
pwi
thsomeone,do
notl
osti
t.I
twi
llbehar
dtof
indanot
herone.
Asyoucanseei
nthegi
venexampl
e,r
epeat
ingkeywor
ds,f
ri
endshi
ps,i
na
par
agr
aphpr
ovi
descont
inui
tyofr
eader
sbykeepi
ngi
deasconst
ant
lybef
ore
t
hem.Ther
eaderi
smadeawar
eoft
hecont
rol
li
ngsenseoff
ri
endshi
pint
he
par
agr
aphwi
thoutbei
ngover
whel
medbyt
her
epet
it
ionoft
hewor
d.
D.
Usi
ngpr
onounsef
fect
ivel
y
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandi
dent
if
yhow apr
onoun‘
they’i
s
usedt
oref
ert
othenounphr
ase‘
mypar
ent
s’t
oachi
evecoher
ence.
It
hinkt
hatmypar
ent
sar
ever
ydi
ff
erentf
rom eachot
her
.Theyneveragr
eeona
poi
nt.Theyal
wayshavedi
ff
erentopi
nions,evenonver
ysi
mpl
eissues.They
ar
gueal
lthet
imeandIt
hinkt
hisi
sthei
rsecr
etf
ormul
aforst
ayi
ngmar
ri
edf
or
suchal
ongt
ime.Ar
gui
ngi
sawayoft
alki
ngt
oeachot
herandt
alki
ngenabl
es
coupl
est
oknow andunder
standeachot
her
.Asar
esul
t,mypar
ent
sar
est
il
l
t
oget
heral
thought
heyhavemor
edi
ff
erencest
hansi
mil
ari
ti
es.
Task9

1.Foreachoft
heunder
li
nedpr
onounsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aph,
ident
if
ythe
nounornounphr
aset
owhi
chi
tref
ers.Wr
it
eyouranswer
sonyourexer
cise
book.
Mont
real
,oneofCanada’
slar
gestci
ti
es,i
sapopul
art
our
istdest
inat
ionf
or
sever
alr
easons.Fi
rst
,theci
tyhasabeaut
if
ull
ocat
ion.I
tsi
tsoni
slandi
nthe
mi
ddl
eoft
heSt
.Lawr
enceRi
ver
.Inaddi
ti
on,Mont
reali
sbot
hmoder
nand
hi
stor
ic.Ther
ear
emanyl
uxur
yhot
els.I
thasacl
earand ef
fi
cientsubway
syst
em,
andvi
sit
orscanf
indawi
devar
iet
yofshopsandr
est
aur
ant
s,especi
all
y
downt
own.Theol
destar
eaoft
het
own,t
heVi
enxMont
real
,isver
ybeaut
if
ul
becausemanyofi
tsol
destbui
ldi
ngswer
epr
otect
edasar
easoft
heci
tywer
e
r
ebui
ltordevel
oped.Themosti
nter
est
ingt
hingaboutMont
realmaybei
ts
Fr
enchqual
it
y.Appr
oxi
mat
elyt
wo-
thi
rdsoft
hepeopl
eli
vingi
nornearMont
real
ar
eofFr
enchor
igi
n,andt
heyspeakFr
enchaswel
lasEngl
ish.I
naddi
ti
ont
othe
st
rongFr
enchi
nfl
uence,
ther
ear
elar
gegr
oupsofpeopl
efr
om Ger
many,
Greece,
Hungar
y,I
tal
y,t
heWestI
ndi
es,
andchi
nal
ivi
ngt
her
e.Al
loft
hismakesMont
real
agr
eatpl
acet
ovi
sit
.
2.Rewr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphbyavoi
dingr
epet
it
ionofnouns.Subst
it
ute
t
henounswi
thpr
onouns.
Ant
hropol
ogy i
sthe st
udy ofhumanki
nd,especi
all
y ofHomo sapi
ens,t
he
bi
ologi
calspeci
est
owhi
chwehumanbei
ngsbel
ong.Ant
hropol
ogyi
sthest
udy
ofhowourspeci
esevol
vedf
rom mor
epr
imi
ti
veor
gani
sms;Ant
hropol
ogyi
sal
so
t
hest
udyofhow ourspeci
esdevel
opedamodeofcommuni
cat
ionknownas
l
anguageandamodeofsoci
all
if
eknownascul
tur
e.Ant
hropol
ogyi
sthest
udy
ofhowcul
tur
eevol
vedanddi
ver
sif
ied.Andf
inal
ly,Ant
hropol
ogyi
sthest
udyof
howcul
tur
e,peopl
e,andnat
urei
nter
actwher
everhumanbei
ngsar
efound.
3.Rewr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph,addi
ng an appr
opr
iat
epr
onoun i
nthe
bl
ankspacet
oachi
evecoher
ence.Thenunder
li
net
heant
ecedentoft
hat
pr
onoun.

Manyst
udent
sdeci
dedt
osend_
___
___
___
___
_uni
ver
sit
yappl
icat
ionst
ost
ate
uni
ver
sit
ies. I
nst
ruct
ors and gui
dance counsel
ors of
fer
ed _
___
___
___
___
assi
stance.One st
udent
,Tami
rat
,had _
___
___
___
___
___appl
icat
ion r
etur
ned
becausei
twasconsi
der
edi
ncompl
ete.Anot
herst
udent
,Mamo,
want
stoexpl
ore
al
l__
___
___
___
__opt
ionsbef
oresendi
ngi
nanyappl
icat
ions.Thedeadl
inef
or
submi
tt
ing t
he appl
icat
ions t
othe uni
ver
sit
y of
fi
ce i
s Oct
ober 12,and
_
___
___
___
___
__wi
llnotbeext
ended.
Task10:Fr
eewr
it
ing
Asyoudot
hef
oll
owi
ngassi
gnment
s,t
ryt
oachi
evepar
agr
aphcoher
enceby
usi
ngr
epet
it
ion,
pronouns,
synonyms,
andsubst
it
uti
ons.
Par
agr
aph1
Di
scussyourf
avor
it
efor
m ofr
elaxat
ion
Wr
it
ewhatyoul
iket
odowhenyouhavef
reet
ime.Doyoul
iket
ogett
oget
her
wi
thf
ri
ends?Doyoul
iket
ogot
oamovi
eort
osomespor
ti
ngevent
?Ordoyou
pr
efert
ospendyourt
imeal
one,per
hapsl
ist
eni
ngt
omusi
c,r
eadi
ng,orgoi
ng
f
ishi
ng?What
everyourf
avor
it
efr
ee-
timeact
ivi
ty,
namei
tinyourt
opi
csent
ence.
Besur
etot
ellwhatmakesyouract
ivi
tyr
elaxi
ng.Thengi
veyourpar
agr
aph
coher
encebyusi
ngpr
onounsandsynonyms.
Par
agr
aph2
Descr
ibeyouri
dealmat
e
Deci
deont
hreeorf
ourcr
uci
alqual
it
iest
hatyouri
dealhusband,wi
fe,orf
ri
end
woul
dpossess,
andwr
it
eapar
agr
aphdescr
ibi
ngt
hisext
raor
dinar
yper
son.Use
r
epet
it
ion,
pronouns,
andwor
dsubst
it
uti
onst
ogi
vecoher
encet
othepar
agr
aph.
Forexampl
e,Myi
dealhusband...he...mycompani
on.

Summar
y
Bui
ldi
ngCoher
ence:Connect
ingI
deas
Connect
ing
st
rat
egi
es Howi
twor
ks
Di
rect Ref
ert
oanounorpr
onounusedear
li
eri
nthepar
agr
aph
Ref
erences Repeatawor
dusedear
li
er
Useawor
dorphr
aset
hatmeanst
hesamet
hingasoneused
ear
li
er
Compar
eideas (
also,and,anot
her
,mor
eover
,si
mil
arl
y,t
oo,
l
ikewi
se,
inl
ikemanner
,int
hesameway)
.
Tr
ansi
tonal Cont
i rasti
deas (
alt
hough,but
,however
,in spi
te of
,inst
ead,
Expr
essi
ons never
thel
ess,
ont
heot
herhand,
sti
ll
,yet
,despi
te)
.
 Show causesandef
fect
s(asar
esul
t,because,f
ort
hisr
eason,
consequent
ly,
since,
sot
hat
,ther
efor
e,t
hus)
.
Show t
ime orsequence (
fi
rst
,second,t
hir
d,af
ter
war
d,si
nce,
bef
ore,
whenever
,unt
il
,assoonas,
asl
ongas,
whi
le,
aft
er,
atl
ast
,
at once,bef
ore,event
ual
ly,f
inal
ly,meanwhi
le,next
,then,
t
her
eaf
ter
,when)
.
Showpl
ace(
above,
acr
oss,
around,
bef
ore,
beyond,
down,
her
e,i
n,
i
nsi
de,
int
o,next
,over
,ther
e,t
o,under
)
Show i
mpor
tance(
fi
rst
,last
,mai
nly,mor
eimpor
tant
ly,t
hen,t
o
begi
nwi
th)
.
Togi
veexampl
es(
forexampl
e,f
ori
nst
ance,speci
fi
cal
ly,namel
y,

t
oil
lust
rat
e,t
hati
s,i
npar
ti
cul
ar,af
teral
l,even,i
ndeed,i
nfact
,of
cour
se,
suchas,
thef
oll
owi
ngexampl
e).
Togener
ali
ze(
ingener
al,f
ort
hemostpar
t,asagener
alr
ule,on
t
hewhol
e,usual
ly,
typi
cal
ly)
.
To concl
ude orsummar
ize (i
n concl
usi
on,t
o concl
ude,i
n
summar
y,t
osummar
ize,i
nshor
t,i
not
herwor
ds,t
her
efor
e,t
hus,
i
nreal
it
y,asar
esul
t,ashasbeennot
ed,asIhavesai
d,aswe
haveseen,
asment
ionedear
li
er,
inanyevent
).
2.
6.Par
agr
aphOr
gani
zat
ion
Lead-
in-
Task
Thi
nkaboutt
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsi
ndi
vidual
lyandshar
eyouranswer
sin
t
hreesorf
our
s.
1.Whati
spar
agr
aphor
gani
zat
ion?
2.Whypar
agr
aphor
gani
zat
ioni
simpor
tant
?
3.Whatar
ethemet
hodsusedt
oor
gani
zeapar
agr
aph?
Onecandevel
opmor
efl
exi
blesenseofor
gani
zat
ionbyl
ooki
ngatsomepat
ter
ns
t
hatar
emor
eexcl
usi
vel
ypat
ter
nsorpr
inci
plesofor
gani
zat
ion.Thesepr
inci
ples
havemanyvar
iat
ionst
hatt
heysomet
imesover
lapwi
thpat
ter
nsofdevel
opment
andt
hatgoodwr
it
ingsomet
imescombi
nesdi
ff
erentmet
hods.Cl
earl
ogi
cal
or
gani
zat
ioni
sthemosti
mpor
tantpar
tofef
fect
ivewr
it
ing.Toobt
aincoher
ence
i
nourpar
agr
aph,weal
soneedt
oor
gani
zei
tusi
ngt
heappr
opr
iat
emet
hodof
par
agr
aphor
gani
zat
ion.
Whenwet
alkaboutef
fect
ivewr
it
ing,weof
tent
hinkf
ir
staboutel
ement
sli
ke
wor
dchoi
ce,gr
ammarandmechani
cs,andcont
entorevi
dence.Butar
eal
ly
i
mpor
tantpar
tofef
fect
ivewr
it
ing—andef
fect
ivet
hinki
ng,t
oo—i
scl
ear
,logi
cal
or
gani
zat
ion.Thus,t
hissect
iondeal
swi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsofpar
agr
aph
or
gani
zat
iont
hathel
pyouachi
evecoher
encei
nyourpar
agr
aphs.
A.Spat
ialOr
der

Spat
ialor
gani
zat
ionut
il
izest
heconceptofspace.Thei
nfor
mat
ionpr
esent
edi
n
t
hepar
agr
aph,t
hen,i
sor
gani
zedf
rom ast
artpoi
ntt
oanendpoi
nt,pr
oceedi
ng
l
ogi
cal
lyf
rom one t
othe ot
her
.Spat
ialor
gani
zat
ion i
sfr
equent
ly used i
n
descr
ipt
ionswher
ethewr
it
ermovesi
nanor
der
lymannerf
orm onef
eat
uret
o
t
henext
.
Modelpar
agr
aph:
Myr
oom i
sani
cecomf
ort
abl
epl
ace.Asyouent
ert
her
oom,youwi
llseemy
deskont
her
ight
.Nextt
omydesk,t
her
eisawi
def
ir
epl
acewi
thachi
mneyon
t
het
opofi
t.Asyoupasst
hef
ir
epl
aceyouwi
llseemybed.Nowyouwi
llhavet
o
makeal
eftt
urn.Asyoupassal
ongmybed,
ont
hewal
lyouwi
llnot
iceawi
ndow
t
hatopenst
oabeaut
if
ulgar
den.Whenyougett
othef
ootofmybed,youwi
ll
havet
omakeanot
herl
eftt
urn;ot
her
wise,
youwi
llbangagai
nstt
hewal
linf
ront
ofyou.Af
teryouhavemadet
het
urn,youwi
llseemycomput
ert
abl
eint
he
cor
neri
nfr
ontofyou.Ont
hist
abl
eyouwi
llf
indmycomput
erandal
lofi
ts
per
ipher
als.Thenyoushoul
dmakeyourl
astt
urnandmoveal
ongt
hewal
ltoget
t
othedoor
;onest
epf
urt
her
,andyouwi
llbei
nthehal
l.
Task11
1.Readt
hegi
venmodelpar
agr
aphagai
nandcompl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngnot
e
Myr
oom i
sani
cecomf
ort
abl
epl
ace.Asyouent
ert
her
oom,………………Nextt
o
my desk, ……………………………………….
. As you pass t
he f
ir
e pl
ace,
……………………………Now……………….
As you pass al
ong my
bed,
…………………………………………………………………….Whenyougett
othef
ootofmybed,
……………………….
.;ot
her
wise,
…….
.Af
teryouhavemadet
het
urn,………………Ont
his
t
abl
e …………………. Then ………………………………One st
ep f
urt
her
,
………………………………………
2.Thef
oll
owi
ngsent
enceswoul
dgi
veef
fect
ivepar
agr
aphi
ftheyar
eor
der
ed
byusi
ngspat
ialor
der
.Rewr
it
ethem i
ntooneef
fect
ivepar
agr
aph

1.Ont
het
opshel
fwer
eat
hreeweekol
dcar
tonofmi
lkandat
woweekol
d
j
ugofmangoj
uice.
2.Thought
her
ewasf
ood,
noneofi
twasedi
ble.
3.Tot
her
ightoft
hewat
ermel
onsatt
her
emai
nsofamacar
oniandcheese
di
nnert
hathadbeenser
vedaweekear
li
er.
4.Thei
nsi
deofmyf
ri
end’
sref
ri
ger
atorwashor
ri
fyi
ng.
5.Nextt
othatt
her
ear
esl
icesofwat
ermel
onandpi
ecesofbr
eadt
hathad
st
art
edt
ogetmol
dy.
6.Ont
heshel
fbel
owwasasl
iceofcakef
rom hi
ssi
ster
'sbi
rt
hdaypar
ty.
B.Chr
onol
ogi
calOr
der(
TimeOr
der
)
Chr
onol
ogi
calor
dercansui
tdi
ff
erentr
het
ori
calmodesorpat
ter
nsofexposi
ti
on.
I
tnat
ural
lyf
it
sinnar
rat
ion,becausewhenwet
ellast
ory,weusual
lyf
oll
owt
he
or
deri
nwhi
chevent
soccur
.Chr
onol
ogi
calor
derappl
iest
opr
ocessi
nthesame
way,becausewhenwedescr
ibeorexpl
ainhow somet
hinghappensorwor
ks,
weusual
lyf
oll
owt
heor
deri
nwhi
cht
heevent
soccur
.
Modelpar
agr
aph:
Geol
ogi
stsdi
videmuchoft
heear
th’
shi
stor
yint
oper
iodsoft
imecal
ledEons.
Thef
ir
stper
iod,t
hepr
e-Ar
cheanper
iod,i
ncl
udest
hephasef
rom t
heor
igi
nof
t
heear
tht
o3.
8bi
ll
ionyear
sago.Thesecond,t
heAr
cheanEoni
ncl
udest
he
per
iodf
rom 3.
8to2.
5bi
ll
ionyear
sago.I
tmar
ksat
imei
nwhi
cht
hest
ruct
ureof
t
heear
thunder
wentmanychangesandt
hef
ir
stl
if
efor
m appear
edont
heear
th.
Dur
ingt
hePr
oter
ozoi
cEon,t
het
hir
dper
iod,t
heear
thwaspar
ti
all
ycover
edby
shal
lowseasandi
cesheet
s.Thi
sper
iodr
efer
sto2.
5bi
ll
iont
o570mi
ll
ionyear
s
ago.Dur
ingt
hisphase,l
if
eadvancedf
rom t
hemostbasi
cor
gani
smst
opl
ant
s
andani
mal
sthatl
ookedl
ikesomeoft
hespeci
esal
ivet
oday.Themostr
ecent
eonoft
heear
thi
sthePhaner
ozoi
cEonwhi
chi
ncl
udes570mi
ll
ionyear
sagoup
t
onow.Dur
ingt
hisEon,t
heear
thandl
if
eoni
tgr
adual
lychangedt
othei
r
pr
esentst
ate.
I
nthi
smodelpar
agr
apht
hegener
alcl
ass,t
hel
if
eofear
th,hasbeenbr
oken

downi
ntospeci
fi
cti
mephases.Then,t
heol
destphasei
sdescr
ibedi
nthef
ir
st
setofsuppor
ti
ngsent
ences.Thei
mmedi
atel
yfol
lowi
ngphaseofear
th'
sli
fehas
beendi
scussedi
nthesecondsetofsuppor
ti
ngsent
encesgr
adual
lymovi
ng
f
rom pasti
nto pr
esentt
hrough t
he par
agr
aph.An anal
ysi
s oft
his model
par
agr
aphwi
llr
eadasf
oll
ows:
Gener
alCl
ass:Thehi
stor
yofEar
th
Cl
assMember
s:Fi
rstEon:Or
igi
noft
heear
tht
o3.
8bi
ll
ionyear
sago
SecondEon:3.
8to2.
5bi
ll
ionyear
sago
Thi
rdEon:2.
5bi
ll
iont
o570mi
ll
ionyear
sago
Four
thEon:570mi
ll
ionyear
sagoupt
onow
Whenor
gani
zingapar
agr
aphusi
ngachr
onol
ogi
calor
der
,not
icet
hatyouhave
t
wochoi
ces:
1.begi
nni
ngf
rom pastandmovi
ngt
owar
dspr
esent
,or
2.begi
nni
ngf
rom pr
esentandmovi
ngt
owar
dspast
.
Ther
eisnoser
iousdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heset
womet
hods.I
tisamat
terof
choi
ce.Manywr
it
erspr
efert
ofol
low t
hecour
seofevent
sast
heyact
ual
ly
occur
redi
nhi
stor
y.Somewr
it
ers,however
,pr
efert
ofl
ashback.Theygof
rom
pr
esentt
opast
,ort
echni
cal
lymovei
nthedi
rect
ionopposi
tet
ohi
stor
y.
ThePhaner
ozoi
cEoni
sdi
videdi
ntot
hreedi
sti
ncter
as.Themostr
ecenter
aof
t
hisEoni
stheCenozoi
cEr
a.I
tbegan65mi
ll
ionyear
sago,
andi
sst
il
lgoi
ngon.
Theseconder
aoft
hisEoni
scal
ledt
heMesozoi
cEr
a.Thi
ser
aisol
dert
hant
he
Cenozoi
cEr
a.I
tref
erst
ost
ret
choft
imewhi
chbegan240mi
ll
ionyear
sagoand
ended65mi
ll
ionyear
sago.Fi
nal
ly,t
heol
dester
aiscal
ledt
hePal
eozoi
cEr
a.I
t
began570mi
ll
ionyear
sago.ThePal
eozoi
cEr
aended240mi
ll
ionyear
sago.An
anal
ysi
soft
hismodelpar
agr
aphwi
llr
eadasf
oll
ows:
Gener
alCl
ass:Er
asoft
hePhaner
ozoi
cEon

Cl
assMember
s:Thi
rder
a:65mi
ll
ionyear
sagot
opr
esent
Seconder
a:240t
o65mi
ll
ionyear
sago
Fi
rster
a:570t
o240mi
ll
ionyear
sago
Task12
1.Read t
hef
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph car
eful
lyand compl
etet
heanal
ysi
sthat
f
oll
ows.Wr
it
eyouranswer
sonyourexer
cisebook.
At
omi
cbombswer
ethef
ir
stnucl
earweaponst
obedevel
oped,
test
ed,
andused.
I
nthel
ate1930sphysi
cist
sinEur
opeandt
heUni
tedSt
atesr
eal
izedt
hatt
he
f
issi
onofur
ani
um coul
dbeusedt
ocr
eat
eaweapon.I
nAugust1939,Al
ber
t
Ei
nst
ein senta l
ett
ert
o Uni
ted St
atespr
esi
dentFr
ankl
in D.Roosevel
tthat
descr
ibed t
hisdi
scover
yand war
ned ofi
tspot
ent
ialdevel
opmentbyot
her
nat
ions.TheUni
tedSt
atesgover
nmentest
abl
ishedt
het
opsecr
etManhat
tan
Pr
ojecti
n1942t
odevel
opanat
omi
cdevi
ce.Thef
ir
stat
omi
cexpl
osi
onwas
conduct
ed,asat
estonJul
y16,1945.OnAugust6,1945,t
heUni
tedSt
ates
dr
oppedt
hef
ir
stat
omi
cbombont
heJapaneseci
tyofHi
roshi
ma.I
tfol
lowed
wi
thasecondbombagai
nstt
heci
tyofNagasakionAugust9.Asar
esul
t,Japan
agr
eedt
oAl
li
edt
ermsofsur
renderonAugust14t
h.
TheEvent
s Ti
me
2.Rewr
it
ethe par
agr
aph usi
ng nar
rat
ive si
mpl
e pr
esentt
ense i
n your
suppor
ti
ngsent
ences.Uset
hei
nfor
mat
ionyoucompl
etedi
nthet
abl
e.
3. Bel
ow i
s a t
abl
e descr
ibi
ng some of t
he event
s f
rom
Wangar
iMaat
hai
’sbi
ogr
aphy.Usi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedi
nthet
abl
e,

wr
it
e a par
agr
aph i
n whi
ch you use chr
onol
ogy as yourmet
hod of
or
gani
zat
ion.
Year
Event
s
1940
Bor
ninNyer
i,Kenya.
1964
Obt
ainedadegr
eei
nBi
ologi
calSci
encesf
rom MountSt
.Schol
ast
ic
Col
legei
nAt
chi
son,
Kansas.
1966
Subsequent
ly ear
ned a Mast
er of Sci
ence degr
ee f
rom t
he
Uni
ver
sit
yofPi
tt
sbur
gh.
1971
St
udi
ed f
ordoct
oraldegr
ee i
n Ger
many and t
he Uni
ver
sit
y of
Nai
robi
,obt
aini
ngaPh.
D.
1976
Becamechai
roft
heDepar
tmentofVet
eri
nar
yAnat
omyatUni
ver
sit
y
ofNai
robi
.
1977
Becameanassoci
atepr
ofessor
.
1976-
Act
ivei
ntheNat
ionalCounci
lofWomenofKenya.
87
1981-
Chai
rmanoft
heNat
ionalCounci
l.
87
1986
Est
abl
ishedaPanAf
ri
canGr
eenBel
tMovementNet
wor
kandhas
exposedover40i
ndi
vidual
sfr
om ot
herAf
ri
cancount
ri
est
othe
appr
oach.
2004 Wont
heNobelPeacePr
izef
orheryear
sofwor
kwi
thwoment
o
r
ever
seAf
ri
candef
orest
ati
on.
Task13:Fr
eewr
it
ing

Chooseoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wot
opi
cs.Composeat
opi
csent
ence,
brai
nst
orm
t
ogener
atei
deas,andt
henar
rangeyouri
deaschr
onol
ogi
cal
ly.Youmaywi
sh
t
ouset
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesl
iket
heset
ogui
det
her
eaderf
rom poi
nt
t
opoi
nt.
Fi
rst second bef
ore soon suddenl
y
t
hen dur
ing when moment
slat
er
next af
ter whi
le f
inal
ly
Par
agr
aph1
Recor
danunf
orget
tabl
eevent
Chooseamomenti
nspor
tsori
nsomeot
heract
ivi
tyt
hatyouvi
vidl
yremember
,
ei
therasapar
ti
cipantorasaspect
ator
.Int
het
opi
csent
ence,t
elli
nagener
al
waywhathappened.(
Itwast
hemostexci
ti
ngt
ouchdownIhaveeverseen,or
Ni
net
yembar
rassi
ngsecondsmar
kedt
heendofmybr
iefsur
fi
ngcar
eer
.)
Then
r
ecor
dtheexper
ience,
arr
angi
ngdet
ail
sint
imeor
der
.
Par
agr
aph2
Nar
rat
ethef
ir
sthourofyouraver
ageday
St
artwi
thget
ti
ngupi
nthemor
ningandcont
inuet
odescr
ibewhatyoudof
or
t
hatf
ir
sthour
.Recor
dyouract
ivi
ti
es,yourconver
sat
ions,i
fany,andpossi
bly
yourmoodsasyougot
hrought
hishouroft
hemor
ning.Asyour
evi
se,make
sur
ethatevent
scl
ear
lyf
oll
owt
imeor
der
.
C.Or
derofI
mpor
tance(
Emphat
icOr
der
)
I
deasi
napar
agr
aphcanal
sobear
rangedi
ntheor
derofi
mpor
tance.Youmay
st
artwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tanti
deaandendwi
tht
hel
east
,oryoumaybegi
nwi
th
t
hel
easti
mpor
tanti
deaandbui
ldt
oacl
imaxwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tantone.
Modelpar
agr
aph1
Loui
sPast
euri
srever
edasagr
eatsci
ent
istf
orhi
sthr
eemaj
ordi
scover
ies.
Mosti
mpor
tant
,thi
sFr
enchmancr
eat
edvacci
nest
hathavesavedmi
ll
ionsof

humanandani
mall
ives.Thevacci
nesgr
ewoutofhi
sdi
scover
ythatweakened
f
ormsofadi
seasecoul
dhel
ptheper
sonorani
malbui
ldupant
ibodi
est
hat
woul
dpr
eventt
hedi
sease.Thevacci
nesusedt
odayt
opr
otectchi
ldr
enf
rom
ser
iousi
ll
nessesowet
hei
rexi
stencet
oPast
eur
’swor
k.Al
mostasi
mpor
tant
was Past
eur
’s br
il
li
anti
dea t
hatt
inyl
ivi
ng bei
ngs,notchemi
calr
eact
ions,
spoi
ledbever
ages.Hedevel
opedapr
ocess,
past
eur
izat
iont
hatkeepsmi
lk,
wine,
vi
negar
,andbeerf
rom spoi
li
ng.Fi
nal
ly,
Past
eurf
oundwayst
ost
opasi
lkwor
m
di
seaset
hatt
hreat
enedt
orui
nFr
ance’
spr
ofi
tabl
esi
lki
ndust
ry.Manymedi
cal
r
esear
cher
sregar
dhi
m as“
thef
atherofmoder
nmedi
cine.
”
Task14
1.Rer
eadt
heaboveModelpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandanswert
hef
oll
owi
ng
quest
ions.
1.Whatar
ethet
hreemaj
ori
mpor
tantdi
scover
iest
hatLoui
sPast
euri
s
r
ever
edf
or?
2.Doest
heor
gani
zat
ionoft
hepar
agr
aphst
artwi
tht
hel
easti
mpor
tanti
dea
andbui
ldt
oacl
imaxwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tantone-
orf
rom t
hemost
i
mpor
tantt
othel
east
?Whati
stheevi
dencef
oryouranswer
?
3.I
fyouwi
sht
oper
suadeyourr
eaderwi
thar
gument
sorexampl
es,doyou
t
hinkbegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntsi
mpr
essest
her
eader
?
Why?
4.Whatt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsar
eusedi
ndescr
ibi
ngpoi
ntsi
ntheor
derof
i
mpor
tancei
nthi
spar
agr
aph?
5.Whati
stheconcl
udi
ngsent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whati
sthemai
nidea
i
ntheconcl
usi
on?
Modelpar
agr
aph2
Ourapar
tmentneedsal
otoff
ixi
ngup.Fi
rst
,wehavegott
ofi
xthel
eakyr
oof
bef
oret
heSept
emberr
ainscome.Next
,weneedt
opat
cht
hebi
ghol
esi
nthe
bedr
oom wal
lsandt
henst
ri
pthepeel
ingpai
ntof
fthewal
ls.Thenwecanr
epai
nt
t
heapar
tment
.Af
tert
hewal
lsar
erepai
nted,wecanwor
konr
epl
aci
ngt
he

l
inol
eum squar
esi
ntheki
tchent
hatar
elooseorcr
acked.Lat
er,t
hel
ivi
ngr
oom
car
petneedsshampooi
ng,andweshoul
drepl
acet
hatol
dswaybackedsof
a.
Thenwewon’
tbeembar
rassedt
ohavecompanyoveroncei
nawhi
le.
2.Rer
eadt
heaboveModelpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandcompl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ng
not
e.
Ourapar
tmentneedsal
otoff
ixi
ngup.Fi
rst
………………………………….
Next
,……………………………………………Then,
…………………………………
Af
tert
hewal
lsar
erepai
red,
……………………………………………………….
.
Lat
er,
………………………………………………………………………………………
3.Rewr
it
ethe par
agr
aph i
n yourown wor
ds usi
ng t
he i
nfor
mat
ion you
compl
etedi
nthenot
e.Or
gani
zeyourpar
agr
aphi
ntheor
derofi
mpor
tance.
Task15:Fr
eewr
it
ing
Useor
derofi
mpor
tancet
ogi
vecoher
encet
ooneoft
hepar
agr
aphst
hatf
oll
ow.
Uset
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesl
iket
heset
ogui
det
her
eaderal
ong:
f
ir
st evenmor
e anot
her nextl
ast
aboveal
l especi
all
y mostofal
l l
eastofal
l
Par
agr
aph1
Descr
ibeadayi
nwhi
chever
ythi
ngwentr
ight
Fr
eewr
it
eorbr
ainst
ormt
ogener
atei
deas.Chooset
hreeorf
ouroft
heday’
sbest
event
s and wr
it
e a par
agr
aph i
n whi
ch you pr
esentt
hem i
n or
der of
i
mpor
tance—ei
therf
rom t
hemostt
othel
easti
mpor
tant
,orf
rom t
hel
eastt
othe
mosti
mpor
tant
.
Par
agr
aph2
Per
suadesomeonet
oat
tendyouruni
ver
sit
y
Choosea per
son you know—a f
ri
end orr
elat
iveand wr
it
ea par
agr
aph t
o
convi
ncet
hatper
sont
oenr
olli
ncl
assesatyouruni
ver
sit
y.Wr
it
eyourt
opi
c
sent
enceandgener
atei
deas;chooset
hreet
ofi
ver
easonst
ouset
oconvi
nce
yourr
eader
.Ar
ranget
heser
easonsaccor
dingt
othei
ror
derofi
mpor
tance.

Summar
y
Or
gani
zingPar
agr
apht
oBui
ldCoher
ence
TypeofOr
der Whent
ouse Howi
twor
ks
Tot
ellast
ory Toshowhowt
hingschangeovert
ime
Chr
onol
ogi
cal Toaexpl
ainapr
ocess
or
der Toshowcauseand
ef
fect
Pr
ovi
dedet
ail
saccor
dingt
othei
rlocat
ion–
Spat
ialor
der Todescr
ibesomet
hing neart
ofar
,topt
obot
tom,l
eftt
ori
ght
,and
soon.
Toexpl
ainorcl
ari
fy Gr
oupsi
deast
oget
heri
nwayt
hatshows
Logi
cal –of
tenbydef
ini
ng, t
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weent
hem.
di
vidi
ngasubj
ecti
nto
par
ts,
orcompar
ingand
cont
rast
ing.
Ar
ranges i
deas and det
ail
sfr
om most
Or
derof Toi
nfor
m ort
oper
suade i
mpor
tantdet
ail
stol
east
,orvi
ce ver
sa,
i
mpor
tance accor
ding t
o whi
ch or
der t
he aut
hor
consi
der
smostef
fect
ive.
2.
7.Typesofpar
agr
aphs
Basi
cal
lyt
her
ear
efourt
ypesofpar
agr
aphsnamel
y:Descr
ipt
ive,Exposi
tor
y,
Nar
rat
iveandper
suasi
vepar
agr
aphs.
2.
7.1Descr
ipt
ivePar
agr
aph
Adescr
ipt
ioni
saf
orm ofwr
it
ingt
hatgi
vesapi
ctur
esqueofat
opi
c.I
tshowst
he
r
eaderwhataper
son,
apl
ace,
ascene,
athi
ng,
asensat
ionoranemot
ioni
sli
ke.
Thus,whenyouwr
it
eadescr
ipt
ion,youusewor
dst
opai
ntapi
ctur
eforyour
r
eader
s.Wi
thdescr
ipt
ion,youusel
anguaget
hatcr
eat
esavi
vidi
mpr
essi
onof
whatyouhaveseen,hear
d,smel
led,t
ast
ed,ort
ouched.Youcandevel
opt
his
t
ypeofpar
agr
aphbyi
ncl
udi
ngmor
edescr
ipt
ivedet
ail
ssot
hatt
her
eaderi
sabl
e

t
oseeort
hinkabout
,oractonwhatyouhaveshown.Ther
ear
etwot
ypesof
descr
ipt
ion:Obj
ect
ivedescr
ipt
ionandsubj
ect
ivedescr
ipt
ion.
Obj
ect
iveDescr
ipt
ion:youdescr
ibet
hesubj
ect
,butyouwi
llnotr
evealyour
at
ti
tudeorf
eel
ingsabouti
t.I
nst
ead,yout
ransmi
tast
rai
ght
for
war
dandl
it
eral
por
trai
t of t
he subj
ect wi
thout i
mput
ing your poi
nt of vi
ew i
nto t
he
descr
ipt
ion.
Exampl
es:
Foot
bal
landswi
mmi
ngar
ethemostpl
ayedgamesi
nHawassa,butr
ecent
ly
basket
bal
lisal
so becomi
ng popul
aramong t
heyout
h.Bi
king and r
unni
ng
compet
it
ionsar
eal
sor
arel
yhel
dont
hemai
nst
reet
soft
het
own.
Mr
.Jer
emyl
ivesi
nourvi
ll
age.Hewor
ksi
nthef
act
oryt
hatwasbui
ltl
astyear
.
Hehast
hreechi
ldr
enwhoar
eat
tendi
nghi
ghschool
.
Subj
ect
ive Descr
ipt
ion:Subj
ect
ive descr
ipt
ion i
s known as i
mpr
essi
oni
sti
c
descr
ipt
ion.I
nsubj
ect
iveori
mpr
essi
oni
sti
cdescr
ipt
ionyouconveyahi
ghl
y
per
sonalvi
sionoft
hesubj
ectbecauseyouwantt
oevokeast
rongemot
ional
r
esponsei
nther
eader
.
Exampl
es:
Hawassai
sanext
remel
yint
erest
ingandadel
ight
fulci
tywi
thanumberof
wonder
fulpl
acest
ovi
sit
.It
sext
remebeaut
yandt
heexi
stenceoff
reshai
r
t
hroughoutt
heyearcr
eat
eacent
erofat
tent
ion.I
ftr
uthbet
old,i
tiswor
th
vi
sit
ing.
Mr
.Jer
emy,
whoi
sthef
act
orywor
keri
nourvi
ll
age,
smel
ledl
ikear
ott
eneggas
i
fhehadnott
akenashowerf
orcent
uri
es.
Not
e:Remembert
hatt
hepur
posef
orwr
it
ing,bei
tobj
ect
iveorsubj
ect
ive,wi
ll
det
ermi
net
hechangei
nthedescr
ipt
ivel
anguage.

Whenyouwr
it
eadescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aph,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Adescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hatst
ates
t
hemai
npoi
ntyouwantt
omakei
nyourpar
agr
aph.
 Yourt
opi
csent
enceshoul
dindi
cat
etheper
son,pl
ace,orobj
ectt
hat
youdescr
ibei
nyourpar
agr
aph.
 Al
lyourexampl
esanddet
ail
sshoul
dhel
ptosuppor
tyourpar
agr
aph’
s
mai
nidea.Haveenoughdescr
ipt
ivedet
ail
s.
 Adescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aphendswi
thaconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsums
upt
hemai
nideast
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence.
 Si
ncespaceor
deri
sof
tenusedi
ndescr
ipt
ion,
adescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aph
shoul
dpr
esentt
hedet
ail
sthatsuppor
tthet
opi
csent
encei
nacl
ear
spat
ialor
der
,theor
deri
nwhi
chyouobser
vedt
heper
son,obj
ect
,or
scene you ar
e descr
ibi
ng.Thus,as you ar
range youri
deas i
na
descr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aph,besur
etouseappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
ds
andphr
asest
oleadr
eader
sfr
om onedet
ailt
oanot
her
.
 Ofcour
se,
otherki
ndsofor
derar
epossi
ble.Forexampl
e,adescr
ipt
ion
ofaper
sonmi
ghthavet
wopar
ts:det
ail
sofphysi
calappear
anceand
det
ail
sofbehavi
or.Seet
hisexampl
epar
agr
aph:
Ournew i
nst
ruct
orf
rom abr
oadi
sthi
rt
yyear
sol
d,r
athert
alland
hasbl
ueeyesandshor
tbl
ackhai
r.Hewear
scasualcl
othesashe
t
eaches st
udent
sinar
elaxed at
mospher
e.He enj
oys hi
sjob
becauseheget
stomeetandhel
psomanydi
ff
erentpeopl
e.Dur
ing
hi
sspar
eti
me,hel
ikespl
ayi
ngt
enni
swhi
chhepl
aysatl
eastt
hree
t
imesaweek.Heal
sol
ovesl
ist
eni
ngt
ocl
assi
calmusi
candhe
admi
tt
edt
hathespendsal
otofmoneyonbuyi
ngnewCDs!Hel
ives
i
napr
ett
ypr
ivat
eroom i
nAr
baMi
nch.Heenj
oyseat
inggr
eat
cul
tur
alf
oodandl
aughi
ngwi
tht
hel
ikabl
epeopl
ewhol
iveher
e.

Task16
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsbasedont
hedescr
ipt
ionoft
heper
soni
nthe
abovepar
agr
aph.
1.Whati
sthemostnot
iceabl
efeat
ureoft
heper
sondescr
ibed?
2.Whati
stheat
ti
tudeoft
heper
sont
owar
dst
heper
sonheorshedescr
ibed?
3.Whatar
etheadj
ect
ivesusedt
odescr
ibet
heper
son?Li
stt
hem.
4.Usi
ngt
hesamemodel
,wr
it
easi
mil
ardescr
ipt
ionofsomeonebesi
deyou.
I
nter
view hi
m orherusi
ngt
hequest
ionsi
ntheboxont
henextpaget
o
col
lectappr
opr
iat
einf
ormat
ionabouthi
m orhert
hatyouwi
llusei
nyour
descr
ipt
ion.
Quest
ionsf
ort
hei
nter
view
1.Howol
dar
eyou?Howt
allar
eyou?
2.Wher
edi
dyouat
tendyourhi
ghschool
?
3.Whatki
ndofcl
othesdoyouusual
lywear
?Why?
4.Whatki
ndofj
obdoyoudo?Doyoul
ikei
t?Why?
5.Whatar
eyourf
avor
it
ehobbi
es?Whydoyoul
iket
hem?
6.Wher
edoyoucomef
rom?
7.Doyoul
ikel
ivi
ngt
her
e?Whyorwhynot
?
Task17
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngmodelpar
agr
apht
hatdescr
ibest
hemostnot
iceabl
e
f
eat
uresofagi
venscene.Then,
answert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
OnNovember27,
1922,
whenar
chaeol
ogi
stHowar
dCar
terunseal
edt
hedoort
o
t
heanci
entEgypt
iant
ombofKi
ngTut
,hest
aredi
namazementatt
hef
ant
ast
ic
obj
ect
sheapedal
lar
oundhi
m.Onhi
slef
tlayt
hewr
ecksofatl
eastf
ourgol
den
char
iot
s.Agai
nstt
hewal
lonhi
sri
ghtsatagor
geouschestbr
ight
lypai
ntedwi
th

hunt
ingandbat
tl
escenes.Acr
ossf
rom hi
m wasagi
ldedt
hronewi
thcat
-
shapedl
egs,ar
msl
ikewi
ngedser
pent
s,andabackshowi
ngKi
ngTutandhi
s
queen.Behi
ndt
het
hroner
oseat
allcouchdecor
atedwi
thani
malf
acest
hat
wer
ehal
fhi
ppopot
amusandhal
fcr
ocodi
le.Thecouchwasl
oadedwi
thmor
e
t
reasur
es.Tot
her
ightoft
hecouch,t
wol
if
e-si
zedst
atuesf
acedeachot
herl
ike
guar
ds.Theywer
ebl
ack,wor
egol
dski
rt
sandsandal
s,andhadcobr
ascar
ved
ont
hei
rfor
eheads.Bet
weent
hem wasasecondseal
eddoor
way.Car
ter
’shear
t
beatl
oudl
y.Woul
dthemummyofKi
ngTutl
iebeyondi
t?
1.Whatover
alli
mpr
essi
ondoyouunder
standf
rom t
het
opi
csent
enceoft
his
par
agr
aph?Whatmai
nideai
sst
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence?Whati
syour
evi
dence?
2.Di
scusswi
thyourpar
tnert
hei
mpor
tantwor
dsyouhavenot
eddown.What
ar
ethemostnot
iceabl
efeat
uresoft
hescenedescr
ibed?
3.Thi
spar
agr
aph,l
ikemanydescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aphs,i
sor
gani
zedaccor
ding
t
ospaceor
der
.Theaut
horusest
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asest
hatl
eadt
he
r
eader
sfr
om onedet
ailt
otheot
her
.Whatar
ethoset
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsor
phr
ases?
4.Whati
stheat
ti
tudeoft
hewr
it
eri
ndescr
ibi
ngt
hescene,obj
ect
iveor
i
mpr
essi
oni
sti
c?Whatar
eyourcl
ues?
2.Arr
angethefol
lowingj
umbl
edsent
encesandr
ewr
it
ethem i
ntoanef
fect
ive
descr
ipt
ivepar
agraph.
1.Thebedr
oomshadcol
orf
ulpat
chwor
kqui
lt
sont
hebedsandant
ique
pi
ctur
esont
hewal
ls,butt
hemat
tr
esseswer
ebr
andnewandext
remel
y
comf
ort
abl
e.
2.An ol
d-f
ashi
oned r
adi
o,hooked r
ugs,and ahandmadechecker
boar
d
combi
nedwi
tht
hewood-
bur
ningf
ir
epl
acet
ocr
eat
ear
ust
icat
mospher
e.
3.Ther
entcot
tagewaschar
mingbecausei
twasol
d-f
ashi
onedandmoder
n
att
hesamet
ime.
4.Ther
eadi
ngl
ight
swer
eoft
hesame,ef
fi
cient
,up-
to-
dat
est
yleIhaveat
home.

5.Onent
eri
ngt
hel
ivi
ngr
oom,one’
simmedi
atedesi
rewast
ofl
ingonesel
f
ont
hehugesof
a.
6.Thecot
taget
ookmebacki
nti
mei
nthebestways.
7.Fr
om t
hemoder
nredwood deckIhad a peacef
ulvi
ew oft
hequi
te,
secl
udedl
ake.
3.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
egi
vesyousomei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heaver
agedept
h,
ar
ea,
andvol
umeoft
hewor
ld’
soceans.Readt
hei
nfor
mat
ionver
ycar
eful
ly
andwr
it
eapar
agr
aphont
hebasi
soft
hisi
nfor
mat
ion.
Aver
agedept
h Ar
ea vol
ume
Oceans (
Met
er) (
mil
li
onsq (
mil
li
oncukm)
km)
Paci
fi
cOcean 4,
300 165.
7 707.
6
At
lant
icOcean 3,
900 82.
4 324.
6
I
ndi
anOcean 3,
900 73.
4 291
Ar
cti
cOcean 1,
300 14.
1 17
Ant
arct
icOcean 3,
790 361.
1 1,
370
4.Chooseoneoft
het
opi
csbel
ow andwr
it
eadescr
ipt
ivepar
agr
aphona
separ
atepaper
.
1.Af
avor
it
epl
ace 6.Af
avor
it
ear
ti
cleofcl
othi
ng
2.Ausef
ulobj
ect 7.Acomf
ort
abl
espotoncampus
3.Af
ami
lymemberorf
ri
end 8.Thecaryouwoul
dli
ket
ohave
4.Awor
kofar
t 9.Ast
atueormonument
5.Aval
uedpossessi
on 10.Someoneyouadmi
re
2.
7.2.Exposi
tor
yPar
agr
aph
Thepur
posef
oranexposi
tor
yorexpl
anat
orypar
agr
aphi
stogi
vei
nfor
mat
ion
abouta subj
ect
. Thi
spar
agr
aph shoul
d expl
aini
deas,phenomenon,gi
ves
di
rect
ions,orshowsapr
ocessofhow t
oaccompl
ishsomet
hing.Expl
anat
ory

par
agr
aphshoul
d have f
act
uali
nfor
mat
ion pr
ovi
ded i
n sequent
ialor
der
.
Exposi
tor
ypar
agr
aphcanbewr
it
tenbyusi
ngacombi
nat
ionofal
lorsomeoft
he
f
oll
owi
ng t
echni
ques of devel
opi
ng i
deas: Def
ini
ti
on,Cause and ef
fect
,
cl
assi
fi
cat
ion, pr
ocess wr
it
ing, compar
ison and cont
rast
,il
lust
rat
ion,
i
dent
if
icat
ionandanal
ysi
s.
A.Def
ini
ti
on
Oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantwayst
o expl
ain an i
deaf
ull
yist
o def
inei
t.A
def
ini
ti
onl
imi
tst
het
houghtbycl
assi
fyi
ngi
tgener
all
yandspeci
fi
cal
ly,
byt
ell
ing
whati
tisnotorbydet
ermi
ningi
tspr
eci
semeani
ngbyf
ixi
ngi
tsdenot
ati
onand
connot
ati
on.
Def
ini
ti
oni
samet
hodofexpl
aini
ngwor
dsorphr
ases.Whenmostpeopl
ethi
nk
ofdef
ini
ti
ons,
theyt
hinkoft
hef
ormaldef
ini
ti
onst
heyseei
nadi
cti
onar
y.For
mal
def
ini
ti
onshaveat
hree-
par
tst
ruct
ure.
 Thet
ermt
obedef
ined
 Thegener
alcl
asst
owhi
cht
het
erm bel
ongs
 Thet
hingst
hatmaket
het
erm di
ff
erentf
rom al
lot
heri
temsi
nthegener
al
cl
asst
owhi
cht
het
erm bel
ongs
Ter
m Cl
ass Di
ff
erent
iat
ion
Pl
ayedoni
cebyt
wot
eamson skat
eswho
I
cehockey i
sagame
usecur
vedst
ickst
otr
ytohi
tapucki
ntot
he
opponent
’sgoal
.
Spaghet
ti i
sapast
a Made i
nthe shape ofl
ong,t
hin st
rands,
usual
lyser
vedwi
thasauce.
Asi
ngl
e-sent
encef
ormaldef
ini
ti
oni
sof
tennotenought
odef
ineaspeci
ali
zed
t
erm (
poi
ntofvi
ew orpr
emedi
tat
ion,f
orexampl
e),an abst
ractconcept

(
happi
ness orsuccess,f
orexampl
e),ora compl
icat
ed subj
ect(
stem-
cel
l
r
esear
ch,
forexampl
e).I
nthesecases,
youmayneedt
oexpandt
hebasi
cfor
mal
def
ini
ti
onbywr
it
ingadef
ini
ti
onpar
agr
aph.I
nfact
,adef
ini
ti
onpar
agr
aphi
san
expandedf
ormaldef
ini
ti
on.
I
nthe f
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph,an ext
ended def
ini
ti
on i
s used as par
toft
he
i
ntr
oduct
iont
oar
esear
char
ti
cle.Thei
ntent
ionher
eisbot
htoest
abl
isht
he
t
ermsoft
hedi
scour
seand t
o est
abl
ish t
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hesubj
ect
.By
expl
ori
ngt
hemeani
ngoft
het
erm bi
met
als,t
hewr
it
ercr
eat
esashar
edconcept
t
hatf
ocusest
hedi
scussi
ont
hatf
oll
ows.
Bi
met
als ar
e component
s made up oft
wo separ
ate met
all
ic uni
ts,each
occupyi
ngadi
sti
nctposi
ti
oni
nthecomponent
.Bi
met
alr
odsorwi
res,al
so
cal
ledcl
admet
al,duo-ordual
-met
al,ar
emadeofdi
ssi
mil
armet
als.Ther
od
cor
e,acyl
indr
icalbodymadeofonemet
al,i
ssur
roundedbyaconcent
ri
c,
cyl
indr
icalsl
eeveofanot
hermet
al.Somef
ibr
ousmet
alsmayal
sober
egar
ded
asbi
met
all
ic;f
orexampl
e,r
odsmadebyuni
dir
ect
ionalsol
idi
fi
cat
ionofsome
eut
ect
iccomposi
ti
onscont
ainamet
all
icornonmet
all
iccompoundoff
ibr
ous
f
il
ament
sembedded i
n an al
mostpur
emet
all
icmat
ri
x.Thest
ruct
ureofa
pr
esent
-dayni
obi
um-
tin(
Nb-
Sn)
,amet
all
icchemi
calcompoundofni
obi
um (
Nb)
andt
in(
Sn)
,usedi
ndust
ri
all
yasat
ypesuper
conduct
ingcor
ecanbeevenmor
e
compl
ex.I
tismul
ti
-met
all
ic-
-cont
aini
ngmor
ethant
wodi
ssi
mil
armet
als.The
t
woel
ement
sofabi
met
all
icpr
oductar
eusual
lyi
nti
mat
elyi
nter
locked,sot
hat
t
heyf
unct
ioni
nuni
son.
When you devel

op a par
agr
aph t
hrough def
ini
ti
on,keep t
he f
oll
owi
ng
gui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Haveacl
eart
opi
csent
encet
hatst
atest
hepar
agr
aph’
smai
nidea
 Yourt
opi
csent
encemusti
dent
if
ythet
erm youar
edef
ini
ng.
 Checkt
hatal
lexampl
esanddet
ail
ssuppor
tyourt
opi
csent
ence.
 Consi
derwhet
heryouneedt
oaddmor
eexampl
esordet
ail
stohel
pyou

def
ineyourt
erm.
 Check whet
heryourt
ransi
ti
ons ar
e appr
opr
iat
efort
he pat
ter
n(or
pat
ter
ns)ofdevel
opmentyouuse,ort
oaddt
ransi
ti
onst
omakeyour
par
agr
aphmor
ecoher
ent
.
 Endt
hepar
agr
aphwi
thaconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsummar
izesyour
mai
nidea.
Task18
The f
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph i
s devel
oped bydef
ini
ti
on.Read i
tcar
eful
lyand
answert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
I
mper
ial
ism i
sani
net
eent
h-cent
uryt
ermt
hatr
efer
stot
hepol
icybywhi
chone
count
ryt
akesovert
hel
andort
hegover
nmentofanot
hercount
ry.Thegoalof
i
mper
ial
ism wast
oest
abl
ishanempi
re.Thei
mper
ial
istcount
ryt
houghtt
hati
t
wassuper
iort
othecount
ryi
ttookover
.Itj
ust
if
iedi
tsact
ionsbysayi
ngt
hati
t
was hel
ping t
he ot
hercount
ry.Fori
nst
ance,count
ri
es such as Ger
many,
Bel
gium,Spai
n,andEngl
andcl
aimedl
argear
easofl
andi
nAf
ri
ca.Thepoi
ntof
i
mper
ial
ism wast
otakeasmuchoutoft
heoccupi
edcount
ri
esaspossi
ble.For
exampl
e,i
nSout
hAmer
icaandMexi
co,Spai
nremovedt
onsofgol
dfr
om t
he
ar
easi
toccupi
ed.I
tmadet
henat
ivesi
ntosl
avesandf
orcedt
hem t
owor
kin
mi
nes.I
nor
dert
opr
otectt
hei
rint
erest
s,i
mper
ial
istcount
ri
esof
tensentt
roops
t
ooccupyot
hercount
ri
esandt
okeepor
der
.Asar
esul
t,i
mper
ial
ism keptt
he
peopl
einoccupi
edcount
ri
esi
npover
tyandof
tenbr
okedownl
ocalgover
nment
s
and l
ocalt
radi
ti
ons.Ati
ts wor
st,Eur
opean i
mper
ial
ism br
oughtsl
aver
y,
dest
ruct
ion,
anddeat
htomanypeopl
e.
1.Whati
sthei
mpor
tantt
ermt
hati
sdef
inedi
nthi
spar
agr
aph?
2.Whatexampl
es and suppor
ti
ng det
ail
s ar
eincl
uded t
o devel
op t
he
def
ini
ti
onoft
het
erm?
3.Whatappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eusedt
omaket
he
connect
ionbet
weent
hei
deascl
ear
er?
4.Whati
stheconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsummar
izest
hemai
nideaoft
he

par
agr
aph?Whatdoesi
tconcl
ude?
Task19
Usethei nf
ormation pr
esent
ed i
nthechar
tbel
ow t
o wr
it
eapar
agr
aph of
st
ipul
ateddefi
nit
ionabouthumanmemory
I
nfor
mat
ion
Sensorymemory:
Fl
eeti
ngsnapshot
sof
si
ghtsandsounds
At
tent
ion
Short-t
er m memory:
Tempor arystor
ageand
processingof
i
nformat i
on
Encodi
ng Ret
ri
eval
Long-t
erm memory:
Permanentst
orageof
i
nformati
on

Task20
Devel
oponeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsorphr
asesbyt
heuseofdef
ini
ti
ons.Tel
l
whatt
hewor
dorphr
asei
saswel
laswhati
tisnot
.Consi
derusi
ngappr
opr
iat
e
t
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph
1.Ar
ealspor
tsf
an 6.Humanr
ight
2.Democr
acy 7.Behavi
or
3.Pat
ri
oti
sm 8.Tr
ueLove
4.RealFr
iend 9.Whi
tebl
oodcel
l
5.Lear
ning 10.Mal
ari
a
B.Exempl
if
icat
ion
Anexempl
if
icat
ionpar
agr
aphexpl
ainsorcl
ari
fi
est
hei
deai
nthet
opi
csent
ence
wi
thspeci
fi
cexampl
es.Per
sonalexper
iences,cl
assdi
scussi
ons,obser
vat
ions,
conver
sat
ions,andr
eadi
ng(
forexampl
e,i
nnewspaper
sandmagazi
nesoron
t
heI
nter
net
)canal
lbegoodsour
cesofexampl
es.
Tocl
ari
fygener
alst
atement
s,weuseexempl
if
icat
ion—t
hati
s,weusespeci
fi
c
exampl
est
hati
ll
ust
rat
eagener
ali
dea.
Gener
alSt
atement Speci
fi
cExampl
es
Todayi
sgoi
ngt
obeahar
d Todayi
sgoi
ngt
obeahar
ddaybecauseIhave
day. ahi
stor
ytesti
nthemor
ningandal
abqui
zin
t
heaf
ter
noon.Ial
sohavet
ogot
owor
kanhour
ear
li
ert
hanusual
.
Mycari
sgi
vingmepr
obl
ems. Mycari
sbur
ningoi
landwon’
tst
artoncol
d
mor
nings.I
naddi
ti
on,
Ineedanewset
Whenyouwr
it
eanexempl
if
icat
ionpar
agr
aph,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:

 Anexempl
if
icat
ionpar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hat
st
atest
hepar
agr
aph’
smai
nidea.
 Thet
opi
csent
encei
sfol
lowedbyexampl
est
hatsuppor
tthemai
nidea.
 Exampl
esshoul
dbear
rangedi
nlogi
calor
der
—forexampl
e,f
rom l
east
i
mpor
tantt
omosti
mpor
tantorf
rom gener
alt
ospeci
fi
c.
 An exempl
if
icat
ion par
agr
aph endswi
th a concl
udi
ng st
atementt
hat
sumsupi
tsmai
nidea.
 Whenyouwr
it
eanexempl
if
icat
ionpar
agr
aph,besur
etoi
ncl
udecl
ear
t
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
ases.Theset
ransi
ti
onshel
preader
sfol
low
yourdi
scussi
onbyi
ndi
cat
inghoweachexampl
eisr
elat
edt
oanot
heras
wel
lashoweachexampl
esuppor
tst
het
opi
csent
ence.
Thef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphusessever
alexampl
est
omaket
hepoi
ntt
hatsome
count
ri
eschanget
hei
rnamesf
orpol
it
icalr
easons.
Task21
1.Readt
hepar
agr
aphbel
owcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
NewGover
nment
,NewName
Of
ten,
whencount
ri
eschanget
hei
rnames,
iti
sforpol
it
icalr
easons.Somet
imes
anewgover
nmentdeci
dest
ochanget
hecount
ry’
snamet
osepar
atei
tsel
ffr
om
anear
li
ergover
nment
.Forexampl
e,Bur
mabecameMyanmarwhenami
li
tar
y
gover
nmentt
ookoveri
n1989.Cambodi
ahashadsever
alnamechangesaswel
l.
Af
teracoupi
n1970,i
twascal
ledt
heKhmerRepubl
ic.Then,i
n1975,under
communi
str
ule,i
tbecameKampuchea.Gai
ningi
ndependencef
rom anot
her
nat
ioni
sanot
herr
easonf
oracount
ryt
ochangei
tsname.Fori
nst
ance,
in1957,
af
tergai
ningi
ndependencef
rom t
heGr
eatBr
it
ain,
theGol
dCoastbecameGhana.
Anot
hernamechangeoccur
redwhent
heFr
enchSudanbecameMal
i.Af
ter
gai
ningi
ndependencef
rom Fr
ancei
n1960,
itdeci
dedt
orej
ecti
tscol
oni
alpast
.
Fi
nal
ly,
Zimbabwegaveupi
tsf
ormerBr
it
ishname,
Rhodesi
a,sever
alyear
saf
ter
wi
nni
ngi
ndependence.Thesenamechangescanbeconf
usi
ng,butt
heyr
eveal
t
hechangi
ngpol
it
icalcl
imat
eoft
hecount
ri
esi
nwhi
cht
heyoccur
.

1.Whatmai
nideai
sst
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?
2.Li
stt
hespeci
fi
cexampl
est
hatar
eusedt
osuppor
tthemai
nideaoft
he
t
opi
csent
ence.
3.Whatt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsar
eusedt
oconnecti
deasi
nthepar
agr
aph?Li
st
t
hem.
4.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
nthepar
agr
aph’
sconcl
udi
ngst
atement
?
2.Chooseoneoft
het
opi
csbel
ow(
orchooseyourownt
opi
c)andwr
it
ean
exempl
if
icat
ionpar
agr
aph
1.Ef
fect
ive(
ori
nef
fect
ive)t
eacher
s
2.Wayst
hatst
udentpr
epar
eforexams
3.Typesofr
esour
cesi
nthecol
legel
ibr
ary
4.Chal
lengesol
derst
udent
sface
5.Pr
obl
emsf
aci
ngcol
legef
reshmenorsomeonenewt
oaj
ob
6.Unat
tr
act
ivecl
othi
ngst
yles
7.Peerpr
essur
e
C.CauseandEf
fect
I
fyourpur
posef
orwr
it
ingi
stodet
ermi
necondi
ti
onorr
easonandr
esul
tor
out
come,youshoul
dusecauseandef
fectmet
hod.Causeandef
fectanal
ysi
s
st
atest
hecausei
nthet
opi
csent
enceandt
henpr
oceedst
oanal
yzet
het
opi
cby
di
scussi
ngt
heef
fect
soft
hecent
rali
dea.
Acausei
ssomet
hingorsomeonet
hatmakessomet
hinghappen.Anef
fecti
s
somet
hingbr
oughtaboutbyapar
ti
cul
arcause.Acause-
andef
fectpar
agr
aph
hel
psr
eader
sunder
standwhysomet
hinghappenedori
shappeni
ngorshows
r
eader
showonet
hingaf
fect
ssomet
hingel
se.
Cause Ef
fect

I
ncr
easedai
rpor
tsecur
it
y Longl
inesatai
rpor
ts
Wei
ghtgai
n Heal
thpr
obl
ems
Seat
bel
tlawspassed I
ncr
easeduseofseat
bel
ts
Whenyouwr
it
eacause-
and-
eff
ectpar
agr
aph,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Acause-
and-
eff
ectpar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hat
t
ell
sreader
swhet
hert
hepar
agr
aphi
sfocusi
ngoncausesoronef
fect
s
(
forexampl
e,“
Ther
ear
esever
alr
easonswhyt
hecostofgasi
ssohi
gh”
or“
Goi
ngt
othewr
it
ingcent
erhasgi
venmeconf
idenceaswel
lasski
ll
s”)
.
 Acause-
and-
eff
ectpar
agr
aphshoul
ddi
scussever
yimpor
tantcauseor
ef
fect
,oneatat
ime.Thecausesoref
fect
sshoul
dbear
rangedi
nsome
ki
ndofl
ogi
calor
der
—forexampl
e,f
rom l
easti
mpor
tantt
omosti
mpor
tant
.
 Acause-
and-
eff
ectpar
agr
aphshoul
dendwi
thaconcl
udi
ngst
atement
t
hatsumsupt
hemai
nideast
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence.
 Tr
ansi
ti
onsi
ncause-
and-
eff
ectpar
agr
aphs,i
ntr
oducei
ndi
vidualcauses
oref
fect
s.Theymayal
soshowt
heconnect
ionsbet
weenacauseandi
ts
ef
fect
sorbet
weenanef
fectandi
tscauses.I
naddi
ti
on,
theymayi
ndi
cat
e
whi
chcauseoref
fecti
smor
eimpor
tantt
hananot
her
Task22
1.Thef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphf
ocusesoncauses.Readt
hepar
agr
aphcar
eful
ly
andanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
Ther
ear
emanycausest
hatmakewr
it
ingar
esear
chpaperdi
ff
icul
t.Tooof
ten,
st
udent
spost
ponewor
kon t
hepaperunt
ili
tist
oo l
ate.Theyal
so i
nvi
te
avoi
dabl
edi
ff
icul
tybyt
hei
rfai
lur
etof
indoutat t
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hei
rst
udy
whet
hersuf
fi
cientmat
eri
alsar
eavai
labl
eint
hel
ibr
ary.Besi
dest
his,i
nst
eadof
devel
opi
ngagener
alnot
ionoft
het
opi
cbef
oret
ackl
ingi
tindet
ail
,theybegi
n
wi
tht
hef
ir
stconveni
entbookandpl
ungei
ntof
ivepoi
ntsbef
oret
heyhave

deci
dedwhatki
ndofi
nfor
mat
iont
heyneed.Suchconf
usedr
esear
chpr
ocedur
es
r
esul
tinunnecessar
ywast
ageoft
imeandef
for
t.
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whatmai
nideai
sst
atedi
n
t
het
opi
csent
ence?
2.Whatar
ethet
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsusedt
ogui
det
her
eadermovef
rom one
causet
oanot
heri
nthepar
agr
aph?Makeal
istoft
hem.
3.Whatar
ethecausesdescr
ibedi
nthepar
agr
aph?Li
stt
hem.
4.Whati
stheconcl
udingsentenceofthisparagr
aph?Whatmai
nideai
s
summari
zedint
hisconcludingsentence?
2.Thef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphf
ocusesoncauses.Readt
hepar
agr
aphcar
eful
ly
andanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
Cl
imat
echangecausedbygl
obalwar
mingwoul
dhavesever
alnegat
iveef
fect
s.
One ef
fectwoul
d be an i
ncr
ease i
nthe numberofi
ntense st
orms.Lar
ge
hur
ri
canesandot
hert
ypesofst
ormswoul
ddamagepr
oper
tyandki
llmany
peopl
e.Anot
heref
fectwoul
dbear
isei
nseal
evel
.Ast
heear
thwar
ms,
thepol
ar
i
cewoul
dmel
tandr
aiset
hel
eveloft
heear
th’
soceans.Coast
alci
ti
esandl
ow-
l
yingar
easwoul
dpr
obabl
ybef
looded.St
il
lanot
heref
fectwoul
dbet
hespr
ead
ofcer
tai
nki
ndsofdi
seases.Manydi
seases,now f
oundonl
yinwar
m ar
eas,
woul
dspr
eadt
oar
east
hatwer
eoncecoolbutt
henbecamewar
m.Mal
ari
aand
yel
lowf
ever
,forexampl
e,coul
dbecomeascommoni
ntheUni
tedSt
atesast
hey
ar
einAf
ri
caandSout
heastAsi
a.Fi
nal
ly,cl
imat
echangeassoci
atedwi
thgl
obal
war
mingwoul
daf
fectagr
icul
tur
e.Far
mingar
eas,suchast
heMi
dwest
,wher
e
Amer
icanf
armer
sgr
ow cor
nandwheat
,woul
dbecomedr
y.Asar
esul
t,t
her
e
woul
dbef
oodshor
tages,andmanypeopl
ecoul
dgohungr
y.Nooneknowsf
or
cer
tai
nwhatwi
llhappen,
buti
fgl
obalwar
mingcont
inues,
ourl
iveswi
llcer
tai
nly
beaf
fect
ed.
1.Doest
hepar
agr
aph f
ocuson causes,ef
fect
s,orbot
h?Doest
het
opi
c
sent
encecl
ear
lyi
dent
if
ythi
sfocus?
2.Whatar
etheef
fect
sorcausesdescr
ibedi
nthepar
agr
aph?Makeal
istof

t
hem.
3.Whati
mpor
tantt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asest
hewr
it
erusest
oident
if
y
ef
fect
s?Makeal
istoft
hem.
4.Whati
stheconcl
udi
ngst
atementoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whati
sthemai
nidea
oft
heconcl
usi
on?
Doyouagr
eewi
tht
hewr
it
er’
sconcl
usi
on?Whyorwhy
not
?
3.Studythefol
lowi
ngoutli
ne.Wri
teacause-
effectparagr
aphont
hebasi
sof
t
heoutli
ne.Youshoul
dwr i
tea"
focusonef
fect"par
agraph.
Ef
fectsofant
s
I
.Onagr
icul
tur
e
A.Reduci
nghar
mfuli
nsectpopul
ati
ons
B.Di
sper
singseeds
C.Hel
pingpol
li
nat
ion
D.Keepi
ngpest
sundercont
rol
I
I.Onpeopl
e
A.Usedasmedi
cine
B.Usedt
oti
mberf
orest
s
C.Usedt
opr
eyoncat
erpi
ll
ars
D.Usedt
odr
ivepest
soutofhouses
4.Fol
lowi
ngar
efi
vepossi
blet
opi
csent
ences.Li
stsomecausesoref
fect
sfor
t
hemai
nideast
atedi
noneoft
het
opi
csent
encesandwr
it
eacause-
and-
ef
fectpar
agr
aph.Consi
derusi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
ases
i
nyourpar
agr
aph.
1.Gl
obalcl
imat
echangehasbot
hdi
rectandi
ndi
rectsi
gni
fi
cantheal
th
ef
fect
s.
2.Chr
oni
cunempl
oymentcanhavemanycauses.
3.Smoki
ngci
gar
ett
esr
esul
tsi
nmanyundesi
rabl
esi
deef
fect
s
4.Thehi
ghcostofcol
leget
uit
ioni
snoteasyt
oexpl
ain.
5.Ther
ear
esever
alr
easonswhypr
ofessi
onalat
hlet
es’
sal
ari
esar
ehi
gh.

5.Wr
it
eapar
agr
apht
hatexami
nescausesoref
fect
sononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
t
opi
cs.Consi
derusi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyour
par
agr
aph
1.Maj
orr
easonsf
orschoolorcol
legedr
opout
2.Ef
fect
sofapar
ti
cul
argover
nmentpol
icy
3.Poorsel
f-sani
tat
ion
4.Lackofbal
anceddi
et
5.Li
vingi
nanoverpopul
atedar
ea
6.Lackofpl
anf
orst
udyi
ng
7.Def
orest
ati
on
8.Absent
eei
sm f
rom t
heschool
9.di
sobeyi
ngt
het
raf
fi
claw
10.Dr
inki
ngal
cohol
11.Smoki
ngci
gar
ett
e
12.Causes(
oref
fect
s)ofst
ress
13.Causesofconf
li
ctbet
weencount
ri
es
14.Ai
rorwat
erpol
lut
ion
D.Pr
ocess
I
fthepur
posei
stoexpl
aint
heser
iesofact
ions,
stages,
orpr
ocedur
es,
thenyou
shoul
d use pr
ocess met
hod.A pr
ocess par
agr
aph consi
sts ofa ser
ies of
connect
edst
eps.Thest
epsmustbel
ogi
calandar
eof
tenchr
onol
ogi
cali
nor
der
.
Youcanuset
imewor
dsandt
ransi
ti
onexpr
essi
onst
omaket
hesequenceof
event
soract
ionscl
ear
.Pr
ocesswr
it
ingi
sespeci
all
yimpor
tantwhenyouwant
t
oexpl
aint
hest
epsnecessar
ytocompl
eteat
ask.Pr
ocesspar
agr
aphsusual
ly
demonst
rat
ehowt
odosomet
hing.
Whenyouwr
it
eapr
ocesspar
agr
aph,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Apr
ocesspar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hati
dent
if
ies
bot
hthepr
ocessandt
hepoi
ntyouwantt
omakeabouti
t(f
orexampl
e,
“
Anyonewhot
akest
hesubwayt
oschooli
nthemor
ningknowshowhar
d
i
tist
ofi
ndaseat
,butbyf
oll
owi
ngaf
ewsi
mpl
est
eps,
youshoul
dbeabl
e

t
ogetoneal
mostever
yday”or“
Byf
oll
owi
ngaf
ewst
eps,
youcandesi
gn
anef
fect
iver
ésumé”
).
 Apr
ocesspar
agr
aphshoul
ddescr
ibet
hest
epsi
nthepr
ocess,oneata
t
ime.Thesest
epsshoul
dbepr
esent
edi
nst
ri
ctt
imeor
der
—theor
deri
n
whi
cht
heyoccurorar
etobeper
for
med.
 Apr
ocessparagr
aphshoul
dendwithaconcludi
ngst
atementt
hatsums
upt
hepointyouaremaki
ngaboutt
heprocess.
Her
e ar
e some i
mpor
tantt
ransi
ti
onalwor
ds you mi
ghtneed t
o use i
n
expl
aini
ngyourPr
ocess:
Atthestar
toft
he I
nthemi
ddl
eoft
hepr
ocess Atorneart
heendoft
he
process process
Atf
ir
st… Next…,Asyouconti
nue. Final
ly…
I
nthebeginning… Aft
erthat… Asyouf i
nish…
Tobeginwith… Conti
nuingwit
h… Towardtheend…
Thefi
rstst
ep… Thenextstepis…. Thelaststep…
Whenyoubegi n… Whent hi
sstepisf
ini
shed…
Task23
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngmodelpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
ow
Thewr
it
ingpr
ocesshasf
ourdi
sti
nctphases.Thef
ir
sti
sinvent
ion,whi
chi
s
ai
dedbyanynumberoft
echni
ques,i
ncl
udi
ngf
ree-
wri
ti
ng,mi
nd-
mappi
ngand
out
li
ning.I
nthi
sfi
rstst
age,i
t’
simpor
tantf
orawr
it
ernott
oedi
tbutt
oleti
deas
f
low andt
osi
mpl
ygett
hem downonpaper
.Af
teri
nvent
ion,comest
hef
ir
st
dr
aft
—the st
age wher
ethe i
deas st
artt
otake shape.Manywr
it
ers use a
sent
enceout
li
neatt
hisst
aget
oseewher
etheyneedt
ocutandwher
etheyneed
t
oaddmat
eri
al.Thef
ir
stdr
afti
sal
sowher
ewr
it
ersshoul
ddevel
opat
ent
ati
ve
t
hesi
stogui
det
hest
ruct
ureoft
hei
ressay.Thenextst
ageoft
hepr
ocessi
s
whenbot
hthesecondandt
hir
ddr
aft
sar
edone.Her
e,i
deasandst
ruct
urear
e
r
efi
ned,andt
het
hesi
sisr
evi
sedunt
ili
tbecomest
heuni
fyi
ngi
deaoft
hepaper
.
Fi
nal
ly,comest
hel
astst
age,t
hatofedi
ti
ng.Wr
it
ersshoul
dtakecar
eatt
his
st
aget
hatal
lsent
encest
ruct
ureandpunct
uat
ioni
scor
rect
,andt
heyshoul
d

makecor
rect
ionst
o document
ati
on f
ormatasneeded.Wr
it
ersof
ten r
epeat
t
hesef
ourphasesmor
ethanonce,
orski
paphaseandgobackt
oit
,maki
ngt
he
wr
it
ingpr
ocessmor
ecycl
icalt
hanl
inear
.
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whatmai
nideadoest
his
t
opi
csent
encest
ate?
2.I
sthi
sapr
ocessexpl
anat
ionori
ll
ust
rat
ion?Howdoyouknowi
t?Gi
veyour
j
ust
if
icat
ion.
3.Whati
mpor
tantst
epsar
edi
scussedi
nthi
spr
ocesspar
agr
aph?Li
stt
he
st
eps.
4.Whatar
ethei
mpor
tantt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesusedt
omove
r
eader
sfr
om onest
ept
othenext
?Li
stt
hem.
5.Whatistheconcludi
ngsent
enceoft
hepar
agr
aph?Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
n
theconcl
usion?
Lead-
inTask
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsi
ndi
vidual
lyandt
ryt
oanswert
hem.
Doyoueverl
ie?Howdoyouknowi
faper
soni
slyi
ng?Canyout
ellt
hewayt
he
per
sonl
ooksoract
s?
DoyouknowwhataPol
ygr
apht
esti
sandhowi
twor
ks?
2.Readt
hepr
ocesspar
agr
apht
hatdescr
ibesapol
ygr
apht
est
.Thenanswert
he
quest
ions.Asyour
eadpayat
tent
iont
othepr
ocesst
hatoccur
s.

Pol
ygr
aphTest
ing
Manypeopl
eknow t
het
ermspol
ygr
aphandl
iedet
ect
ort
est
,butmanyar
enot
f
ami
li
arwi
thhowt
hist
estact
ual
lywor
ks.Thet
estusesapr
ocesst
hatanal
yzes
t
he physi
ologi
calr
eact
ions i
nthe per
son’
s bodywhi
le he orshe answer
s
quest
ions.Fi
rst
,adevi
cecal
ledapneumogr
aphi
sat
tachedt
oaper
son’
schest
t
orecor
d br
eat
hing pat
ter
ns.Any abnor
mal
it
ies i
nrespi
rat
ory pat
ter
n ar
e
r
ecor
deddur
inggener
ali
nter
view.Next
,amachi
nesi
mil
art
othoseusedi
n
doct
or’
s of
fi
ces i
s at
tached t
othe per
son’
s upperar
m t
o measur
e bl
ood
pr
essur
e.Dur
ing,t
hispar
toft
hepol
ygr
apht
est
,thepul
seandchangesi
nand
hear
tbeatar
erecor
ded.Fi
nal
ly,ski
nresponsesar
eused aspar
toft
hel
ie
det
ect
ionexami
nat
ion.Usual
ly,t
het
ipsoft
heper
son’
sfi
nger
sar
eat
tachedt
o
el
ect
rodes.Anabnor
malamountofsweat
ingi
sani
ndi
cat
ort
hatt
heper
sonmay
be l
ying.Af
tert
he pr
ecedi
ng st
eps have been f
oll
owed,pol
ygr
aph exper
ts
anal
yzet
her
esul
ts.Fr
om t
hedat
a,t
heexper
tsmayconcl
udet
hatt
heper
soni
s
t
ell
ingt
het
rut
h,ort
heymaydeci
det
hatt
heper
soni
smostl
ikel
ylyi
ng.
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whati
sthemai
nideaoft
his
t
opi
csent
ence?
2.Read t
he bodyoft
he par
agr
aph agai
n and l
ookf
ort
hree par
ts oft
he
pol
ygr
apht
estpr
ocess.Whatar
ethey?
3.Whatar
ethef
ivet
ransi
ti
onexpr
essi
onsi
nthepar
agr
apht
hatshow t
ime?
Wr
it
ethem out
.
4.I
npr
ocesspar
agr
aphs,t
het
opi
csent
enceandt
heconcl
udi
ngusual
lyhavea
di
ff
erentr
elat
ionshi
pthani
ntheot
herki
ndsoft
hepar
agr
aphsyouhave
st
udi
ed.Theconcl
udi
ngsent
encei
sof
tenaboutt
her
esul
toft
hepr
ocessand
doesnotnecessar
il
yref
lectt
het
opi
csent
ence.Rer
eadandunder
li
net
he
concl
udi
ngsent
ence.Whati
sthef
inalr
esul
toft
hepol
ygr
aphpr
ocess?

5.Wher
ewoul
dyoui
nser
tthi
ssent
encei
nthepar
agr
aph?
Thi
spor
ti
onoft
hepol
ygr
apht
estt
hatanal
yzesbl
oodpr
essur
eisof
tenshown
i
nmovi
esandt
elevi
sionshow.
6.Wher
ewoul
dyoui
nser
tthi
ssent
encei
nthepar
agr
aph?
Theseel
ect
rodesr
ecor
dtheamountofper
spi
rat
iont
hataper
sondevel
ops
whi
leheorshei
sanswer
ingquest
ions.

3.Uset
hef
oll
owi
ngchar
tast
hegui
def
orar
rangi
ngyoursuppor
ti
ngsent
ences
i
nthei
rlogi
calor
derand wr
it
ea pr
ocesspar
agr
aph.Onepossi
blet
opi
c
sent
encei
sgi
vent
oyou.
Topi
csent
ence:Mostf
rogshaveal
if
ecycl
ewi
tht
wodi
sti
nctst
ages,t
ypi
cal
ly
l
ivi
ngi
nwat
erasyoungandonl
andasadul
ts.
Fi
rstst
age
Adul
tfr
ogsl
ayeggsi
nwat
er
Eggshat
chint
osmal
lfi
shl
ikel
arva
cal
ledt
adpol
es
Tadpol
esfeedonal
gaeandbit
sof
pl
antmateri
ali
nthewat
ertogrow
Secondst
age
Met
amorphosi
sbegi
nsandt
he
t
adpol
egrowshindl
imbs
Tadpol
eexchangesi
tsgi
ll
sforl
ungs
andchangesi
ntoyoungf
rog
Theyoungf
rogcr
awl
soutonl
and
Thef
rogresor
bsther
estofi
tst
ail
andr
eachesadul
tbodysi
ze

4.Basedont
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthef
lawchar
tbel
ow,
wri
teapr
ocesspar
agr
aph
descr
ibi
ngadi
gest
ivepr
ocess.
Foodent
erst
hemout
h
Teet
hbreakf
oodi
nto
smallbi
ts
Swall
owandfood
tr
avel
sthr
oughtube
i
ntostomach
Foodisbrokendownevenmorein
stomach creat
ing nut
ri
ent
s and
wastes
Nutri
entspass Wastepassesout
thr
oughi nt
estine ofbodythr
ough
walli
ntoblood i
ntest
ine
str
eam andt hen
theenti
rebody

5.Fol
lowi
ngar
efi
vepossi
blet
opi
csent
ences.Makeanot
eoft
hemai
nidea
consi
der
edi
nthet
opi
csent
enceandwr
it
eapr
ocesspar
agr
aph.Consi
der
usi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph.
1.Get
ti
ngbut
teroutofmi
lkcant
akesomei
mpor
tantst
eps.
2.Regi
str
ati
ondur
ingeachsemest
eri
snotasi
mpl
epr
ocess.
3.Tr
aini
ngt
oswi
mint
hepoolcanbeat
ri
ckypr
ocess.
4.Bl
oodci
rcul
ati
onsyst
em hasvar
iousi
mpor
tantst
ages.
6.Wr
it
ethepr
ocesspar
agr
aphononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.Fi
rstwr
it
ethe
possi
blet
opi
c sent
ence f
orpr
ocess par
agr
aph.Af
terwr
it
ing t
he t
opi
c
sent
ence,l
istt
hreeorf
ourst
epst
hatexpl
aint
hepr
ocesst
hesent
ence
i
dent
if
ies.Consi
derusi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyour
par
agr
aph.
1.Howt
omaket
eaorcof
fee 7.St
rat
egi
esf
orwi
nni
ng
2.Howt
odr
awapi
ctur
e ar
gument
s
3.How t
o br
eak an unheal
thy 8.Downl
oadi
ngmusi
cfr
om
habi
t I
nter
net
4.Howt
oconductar
esear
ch 9.Howt
oqui
tsmoki
ng
5.Howt
owr
it
eal
ett
erf
orf
ri
end 10.Howt
obui
ldsomet
hing
6.Howt
obeagoodf
ri
end
E.Compar
isonandCont
rast
Compar
isonandcont
rasti
samet
hodofanal
yzi
ngorexami
ningt
woormor
e
subj
ect
saccor
dingt
othei
rsi
mil
ari
ti
esanddi
ff
erencesorbot
h. Wr
it
ersuse
compar
isonandcont
rastsi
mpl
ybecausei
tisof
tent
hebestwayt
oexpl
ain
somet
hing-anobj
ectorani
deai
sbet
terunder
stoodonl
ywheni
tsf
eat
ures
st
andnextt
othoseofanot
heri
deaorobj
ect
.

When you wr
it
ea compar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aph,keep t
hef
oll
owi
ng
gui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
Acompar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hat
t
ell
sreader
s whet
her t
he par
agr
aph i
s goi
ng t
o di
scuss si
mil
ari
ti
es or
di
ff
erences.
 Thet
opi
csent
enceshoul
dal
somakecl
eart
hef
ocusoft
hecompar
ison(
for
exampl
e,“
ToniMor
ri
sonandMayaAngel
ouhavesi
mil
ari
deasaboutr
ace
andsoci
ety”or“
Mypar
ent
sandIhavedi
ff
erenti
deasaboutsuccess”
).
 Acompar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aphshoul
ddi
scusst
hesameorsi
mil
ar
poi
ntsf
orbot
hsubj
ect
s,onebyone.Poi
ntsshoul
dbear
rangedi
nlogi
cal
or
der
—forexampl
e,f
rom l
easti
mpor
tantt
omosti
mpor
tant
.
 A compar
ison-
and-
cont
rast par
agr
aph shoul
d end wi
th a concl
udi
ng
st
atementt
hatr
einf
orcest
hemai
npoi
ntoft
hecompar
ison.
Ther
ear
etwoki
ndsofcompar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aphs:subj
ectby-
subj
ectcompar
isonsandpoi
nt-
by-
poi
ntcompar
isons:
E1:Subj
ect
-by-
subj
ectcompar
ison
I
nasubj
ect
-by-
subj
ectcompar
ison,youdi
videyourcompar
isoni
ntot
wopar
ts
anddi
scussonesubj
ectatat
ime.I
nthef
ir
stpar
toft
hepar
agr
aph,
youdi
scuss
al
lyourpoi
ntsaboutonesubj
ect
.Then,i
nthesecondpar
t,youdi
scussal
lyour
poi
ntsaboutt
heot
hersubj
ect
,compar
ingi
ttot
hef
ir
st.(
Ineachpar
toft
he
par
agr
aph,youdi
scusst
hepoi
ntsi
nthesameor
der
.)A subj
ect
-by-
subj
ect
compar
isoni
sbestf
orshor
tpar
agr
aphsi
nwhi
chyoudonotdi
scusst
oomany
poi
nts.Becauser
eader
sar
enotaskedt
orememberagr
eatmanypoi
nts,t
hey
wi
llhavel
it
tl
edi
ff
icul
tykeepi
ngt
rackoft
hecompar
isonast
heyr
ead.
E2:Poi
nt-
by-
Poi
ntCompar
isons
Whenyouwr
it
eapoi
nt-
by-
poi
ntcompar
ison,youdi
scussapoi
ntaboutone

subj
ectandt
hendi
scusst
hesamepoi
ntf
ort
hesecondsubj
ect
.Youuset
his
al
ter
nat
ingpat
ter
nthr
oughoutt
hepar
agr
aph.Apoi
nt-
by-
poi
ntcompar
isoni
sa
bet
terst
rat
egyf
orpar
agr
aphsi
nwhi
chyoudi
scussmanypoi
nts.I
tisal
soa
bet
terchoi
cei
fthepoi
ntsyouar
edi
scussi
ngar
etechni
calorcompl
icat
ed.
Becauseyoucompar
ethet
wosubj
ect
sonepoi
ntatat
ime,r
eader
swi
llabl
eto
seeeachpoi
ntofcompar
isonbef
oremovi
ngont
othenextpoi
nt.
Task24
1.Readthefoll
owi
ngt womodelpar
agr
aphscar
eful
lyandanswert
he
quest
ionsthatf
oll
owthem.
ModelPar
agr
aph1
Eat
ingonCampusFoodt
rucksar
eagoodal
ter
nat
ivet
othecampuscaf
eter
ia.
Eat
ingi
nthecaf
eter
iat
akesal
otoft
ime.St
udent
shavet
ogoi
ntoabui
ldi
ng,
wai
tinl
ine,wal
kdownsomest
air
s,andf
indat
abl
e.I
naddi
ti
on,t
hecaf
eter
ia
usual
lyhasal
imi
tedvar
iet
yoff
ood,wi
thonl
ytwoort
hreedi
ff
erenthotmeal
s
andsomepr
epackagedsandwi
ches.Thef
oodi
scookedi
nadvance,andaf
ter
si
tt
ingonast
eam t
rayf
oraf
ewhour
s,i
tisdr
yandl
ukewar
m.Fi
nal
ly,
foodi
nthe
caf
eter
iacost
sal
ot.St
udent
swhoar
enotonaf
oodpl
ancaneasi
lyspendmor
e
moneyf
ordi
nner
.In cont
rast
,the f
ood t
rucks ar
e much qui
ckert
han t
he
caf
eter
ia.Mostf
oodt
rucksser
veameali
nlesst
hanf
ivemi
nut
es.I
ftheweat
her
i
sni
ce,st
udent
scansi
tanywher
eoncampusandeat
.Inaddi
ti
on,t
hef
ood
t
rucksof
feral
otofchoi
ce.Mor
eover
,thef
oodf
rom t
het
rucksi
sfr
eshandhot
mostoft
het
ime.Fi
nal
ly,
meal
sfr
om af
oodt
ruckusual
lycostl
ess.Thi
sisabi
g
savi
ngs,
especi
all
yifyouar
east
udentonat
ightbudget
.Forbusyst
udent
s,t
he
f
oodt
rucksar
eof
tenabet
terchoi
cet
hant
hecaf
eter
ia.
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whatmai
npoi
nti
sst
atedi
n
t
het
opi
csent
ence?
2.Doest
hispar
agr
aphdealwi
thsi
mil
ari
ti
esordi
ff
erences?How doyou
know?
3.Whati
sthest
ruct
ureoft
hispar
agr
aph?I
sitasubj
ect
-by-
subj
ectorpoi
nt
-
by-
poi
ntcompar
ison?Whati
syourj
ust
if
icat
ion?

4.Whatappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eusedt
omaket
he
connect
ionbet
weent
hei
deascl
ear
er?Li
stt
hem.
Whati
stheconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsummar
izest
hemai
nideaoft
he
par
agr
aph?Whatdoesi
tconcl
ude?
ModelPar
agr
aph2
Pr
ofessorJohnandPr
ofessorDi
anademonst
rat
ever
ydi
ff
erentt
eachi
ngst
yles
i
nhow t
heyoper
atet
hei
rcl
asses,how t
heygi
veexams,andt
heygr
adeus.
Pr
ofessorJohn’
scl
assesar
ehi
ghl
yor
gani
zed;wewor
kthr
ought
hel
esson
ever
ydayi
nthesameor
der
.Pr
ofessorDi
anausesanopposi
teappr
oach.She
cr
eat
esal
essont
ofi
tthemat
eri
al,whi
chenabl
eust
olear
nmost
.Thei
rexams
di
ff
ert
oo.Pr
ofessorJohngi
vesst
andar
d,pr
edi
ctabl
eessayexamst
hatar
e
basedonhi
slect
ures.Pr
ofessorDi
anagi
vesbot
hmul
ti
plechoi
ceandessay
exams,soweneverknow whatt
oexpect
.Inaddi
ti
on,eachpr
ofessorgr
ades
di
ff
erent
ly.Pr
ofessorJohncount
scl
asspar
ti
cipat
ionashal
fofourgr
ade,soi
f
yout
alki
ncl
assanddor
easonabl
ywel
lont
heexams,youwi
llpr
obabl
ypass
t
hecour
se.Pr
ofessorDi
ana,ont
heot
herhand,count
stheexams100per
cent
,
soyouhavet
odowel
lont
hem t
opasst
hecour
se.Eachpr
ofessorhasauni
que,
enj
oyabl
eteachi
ngst
yle,
andIam l
ear
ningagr
eatal
otf
rom each.
1.Whati
sthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whatmai
npoi
nti
sst
atedi
n
t
het
opi
csent
ence?
2.Doest
hispar
agr
aphdealwi
thsi
mil
ari
ti
esordi
ff
erences?How doyou
know?
3.I
sthi
spar
agr
aphst
ruct
uredi
nsi
mil
arwayofcompar
isonandcont
rast
t
echni
quewi
tht
hef
ir
stone?Whati
syourj
ust
if
icat
ion?
4.Whatappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eusedt
omaket
he
connect
ionbet
weent
hei
deascl
ear
er?Li
stt
hem.
5.Whati
st heconcl
udi
ngst
atementoft
hispar
agr
aph?Whati
sthemai
nidea
oft
heconclusi
on?
2.Uset
hei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
het
abl
ebel
owt
owr
it
eapar
agr
aphofcompar
ison.
Uset
hemet
hodsofor
gani
zat
ioni
mpl
iedbyt
heanal
ysi
s.

Dol
phi
ns Bl
ueWhal
es
Ar
emammal
s Ar
emammal
s
Li
vei
noceanswor
ldwi
de Li
vei
noceanswor
ldwi
de
Li
vei
ngr
oupscal
ledpod Li
vei
ngr
oupscal
ledpod
Ar
eendanger
edbyhumans Ar
eendanger
edbyhumans
Eatmeatofot
herseaani
mal
s Eatmeatofot
herseaani
mal
s
ow i
3.Bel sat
abl
egi
vingsomei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hei
dent
icalt
wins,Hanna
andBi
rt
ukan.Uset
hei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
het
abl
etowr
it
eapar
agr
aphof
cont
rast
. To make t
he connect
ion bet
ween t
he i
deas cl
ear
er,use
appr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
ase.
Hanna Bi
rt
ukan
Decided t o set
tl
edown i n Addis Decidedt oset
tledowninBishoft
u
Ababa
Desires the excit
ementofa bi g Prefer
sl i
vingi
nsmal lt
own
ci
ty
Usual l
ylikesbeingaroundal otof Neverlikesbeingaroundalotofpeopl
e
people
Hasnof ear Isnotonl yafraidofdark,butalsoher
ownshadow
Dressi nloudandbr i
ghtcolor
s Likesdarkanddul lcol
ors
Hasl oudandhappyl aughter Isveryquietperson
4.Fol
lowi
ng ar
efourpossi
blet
opi
c sent
ences.Li
stsome si
mil
ari
ti
es or
di
ff
erencesf
ort
het
wosubj
ect
sbei
ngconsi
der
edi
nthet
opi
csent
enceand
wr
it
eacompar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aph.Consi
derusi
ngappr
opr
iat
e
t
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph
1.Heal
thcar
epr
ovi
dedbyapr
ivat
ephysi
ciani
sbyf
ardi
ff
erentf
rom
heal
thcar
epr
ovi
dedbyal
ocalcl
ini
c.
2.Myf
ri
endsandIhavesi
mil
arvi
ewsont
heef
fect
smoder
nism onour
f
ragi
lecul
tur
e.
3.Myf
ri
endsandIhavedi
ff
erentvi
ewsont
heuseofchewi
ngchat
.
4.Mymot
herandmyf
atherhavever
ydi
ff
erentwaysoft
ryi
ngt
osol
ve
t
hef
ami
ly’
spr
obl
ems.

5.Wr
it
eacompar
ison-
and-
cont
rastpar
agr
aphononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
Useappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph.
1.Li
vingi
ntheci
tyver
susl
ivi
ngi
nthecount
rysi
de
2.Educat
edver
susuneducat
edper
son
3.Poorper
sonver
susr
ichper
son
4.Lear
ningathi
ghschoolver
susl
ear
ningatuni
ver
sit
y
5.Homel
if
ever
susuni
ver
sit
yli
fe
6.Henver
susot
herbi
rds
7.Publ
icschooleducat
ionver
suspr
ivat
eschool
ing
F.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sthear
rangementofi
nfor
mat
ioni
ntogr
oupsorcat
egor
iesi
n
or
dert
omakecl
eart
her
elat
ionshi
pamongt
hemember
soft
hegr
oup.Wr
it
ers
needt
ocl
assi
fy,becausei
thel
pst
hem pr
esentamassofmat
eri
albymeanof
someor
der
lysyst
em.Rel
atedbi
tsofi
nfor
mat
ionseem cl
ear
erwhenpr
esent
ed
t
oget
heraspar
tsofagr
oup.
Whenyouwr
it
eacl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aph,keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
n
mi
nd:
 A cl
assi
fi
cat
ion par
agr
aph shoul
d begi
n wi
that
opi
c sent
ence t
hat
i
ntr
oduces t
he subj
ectoft
he par
agr
aph.I
tmay al
so i
dent
if
ythe
cat
egor
iesyouwi
lldi
scuss(
forexampl
e,“
Bef
oreyougocampi
ng,you
shoul
dsor
tthei
temsyouar
ethi
nki
ngofpacki
ngi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies:
t
hoset
hatar
eabsol
utel
ynecessar
y,t
hoset
hatcoul
dbehel
pful
,and
t
hoset
hatar
enotr
eal
lynecessar
y”)
.
 Acl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aphshoul
ddi
scusseachoft
hecat
egor
ies,
oneata
t
ime.Yourdi
scussi
onofeachcat
egor
yshoul
dincl
udeenoughdet
ail
sand
exampl
est
oshowhowi
tisdi
sti
nctf
rom t
heot
hercat
egor
ies.
 Thecat
egor
iesi
nacl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aphshoul
dbear
rangedi
nlogi
cal
or
der
—forexampl
e,f
rom mosti
mpor
tantt
oleasti
mpor
tantorf
rom
smal
lestt
olar
gest
.

Acl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aphshoul
dendwi
thaconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hat
r
einf
orcest
hemai
npoi
ntst
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence.
Task25
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngmodelpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
ow
Thr
eeKi
ndsofShopper
s
Shopper
s can be put i
ntot
hree cat
egor
ies:pr
act
ical
,recr
eat
ional
,and
pr
ofessi
onal
.Thef
ir
stcat
egor
yismadeupofpr
act
icalshopper
s,t
hosewho
shopbecauset
heyneedsomet
hing.Pr
act
icalshopper
sgor
ightt
othei
tem t
hey
ar
elooki
ngf
ori
nthest
oreandt
henl
eave.Theydonotwast
eti
mebr
owsi
ngor
wal
king ai
mlessl
yfr
om st
oret
o st
ore.The nextcat
egor
yis made up of
r
ecr
eat
ionalshopper
s,t
hosewhoshopf
orent
ert
ainment
.Fort
hem,
shoppi
ngi
s
l
ikegoi
ngt
othemovi
esoroutt
odi
nner
.Theydoi
tbecausei
tisf
un.Theywi
ll
spendhour
swal
kingt
hroughst
oresl
ooki
ngatmer
chandi
se.Mor
eof
tent
han
not
,theywi
llnotbuyanyt
hing.Forr
ecr
eat
ionalshopper
s,i
tist
heact
ivi
tyof
shoppi
ngt
hatcount
s,nott
hepur
chasei
tsel
f.Thet
hir
dcat
egor
yismadeupof
pr
ofessi
onalshopper
s,t
hose who shop because t
hey have t
o.Fort
hem,
shoppi
ngi
saser
iousbusi
ness.Youcanseet
hem i
nthemal
l,
car
ryi
ngf
our
,fi
ve,
orevensi
xbags.Wheneveryouwal
kthr
oughamal
l,
youwi
llseeal
lthr
eet
ypes
ofshopper
s.
1.Whatt
hreecat
egor
iesofshopper
sdoest
hepar
agr
aphdescr
ibe?
2.I
seachcat
egor
ycl
ear
lyi
dent
if
iedandexpl
ained?Whatar
etheexampl
es
anddet
ail
sthatsuppor
tthepar
agr
aph’
smai
nidea?
3.Ar
ethecat
egor
iesar
rangedi
nal
ogi
calor
der
,onet
hati
ndi
cat
est
hei
r
r
elat
ionshi
pst
ooneanot
herandt
hei
rrel
ati
vei
mpor
tance?
4.Whatar
ethet
ransi
ti
onalphr
asesusedt
oint
roducet
het
hreecat
egor
iesi
n
t
hispar
agr
aph?
5.Whatmai
nissummar
izedi
nthepar
agr
aph’
sconcl
udi
ngst
atement
?

2.Wr
it
eacl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aphont
hebasi
soft
hei
nfor
mat
ionyougetf
rom
t
hef
oll
owi
ngout
li
ne.
Typesoft
rees
I
.Fr
uitt
rees
A.Fl
eshyf
rui
ts
1.Or
ange
2.Appl
e
B.Dr
yfr
uit
s
1.Nut
s
2.Al
mond
I
I.Fr
uit
lesst
ress
A.Pi
ne
B.Oak

3.Read t
he f
oll
owi
ng par
agr
aph car
eful
ly.Then,usi
ng t
he i
nfor
mat
ion
descr
ibedi
nthepar
agr
aph,dr
aw achar
tthatshowsdi
ff
erentcat
egor
ies
andt
hegr
oupsi
nthecat
egor
ies.
Spor
tscanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies:t
hosei
nwhi
chpeopl
epar
ti
cipat
e
asi
ndi
vidual
s,t
hosei
nwhi
chpeopl
etakepar
tint
eams,andf
inal
lyt
hosei
n
whi
chpar
ti
cipat
ionmaybei
ndi
vidualori
nteams.Thef
ir
stcat
egor
ymaybe
subdi
videdi
ntot
wogr
oups.Thef
ir
stconsi
stsoft
hespor
tsi
nwhi
choneper
son
compet
esagai
nstoneot
herper
son;anexampl
eoft
hisi
sjudo.Thesecond
gr
oupcompr
isest
hespor
tsi
nwhi
chanumberofi
ndi
vidual
scompet
eagai
nst
eachot
her
,forexampl
e,at
hlet
ics.Anexampl
eoft
hesecondcat
egor
yofspor
ts,
t
hati
s,spor
tthati
snor
mal
lypl
ayedi
nteams,
isf
oot
bal
l.Thet
hir
dcat
egor
y,t
hat
i
s,spor
tswhi
chcanbepl
ayedbyi
ndi
vidual
sort
eams,canbedi
videdi
ntot
wo
gr
oupsl
iket
hef
ir
st.I
not
herwor
ds,
inonegr
oupt
her
ear
espor
tssuchast
enni
s
i
nwhi
chonei
ndi
vidualort
eam pl
aysagai
nstanot
herandi
ntheot
hert
her
ear
e
spor
tsi
nwhi
chsever
ali
ndi
vidual
sort
eamscompet
eagai
nsteachot
her
,for
exampl
erowi
ng.
4.Wr
it
eacl
assi
fi
cat
ionpar
agr
aphononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.Consi
der
usi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph
1.Popul
armusi
c 5.Par
ent
sorchi
ldr
en
2.Tel
evi
sionshows 6.Typesofsuccess
3.Usef
ulWebsi
tes 7.Spor
ts
4.Teacher
s 8.Count
ri
es
2.
7.3.Nar
rat
ivePar
agr
aph
Tonar
rat
eist
otel
last
oryt
hatexpl
ainswhathappened,
wheni
thappened,
and
who was i
nvol
ved.Forexampl
e,a nar
rat
ive par
agr
aph coul
dtel
lhow an
exper
ienceyou had asachi
ld changed you,how t
hel
if
eofsomef
amous
per
sonal
it
ies i
sinspi
ri
ng,
orhowt
heBat
tl
eofGet
tysbur
gwast
het
urni
ngpoi
nt
i
ntheCi
vilWar
.

Wet
ellst
ori
est
oteachal
esson,
il
lust
rat
eani
dea,
ormakesomeonel
augh,
cry,
orgeti
nvol
ved.Nomat
terwhatyournar
rat
ivei
sabout
,ever
ynar
rat
iveshoul
d
haveacl
earpoi
nt:I
tshoul
drevealwhatyouwantyourr
eadert
olear
nort
ake
awayf
rom t
hest
ory.
When you wr
it
e a nar
rat
ive par
agr
aph,you need t
o keep t
he f
oll
owi
ng
gui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 A nar
rat
ive par
agr
aph shoul
d begi
n wi
that
opi
c sent
ence t
hatt
ell
s
r
eader
sthepoi
ntoft
hepar
agr
aph—t
hati
s,whyyouar
etel
li
ngapar
ti
cul
ar
st
ory.
 Event
sar
epr
esent
edi
nadef
ini
tet
imeor
der
,usual
lyt
heor
deri
nwhi
ch
t
heyoccur
red.Ef
fect
ivenar
rat
ivepar
agr
aphsi
ncl
udeonl
ythoseevent
s
t
hatt
ellt
hest
oryandavoi
dir
rel
evanti
nfor
mat
iont
hatcoul
ddi
str
actor
conf
user
eader
s.Usedet
ail
stopr
esentset
ti
ngsbyanswer
ingt
he“
when”
and“
what
”quest
ions.
 Youshoul
dal
lowyourr
eader
stobui
ldupt
hei
remot
ionswi
thyouruseof
nounsandver
bs.Youshoul
dhaveasenseofr
eal
it
y.
 Youshoul
dwr
it
eei
therf
rom t
hef
ir
stper
sonpoi
ntofvi
ew orf
rom t
he
omni
sci
ent(
thi
rdper
son)poi
ntofvi
ew.
 Anar
rat
ivepar
agr
aphendswi
thaconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsumsupt
he
mai
nideast
atedi
nthet
opi
csent
ence.
Task26
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngnar
rat
ivepar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ions
bel
owi
t
WhenIwasaboutf
iveyear
sol
d,Ir
ememberdoi
ngal
otofexci
ti
ngt
hings.We
hadal
argemangot
reesgr
owi
ngbehi
ndourhouse,
andmysi
sterandIcl
imbed
t
hem i
nthesummer
.Onet
imeIf
elloutofoneoft
het
reesandl
andedonmy
head,
butIwasnotbadl
yhur
t.Weal
sopl
ayedbasebal
lint
hebackyar
dwi
tht
he
nei
ghborki
ds,andIr
ememberweusedmymot
her
’sdi
shesf
orhomepl
ateand
t
hebases.Wer
odeourbi
kesal
lovert
henor
thendoft
het
own,andwer
aced

t
hrought
heal
leysaf
terat
rai
n,spl
att
eri
ngwat
erandmudt
oeachot
her
.The
hi
ghschoolwasonl
yabl
ockaway,sowewal
kedt
her
eint
hesummer
,jumped
t
hef
ence,andskat
edar
oundt
hecementcor
ri
dor
sunt
ilacust
odi
anchasedus
out
.Fi
nal
ly,t
her
ewasabi
gvacantl
otbesi
deourhousewher
ewepl
ayed
cowboysandcount
rymenal
mostever
ySat
urday.I
tseemsl
ikeIdi
dnot
hingbut
pl
aywhenIwasyoung.
1.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
nthet
opi
csent
enceoft
hepar
agr
aph?
2.Whatar
ethemaj
orevent
soft
henar
rat
ive?Li
stsomedet
ail
sthatenr
icht
he
nar
rat
ive.
3.Whatnar
rat
ivepoi
ntofvi
ewi
susedi
nthi
spar
agr
aph?
4.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
nthepar
agr
aph’
sconcl
udi
ngst
atement
?
2.Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngj
umbl
edsent
encesi
ntoonenar
rat
ivepar
agr
aph.Then,
di
scussyouranswer
swi
thyourcl
assmat
eandmakenecessar
ycor
rect
ion.
1.Oneni
ghtmyhusbandcuthi
shandbadl
yonakni
fe,andbl
oodwas
ever
ywher
e.
2.I
nst
ead,
Ical
ledmydad,
whol
ivesnextdoor
.
3.Hel
ookedatt
hecut
,appl
ieddi
rectpr
essur
etost
opt
hebl
eedi
ng,
washed
andbandagedi
t,andt
hendeci
dedweshoul
dgot
otheemer
gencyr
oom.
4.Mydadal
waysr
emai
nscal
m,eveni
nemer
gencysi
tuat
ions.
5.Hewascal
m andknew whatt
odoevent
hough,asIcoul
dtel
l,hewas
wor
ri
ed,
too.
6.Hecamer
ightover
.
7.If
eltsof
ri
ght
enedt
hatIcoul
dn’
tlookatt
hewoundandIdi
dn’
tknowi
fI
shoul
dcal
lapol
ice.
3.Chooseoneoft
het
opi
csbel
ow andwr
it
eanar
rat
ivepar
agr
aph.Consi
der
usi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyourpar
agr
aph.
1.Adi
ff
icul
tchoi
ce 9.Anembar
rassi
ngsi
tuat
ion
2.Af
ri
ght
eni
ngsi
tuat
ion 10.Asur
pri
se

3.At
imeofsel
f-doubt 11.Asuddenunder
standi
ngori
nsi
ght
4.Asuccess 12.Somet
hingf
unnyaf
ri
enddi
d
5.Anactofvi
olence 13.Unexpect
edgoodl
uck
6.Al
essonyoul
ear
ned 14.Aconf
li
ctwi
thaut
hor
it
y
7.Ahappymoment 15.Aneventt
hatchangedyourl
if
e
8.Ani
nst
anceofi
njust
ice 16.Ani
mpor
tantdeci
sion
2.
7.4.Ar
gument
ati
ve
I
n an ar
gumentpar
agr
aph,yourpur
posei
sto per
suader
eader
sthatyour
posi
ti
onhasmer
it
.Youat
temptt
oconvi
ncepeopl
eoft
hest
rengt
hofyouri
deas
by pr
esent
ing evi
dence—f
act
s and exampl
es.I
nthe pr
ocess,you addr
ess
opposi
ngi
deas,andi
ftheyar
est
rong,youacknowl
edget
hei
rst
rengt
hs.I
fyour
evi
dence i
s sol
id and yourl
ogi
cis sound,you wi
llpr
esenta convi
nci
ng
ar
gument
.
I
mpor
tantNot
e:Ther
e ar
etwo ki
nds ofevi
dence—f
act
s and
exampl
es.
1.Af
acti
sapi
eceofi
nfor
mat
iont
hatcanbever
if
ied.I
fyoumakea
st
atement
,youshoul
dbepr
epar
edt
osuppor
titwi
thf
act
s—f
or
exampl
e,st
ati
sti
cs,obser
vat
ions,or st
atement
s t
hat ar
e
accept
edast
rue.
2.Anexampl
eisaspeci
fi
cil
lust
rat
ionofagener
alst
atement
.Tobe
convi
nci
ng,
anexampl
eshoul
dcl
ear
lyr
elat
etot
hepoi
ntyouar
e
maki
ng.
Whenyouwr
it
eanar
gumentpar
agr
aph,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Anar
gumentpar
agr
aphshoul
dbegi
nwi
that
opi
csent
encet
hatst
ates
yourposi
ti
on.Usi
ngwor
dsl
ikeshoul
d,shoul
dnot
,oroughtt
oinyour
t
opi
csent
encewi
llmakeyourposi
ti
on cl
eart
oreader
s.Thef
eder
al
gover
nmentshoul
dlowert
het
axongasol
ine.Theci
tyshoul
dbui
ldanew

spor
tsst
adi
um.
 Anar
gumentpar
agr
aphshoul
dpr
esentpoi
ntst
hatsuppor
tthet
opi
c
sent
ence.Forexampl
e,i
fyourpur
posei
stoar
guei
nfavorofpl
aci
ng
war
ning l
abel
s on unheal
thy snack f
oods,you shoul
d gi
ve sever
al
r
easonswhyt
hispol
icyshoul
dbei
nst
it
uted.
 Anar
gumentpar
agr
aphshoul
dsuppor
teachpoi
ntwi
thevi
dence(
fact
s
andexampl
es)
.
 An ar
gumentpar
agr
aph shoul
d addr
essand r
efut
e(ar
gueagai
nst
)
opposi
ngar
gument
s.Byshowi
ngt
hatanopponent
’sar
gument
sar
eweak
ori
naccur
ate,
youst
rengt
henyourownposi
ti
on.
Task27
1.Readt
hef ol
lowi
ngmodelpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
owit.
Some peopl
e ar
gue t
hatt
he gover
nmentshoul
d pr
ovi
de f
ree uni
ver
sit
y
educat
ionbecausesucheducat
ionbenef
it
sthewhol
ecommuni
ty.Theyasser
t
t
hatt
heski
ll
sthatst
udent
slear
natuni
ver
sit
yar
eimpor
tantf
ort
hef
utur
esoci
al
andeconomi
cdevel
opmentofournat
ion.Ther
efor
e,sot
hisar
gumentgoes,
the
gover
nmentshoul
dinvestmoney i
n educat
ion as i
tdoes wi
th ot
hervi
tal
r
esour
ces.Accor
dingt
othi
sar
gument
,whenst
udent
sar
efor
cedt
opayf
ort
hei
r
educat
iont
hemsel
vesf
eweroft
hem wi
llenr
olli
nhi
ghereducat
ioncour
ses.
However
,iti
sundeni
abl
efactt
hatt
hegover
nmenti
sabl
etoi
nvestt
hemoneyi
t
get
sbacki
ntot
hehi
ghereducat
ionsyst
em sot
hatover
allqual
it
yisi
mpr
oved.
Fur
ther
mor
e,t
her
eismoneyt
ofundmor
epl
acesf
orst
udent
ssot
hati
nthe
f
utur
ewewi
llnothavet
heshor
tageofpl
aceswehadi
nthepast
.Mor
eover
,iti
s
unr
easonabl
etoexpectt
axpayer
stopayf
orst
udent
s'educat
ionwhent
hose
st
udent
sgetwel
l-
pai
dpr
ofessi
onalj
obsaf
tert
heygr
aduat
e.
1.Whati
sthei
ssueofanar
gumenti
nthepar
agr
aph?
2.Whati
sthewr
it
er’
sposi
ti
on?Whati
stheevi
dencef
oryouranswer
?
3.Di
dthewr
it
eror
gani
zet
hei
deaswel
l?

4.Whatspeci
fi
cevi
dencesdoest
hewr
it
eruset
oconvi
ncet
her
eader
?Li
st
someoft
heevi
dences(
fact
sand exampl
es)t
hatt
hewr
it
erusest
o
suppor
thi
spoi
nts
5.Whatot
herevi
dencecoul
dthewr
it
erhaveused?
6.Whatopposi
ngar
gumentdoest
hewr
it
eraddr
ess?Howdoesheaddr
ess
t
hisar
gument
?
7.Wr
it
eoutt
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asest
hewr
it
erusest
o move
r
eader
sthr
oughhi
sar
gument
.
8.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
nthepar
agr
aph’
sconcl
udi
ngst
atement
?
2.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphcar
eful
lyandcompl
etet
henot
ethatf
oll
owsi
t.
Youcanusewor
dsorphr
asest
ocompl
eteyournot
e.Usesepar
atepaperor
yourexer
cisebookf
oryouranswer
.
Homewor
kisani
mpor
tantpar
toft
hel
ear
ningpr
ocessi
nmi
ddl
eschool
.One
r
easoni
sthathomewor
kgi
vesst
udent
saddi
ti
onalpr
act
iceofski
ll
scover
edi
n
cl
ass.Mi
ddl
eschoolcl
assesar
etooshor
ttot
eachanewconceptandpr
act
icei
t
suf
fi
cient
ly.St
udent
s need bot
h gui
ded pr
act
ice i
n cl
ass and i
ndependent
pr
act
iceathome.Anot
herr
easonf
orhomewor
kist
hati
tgi
vest
imet
ocompl
ete
l
ongerassi
gnment
s.Forexampl
e,t
hei
dealcomposi
ti
onpr
ocessal
lowst
imef
or
st
udent
stot
hink,t
oref
lectont
hei
rideas,t
orevi
seandt
opr
oof
readi
ng.I
n
addi
ti
on,
sinceal
lst
udent
sdonotwor
katt
hesamespeed,
givi
ngst
udent
sti
me
athome t
ofi
nish wor
k keeps t
hem f
rom f
all
ing behi
nd.Fi
nal
ly,t
he most
i
mpor
tantr
easonf
orhomewor
kist
hati
tensur
esr
evi
ew.Newmat
eri
alandol
d
mat
eri
alar
epr
act
icedi
ndai
lyassi
gnment
s.St
udent
swhodot
hei
rhomewor
k
dai
lyar
epr
epar
edf
ort
est
sandmakebet
tergr
ades.I
nconcl
usi
on,notonl
yis
homewor
kessent
ialt
omast
eri
ngnewski
ll
sandmai
ntai
ningpr
evi
ousl
ylear
ned
ski
ll
s,buti
tal
so guar
ant
ees const
antr
evi
ew and gi
ves t
ime f
orl
onger
assi
gnment
s.St
udent
s,doyourdai
lyhomewor
k,makebet
tergr
ades,andl
ear
n
mor
e!

Homewor
kisani
mpor
tantpar
toft
hel
ear
ningpr
ocessi
nmi
ddl
eschool
.One
r
easoni
s……………………………………………………………………………
Mi
ddl
e schoolcl
asses ar
etoo……………………………………………St
udent
s need bot
h
……………………………………………………………………Anot
her r
eason f
or homewor
k i
s
…………………………………………………………. For exampl
e, ……………………………I
n
addi
ti
on,
…………………………….
..
..
Fi
nal
ly,
themosti
mpor
tantr
easonf
orhomewor
kis………………………….
.
New mat
eri
alandol
dmat
eri
al…………………………………………………… St
udent
swhodo
t
hei
r homewor
k dai
ly ar
e……………………………………… I
n concl
usi
on,
………………………………………………………………………….
.
3.Now,uset
hei
nfor
mat
ionyouhavecompl
etedi
nthenot
eandr
ewr
it
ea
per
suasi
vepar
agr
aphi
nyourownwor
ds.
_
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___
___
___
___
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___
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___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
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___
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___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
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___
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___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
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___
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___
___
___
__
4.Read t
he f
oll
owi
ng t
opi
c sent
ences and deci
de whet
heryou agr
ee or
di
sagr
ee wi
tht
hem.Li
stsome poi
ntst
hatcoul
d suppor
tyouri
dea of
agr
eementordi
sagr
eementf
oreach.Fi
nal
ly,wr
it
e an ar
gument
ati
ve
par
agr
aphononeoft
het
opi
csent
ences.
1.Al
lst
udentat
hlet
esshoul
dbepai
dasal
arybyt
hei
rcol
legeoruni
ver
sit
y.
2.Col
legest
udent
scaughtcheat
ingshoul
dbeexpel
led.
3.TheEt
hiopi
angover
nmentshoul
dpr
ovi
def
reeheal
thcar
e.
4.Thewhi
tef
oot
bal
lpl
ayer
sar
enotmor
etal
ent
edt
hant
hebl
ackf
oot
bal
l
pl
ayer
s.

5.Deat
hpenal
tyhast
hepot
ent
ialt
odet
ermaj
orcr
imes.
5.Wr
it
eanar
gument
ati
vepar
agr
aphononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
csbyei
ther
suppor
ti
ngoropposi
ngt
hei
ssue.
1.Smoki
ngatpubl
ic
2.Vi
olat
ingt
heuni
ver
sit
yregul
ati
on
3.Cheat
ingonexami
nat
ion
4.Al
lowi
ngabor
ti
on
5.Physi
calpuni
shmenti
ntheschool
6.Dr
ivi
ngaf
terdr
inki
ngal
cohol

Uni
tThr
ee:Wr
it
ingEf
fect
iveEssays
Lear
ningObj
ect
ives
Att
heendoft
hisuni
t,t
hest
udent
swi
llbeabl
eto:
 Di
sti
ngui
sht
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenapar
agr
aphandanessay.
 Knowt
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureofanessay.
 Knowt
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofanef
fect
iveessay.
 Under
standt
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hesi
sst
atementi
nwr
it
ingan
essay.
 Lear
npr
oduci
ngef
fect
ivet
hesi
sst
atement
sfr
om t
hegi
ven
t
opi
cs.
 Lear
npr
oduci
ngappr
opr
iat
eessayout
li
ne.
 Di
ff
erent
iat
evar
ioust
ypesofessays.
 Devel
opt
heski
llofwr
it
ingwel
ldevel
opedessaysusi
ngdi
ff
erent
t
echni
ques.
Lead-
in-
Task
Thi
nkaboutt
hesequest
ionsi
ndi
vidual
lyanddi
scussyourt
hought
sint
hrees
orf
our
s.
1.Whati
sanessay?
2.Howi
sitdi
ff
erentf
rom apar
agr
aph?
3.Whati
sthest
ruct
ureofanessay?

4.Whati
sat
hesi
sst
atement
?
5.Whatar
etheChar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodessay?
Thi
suni
twi
llhel
pyouappl
ytheski
ll
sofpar
agr
aphwr
it
ingt
othewr
it
ingof
di
ff
erentessays.I
twi
llgui
deyouf
rom al
ookatt
heessayandi
tspar
tst
hrough
pl
anni
ngandwr
it
ingessaysofyourown.
Al
though wr
it
ing ef
fect
ive par
agr
aphs wi
llhel
p you compl
ete shor
t-answer
exams and do br
iefwr
it
ing assi
gnment
s,much oft
he t
ime—i
n col
lege or
uni
ver
sit
yandi
nthebusi
nesswor
ld—youwi
llber
equi
redt
owr
it
eessaysand
r
epor
tswhi
char
esever
alpar
agr
aphsl
ong.Essaysar
elongerandcont
ainmor
e
i
deast
hant
hesi
ngl
epar
agr
aphyouhavepr
act
icedsof
ar.I
tisagr
oupof
par
agr
aphs,eachwi
tht
hef
unct
ionofsuppor
ti
ngacont
rol
li
ngi
deacal
ledt
he
t
hesi
s.The par
agr
aphs shoul
d be l
ogi
cal
lyr
elat
ed t
oget
herby di
rect
ly or
i
ndi
rect
lysayi
ngt
hesamet
hingaboutt
het
hesi
sst
atement
.Essaysr
equi
re
manyoft
hesameski
ll
sthatpar
agr
aphsdo.
3.
1.Basi
cChar
act
eri
sti
csofaGoodEssay
 An essayshoul
d possessuni
ty.Thatmeanseach par
agr
aph shoul
d
cl
ear
lyr
elat
etot
hemai
nideaoft
heessay.
 The essay shoul
d be wr
it
ten conci
sel
y wi
th si
mpl
e sent
ences and
vocabul
ari
es,
whi
chwoul
dat
tr
actt
her
eader
s’at
tent
ion.
 Theessayshoul
dhaveacl
earandconci
semai
nidea(
thesi
sst
atement
).
 Theessayshoul
dhaveaspeci
fi
cpur
posesuchasi
nfor
ming,
ent
ert
aini
ng,
eval
uat
ing,
orper
suadi
ng.
 Thei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphshoul
dcr
eat
eint
eresti
nthet
opi
candmake
t
heaudi
encewantt
oreadon.
 Themai
npoi
ntort
het
opi
csent
enceofeachpar
agr
aphi
nanessay
shoul
d be cl
earand each t
opi
c sent
ence shoul
d be suppor
ted wi
th
speci
fi
cdet
ail
s.
 Ther
eshoul
dbecl
eart
ransi
ti
onsf
rom onepar
agr
apht
othenext
.
 Theessayshoul
dfol
lowacer
tai
nor
der
edl
ineoft
houghtandshoul
dend

wi
thanappr
opr
iat
econcl
usi
on.
3.
2.TheDi
ff
erencebet
weenaPar
agr
aphandanEssay
Thedi
ff
erencebet
weenapar
agr
aphandanessayi
sbr
ief
lyputi
nthef
oll
owi
ng
t
abl
e.
Par
agr
aph Essay
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Thet
opi
csent
ence Thet
hesi
sst
atement
,by
i
ntr
oducest
hepar
agr
aph, i
tsel
forwi
thot
her
expr
essesi
tsmai
nidea,
and sent
ences,
expr
essest
he
cont
rol
sit
scont
ent mai
nidea
body
Aser
iesofsent
ences Aser
iesofpar
agr
aphs
suppor
tthet
opi
csent
ence, suppor
tthet
hesi
s
usi
ngoneormor
emet
hods st
atement
,byusi
ngoneor
ofdevel
opment mor
emet
hodsof
devel
opment
concl
usi
on
Asent
encesummar
izi
ngt
he Apar
agr
aphsummar
izi
ng
par
agr
aphr
epeat
sthet
opi
c t
heessayr
epeat
sthet
hesi
s
sent
encei
nahei
ght
ened st
atementi
nahei
ght
ened
f
orm. f
orm.
3.
3.TheSt
ruct
ureofanEssay
Asyoucanbr
ief
lyunder
standf
rom t
hegi
vent
abl
e,l
ikeapar
agr
aph,essayhas
al
sot
hreebasi
cst
ruct
ures:t
hei
ntr
oduct
ion,
thebody,
andt
heconcl
usi
on.
3.
3.1.TheI
ntr
oduct
ion
Thi
sist
hef
ir
stpar
agr
aphofanessayt
hatat
tempt
stoar
ouset
her
eader
’s
i
nter
estby pr
ovi
ding backgr
ound i
nfor
mat
ion on t
he t
opi
c,st
ressi
ng t
he
si
gni
fi
canceoft
het
opi
c,orpr
esent
ingoneormor
est
art
li
ngf
act
s.I
ntr
oduct
ory

par
agr
aphshoul
dleadl
ogi
cal
lyt
othet
hesi
s,whi
chusual
lyappear
satornear
t
heendoft
hei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aph.
3.
3.2.TheBody
I
f,i
nyouri
ntr
oduct
ion,
yousaywhatyouar
egoi
ngt
osay,
thent
hebodyofyour
essayi
swher
eyouact
ual
lysayi
t.Eachpar
agr
aphoft
hebodyofyouressay
shoul
dcont
ainat
opi
csent
ence.Of
tent
hemai
npoi
ntcanbef
oundi
nat
opi
c
sent
ence,
whi
chmayappearanywher
eint
hepar
agr
aphorbei
mpl
ied.Ofcour
se,
al
lthemi
ddl
epar
agr
aphsmustul
ti
mat
elyexpl
ainandsuppor
ttheessay’
sthesi
s
st
atementandcomebet
weent
hei
ntr
oduct
ionandt
heconcl
usi
on.
3.
3.3.TheConcl
usi
on
Theconcl
usi
oni
sthel
astpar
agr
aphofanessay.I
tsummar
izesorr
est
atest
he
t
hesi
sandt
hesuppor
ti
ngi
deasoft
heessay.I
not
herwor
ds,t
heconcl
usi
on
br
ief
ly sums up t
he poi
nts and evi
dences pr
ovi
ded t
o suppor
tthe t
hesi
s
st
atement
.Itsi
gnal
sther
eader
sthatt
hedi
scussi
onhascomet
oanendor
makesar
ecommendat
ionorpr
edi
cti
onf
ort
hef
utur
e.
Read t
hesampl
eessaybel
ow and i
dent
if
yit
sthr
eebasi
cst
ruct
ures:t
he
i
ntr
oduct
ion,
thebody,
andt
heconcl
usi
on.
Changi
ngEngl
ish:t
heAf
ri
canAmer
icanI
nfl
uence
I
fyou askaver
ageAmer
icanswher
ethei
rlanguagecomesf
rom,t
heywi
ll
pr
obabl
ysay“
Engl
and”
.However
,Engl
ishvocabul
aryhasal
sobeeni
nfl
uenced
byot
hercount
ri
esandgr
oupsofpeopl
e.Somewor
dsar
ebor
rowedf
rom ot
her
l
anguages,suchast
yphoon,whi
chor
igi
nal
lycamef
rom Chi
nesewor
d,“
tai
-
f
ung”
,meani
ng“
bigwi
nd”
.Skunk,t
henameofasmal
l,smel
ly,bl
ackandwhi
te
ani
mal
,camet
oEngl
ishf
rom aNat
iveAmer
icanl
anguage.Af
ri
canAmer
icans,
t
oo,havebot
hcont
ri
but
ednewwor
dst
oEngl
ishandchangedt
hemeani
ngsof
someexi
sti
ngwor
ds.

Af
ri
canAmer
icans,manyofwhoseancest
orswer
ebr
oughtt
otheSt
atesas
sl
aveshundr
edsofyear
sago,havei
ntr
oducedanumberofwor
dst
oEngl
ish
f
rom t
hel
anguaget
hatt
heyspokei
nthei
rnat
ivecount
ri
es.ThecommonEngl
ish
OK i
sused ar
ound t
hewor
ldt
oday,buti
twasnotal
wayspar
tofEngl
ish
vocabul
ary.Onet
heor
yist
hatsl
avesi
nAmer
icausedaphr
asei
nthei
rown
l
anguaget
hatsoundedl
ikeOKt
omean“
allr
ight
”.Amer
icanshear
dthephr
ase
andst
art
edusi
ngi
t.Today,al
mostever
yonei
nthewor
ldusesOKt
omean“
all
r
ight
”. Anot
hergood exampl
e ofa “
new”wor
dist
he wor
djazz.Af
ri
can
Amer
icanmusi
ciansl
ivi
ngi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesbeganpl
ayi
ngj
azzmusi
cint
he
ci
tyofNewOr
leans,andt
heyusedt
hewor
djassorj
azzt
odescr
ibet
hemusi
c
andcer
tai
nki
ndsofdanci
ng.Noonei
ssur
ewher
ethewor
dor
igi
nal
lycame
f
rom,
butasj
azzmusi
cbecamemor
eandmor
epopul
ar,
thewor
djazzbecamea
commonEngl
ishwor
d.
Themeani
ngsofwor
dssomet
imeschangesovert
ime.Thewor
dcooli
sagood
exampl
e.Coolhas been used i
n Engl
ish f
ora l
ong t
ime t
o descr
ibe a
t
emper
atur
ethati
s“notwar
m butnott
oocol
d”ort
odescr
ibeaper
sonwhoi
s
“
cal
m orunemot
ional
”.Howeveranaddi
ti
onalmeani
ngwasgi
vent
othewor
d
cooli
nthepast100year
s.Justl
iket
hewor
djazz,Af
ri
canAmer
icanmusi
cians
usedt
hewor
dcoolt
odescr
ibet
hemusi
ctheywer
epl
ayi
ng.Fort
hem cool
meant“
good”
.Asj
azzmusi
cand ot
herf
ormsofmusi
cpl
ayed byAf
ri
can
Amer
icanmusi
ciansbecamepopul
ar,mor
eandmor
epeopl
est
art
edt
ouset
he
wor
dcooli
nconver
sat
ion.Today,i
tisacommonl
yusedwor
d,especi
all
yby
youngerpeopl
e,t
omean“
good”or“
great
”.Awor
dwi
tht
heopposi
temeani
ngof
cooli
ssquar
e.Squar
eis,ofcour
se,ashape,buti
tal
soi
susedt
odescr
ibea
per
sonwhoi
snotcool
.Thi
smaybebecauseaper
sonwhoi
stoool
d-f
ashi
oned
andnotf
lexi
blei
sli
keashapewi
thf
ourst
rai
ghtsi
desandf
ourcor
ner
s.
Engl
ish owes some ofi
tsi
nter
est
ing and col
orf
ulvocabul
aryt
o Af
ri
can
Amer
icans.Exi
sti
ng et
hni
c gr
oups i
nthe Uni
ted St
ates as wel
las new
i
mmi
grant
swi
llsur
lycont
inuet
obr
ingnew wor
dst
oEngl
ishandgi
vef
resh

meani
ngst
oexi
sti
ngwor
ds.Whoknowswhatt
he“
cool
”wor
dsoft
omor
rowwi
ll
be?
3.
4.Thesi
sSt
atement
Thet
hesi
sst
atementi
sthesent
encet
hatt
ell
sthemai
nideaoft
hewhol
eessay.
Thatmeans,i
ttel
lst
her
eaderexact
lywhatyouwi
llbecover
ingi
ntheessay.I
t
subt
lysumsupt
hewhol
ecomposi
ti
onandof
tengi
vest
her
eaderahunchon
how t
hemai
nideawi
llbesuppor
tedi
ntheent
ir
elyoft
hecomposi
ti
on.The
t
hesi
sst
atementcanbecompar
edt
oat
opi
csent
ence,whi
chgi
vest
hemai
n
i
dea ofa par
agr
aph.I
tusual
ly comes atorneart
he end ofi
ntr
oduct
ory
par
agr
aph.
Thet
hesi
scr
eat
esaf
ocusf
ort
heessayandshoul
dnotbet
oobr
oadort
oo
nar
rowf
ort
heassi
gnment
.At
hesi
sthati
stoobr
oadi
sast
atementt
hati
stoo
l
arget
obeadequat
elydevel
opedi
nthel
engt
hessayyouhavebeenassi
gned.A
t
hesi
sthati
stoonar
rowi
sast
atementt
hati
snotl
argeenought
obedevel
oped
i
nto an essay.A wel
l-
focused t
hesi
s pr
esent
s a mai
nidea t
hatcan be
adequat
elydevel
opedi
nthenumberofpar
agr
aphsorpagesyouhavebeen
assi
gnedt
owr
it
e.
Task1
Thef
oll
owi
ngi
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphsar
etakenf
rom t
wodi
ff
erentessays.
Wr
it
eoutt
het
hesi
sst
atementi
neachoft
hesei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphs.What
i
sthemai
nideai
neacht
hesi
sst
atementi
sabout
?Shar
eyouranswer
swi
th
yourpar
tner
.
A

Bef
oreIt
ravel
ledt
otheUni
tedSt
atesl
astyear
,It
houghtt
hatAmer
icanf
ood
wasj
usthambur
ger
sandFr
enchf
ri
es,
hotdogs,
steaks,
pizza,
appl
epeaand
col
a.Thesef
oodsar
epopul
ari
ntheSt
ates,
butdur
ingmyt
ravel
,Idi
scover
ed
t
hatt
her
eissomuchmor
etoeat
ingi
nAmer
ica.Peopl
efr
om ever
ycount
ry
i
nthewor
ldhavemadet
hei
rhomei
ntheUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
icaandt
hey
havebr
oughtwi
tht
hem t
hei
rnat
ivef
oods.Eveni
nsmal
ltowns,
youcanf
ind
r
est
aur
ant
sser
vingt
hef
oodsofChi
naandMexi
co,I
tal
yandVi
etnam.The
Uni
tedSt
atescanbedi
videdi
ntosi
xgener
alr
egi
onst
hathavet
hei
rown
char
act
eri
sti
cfoodsi
nfl
uencedbyt
hecul
tur
esoft
hepeopl
ewhol
ivet
her
e.
B
Taoi
sm i
sananci
entphi
losophyf
rom Asi
athatpl
acesgr
eati
mpor
tanceon
t
henat
uralwor
ld.Taoi
sm bel
ievet
hatspi
ri
tcanbef
oundi
never
yper
sonor
t
hing,
li
vingornonl
ivi
ng.Fort
heTaoi
st,
evenamount
ainorast
onecont
ains
aspi
ri
t.LaoTsu,aTaoi
stwr
it
erandphi
losopher
,sai
d“peopl
efol
low ear
th.
Ear
thf
oll
owsheaven.Heaven f
oll
owst
heTao.TheTao f
oll
owswhati
s
nat
ural
.”Fort
housandsofyear
sinchi
naandot
herAsi
ancount
ri
es,
gar
dens
havebeenani
mpor
tantwayt
ocr
eat
eapl
acewher
epeopl
ecanf
eelt
hespi
ri
t
oft
henat
uralwor
ld.Cr
eat
ing aTaoi
stgar
den i
san ar
t.No t
wo Taoi
st
gar
dens ar
e exact
lyal
ike,butal
lTaoi
stgar
dens i
ncl
ude f
ouressent
ial
el
ement
s:wat
er,
mount
ains,
bui
ldi
ngs,
andbr
idges.
3.
5.Wr
it
ingaSt
rongThesi
sSt
atement
I
tisment
ionedt
hatat
hesi
sst
atementgi
vest
heaut
hor
’sopi
nionorst
atesan
i
mpor
tanti
deaaboutat
opi
c.I
tshoul
dgi
veani
deat
hatcanbedi
scussedand
expl
ainedwi
thsuppor
ti
ngi
deas:
 The qual
if
icat
ions f
or ent
eri
ng a uni
ver
sit
y i
n my count
ry ar
e
unr
easonabl
e.
 Whenst
udyi
ngasecondl
anguage,t
her
ear
esever
alwayst
oimpr
ove
youruseoft
hel
anguage.

Thesear
eexampl
esofst
rongt
hesi
sst
atement
sbecauset
heycanbedi
scussed
orexpl
ained.
At
hesi
sst
atementshoul
dnotbeasent
encet
hatonl
ygi
vesaf
actaboutt
he
t
opi
c:
 I
nthenor
ther
nhemi
spher
e,t
hesummermont
hsar
ewar
mert
hant
he
wi
ntermont
hs.
Thi
sisnotast
rongt
hesi
sst
atementbecausei
tcannotbedi
scussedorar
gued
about
.
At
hesi
sst
atementshoul
dnotst
atet
wosi
desofanar
gumentequal
ly:
 Ther
ear
eadvant
agesanddi
sadvant
agest
ousi
ngnucl
earpower
.
Thi
scoul
dbeat
opi
csent
ence,
buti
tisnotat
hesi
sst
atement
.Itgi
vest
wosi
des
ofanar
gumentwi
thoutgi
vingacl
earopi
nionofsuppor
tordi
sagr
eement
.It
coul
dber
evi
sedl
iket
his:
 Al
thought
her
ear
esomeadvant
ages,usi
ngnucl
earpowerhasmany
di
sadvant
agesandshoul
dnotbepar
tofourcount
ri
esener
gypl
an.
Thi
sisast
rongt
hesi
sst
atementbecausei
tcl
ear
lygi
vest
hewr
it
er’
sopi
nion
aboutnucl
earpower
.
I
nor
dert
ocl
ear
lyst
atet
het
hesi
sst
atementf
oryouressay,changet
het
opi
c
t
hatyouar
etowr
it
eanessayoni
ntoi
nter
rogat
ive.Theanswert
hatyougetf
or
yourquest
ioncoul
dbeyourt
hesi
sst
atement
.
Forexampl
e,i
fyourt
opi
cis“
causesf
orcl
imat
icchange”youcanpossi
blyask
t
hequest
ion“
Whatar
ethecausesf
orcl
imat
icchange?
”Theanswert
othi
s
quest
ioncoul
dbe“
Cli
mat
icchangemost
lyoccur
sasar
esul
tofmanmade
f
act
ors such as def
orest
ati
on,over
grazi
ng,and emi
ssi
on ofcar
bon f
rom
f
act
ori
es.
”Thi
scanbeast
rongt
hesi
sst
atementf
ort
heessayont
het
opi
c

“
causesf
orcl
imat
icchange”
.
Task2
1.Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hesi
sst
atement
scar
eful
lyandi
dent
if
yeachoft
hem as
st
rongorweakt
hesi
sst
atement
.Gi
ver
easonsf
oryouranswer
s.
1.Somepeopl
epr
eferdi
git
alcamer
as,
whi
leot
her
sli
ket
radi
ti
onalcamer
as.
2.Col
legei
sdi
ff
erentf
rom hi
ghschooli
nsever
always—especi
all
yint
eachi
ng,
homewor
k,andt
est
s.
3.I
ndi
anbecameani
ndependentcount
ryi
n1947.
4.Tobeasuccessf
ulst
udent
,goodst
udyhabi
tsar
emor
eimpor
tantt
han
i
ntel
li
gence.
5.Ther
ear
esever
aladvant
agesofowni
ngacar
,butt
her
ear
eal
somany
di
sadvant
ages.
6.Usi
ngpubl
ict
ranspor
tat
ionwoul
dbeoneoft
hebestwayst
osol
vet
he
t
raf
fi
candpol
lut
ionpr
obl
emsi
nci
ti
esar
oundt
hewor
ld.
7.TheTr
adi
ti
onalChi
neseMedi
cineI
nter
nat
ionalSer
viceCompl
exi
slocat
ed
i
nHuai
huaci
ty,
Hunanpr
ovi
nce,
inMi
d-Sout
hChi
na.
8.Cor
por
alpuni
shmenti
scount
erpr
oduct
ivebecausei
taggr
avat
esant
isoci
al
behavi
ori
nthest
udent
,br
eaksdowncommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
eacherand
st
udent
,andi
nst
il
lsf
earr
athert
hanr
espect
.
9.Smoker
sshoul
dst
opsmoki
ngbecausesmoki
ngdamagest
hei
rheal
th,
t
hei
rappear
ance,
andt
hei
rpocket
book.
10.
Student
swhopl
agi
ari
zeshoul
dbeexpel
ledf
rom col
legebecauset
heyhur
t
t
hei
nst
it
uti
on,
theyhur
tot
herst
udent
s,andt
heyhur
tthemsel
ves.
1.Wr
it
eef
fect
ivet
hesi
sst
atement
sforeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
csandget
t
hem checkedbyyouri
nst
ruct
or.
1.Thepr
obl
emscausedbypol
lut
ion
2.Benef
it
sofusi
ngcomput
ers
3.Vi
olencei
ntel
evi
sionpr
ogr
ammi
ng
4.Theusesoff
orest
s
5.Theef
fect
sofgl
obalwar
ming
Task3

Readt
hei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphoft
hef
oll
owi
ngessayandwr
it
eouti
tst
hesi
s
st
atement
.Then,r
eadt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionandt
hebodypar
agr
aphsagai
nand
wr
it
etheconcl
udi
ngpar
agr
aphf
ort
heessay.
I
nthi
ser
a,wecanseehow f
astt
hei
nfor
mat
ionmovesf
rom onepl
acet
o
anot
her
.Wecaneasi
lygr
abanewspaper
,amagazi
neorevenbr
owset
he
i
nter
nett
ofi
ndoutt
hel
atestnews.Somepeopl
ebel
ievet
hatt
hepr
esenceof
i
nter
netwi
llel
imi
nat
etheneedf
ornewspaper
sandmagazi
neswher
eas;ot
her
s
ar
guet
hatal
loft
hem wi
llneversubst
it
uteoneanot
her
.
Thesi
gni
fi
cantgr
owt
hofi
nter
nethasi
ndeedbr
oughtpr
icel
essadvant
agest
o
ourl
if
e.I
nter
netcanpr
ovi
deusupt
odat
enewsatani
ncr
edi
blyf
astpacebet
ter
t
hananyot
herconvent
ionalmedi
ali
kenewspaperandmagazi
necanachi
eve.
Fur
ther
mor
e,byopt
ingt
ogat
hernewsvi
athei
nter
net
,wecoul
dhel
psaveour
envi
ronmentsi
ncewecanr
educet
henumberofr
esour
cesusedt
opr
oducet
he
paper
.
Meanwhi
le,
from anot
herst
andpoi
nt,
fir
stofal
liti
sreal
lyt
oogoodt
obet
ruet
o
haveever
yonei
nthi
swor
ldr
eadi
ngnewsvi
athei
nter
net
.Inr
eal
it
y,t
her
ear
est
il
l
al
otofpeopl
eoutt
her
ewhopr
efert
ogeti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom newspaper
sand
magazi
nes.Thi
shasbeencausedby,butnotl
imi
tedt
o,t
hef
actt
hatr
eadi
ng
newsonl
inei
stoot
ir
ingsi
ncewehavet
okeepoureyesst
ari
ngatt
hemoni
torat
st
ret
ch.Fur
ther
mor
e,wecannotal
sof
ull
ytr
ustanyi
nfor
mat
ionspr
eadouti
nthe
i
nter
netasever
yonecanputupanynewsast
heywi
sh.Thati
swhy,t
osome
ext
ent
,thei
nfor
mat
ionpr
int
edi
nthemagazi
nesandnewspaper
sseem t
obe
mor
etr
ust
edsi
ncei
thaspassedt
hroughanumberofst
ri
ctpr
ocedur
es.
_
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3.
6.St
epsi
nWr
it
inganEssay
1.Sel
ectasubj
ectt
hati
nter
est
syou
2.Li
mitt
hesubj
ectyouhavechoseni
ntomanageabl
esi
ze
3.Det
ermi
net
hepur
poseofyourwr
it
ing
4.Consi
deryourr
eader
’sneed
5.Gat
hermat
eri
als
6.Or
gani
zeyournot
es
7.Pr
epar
eacompl
eteout
li
ne
8.Begi
nwr
it
ingyourpaper
9.Wr
it
eadr
aft
10.Sett
hedr
aftasi
def
oradayort
wo,t
henr
eadi
tthr
oughand
makechanges.
11.Wr
it
eacompl
eteessay.
3.
7.Out
li
ninganEssay
I
nor
dert
owr
it
eagoodessay,pl
anni
ngpl
ayst
hepr
iorr
ole.Thei
deasand
i
nfor
mat
ionar
ecol
lect
edt
ofor
m anout
li
ne,whi
chi
slat
erdevel
opedi
ntoan
essay.Theout
li
neofanessayi
sther
efor
ethebackboneofanessaybecausei
t
i
sal
istoft
hei
nfor
mat
iont
hatyouwi
llputi
nyouressay.
Anout
li
ne:
 Begi
nswi
tht
heessay’
sthesi
sst
atement
;
 Showst
heor
gani
zat
ionoft
heessay;
 Tel
lswhati
deasyouwi
lldi
scussandshowswhi
chi
deaswi
llcome
f
ir
st,
second,
andsoon;
 Endswi
tht
heessay’
sconcl
usi
on.

Wr
it
inganout
li
nebef
oreyouwr
it
eanessaywi
ll
:
 Showyouwhatt
owr
it
ebef
oreyouact
ual
lybegi
nwr
it
ing;
 Hel
pmakeyouressaywel
lor
gani
zedandcl
ear
lyf
ocused;
 Keepyouf
rom f
orget
ti
nganyi
mpor
tantpoi
nts.
3.
7.1.I
mpor
tantSt
epsf
orOut
li
ning
UseRomannumer
als(
I,I
I,I
II
,IV,V,et
c.)f
oryouressaysmai
nideas:your
i
ntr
oduct
ionandyourt
hesi
sst
atement
,yourmai
nbodypar
agr
aphsandyour
concl
usi
onwr
it
eal
loft
hesef
ir
stand,
bef
oregoi
ngi
ntomor
edet
ailanywher
e.
I
.Introduct
ion
I
I.Fir
stmainidea
I
II.Secondmaini dea
I
V.Thi rdmainidea
V.conclusi
on
Nextf
il
linmor
einf
ormat
ionf
ort
hepar
agr
aphsi
nthemai
nbodybyusi
ngt
he
capi
tall
ett
ers(
A,B,C,D,et
c.)
.Useonel
ett
erf
oreachpar
agr
aphi
nthemai
n
bodybef
oregoi
ngi
ntomor
edet
ail
.
I
.Int
roduct
ion
I
I.Fi
rstmai
nidea
A.Fi
rstSuppor
ti
ngpoi
nt
B.SecondSuppor
ti
ngpoi
ntandsoon
Fi
nal
lyuseAr
abi
cnumer
als(
1,2,3,4,et
c.)t
ogi
vedet
ail
sforyoursuppor
ti
ng
poi
nts.Notever
ysuppor
ti
ngpoi
ntwi
llhavedet
ail
s,andsomepoi
ntswi
llhave
sever
al.I
tisnoti
mpor
tantt
o havet
hesamenumberofdet
ail
sforever
y

suppor
ti
ngpoi
nt.
I
.Int
roduct
ion
I
I.Fi
rstmai
nidea
A.Fi
rstSuppor
ti
ngpoi
nt
1.Fi
rstdet
ail
2.Seconddet
ail
B.SecondSuppor
ti
ngpoi
nt
1.Fi
rstdet
ail
2.Seconddet
ailandsoon
Sampleessayout
li
ne(
seeessayf
ort
hisout
li
nei
nsect
ionf
orar
gument
ati
ve
essay)
I
.Int
roduct
ion
Thesi
s:Event
houghi
tcanpr
ovi
det
hewor
ldwi
thasour
ceofel
ect
ri
cit
y,nucl
ear
poweri
snotagoodener
gysour
cebecausei
tist
ooexpensi
ve,
themat
eri
alsusedi
n
t
hepowerpl
ant
sar
enotsaf
e,andt
her
eisagr
eatpossi
bil
it
yofacci
dent
s.
I
I.Body
A.Nucl
earf
ueli
sexpensi
ve
1.Nucl
earpowerst
ati
onsar
eexpensi
vet
obui
ldandoper
ate(
maj
or)
2.Costofconst
ruct
ion(
minor
)
3.Costoft
rai
ningwor
ker
s(mi
nor
)
4.Costofsaf
etyf
eat
ures(
minor
)
B.Nucl
earmat
eri
alsar
enotsaf
e
1.Mi
ningmat
eri
alspr
oducer
adi
oact
ivegas
2.Wor
kingwi
thr
adi
oact
ivef
uel
scanhar
m wor
ker
s
3.Nucl
earwast
epr
oduct
sar
edanger
ous

4.Ver
yradi
oact
ive
5.Di
ff
icul
ttodi
sposeoforst
oresaf
ely
C.Ther
eisagr
eatpossi
bil
it
yofacci
dent
1.Nucl
earpowerst
ati
onscanf
ail(
maj
or)
2.Thr
eeMi
leI
sland,
USA(
1979)(
minor
)
3.Tar
apur
,Indi
a(1992)(
minor
)
4.Dar
li
ngt
on,
Canada(
1992)(
minor
)
D.wor
ker
scanmakemi
stakes
1.Cher
nobyl
,USSR(
1986)
2.Kol
a,Russi
a(1991)
3.Tokai
mur
a,Japan(
1999)
E.Nat
uraldi
sast
ercanoccur
1.Ear
thquake,
Kozl
oday,
Bul
gar
ia(
1977)
2.Tor
nado,
Mor
uroa,
thepaci
fi
c(1981)
I
II
.Concl
usi
on:Becauseofthecostandthedanger
,thewor
ldshoul
ddevel
opdi
ff
erent
t
ypesofener
gytorepl
acenucl
earener
gy.
Task4
1.Wr
it
eef
fect
ivet
hesi
sst
atementf
oreach oft
hef
oll
owi
ng t
opi
cs.Then
devel
opanessayout
li
nef
oreachoft
het
hesi
s.
a.Hi
ghschoolst
udent
sshoul
dwearuni
for
m
b.Costshar
ingmustbemandat
ory
c.Teacher
sshoul
dnotusePhysi
calpuni
shmenti
ntheschool
d.Theef
fectofsmoki
ngci
gar
ett
e
e.Theef
fectofdr
inki
ngal
cohol
f
. Benef
it
sofusi
ngcomput
ers
E.Usi
ngt
heout
li
neyouhavedevel
oped,
wri
teanessayoff
ivepar
agr
aphsand
exchangei
twi
thyourf
ri
endsf
orcor
rect
ion.
3.
8. TypesofEssays
Essaysmaybeendl
esski
nds,butl
ikeapar
agr
aph,t
heyar
egener
all
ydi
vided
i
ntof
ourmai
ntypeseachhavi
ngi
tsownpur
pose.
3.
8.1.Descr
ipt
iveEssay

I
tisaf
orm ofdi
scour
set
hatgi
vesapi
ctur
esquedet
ailofat
opi
c.I
trevol
ves
ar
oundonepoi
nti
nti
meandt
ell
syouhowyoursubj
ectappear
s.Thepur
poseof
adescr
ipt
iveessayi
stodescr
ibeaper
son,pl
ace,ort
hingi
nsuchvi
viddet
ail
t
hatt
her
eadercaneasi
lyf
orm apr
eci
sement
alpi
ctur
eofwhati
sbei
ngwr
it
ten
about
.The aut
hormay accompl
ish t
his by usi
ng i
magi
nat
ive l
anguage,
i
nter
est
ingcompar
isons,
andi
magest
hatappealt
othesenses.
AGoodDescr
ipt
ion:
 Cr
eat
esamai
nimpr
essi
on-
anover
allef
fect
,feel
ing,
ori
mage-
aboutt
he
t
opi
c
 Usesconcr
ete,
speci
fi
cdet
ail
stosuppor
tthemai
nimpr
essi
on.
 Usesdet
ail
sthatappealt
othef
ivesenses:si
ght
,hear
ing,
smel
l,
tast
e,
andt
ouch
 Usesadj
ect
ivesandf
igur
esofspeech
Task5
1.Readthefol
lowi
ngSampl
edescr
ipt
iveessayandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
owit.
Thef
ir
stt
hingt
hatyounot
iceaboutabur
ninghousei
snott
hati
tisbur
ning,
but
t
hati
tisbur
ningwi
thsuchi
ntensi
ty.Jameswat
chedt
hehouseacr
osst
hest
reet
asf
ir
eengul
fedi
tfr
om al
lsi
des.Ther
ewasf
ir
eever
ywher
e;t
her
oofwasonf
ir
e,
t
hedoor
sandwi
ndowswer
eonf
ir
e,f
ir
ewasevencomi
ngoutoft
hehouse
t
hroughvar
iousopeni
ngs,l
ooki
ngl
ikeaf
ir
e-br
eat
hingdr
agonwasi
nsi
det
he
house,
puf
fi
ngawayvi
car
iousl
y.Thef
lamesbur
neddeepr
edandamber
,al
most
l
ivi
d pur
ple as James saw var
ious f
ir
efi
ght
erst
ryi
ng t
o putoutt
he f
ir
e.
For
tunat
ely,
ther
ewasnoonei
nsi
deast
hewhol
efami
lyhadbeenoutf
ordi
nner
.
Not
hingi
nsi
dewasl
ikel
ytosur
vivet
hef
ir
e,Jamest
houghtashesaw some
f
lamesl
icki
ngupi
ntheai
rwi
tht
hewi
nd,t
ryi
ngt
ocat
chsomet
hingel
seonf
ir
e,
andf
indi
ngnot
hingbutai
r,di
sappear
ingi
ntot
hewi
ndyni
ght
,li
kedi
sappoi
nted
f
lut
ter
s.

I
tal
lbeganaboutanhourago.Jameswasi
nhi
sroom andhet
houghthe
smel
ledsomet
hingbur
ning.I
tsmel
ledl
ikeaheat
edsol
der
ingi
ronorasi
fsome
wi
resandr
ubberwasbei
ngbur
nt.Thef
ir
stt
houghtt
hatcr
ossedJames'mi
nd
wast
hati
twashi
scomput
erandt
hati
thadbegunt
ofr
y.Butt
henaf
teracar
eful
i
nspect
ionr
uledoutt
hatpossi
bil
it
y,hest
art
edbackathi
shomewor
k.Hecoul
d
notr
eal
ly concent
rat
e as t
he smel
lper
sist
s.He was convi
nced now t
hat
somet
hingwasver
ywr
ongandwentdownst
air
stoi
nspecthi
ski
tchen.I
twasas
hewasgoi
ngdownt
hest
air
sthathenot
icedsomet
hingoutoft
hewi
ndow.I
t
l
ookedl
ikeaf
lut
ter
ingr
edbi
rdt
hathadj
ustf
lownbyandasJamest
ryt
ocat
ch
anot
hergl
impse,hi
scur
iosi
tyt
urnedt
ohor
rorasher
eal
izedt
hatt
hehouse
acr
osst
hest
reetwasonf
ir
e.Her
andownst
air
sanddi
aled911,
expl
aini
ngwhat
hehadseenandpushedhi
swayi
ntohi
sdr
iveway.
Thehousei
nfr
ontofhi
m hadj
ustst
art
edt
osmol
deri
nthef
ir
e.Thef
ir
stt
hing
t
hatcr
ossedhi
smi
ndwaswhati
fther
ewer
epeopl
einsi
de.Het
houghtofgoi
ng
i
nsi
det
hehouseandl
ooki
ngf
orsomepeopl
e,butt
heext
remeheatt
hatwas
comi
ngoutt
hehouset
hwar
tedhi
minst
ant
ly.Hecoul
dnotgof
urt
hert
hanbei
ng
agoodhundr
edf
eetawayf
rom t
hehouse.I
twasexcr
uci
ati
ngl
yhotandhe
al
mostf
elthi
seyebr
owsbur
n.Hewasst
il
lver
ywor
ri
ed.Al
exl
ivedi
nthathouse
andhehadknownhi
m si
ncet
heywer
eki
ds.Notknowi
ngwhatt
odo,
Jamesr
an
backi
nthehouseandcal
ledAl
exonhi
scel
lphone.Hewat
chedt
hrought
he
ki
tchenwi
ndow asacr
ashbr
oughtdownt
hecei
li
ngoft
hehouse,br
ingi
ngt
he
whol
eroofdownwi
thal
oudcr
ash.Al
expi
ckedupt
hephoneasJamessaw a
bel
lowofashandsmoker
iseoutoft
hehouse.I
twasmi
ldl
yrel
ievi
ngt
oJames
t
ofi
ndoutt
hatAl
exandhi
swhol
efami
lyhaddeci
dedt
ogooutf
ordi
nnerand
noneoft
hem wer
einsi
det
hehouse.
Soon,
thef
ir
efi
ght
ersar
ri
vedandl
ookedatt
hef
ull
-bl
owni
nfer
noi
nfr
ontoft
hem.
Thef
ir
ehadgot
tenqui
teoutofcont
rolnowast
hewhol
ehousewasonf
ir
e.The
f
ir
efi
ght
ersevacuat
edt
hest
reetandt
oldever
yonet
ogoi
nsi
det
hei
rhouses.
Jameshadnochoi
cebutt
oret
reatt
ohi
sroom wher
ehecoul
dsee,f
eel
,and
hearAl
ex'
shousebur
ndown.I
naf
ewmi
nut
es,
thehousehadbeenr
educedt
oa

pi
leofr
ubbl
e,ashes,andsmol
der
ingwoodandi
tems.Ther
ewasaver
yput
ri
d
smel
lthatt
ookovert
hewhol
enei
ghbor
hood,l
ikeabadbar
bequepar
tygone
hor
ri
blywr
ong.Thesmel
lwassoover
power
ingt
hati
ttookJamesal
mostt
wo
weekst
ogeti
toutofhi
snose.Thehousehadbur
ntdownt
onot
hingwi
thi
na
f
ew hour
s,maki
ngJamesr
eal
izet
hef
uti
li
tyoft
hehumanl
if
eandvent
ures.I
t
t
akesmanmanyyear
stobui
ldhi
sdr
eam houseandi
ttakesnat
ureonl
yaf
ew
mi
nut
est
ocompl
etel
ydest
royhi
sdr
eams.
1.Whati
mpr
essi
ondoyougetf
rom t
hei
ntr
oduct
orypar
agr
aphi
nthi
sessay?
Whati
syourevi
dence?
2.Di
scusswi
thyourpar
tnert
hei
mpor
tantwor
dsandphr
asesyouhavenot
ed
down.Whatar
ethemostnot
iceabl
efeat
uresoft
hescenedescr
ibed?
3.Whatexampl
esanddescr
ipt
ivedet
ail
sar
eusedt
osuppor
tthemai
nideai
n
eachpar
agr
aphoft
heessay?
4.Woul
dyouchar
act
eri
zet
heessayaspr
imar
il
yanobj
ect
iveorsubj
ect
ive
descr
ipt
ion?Whatl
eadsyout
oyourconcl
usi
on?
5.Theaut
horusest
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asest
hatl
eadt
her
eader
sfr
om one
det
ailt
othe ot
heri
n descr
ibi
ng t
he bur
ning house.Whatar
ethose
t
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
ases?
2.Wr
it
eadescr
ipt
iveessayononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
1.youruni
ver
sit
yli
brar
y
2.Ahi
stor
icalsi
teormonument
3.Aper
sonorchar
act
ert
hatmakesyoul
aughor(
fr
ight
ensyou)
4.Anadver
ti
sement
5.Someonewhom ever
yonenot
ices
6.Chur
chsanct
uar
y,st
adi
um,
oranypl
aceofyourchoi
ce.
I
nyourt
hesi
sst
atement
,st
atet
hedomi
nanti
mpr
essi
oni
nonewor
d,choosi
nga
wor
dfr
om t
hef
oll
owi
ngl
istort
hinki
ngupyourownwor
d.Makesur
eal
ldet
ail
s
ofyourdescr
ipt
ionr
einf
orcet
hatdomi
nanti
mpr
essi
on.

Cheer
ful col
orf
ul f
il
thy or
der
ly
Cl
utt
ered di
sgust
ing spot
less chaot
ic
Ser
ene dul
l cr
owded l
onel
y
Bl
eak gl
oomy eer
ie noi
sy
Messy el
egant exci
ti
ng cal
m
Shabby depr
essi
ng i
mper
sonal cozy
3.
8.2.Exposi
tor
yEssay
Thi
sisat
ypeofessaywher
ethepur
posei
stoi
nfor
m,expl
ain,ordef
inet
he
aut
hor
'ssubj
ectt
other
eader
.Exposi
tor
ytexti
smeantt
odeposi
tinf
ormat
ion
andi
sthemostf
requent
lyusedt
ypeofwr
it
ing.Dependi
ngupont
hepar
ti
cul
ar
pur
posef
orwhi
cht
heexposi
tor
yessayi
sbei
ngwr
it
ten,t
hemodeofessay
devel
opmentt
hatwi
llbeusedmayvar
y.I
fthepur
posei
stobr
eakdowna
subj
ecti
ntoi
tsconst
it
uentpar
tsandt
oexpl
ainhowt
heyar
erel
atedt
othewhol
e
t
opi
c,t
henanal
ysi
smet
hodshoul
dbeused;i
fthepur
posei
stodet
ermi
ne
condi
ti
onorr
easonandr
esul
torout
come,causeandef
fectmet
hodshoul
dbe
used;i
fthepur
posei
stogi
vet
hesi
mil
ari
ti
esandt
hedi
ff
erences,compar
eand
cont
rastmet
hodshoul
dbeused;i
fthepur
posei
stoexpl
aint
hemeani
ngofa
wor
dorphr
ase,t
hendef
ini
ti
onshoul
dbeused,andi
fthepur
posei
stoexpl
ain
t
heser
iesofact
ions,st
ages,orpr
ocedur
es,t
henpr
ocessmet
hodshoul
dbe
used.Exposi
tor
yessaysar
eofmanyt
ypes.I
nthi
ssect
ionyouwi
llseeeacht
ype
i
ndet
ail
.
A.Def
ini
ti
on
Al
though par
agr
aphs ofdef
ini
ti
on ar
e mor
e common i
n col
lege and t
he
wor
kpl
acet
hanessaysar
e,youmayatsomet
imehavet
owr
it
eadef
ini
ti
on
essay.
Sampl
edef
ini
ti
onessay

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
udentessay,“
Str
eetSmar
t”byKr
ist
inWhi
tehead,def
inest
he
t
erm st
reetsmar
t.I
ntheessay’
sint
roduct
ion,Kr
ist
indef
ineshert
erm br
ief
ly;i
n
t
heessay’
sbodypar
agr
aphs,
shedevel
opsherdef
ini
ti
onf
urt
her
.Not
icet
hatt
he
t
opi
csent
encesofKr
ist
in’
sthr
eebodypar
agr
aphsr
epeata keyphr
aset
o
r
emi
ndr
eader
sofheressay’
ssubj
ect
.
Task6
1.Readt
hesampl
eessaybel
owcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow
i
t.
St
reetSmar
t
Igr
ewupi
nabi
gci
ty,soIwaspr
act
ical
lybor
nst
reetsmar
t.Il
ear
nedt
hehar
d
wayhowt
oactandwhatt
odo,
andsodi
dmyf
ri
ends.Tous,
bei
ngst
reetsmar
t
meanthavi
ngcommonsense.Wewant
edt
obecool
,butweneededt
obesaf
e,
t
oo.NowIgot
ocol
legei
nabi
gci
ty,
andIr
eal
izet
hatnotever
yoneher
egr
ewup
t
hewayIdi
d.Manyst
udent
sar
efr
om subur
bsorr
uralar
eas,
andt
heyar
eei
ther
t
err
if
iedoft
heci
tyort
otal
lyi
gnor
antofci
tyl
if
e.
Thef
ewsubur
banorr
uralst
udent
swhoar
ewi
ll
ingt
ovent
uredownt
ownar
enot
st
reetsmar
t—butt
heyshoul
dbe.Bei
ngst
reetsmar
tisavi
talsur
vivalski
ll
,one
t
hatever
yoneshoul
dlear
n.
Forme,bei
ngst
reetsmar
tmeans,knowi
nghow t
opr
otectmypossessi
ons.
Fr
iendsofmi
newhoar
enotusedt
oci
tyl
if
einsi
stonwear
ingal
lthei
rjewel
ry
whent
heygodownt
own.It
hinkt
hisi
saski
ngf
ort
roubl
e,andIknow bet
ter
.I
al
wayst
uckmychai
nundermyshi
rtandl
eavemygol
dear
ri
ngshome.Anot
her
t
hingt
hatsur
pri
sesmei
show someofmyf
ri
endswavet
hei
rmoneyar
ound.
Theyal
waysseem t
obest
andi
ngont
hest
reet
,tr
yingt
ocountt
hei
rchangeor
st
uffdol
lar
sint
othei
rwal
let
s.St
reet
-smar
tpeopl
emakesur
etoputt
hei
rmoney
saf
elyawayi
nthei
rpocket
sorpur
sesbef
oret
heyl
eaveast
ore.Ast
reet
-smar
t
per
sonwi
llal
socar
ryabackpack,apur
sest
rappedacr
osst
hechest
,orno

pur
seatal
l.Aper
sonwhoi
snotst
reetsmar
tcar
ri
esapur
sel
oosel
yoverone
shoul
derordangl
esi
tbyi
tshandl
e.Agai
n,t
hesepeopl
ear
easki
ngf
ort
roubl
e.
Bei
ngst
reetsmar
tal
someanspr
otect
ingmysel
f.I
tmeansbei
ngawar
eofmy
sur
roundi
ngsatal
lti
mesandl
ooki
ngal
ert
.Al
otoft
imes,
Ihavebeendownt
own
wi
thpeopl
ewhokeptst
oppi
ngont
hest
reett
otal
kaboutwher
etheyshoul
dgo
nextorwal
kingupanddownt
hesamest
reetoverandoveragai
n.Ast
reet
-
smar
tper
sonwoul
dneverdot
his.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatIl
ookasi
fIknowwher
eI
am goi
ng atal
lti
mes,even i
fIdon’
t.Wheneverpossi
ble,Ideci
de on a
dest
inat
ioni
nadvance,
andImakesur
eIknowhowt
ogett
her
e.Eveni
fIam not
compl
etel
ysur
ewher
eIam headed,
Imakesur
emybodyl
anguageconveysmy
conf
idencei
nmyabi
li
tyt
oreachmydest
inat
ion.
Fi
nal
ly,
bei
ngst
reetsmar
tmeanspr
otect
ingmyl
if
e.Ast
reet
-smar
tper
sondoes
notwal
kal
one,especi
all
yaf
terdar
k,i
nanunf
ami
li
arnei
ghbor
hood.Ast
reet
-
smar
tper
sondoesnotaskr
andom st
ranger
sfordi
rect
ions;whenl
ost
,heorshe
asksashopkeeperf
orhel
p.Ast
reet
-smar
tper
sont
akesmai
nst
reet
sinst
eadof
si
dest
reet
s.Whenf
acedwi
thdangerort
het
hreatofdanger
,ast
reet
-smar
t
per
sonknowswhent
orun,whent
oscr
eam,andwhent
ogi
veupmoneyor
possessi
onst
oavoi
dvi
olence.
Sohowdoessomeonegett
obest
reetsmar
t?Somepeopl
ethi
nki
tisagi
ft
,butI
t
hinki
tissomet
hingal
mostanyonecanl
ear
n.Pr
obabl
ythebestwayt
olear
n
how t
obest
reetsmar
tist
ohangoutwi
thpeopl
ewhoknow wher
etheyar
e
goi
ng.
1.Whati
sthet
hesi
sst
atementoft
hisessay?Rest
atet
hist
hesi
sst
atementi
n
yourownwor
ds.
2.I
nyourownwor
ds,def
inet
het
erm st
reetsmar
t.Whydoest
hist
erm
r
equi
remor
ethanaone-
sent
encedef
ini
ti
on?
3.Wher
edoesKr
ist
inuseexampl
est
odevel
opherdef
ini
ti
on?Wher
edoes
sheusecompar
isonandcont
rast
?

4.Whatphr
asedoesKr
ist
inr
epeati
nthet
opi
csent
encest
oti
ehert
hree
bodypar
agr
aphst
oget
her
?
5.Kr
ist
in’
sconcl
usi
oni
squi
teabi
tshor
tert
hanherot
herpar
agr
aphs.What
,
i
fanyt
hing,
doyout
hinksheshoul
daddt
othi
spar
agr
aph?
2.Wr
it
eadef
ini
ti
onessayononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
1.Responsi
bil
it
y 5. happi
ness
2.Cour
age 6. Compet
it
ion
3.Peerpr
essur
e 7. Secur
it
y
4. Pr
ocr
ast
inat
ion 8. Success
B.Exampl
eorI
ll
ust
rat
ion
A wr
it
erusesexampl
esori
ll
ust
rat
iont
odevel
opagener
ali
deaorpr
ovea
gener
alst
atement
.Exampl
esar
especi
fi
candconcr
ete,notgener
alorabst
ract
.
They expl
ain,cl
ari
fy,ordemonst
rat
e a gener
ali
dea.An i
ll
ust
rat
ion i
s an
ext
ended,
devel
opedexampl
e.
Exampl
eshel
preader
sunder
standt
hewr
it
er’
sideasbymaki
ngabst
racti
deas
concr
eteandeasi
ert
ounder
stand.Justasapi
ctur
eori
ll
ust
rat
ionhel
pst
he
r
eaderseeandunder
standt
hewr
it
er’
sideas,exampl
esori
ll
ust
rat
ionshel
pthe
r
eaderunder
standagener
ali
dea.Exampl
esar
eal
somor
ememor
abl
ethan
abst
ract
ions.Mostst
udent
sremembert
heexampl
esani
nst
ruct
orusedi
ncl
ass
l
ong af
tert
hey’
ve f
orgot
ten t
he poi
ntt
he i
nst
ruct
orwas t
ryi
ng t
o make.
Exampl
eskeept
her
eader
’sat
tent
ionandmakewr
it
ingvi
vidandmemor
abl
e.
Readt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ll
ust
rat
ionorexampl
eessayaboutanadmi
rabl
emanand
dot
het
askt
hatf
oll
owsi
t.
AnAdmi
rabl
eMan
Mydaddi
dn’
thaveacol
legedegr
ee,
buthewasani
ntel
li
gentman.Hecoul
dfi
x
mostt
hings,f
rom car
stot
oast
erst
oradi
os,andhehadaknackf
ornur
tur
ing
gr
owi
ngt
hingssuchascr
opsandani
mal
sandchi
ldr
en.Myf
atherwaswel
lli
ked
andwel
lrespect
edi
nourcommuni
ty,
andnobodydeser
vedhi
sreput
ati
onmor
e

t
hanhedi
d.Mostoft
het
hingsIl
ear
nedofval
uei
nmychi
ldhoodcamef
rom
wat
chi
ngmyf
atherandl
ear
ningf
rom hi
m.Byset
ti
ngagoodexampl
eforme,
my
f
athershowedmet
hemeani
ngofhonest
y,har
dwor
k,andgener
osi
ty.
Myf
athershowedmet
hemeani
ngofhonest
y.Ineverhear
dhi
mtel
lal
ie,even
t
heki
ndofwhi
tel
iewet
endt
ouset
osaveour
sel
vest
imeormoneyorhassl
e.
Oncewhenacashi
ergavehi
m changef
orat
went
yrat
hert
hant
het
enhehad
gi
venher
,hehandedbackt
heext
rat
endol
lar
sandt
oldhershe’
dmadea
mi
stake.Needl
esst
o say,shewasast
ounded byhi
sunexpect
ed honest
y.
Anot
hert
imewhenheacci
dent
all
ybackedi
ntoacari
napar
kingl
otandl
efta
smal
lscr
atchoni
tsf
ender
,hel
eftanot
eont
hewi
ndshi
eldwi
thhi
snameand
phonenumber
.Heal
wayst
ookr
esponsi
bil
it
yforhi
sact
ions,andi
fsomet
hing
wentwr
ong,hewast
hef
ir
stt
oadmi
thi
smi
stake.Whent
hecr
opsf
ail
edoran
ani
maldi
ed,i
fitwashi
sfaul
t,headmi
tt
edi
t.Heal
wayssai
ditt
akesamant
o
admi
thi
smi
stakesr
athert
hanr
unawayf
rom t
hem.Bywat
chi
ngmyf
ather
,I
l
ear
nedwhati
tmeanst
obehonest
.
Notonl
ywasmydadhonest
,buthewasal
sot
hehar
dest
-wor
kingmanI
’veever
known.Hi
sdaybeganbef
oredayl
ightwhenhegotupt
ofeedandwat
ert
he
ani
mal
sandt
akecar
eofhousehol
dchor
es.I
nwi
nter
,hehadt
ogetupahal
fan
hourear
li
ert
obr
ingi
nwoodf
ort
hest
ovesandshovelt
hesnow outoft
he
dr
iveway.Af
terhel
pingMom gett
heki
dsof
ftoschool
,heheadedoutt
he
dr
ivewayi
nhi
spi
ckupt
ruckt
odr
ivet
hir
tymi
lest
ohi
sjobwor
kingf
ort
he
physi
calpl
antofal
argecor
por
ati
on.Rai
norsnow,henevermi
ssedadayof
wor
k.Atwor
k he di
d ever
ythi
ng f
rom i
nst
all
ing desks t
ofi
xing el
ect
ri
cal
pr
obl
ems.Hi
sjobkepthi
m onhi
sfeetmostoft
heday,
andwhenhecamehome
atf
ive,
hewast
ir
ed,
buthewasnevert
oot
ir
edt
ohel
pwi
thdi
nnerort
ocompl
ete
what
everj
obsneededdoi
ngar
oundt
hehouse.
Myf
atherwasal
soanenor
mousl
ygener
ousman.Hehel
pedoutwhenever
anyonei
nourcommuni
tyneededar
oofr
epai
red,af
encemended,oracr
op
br
oughti
n.Heal
sovol
unt
eer
edhi
sti
met
ocoachourLi
tt
leLeaguebasebal
l
t
eam andt
oser
veasavol
unt
eerf
ir
efi
ght
er.Notonl
ywashegener
ouswi
th

ot
her
s,butal
sowi
thhi
ski
ds.Hewasnevert
oobusyt
ohel
poutwi
thaschool
pr
oject
,tossabasebal
lwi
thusi
nthef
rontyar
d,orj
ustsi
tont
hepor
chswi
ng
andt
alk.Idon’
tknow how hef
oundt
het
imet
odoever
ythi
nghedi
d,buthe
bel
ievedi
twashi
sresponsi
bil
it
ytohel
pot
her
s.
Ther
ear
en’
tmanymenl
ikemydad,andt
heol
derIget
,themor
eIappr
eci
ate
andadmi
rehi
m.Theol
dsayi
ng“
Act
ionsspeakl
oudert
hanwor
ds”i
scer
tai
nly
t
rueofmyf
ather
.Hedi
dn’
tpr
eachabouthowt
obeagoodper
son,buthewas
one.Il
ear
nedgoodval
uesf
rom wat
chi
nghi
m andf
rom t
heexampl
eheset
.I
onl
yhopeIcansetasgoodanexampl
eformychi
ldr
en.
Task7
1.Now, complet
ethesenot
esaboutanadmi
rabl
eman.Wr
it
eyouranswer
son
yourexer
cisebook.
Par
agr
aphI
.
Thesi
sst
atement
:……………………………………………………………….
Par
agr
aphI
I.
A.Mai
nst
atement
:Myf
athershowedmet
hemeani
ngofhonest
y.
Speci
fi
cexampl
est
hati
ll
ust
rat
ethehonest
yoft
hewr
it
er’
sfat
her
:
1………………………………………………………………………………….
..
2………………………………………………………………………………….
..
3………………………………………………………………………………….
..
4………………………………………………………………………………….
..
5.
………………………………………………………………………………….
.
Par
agr
aphI
II
.
B.Mai
nst
atement
:…………………………………………………………………
Speci
fi
cexampl
est
hati
ll
ust
rat
ethi
smai
nidea:
1…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
2…………………………………………………………………………………….
.

3…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
4…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
5.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Par
agr
aphI
V.
C.Mai
nst
atement
:………………………………………………………………
Speci
fi
cexampl
est
hati
ll
ust
rat
ethi
smai
nidea:
1…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
2…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
3…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
4…………………………………………………………………………………….
.
5.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Par
agr
aphV.Concl
usi
on:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2.Wr
it
eanexampl
eori
ll
ust
rat
ionessayononeoft
het
opi
csbel
ow.
1.Choosesomeoneyouadmi
reanduseexampl
esori
ll
ust
rat
iont
oshowt
hathe
orshei
sanexcel
lentr
olemodelf
oraspeci
fi
cgr
oupofpeopl
esuchas
chi
ldr
en,
athl
etes,
musi
cians,
busi
nesspeopl
e,andsoon.
2.Whathaveyoul
ear
nedordi
dyoul
ear
naboutbei
ngasuccessf
ulst
udent
dur
ingyourf
ir
stsemest
eri
nuni
ver
sit
y?Makeast
atementaboutwhat
youl
ear
nedandt
hensuppor
titwi
thspeci
fi
cexampl
es.
3.Useexampl
esori
ll
ust
rat
iont
oshowt
hatt
heI
nter
netcanbeagr
eatt
oolf
or
medi
calr
esear
ch,
shoppi
ng,
orent
ert
ainment
.
D.CauseandEf
fect
Essaysofcauseandef
fectar
eamongt
hemosti
mpor
tantki
ndsofessayst
o
mast
erbecauseknowi
ng how t
o anal
yzet
hecausesand consequencesof
event
swi
llhel
pyousucceedi
ncol
lege,atwor
k,andi
nyourper
sonall
if
e.I
tisa
uni
quepi
eceofwr
it
ingt
hatyouar
eof
tenassi
gnedwi
th.

Sampl
eCauseandEf
fectEssay
Thet
went
iet
hcent
urysawamaj
ori
ncr
easei
nthewor
ld’
spopul
ati
on.Yetl
arge
par
tsoft
hegl
ober
emai
nuni
nhabi
tabl
e,sopeopl
ear
edr
awnt
owar
dsl
ivi
ngi
n
exi
sti
ngt
ownsandci
ti
es.Asar
esul
tourmoder
ndayci
ti
esf
aceanumberof
ser
iouspr
obl
emswhi
char
eduet
oover
crowdi
ng.
Ci
ti
est
eemi
ngwi
thpeopl
ear
eputundergr
eatst
rai
ntosuppl
yhousi
ng,heal
th
car
e,educat
ion,j
obs and a cer
tai
n qual
it
yofl
if
efort
he i
nhabi
tant
s.The
consequenceoft
oodenseapopul
ati
oni
sthatoneoral
loft
hesear
easmust
suf
fer
.Owi
ngt
obei
ngoverpeopl
edBr
it
ain’
smai
nci
ti
esal
lhaveanumberof
peopl
eli
vingont
hest
reet
s.Li
femustbeext
remel
yhar
dfort
hesepeopl
eand
oneef
fectofsuchal
if
est
ylei
sthatdr
ugabuseandcr
imer
atesr
ise.
Ci
ti
esar
eenvi
ronment
all
yunf
ri
endl
ypl
aces.Thi
sisbecausel
ight
,heat
,tr
avel
andf
oodmustal
lbesuppl
iedar
ti
fi
cial
lyasonei
sremovedf
rom nat
ure.Hence,
t
he gr
eat
ert
he popul
ati
on,t
he mor
e nat
uralr
esour
ces ar
e bur
ntup and,
consequent
ly,
themor
epol
lut
ioni
scr
eat
ed.Aci
tycr
owdedwi
thpeopl
eleadst
o
r
oads cr
awl
ing wi
th car
s.The ef
fectoft
he consequentl
evel
s ofcar
bon
monoxi
dei
ntheai
rissai
dto,
inci
ti
esascr
owdedasMexi
coCi
ty,
beequi
val
ent
t
osmoki
ngt
went
yci
gar
ett
esaday.Li
vingi
naci
tyt
her
efor
efor
cesust
obepar
t
ofan unheal
thy consumert
hrowaway soci
ety,whi
ch cr
eat
es i
ll
ness and
envi
ronment
alcr
isi
s,r
athert
hancur
ingi
t.
I
tist
heGover
nment
’sr
esponsi
bil
it
ytof
indsol
uti
onsf
ort
hesepr
obl
ems.Asa
r
esul
ta l
otoft
axpayer
’smoneyi
sspenton t
ryi
ng t
o keep t
heef
fect
sof
over
crowdi
ngundercont
rol
.Mor
ehousi
ngi
sbui
lt
;mor
eroadsar
epl
anned.Thi
s
t
act
icmi
ghtal
levi
atesomesympt
omat
icpr
obl
emsathi
ghcost
.However
,itwi
ll
neversol
vet
hepr
obl
em ofover
popul
ati
on.
Fort
hisr
eason,wemustl
ookt
othecauseoft
hepr
obl
em,whi
chi
ssi
mpl
yan
uncheckedepi
demi
cofpeopl
e.Thus,
Gover
nment
smusteducat
epeopl
etol
imi
t

t
he si
ze oft
hei
rfami
ly.I
n Chi
na,coupl
es ar
e penal
ized f
inanci
all
y as a
consequenceofhavi
ngmor
ethanonechi
ld.Thi
smayseem cr
uel
,butt
he“
one-
chi
ldpol
icy”i
sbegi
nni
ngt
ohaveanef
fectont
hewor
ld’
smostpopul
ousnat
ion.
Si
mil
arsuchpol
ici
esmayal
sobenecessar
yinot
herover
crowdednat
ionsand
t
his,
int
urn,
woul
devent
ual
lyr
esul
tinsol
vingt
heover
crowdi
ngi
nci
ti
es.
Task8
1.Rer
ead t
he gi
ven modelcause-
eff
ectessay car
eful
ly and answert
he
f
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.
1.Does t
he essay f
ocus on causes,ef
fect
s,orbot
h?Does t
he t
hesi
s
st
atementcl
ear
lyi
dent
if
ythi
sfocus?
2.Doest
hewr
it
ert
ryt
oconsi
deral
lrel
evantcausesandef
fect
s?
3.Makeani
nfor
malout
li
neoft
heessay.Whatdet
ermi
nest
heor
deroft
he
causesoref
fect
s?I
sthi
sthemostef
fect
iveor
der
?Why?
4.Whatt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eused?Li
stt
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
ds
andphr
asesusedt
oindi
cat
ecausalconnect
ions.
5.Ar
emor
eexampl
esordet
ail
sincl
udedt
ohel
preader
sunder
standcausal
connect
ions?Li
stt
hem.
6.Doyouagr
eewi
tht
hewr
it
er’
sconcl
usi
ons?Whyorwhynot
?
3.Her
eisanot
heressayabout“
TheEf
fect
sofBei
ngaFor
eignSt
udent
”.
Readi
tcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.
Usual
lybecomi
ngaf
orei
gnst
udenti
nor
dert
ost
udyi
nanot
herci
tycanchange
yourl
if
einmanyaspect
s.Li
vingi
naci
tyf
arawayf
rom homecanbr
ingmany
consequencesandef
fect
swhi
chal
mostal
wayschangeast
udent
’sf
orm ofl
if
e.
WhenIbecameaf
orei
gnst
udent
,manyt
hingschangedorhadt
ochange.You
donotl
ivewi
thyourf
ami
ly,
sousual
lyyouhavet
olear
nhowt
oli
vei
nhar
mony
wi
thot
her
s,howt
odot
hingsbyyour
sel
f,howt
omovet
oot
herpl
aces,andt
he
l
ike.Bei
ngaf
orei
gnmakesyoul
ear
nal
otoft
hings,butatt
hebegi
nni
ngi
tcan
besomewhatdi
ff
icul
t,asi
thappenedt
ome.Thati
swhyt
hepur
poseoft
his
paperi
stodi
scusst
het
hreemai
nef
fect
sofbei
ngaf
orei
gnst
udent
.

Themai
nef
fectandt
heonet
hataf
fect
syoumosti
sthef
actt
hatyoudonotl
ive
wi
thyourpar
ent
sandi
nyourhouse,whi
chmeanst
hatyouwi
llnotenj
oyi
ts
commodi
ti
es.I
twassogoodwhenyourmom cookedf
oryou,andwhent
he
housemai
dusedt
omakeyourbed.Yourdadt
ookyout
oschool
,andwhen
cl
assesf
ini
shed,you r
etur
ned t
o yourr
oom and madeyour
sel
fcompl
etel
y
comf
ort
abl
e.Butbecomi
ngaf
orei
gnst
udenti
mpl
iest
hatyouwi
lll
ivei
na
dor
mit
oryort
hatyouwi
llr
entanapar
tment
.Usual
lyyouhavet
otakecar
eof
di
rt
ydi
shes,messyr
ooms,andcooki
ng.Thi
smeansyouhavet
olear
nmany
new t
hings,l
ikehow t
ocooksever
aldi
shes.I
naf
ew wor
ds,youhavet
olear
n
howt
obei
ndependent
.
Anot
heref
fecti
sthatyouhavet
ofi
ndyourwayar
oundt
heci
ty,soyouhavet
o
knowt
hemai
npar
tsoft
heci
ty.I
fyouhaveacar
,itmaybeeasi
ert
oexpl
oret
he
ci
ty.Youcanj
ustgetl
ostandseewher
eeachst
reett
akesyou,andt
henf
inda
waybackhome.Buti
fyoudon’
thaveacar
,youneedt
olear
nhowt
ogetar
ound
bywal
king,
inbuses,
orwi
tht
axi
s.Fort
hisyoumayf
indoutaboutbusr
out
esor
f
indouthow muchcost
stouset
axi
s,andi
nthi
swayyoucanpl
ant
het
imei
t
wi
llt
akeyout
ogetf
rom yourhouset
oschool
,forexampl
e.Thi
swi
llf
orceyout
o
pl
anyourt
imebet
ter
,andmaybeyouwi
llhavel
essavai
labl
eti
meal
ongt
heday.
Thi
smaydecr
easet
het
imeyouhavet
omakehomewor
kort
ohangoutwi
th
yourf
ri
ends,
forexampl
e.Butovert
ime,
youl
ear
nhowt
opl
anyouract
ivi
ti
esi
na
bet
terway.
Af
orei
gnst
udentmayal
sof
indhi
msel
ffeel
ingsomewhatl
onel
y,si
ncear
ri
ving
i
nanewci
tymeansyoudon’
tknowanyone.Youmaybel
uckyi
fanot
herf
ri
end
f
rom yourci
tycomeswi
th,butusual
lyyouar
eal
one.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ost
art
meet
ingpeopl
eandmaki
ngf
ri
ends.I
nthi
swayi
twi
llbemucheasi
ert
ogetused
t
obei
ngaf
orei
gnst
udent
.Youwi
llhavenewpeopl
ewi
thwhot
ohangwi
th,
wit
h
whom t
ogot
opar
ti
es.Besi
desyouwon’
thavet
obequi
etal
lthet
imei
ncl
asses
l
ikewhenyoudon’
tknowsomeone.Somet
imesf
ri
endscanal
sohel
pyoui
nal
ot

ofsi
tuat
ions,l
ikewhenyouhavepr
obl
emsaboutr
unni
ngoutofmoney,when
youneedt
ogot
oyourhousequi
ckl
ybutyoudon’
thaveacar
,orwhenyouneed
t
ogetsomet
hingt
hati
snoteasi
lyf
ound.Butmostofal
l,wi
thf
ri
endsyoucan
haveagr
eatt
imeandl
ear
nal
otoft
hings.
Leavi
ngyourhouseandgoi
ngt
oanot
herci
tyt
ost
udyi
sanexper
iencei
nyour
l
if
ethatcannotbecompar
edt
oanyot
herexper
iencei
nyourl
if
e.Youl
ear
nhow
t
obei
ndependent
,andyougett
omeett
onsofpeopl
e.I
tmaybesomewhat
di
ff
icul
ttol
ivewi
thoutyourpar
ent
sandi
nanot
herci
ty,
butt
hismakesyoul
ear
n
how t
oli
veyourl
if
ebet
terandhow t
oappr
eci
atewhatyouhave,l
ikeyour
par
ent
sandyourbel
ongi
ngs.Besi
des,yougett
oappr
eci
atet
het
hingsyou
achi
evedur
ingyourl
if
ebecauseyoul
ear
nthatyourgoal
sar
enotachi
eved
easi
ly,butt
hatt
heycostal
otofwor
kandef
for
t.I
nconcl
usi
on,bei
ngaf
orei
gn
st
udenti
sgr
eat
!
1.Whati
sthemai
nfocusoft
heessay?Doest
het
hesi
sst
atementcl
ear
ly
i
dent
if
ythi
sfocus?
2.How doest
hisessaydi
ff
erf
rom t
hef
ir
stone?Doest
hewr
it
ert
ryt
o
consi
deral
lrel
evantpoi
nts?Canyoument
ionsome?
3.Makeani
nfor
malout
li
neoft
heessay.Whatdet
ermi
nest
heor
deroft
he
ef
fect
s?I
sthi
sthemostef
fect
iveor
der
?Why?
4.Whatt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eused?Li
stt
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
ds
andphr
asesusedt
oindi
cat
ecausalconnect
ions.
5.Ar
emor
eexampl
esordet
ail
sincl
udedt
ohel
preader
sunder
standcausal
connect
ions?Li
stt
hem.
6.Doyouagr
eewi
tht
hewr
it
er’
sconcl
usi
ons?Whyorwhynot
?
4.Anal
yzeyourpoi
ntsf
ir
standwr
it
eacauseef
fectessayononeoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
1.I
nsomecount
ri
es,t
hegover
nmentencour
agest
heci
ti
zenst
omar
ryand
havef
ami
li
es.Whatar
ether
easonsf
ort
his,andwhathavebeensome
r
esul
ts?

2.Expl
ainsomeoft
hepr
obl
emscausedbypol
lut
ioni
nthewor
ldt
odayand
suggestatl
eastonepossi
blesol
uti
on.
3.Manypeopl
epr
efert
owor
kint
hepubl
icsect
or,
rat
hert
hani
nthepr
ivat
e
sect
or.Whatar
ether
easonsf
ort
his,andwhatef
fect
sdoesi
thaveona
count
ry?
4.Di
abet
esandhear
tat
tacksar
eont
her
isei
nmanycount
ri
es.Whatar
ethe
mai
ncausesoft
his,andwhatef
fect
scoul
dthi
shavef
ori
ndi
vidual
sand
t
hegover
nment
?
5.Whatar
esomeoft
hecausesofgl
obalwar
ming?Whatcoul
dsomeoft
he
ef
fect
sbe?
6.Expl
ainsomeoft
hepr
obl
emscausedbywor
ldwi
deunempl
oymentand
suggestatl
eastonepossi
blesol
uti
on.
F.Pr
ocess
Pr
ocessessaysei
therexpl
ainhowt
odosomet
hingordescr
ibehowsomet
hing
wor
ks(
orhowsomet
hinghappened)
.
Sampl
epr
ocessessay
ForFunandPr
ofi
t
Myf
ir
stexper
iencesel
li
ngi
temsataf
leamar
ketwasbot
hfunandpr
ofi
tabl
e.I
n
f
act
,itl
edt
oahobbyt
hati
sal
soacont
inui
ngsour
ceofext
ramoney.Thatf
ir
st
t
imet
ookal
otofwor
k,butt
her
out
ineIest
abl
ishedt
henhasmadeeachf
lea
mar
keteasi
er.
Thef
ir
stst
epi
nthepr
ocessi
stocal
ltor
eser
veaspotatt
hef
leamar
ket
.Then,
I
r
ecr
uitahel
per
—usual
lymybr
otheroroneofmyr
oommat
es—andwegett
o
wor
k.
Thenextst
epi
ssor
ti
ngt
hroughal
lthei
temsImanagedt
oaccumul
atesi
ncet
he
l
astf
leamar
ket
.Myhel
percomesi
nhandyher
e,encour
agi
ngmet
osel
lugl
yor
usel
esst
hingsImaywantt
ohol
dont
o.Wemaket
hreepi
les— keep,sel
l,and

t
rash—andonebyone,
wepl
aceever
yit
em i
napi
le.(
Bef
orewedeci
det
osel
lor
t
hrow outan i
tem,Icheckwi
th al
lmyr
oommat
es t
o make sur
eI’
m not
acci
dent
all
ythr
owi
ngoutoneoft
hei
rpr
izedpossessi
ons.
)
Nextcomespr
ici
ngt
hei
temsf
orsal
e,whi
chi
sact
ual
lyt
hehar
destst
epf
orme.
I
t’
sal
waysdi
ff
icul
ttoacceptt
hef
actt
hatImi
ghthavet
osetal
ow pr
icef
or
somet
hing t
hathas sent
iment
alval
ue f
orme (
a gi
antst
uff
ed ani
mal
,for
exampl
e).I
t’
sjustashar
dtosetahi
ghpr
iceont
heugl
ylamporol
drecor
d
al
bum t
hatmi
ghtt
urnoutt
obesomeone’
str
easur
e.Atmyf
ir
stf
leamar
ket
,I
r
etur
nedwi
thal
otofunsol
dit
ems,
andIl
aterr
eal
izedIhadsol
dot
heri
temst
oo
cheapl
y.Inevermadet
hesemi
stakesagai
n.
Thenextst
epi
smyl
eastf
avor
it
e:packi
ngupi
temst
obesol
d.Iusual
lybor
row
myf
ri
end’
svanf
ort
heheavyi
tems(
boxesofbooksordi
shes,
forexampl
e).The
smal
lit
ems(
kni
ckknacks,si
lkf
lower
s,st
rayt
easpoons)canbet
ranspor
tedi
n
mybr
other
’scar
.
Thef
inalst
epsi
nmypr
epar
ati
ont
akepl
aceont
hedaybef
oret
heevent
.I
bor
rowacoupl
eofcar
dtabl
esf
rom f
ri
endsofmypar
ent
s.Then,
Igot
othebank
andgetl
otsofdol
larbi
ll
sandquar
ter
s,andIcol
lectpi
lesofnewspaperand
pl
ast
icsuper
mar
ketbags.Now,mypl
anni
ngi
scompl
ete.Ont
hedayoft
hef
lea
mar
ket
,Igetupear
ly,
andmyhel
perandIl
oadt
het
wovehi
cles.Whenwear
ri
ve
att
hesi
tewher
etheeventi
stobehel
d,oneofusunl
oadst
hecar
s.Theot
her
per
sonset
sthi
ngsup,pl
aci
ngsmal
lit
ems(
suchasdi
shesandDVDs)ont
he
car
dtabl
esandl
argei
tems(
suchasmypar
ent
s’ol
dlawnmower
)ont
hegr
ound
neart
het
abl
es.
Then,
theact
ualsel
li
ngbegi
ns.Bef
oreIcanevensetupourt
abl
es,
peopl
est
art
pi
cki
ngt
hroughmyt
hings,of
fer
ingmecashf
orpi
ctur
efr
ames,pot
sandpans,
andvi
deogames.Wedevel
opasyst
em ast
hedaygoeson:oneofusper
suades
buyer
sthatt
hatol
dmeatgr
inderorvasei
sjustwhatt
hey’
vebeenl
ooki
ngf
or,

andt
heot
herper
sonnegot
iat
est
hepr
icewi
thpr
ospect
ivebuyer
s.Then,whi
le
oneofuswr
apssmal
lit
emsi
nthenewspaper
sorbagswebr
ought(
andhel
ps
car
ryl
argei
temst
opeopl
e’scar
s),
theot
herper
sont
akest
hemoneyandmakes
change.
Fi
nal
ly,att
heendoft
heday,Icountmymoneyandgi
veashar
etomyhel
per
.
Wet
henl
oadal
ltheunsol
dit
emsi
ntot
hecarandvanandbr
ingt
hem backt
o
myapar
tment
.West
oret
hem i
nthebackofmycl
osetsoi
twi
llbeeasyt
opack
t
hem upagai
nfort
henextf
leamar
ket
.
Task9
1.Rer
eadt
hegi
venSampl
epr
ocessessaycar
eful
lyandanswert
hef
oll
owi
ng
quest
ions.
1.Whatpr
ocessdoest
hisessaydescr
ibe?Whatar
ethemaj
orst
epsi
nthe
pr
ocess?
2.Ar
ethe st
eps pr
esent
ed i
n cl
ear
,logi
calor
der
? Ar
ethey gr
ouped
l
ogi
cal
lyi
ntopar
agr
aphs?
3.Whati
dent
if
iest
hisessayasapr
ocessexpl
anat
ionr
athert
hanasetof
i
nst
ruct
ions?
4.Doest
hewr
it
eruseenought
ransi
ti
onst
omover
eader
sthr
ought
he
pr
ocess?Wr
it
eoutsomeoft
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asest
hatl
ink
t
hest
epsi
nthepr
ocess.
5.How woul
d you char
act
eri
ze t
he wr
it
er’
s openi
ng st
rat
egy? I
sit
appr
opr
iat
efort
heessay’
spur
poseandaudi
ence?Why?
6.How woul
d you char
act
eri
zet
hewr
it
er’
scl
osi
ng st
rat
egy?Woul
da
di
ff
erentconcl
usi
onbemor
eef
fect
ive?Expl
ain
2.Wr
it
eapr
ocessessaybasedont
heout
li
net
hatcomesaf
tert
hedi
agr
am.
Thei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthedi
agr
am canal
sohel
pyoui
ndevel
opi
ngyouressay
wel
l.

3.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsandt
ransi
ti
onalphr
aseswi
llhel
pyout
o
makeyourpr
ocessessayef
fect
ive.
Tobegi
nwi
th Fi
rstSecond Lastbutnotl
east
Fi
rstofal
l Af
tert
hatNext Last
Fi
nal
ly Thi
rd,
Then I
nconcl
usi
on
I
.Int
roduct
ion
Thesi
s:I
ngest
ion,
digest
ion,
andabsor
pti
onar
ethet
hreemaj
orst
eps i
nvol
ved
i
nthedi
gest
ivepr
ocess.
I
I.Body
A.Foodi
singest
ed.
1.Foodent
erst
hemout
h.
2.Foodi
schewed.
3.Foodi
sreadyt
otr
avelt
othest
omach.
B.Foodi
sdi
gest
ed.
1.Foodi
smi
xedwi
thaci
dicgast
ri
cjui
cesi
nthest
omach.
2.Thepar
ti
all
yli
qui
dfoodmovesf
rom t
hest
omacht
othesmal
lint
est
ine.

3.Enzymesar
esecr
eted.
C.Absor
pti
on
1.Thedi
gest
edf
oodpassest
hrought
hewal
lsoft
hesmal
lint
est
ine.
2.Thedi
gest
edf
oodi
sabsor
bedi
ntot
hebl
oodst
ream.
I
II
.Concl
usi
on
D.Par
aphr
asedThesi
s:Thedi
gest
ionpr
ocessi
nvol
vest
hreemaj
orst
eps:
i
ngest
ion,
digest
ion,
andabsor
pti
on.
G.Compar
isonandCont
rast
Themai
npur
posei
nacompar
isonandcont
rastessayi
stoshow how t
wo
peopl
e,t
wot
hings,ort
wopl
acesar
esi
mil
arordi
ff
erentorbot
h.Compar
isons
ar
edi
scussi
onsi
nwhi
chyouf
indsi
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weent
woormor
eideasor
t
hings;cont
rast
s,on t
heot
herhand ar
edi
scussi
onsi
n whi
ch you i
ndi
cat
e
di
ff
erencesbet
weent
woormor
eideasort
hings.Compar
ison/
cont
rastessays
canbever
ydul
lwi
thoutt
heuseofsomei
magi
nat
ion,par
ti
cul
arl
yint
heuseof
t
ransi
ti
ons.
Becauset
her
ear
etwopopul
arways(
subj
ect
-by-subj
ectcompar
isonsand
poi
nt-
by-
poi
ntcompar
isons)t
odevel
opcompar
isonorcont
rastessays,t
his
sect
ionof
fer
stwoessayssot
hateachpat
ter
nisi
ll
ust
rat
ed.Tounder
standwhat
subj
ect–by-subj
ectorpoi
nt-
by-
poi
ntcompar
isons,youcanr
eferbackt
othe
not
einuni
ttwot
hatdi
scussesaboutcompar
eandcont
rastpar
agr
aph.
Sampl
ecompar
isonandcont
rastessay
Backyar
ds:ol
dandnew
Mostoft
het
imeIl
ikeget
ti
ngsomet
hingnew—newcl
othes,
newCDs,
newvi
deo
games.Il
ookf
orwar
dto maki
ng new f
ri
endsand vi
sit
ing new pl
aces.But
somet
imesnewi
sn’
tbet
tert
hanol
d.Fi
veyear
sago,
whenmyf
ami
lymovedt
oa
housei
nanew ar
ea,Il
ear
nedt
hatanew,neatbackyar
dcanneverbeas
wonder
fulasar
ambl
ing,
unt
amedyar
dofanol
derhouse.

Myf
ir
styar
d,behi
nd ourol
derhouse,washuge,t
hesi
zeoft
hreenor
mal
backyar
ds,
butcompl
etel
yir
regul
ari
nshape.Ourpr
oper
tyl
inesaggedi
nandout
ar
oundol
d,t
allt
reesi
nal
otshapedl
ikeal
argepi
epi
ecef
rom whi
chsomegi
ant
hadt
akenr
andom bi
tes.Thel
eftsi
dewast
akenupbyal
opsi
dedgar
dent
hat
somet
imesgr
ew t
omat
oesbutmai
nlywi
ldr
aspber
ri
es,anoddassor
tmentof
over
grown bushes,and wi
ldf
lower
s ofmi
smat
ched shapes and si
zes.The
mi
ddl
epar
thadgr
assandscat
ter
edshadet
rees,somet
hatwer
egoodf
or
cl
imbi
ng.Thegr
assypar
tdr
if
tedof
fint
oanar
eawi
thl
argeol
dever
greent
rees
sur
roundedbyat
allt
angl
eofvi
nesandbushest
hatmypar
ent
scal
led“
theWi
ld
Spot
,”whi
ch t
hey had car
eful
lyi
gnor
ed f
oryear
s.The whol
e yar
d sl
oped
downhi
ll
,whi
chwi
tht
hei
rr
egul
arshapeandt
het
rees,mademyj
obofmowi
ng
t
hegr
assacr
eat
ivechal
lenge.
Despi
tet
hemowi
ngpr
obl
em,
ther
ewassomet
hingmagi
calaboutt
hatunt
amed
yar
d.Weki
dsmadeapat
hthr
ought
heWi
ldSpotandhadasecr
ethi
deouti
nthe
br
ush.Hi
ddenf
rom adul
teyes,myf
ri
endsandIsatar
oundapr
etendf
ir
eri
ng,
madeupadvent
ures(
losti
nthej
ungl
e!)
,askedeachot
herI
mpor
tantQuest
ions
(
bet
tert
obear
ockst
arorabasebal
lpl
ayer
?),
andshar
edoursecr
etf
ear
s(bei
ng
askedt
odance)
.Theyar
d’sgr
assysect
ionwasbi
genoughf
ort
hrowi
nga
f
oot
bal
lwi
thmybr
other(
theher
e-and-
ther
etr
eesmadecat
chi
ngl
ongpasses
evenmor
espect
acul
ar)
,andmyt
winsi
ster
sinvent
edgymnast
icr
out
inest
hat
r
oll
edt
hem downhi
ll
.Mom pi
ckedveget
abl
esandf
lower
swhenshef
eltl
ikei
t.I
t
seemedl
ikesomeone,
fami
lyorf
ri
end,
wasal
waysi
nouryar
ddoi
ngsomet
hing
f
un.
Whenal
ltheki
dswer
eteenager
s,mypar
ent
sfi
nal
lydeci
dedweneededmor
e
space,sowemovedi
ntoahousei
nanew devel
opment
.Al
thought
hehouse
i
tsel
fwasbet
ter(
mor
ebat
hrooms)
,thenew backyar
d,i
ncompar
isont
oour
ol
derone,wasat
otaldi
sappoi
ntment
.New Backyar
dwasneat
,ti
dy,t
iny,f
lat
,
squar
e,andcompl
etel
yfenced.Ther
ewer
enotonl
ynobi
gol
dtr
eesf
orshadeor

f
orcl
imbi
ng—t
her
ewer
enot
reesatal
l.Mypar
ent
shadt
opl
antaf
ew,whi
ch
l
ookedl
ikebi
gtwi
gsst
ucki
nthegr
ound.Nount
amedt
angl
esofbushesand
f
lower
sther
e—onl
yident
icalf
ir
ehydr
ant
–si
zedshr
ubspl
ant
edevenl
yever
yfew
f
eeti
nnar
row,evenbedsal
ongt
hef
ence.Ther
estoft
hist
otal
lyf
latyar
dwas
gr
ass,easyt
omow i
nmer
emi
nut
es,butnochal
lengeei
ther
.Nowi
ldber
ry
bushesorr
ambl
ingveget
abl
egar
denswer
eal
lowedi
nthenewdevel
opment
.No
wi
ldanyt
hingatal
l,
tobeexact
.
Not
hingwi
ldandnovar
iet
y:t
hatwast
hepr
obl
em.Toputi
tbl
unt
ly,
theyar
dwas
neatbutbor
ing.Ever
yinchofi
twasopent
oinspect
ion;i
thel
dnosecr
etspaces
f
ort
hei
magi
nat
iont
ofi
ll
.Ther
ewasnopr
ivacyei
therasouryar
dlookeddi
rect
ly
i
ntot
heal
mostdupl
icat
ebl
andyar
dsoft
henei
ghbor
sonal
lsi
des.Theyar
dwas
t
oosmal
ltodoanyr
ealphysi
calact
ivi
tyi
nit
;goi
ngoutf
oral
ongpasswoul
d
meanaut
omat
iccol
li
sionwi
tht
hechai
nli
nkf
encei
nanydi
rect
ion.Mysi
ster
s’
dancer
out
inessoondi
ssol
vedunderournei
ghbor
s’eyes,andourt
omat
oes
camef
rom t
hegr
ocer
yst
ore.Wi
thnohi
ddennooks,noi
nter
est
ingl
andscape,
andnot
umbl
ingspace,ourf
ami
lyj
ustdi
dn’
tgoi
ntot
hebackyar
dver
yof
ten.
Unl
iket
heol
der
,over
grownbackyar
dthatwasal
waysi
nvi
ti
ngsomeonet
opl
ay,
t
henewbackyar
dwasn’
tfunf
oranyone.
1.Rer
eadt
hegi
venSampl
ecompar
eandcont
rastessaycar
eful
lyandanswer
t
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.
1.Whati
sthet
hesi
sst
atementoft
hisessay?Whati
sthemai
npoi
ntoft
he
t
hesi
s?
2.Doest
hisessaydealmai
nlywi
thsi
mil
ari
ti
esordi
ff
erences?How doyou
know?
3.Whati
sthest
ruct
ureoft
heessay?Doesi
tuseapoi
nt-
by-
poi
ntorsubj
ect
-
by-
subj
ectst
rat
egy?I
sthi
sthebestchoi
ce?Whydoyout
hinkt
hewr
it
er
usest
hispat
ter
nofdevel
opment
?
4.Whatappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eusedt
omaket
he
connect
ionbet
weent
hei
deascl
ear
er?

5.Whati
stheconcl
udi
ngst
atementt
hatsummar
izest
hemai
nideaoft
he
essay?Whatdoesi
tconcl
ude?
Task10
2.Her
eis anot
hercompar
e and cont
rastessay about“
Schoolsyst
em i
n
Eur
opeandt
heUni
tedSt
ates”
readi
tcar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
f
oll
ow.
Schoolsyst
em i
nEur
opeandt
heUni
tedSt
ates
Anat
ion’
spur
posei
sineduct
ingi
tschi
ldr
eni
stopr
epar
ethem t
obecome
pr
oduct
ivemember
soft
hesoci
ety.Eachcount
ryi
nthewor
ldhasdevel
opeda
syst
em ofeducat
ionbasedoni
tsneeds,
economi
cresour
ces,
andt
radi
ti
ons.
one
woul
dthi
nkt
hati
ndust
ri
alsoci
eti
essuchasUni
tedSt
atesandt
hecount
ri
esof
Eur
opewoul
dhavesi
mil
arsyst
emsf
oreducat
iongt
hei
rchi
ldr
en.However
,a
compar
isi
onofschool
ssyst
emsi
nEur
opeandUni
tedSt
atesr
eveal
ssever
al
si
mil
ari
ti
esbutagr
eatnumberofdi
ff
erences.
Theeducat
ionalsyst
emsofEur
opeand t
heUni
ted St
atesar
esi
mil
ari
na
numberofways.Tobegi
nwi
th,el
ement
aryschoolcl
assesl
ookt
hesame
ever
ywher
e:t
her
ear
eaboutt
went
ytot
went
y–t
wopupi
lspercl
ass,andt
he
cl
assesar
ecoeducat
ional
.Al
so,t
her
eisonet
eacherf
oral
lsubj
ect
sforeach
gr
ade(
excepti
nScandi
navi
a),andt
hemaj
ori
tyofel
ement
aryschoolt
eacher
s
ar
e women.I
n addi
ti
on,t
he subj
ect
sthaughtatt
he el
ement
aryl
evelar
e
basi
cal
lyt
hesameever
ywher
e:r
eadi
ngandwr
it
ing,
mat
hemat
ics,
int
roduct
ions
t
othe sci
ences,musi
c,spor
ts ans ar
t.The onl
y maj
ordi
ff
erence i
nthe
el
ement
arycur
ri
cul
um i
sthe mostEur
opeans st
udya f
orei
gn l
anguage i
n
el
ement
aryschool
,butmostAmer
icanchi
ldr
endonot
.
Second,Eur
opean and Amer
ican st
udent
s spend appr
oxi
mat
elyt
he same
numberofyear
sinschool
.Bot
htheUni
tedSt
atesandmostEur
opeancount
ri
es
r
equi
rechi
ldr
ent
oat
tendschoolf
oratl
eastni
neort
enyear
s.Ger
manyand

Bel
gium havet
hehi
ghestr
equi
rement
:twel
veyear
sofeducat
ion.Al
so,chi
ldr
en
i
nmostcount
ri
esst
artcompul
sor
yschool
ingatasi
mil
arage,usual
lyagesi
x,
andt
heymayl
eaveatsi
mil
arage,
usual
lyagesi
xteen.
Despi
tet
hesesi
mil
ari
ti
es,
theeducat
ionalsyst
emsdi
ff
ergr
eat
lyi
nsever
alar
eas.
Forexampl
e,t
henumberofhour
sperdayanddaysperyeart
hatchi
ldr
enmust
at
tendschoolvar
ieswi
del
y.Thenumberofhour
sst
udent
smustspendperday
i
nhi
ghschoolr
angesf
rom al
ow off
ivei
nBel
gium t
ohi
ghofei
ghti
npar
tsof
Hungar
yandTur
key.Somecount
ri
esr
equi
reahal
f-dayofschool
,wher
eas
ot
her
srequi
reaf
ullday.I
naddi
ti
on,t
henumberofdaysperyeart
hatst
udent
s
mustbei
nschooldi
ff
ers.Aust
ri
arequi
res237daysofschoolperyear
,whi
le
Spai
nandHungar
yrequi
reonl
y170.Thati
sdi
ff
erenceofmor
ethant
womont
hs!
Anot
hermaj
ordi
ff
erencei
sint
het
ypesofschool
savai
labl
e.I
nthecount
ri
esof
Nor
ther
nEur
ope,
ther
eisnodi
visi
onbet
weenel
ement
aryandsecondar
yschool
;
schoolj
ustf
lowsf
rom t
hef
ir
stdayoff
ir
stgr
adeunt
ilt
heendofcompul
sor
y
school
ingatagesi
xteen.However
,int
heUni
tedSt
ates,schooli
sdi
videdi
nto
ni
neyear
sofel
ement
aryandf
ouryear
sofsecondar
yeducat
ion.Fur
ther
mor
e,
somecount
ri
esr
equi
rest
udent
stomakechoi
cebet
weenacademi
cpr
epar
ator
y
andvocat
ionalt
rai
ningschool
s.I
nGer
many,pupi
lsmustmaket
hisdeci
sionas
ear
lyasaget
en.I
ntheUni
tedSt
ates,i
ncont
ract
,theyneverhavet
omakei
t.
Anyonei
ntheUni
tedSt
ateswhogr
aduat
esf
rom hi
ghschoolhast
heoppor
tuni
ty
t
ogoonacol
legeoruni
ver
sit
y.
I
naddi
ti
ont
othedi
ff
erencesi
nacademi
candvocat
ionalschool
s,t
her
ear
eal
so
di
ff
erencesi
npr
ivat
eschool
s.I
nFr
ance,Spai
n,Bel
gium,andAust
ri
a,most
pr
ivat
eschool
sar
erel
igi
ous,buti
nmostot
hercount
ri
es,t
heyar
enot
.Al
so,i
n
mostofEur
ope,t
hegover
nmentpayspar
toft
hecostofpr
ivat
eschool
s:70
per
centi
nHungar
y,80per
centi
nDenmar
kandAust
ri
a,and85per
centi
n
Nor
way.I
ncont
rast
,par
ent
smustpayt
hef
ullcosti
nBr
it
ain,
Greece,
Tur
key,
and
t
heUni
tedSt
atesi
ftheywantt
hei
rchi
ldr
ent
oat
tendapr
ivat
eschool
.

Af
inalmaj
ordi
ff
erencebet
weenEur
opeandt
heUni
tedSt
atesi
sint
henumber
ofst
udent
swhogoont
ohi
ghereducat
ion.I
ntheUni
tedSt
ates,
over50per
cent
ofhi
ghschoolgr
aduat
esent
eracol
legeoruni
ver
sit
y.I
ncont
rast
,fewert
han15
per
centofBr
it
ishst
udent
sdo.TheEur
opeanaver
agei
sabout30t
o40per
cent
.
I
tiscl
eart
hatt
heexper
ienceofschoolchi
ldr
envar
iesf
rom count
ryt
ocount
ry.
Event
hought
heUni
tedSt
atesandt
hecount
ri
esofEur
opeseem ver
ysi
mil
ari
n
manyways,t
hei
reducat
ionalsyst
emsar
eact
ual
lyqui
tedi
ff
erent
.Noonecan
sayi
fonesyst
em i
sbet
tert
hananot
hersyst
em,f
oreachonf
it
sit
sownneeds,
economi
es,
andt
radi
ti
onst
hebest
.
1.Whati
sthet
hesi
sst
atementoft
hisessay?Whati
sthemai
npoi
ntoft
he
t
hesi
s? Whatdoes i
ttel
lyou aboutt
he or
gani
zat
ion oft
he body
par
agr
aphs?
2.Doest
hisessaydealwi
thsi
mil
ari
ti
es,di
ff
erencesorbot
hsi
mil
ari
ti
es
anddi
ff
erences?Whatevi
dencescanyougi
vef
oryouranswer
?
3.Whati
sthest
ruct
ureoft
hisessay?I
sitst
ruct
uredi
nthesamewaywi
th
t
hef
ir
stessay?Whati
syourj
ust
if
icat
ion?Whydoyout
hinkt
hewr
it
er
usest
hispat
ter
nofdevel
opmenti
nthi
sessay?
4.Whatappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsandphr
asesar
eusedt
omaket
he
connect
ionbet
weent
hei
deascl
ear
er?I
nwhi
chpar
agr
aphdoest
he
changeoveroccur
?Wr
it
eoutt
het
ransi
ti
onphr
asest
hati
ntr
oducet
he
changeover
.
5.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
ntheconcl
udi
ngpar
agr
aphoft
hisessay?
3.The f
oll
owi
ng t
abl
e gi
ves i
nfor
mat
ion about Geor
ge’
s and Joseph’
s
r
est
aur
ant
.Readt
hegi
veni
nfor
mat
ionver
ycar
eful
lyandwr
it
eacompar
ison
-
and-
cont
rastessay.
Rest
aur
ant Pr
icesi
nDol
lar Ser
vices Faci
li
ti
es
Sal
ads3.
50 Opensf
rom 7 cl
eanbat
hrooms
Geor
ge’
s Sandwi
ches4.
00 a.
m.t
o9p.
m. 12t
abl
esand48chai
rs

Rest
aur
ant Soup3.
00 dr
ive–i
nser
vice 20par
kingspaces
Dr
inks1.
50 car
ry-
out pl
aygr
oundf
orki
ds
Desser
ts2.
00 homedel
iver
y ai
rcondi
ti
oner
t
hreecashi
ers
i
nrushhour
s
Joseph’
s Sal
ads4.
50 Opensf
rom 7 cl
eanbat
hrooms
Rest
aur
ant Sandwi
ches4.
50 a.
m.t
o7p.
m. 8t
abl
esand32chai
rs
Soup3.
50 dr
ive–i
nser
vice 10par
kingspaces
Dr
inks2.
00 Nohomedel
iver
y Nopl
aygr
oundf
orki
ds
Desser
ts3.
00 t
wocashi
ersi
n cei
li
ngf
ansonl
y
r
ushhour
s
4.Makeanessayout
li
neononeoft
het
opi
csbel
owandt
henwr
it
eacompar
ison
-
and-
cont
rastessay.Useappr
opr
iat
etr
ansi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asesi
nyour
essay.
1.Li
fei
ndevel
opedcount
ri
esver
susl
if
einundevel
opedcount
ri
es
2.Moder
nmedi
cinever
sust
radi
ti
onalmedi
cine
3.Li
fei
ntheci
tyver
susl
if
eint
hecount
rysi
de
4.Educat
edper
sonver
susuneducat
edper
son
5.Publ
icschooleducat
ionver
suspr
ivat
eschool
ing

H.
Classi
fi
cat
ion
I
tseemst
hatonewayt
hehumanmi
ndmakessenseoft
hewor
ldi
sbygr
oupi
ng
si
mil
art
hingsandt
hendi
vidi
ngt
hem i
ntosubcat
egor
ies;agoodcl
assi
fi
cat
ion
doesj
ustt
hat
.
Task11
1.Read t
heSampl
e cl
assi
fi
cat
ion essay bel
ow car
eful
ly and answert
he
quest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
Onedoesnothavet
o passa qual
if
ying exami
nat
ion t
o ent
ert
hest
ateof
par
ent
hood.I
nfact
,al
mostanyonecanbecomeapar
ent
.Pr
eci
sel
ybecauset
he
gr
oupcal
ledpar
ent
sissol
arge,
manydi
ff
erentki
ndsofpar
ent
ingexi
st.I
nter
ms
ofhowst
ri
ctpar
ent
sar
ewi
tht
hei
rchi
ldr
en,
however
,ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
ctypes:
aut
ocr
ati
c,per
missi
ve,
anddemocr
ati
c.
Aut
ocr
ati
cpar
ent
sthi
nkt
hei
rwor
dist
hel
aw,
andwhent
heysayj
ump,
ever
yone
hadbet
terdoi
tqui
ckl
y.Thesepar
ent
sassumet
hatt
heyal
oneknow whati
s
bestf
ort
hei
rchi
ldr
enandt
hatt
heki
dswi
lll
ear
ndi
sci
pli
neandr
espectf
or
aut
hor
it
yfr
om r
egi
ment
ati
on.Whatt
heydonotevenconsi
deri
sthatt
heymay
notknow bestandt
hatr
ulesunt
emper
edwi
thmer
cycanbr
eedr
ebel
li
onand
cont
emptf
oraut
hor
it
y.Theaut
ocr
ati
cpar
entwhosechi
ldcomeshomeonehour
l
atef
rom adat
ebecauseamaj
oracci
dentt
iedupt
raf
fi
cformi
leswi
llal
lowt
hat
chi
ldnooppor
tuni
tyt
oexpl
ainhi
sorherr
easonsf
orbei
ngl
ate.Thechi
ldi
s
i
mmedi
atel
ygr
ounded,hi
sorheral
lowancesuspended.Par
ent
soft
hist
ype
pr
obabl
yhavegoodi
ntent
ions,
want
ingt
hei
rchi
ldr
ent
ogr
owup“
ri
ght
,”butt
hey
appr
oacht
het
askasi
fthef
ami
lywer
einbootcamp.
Att
heot
herext
reme,per
missi
vepar
ent
ssetf
ew ornor
ulesf
ort
hei
rchi
ldr
en
andof
ferl
it
tl
egui
dance.Fr
equent
ly,
thesepar
ent
sar
etoobusyt
otaket
imewi
th
t
hechi
ldr
enandt
endt
oleavet
hechi
ldr
ear
ingt
oTV,t
hecomput
er,school
,and

chance.Si
ncepar
ent
soft
hist
ypesetf
ew r
ulesf
ort
hei
rchi
ldr
en,i
twoul
dbe
near
lyi
mpossi
blef
ort
hei
rchi
ldt
ocomehomel
ate.Theyal
lowt
hei
rchi
ldr
ent
o
come and go as t
hey pl
ease,ei
therbecause t
hey don’
tcar
e whatt
hei
r
youngst
ersdoorbecauset
heyt
hinkchi
ldr
enneedt
olear
ntomaket
hei
rown
r
ules.Per
missi
ve par
ent
s maynotunder
stand t
hatal
lyoung peopl
e need
gui
dancebecausewhent
heymat
ure,t
heywi
llhavet
oabi
debysoci
ety’
srul
es.
Notbei
ng t
aughtt
orespector
derear
lyi
nli
fe causes some chi
ldr
en of
per
missi
vepar
ent
stor
esentt
her
egul
ati
onsever
yonemustobey.
Democr
ati
cpar
ent
s,t
het
hir
dtype,ar
enotasst
ri
ctasaut
ocr
atsandnotas
l
eni
entasper
missi
ves.Theyar
ewi
ll
ingt
odi
scussr
ulesandpuni
shment
swi
th
t
hei
rchi
ldr
enandt
oli
stent
otheot
hersi
deofanar
gument
.Ademocr
ati
cpar
ent
whosechi
ldcomesi
nanhourl
atef
rom adat
ewi
lll
ist
ent
otheexpl
anat
ion
aboutt
hemaj
orwr
eckt
hatt
iedupt
raf
fi
cformi
les.Si
ncet
hisi
ssuchaneasi
ly
ver
if
iabl
est
ory,t
hedemocr
ati
cpar
entwoul
dsuspendanypuni
shmenti
nthi
s
casewhenheorshehear
sthenewsorseest
hemor
ningpaper
.Ingener
al,
democr
ati
cpar
ent
slaydown f
ewerr
ulest
han t
hei
raut
ocr
ati
ccount
erpar
ts
becauset
heyr
eal
izet
hatchi
ldr
enmustl
ear
nsomel
if
elessonsont
hei
rown.
Democr
ati
cpar
ent
spr
efert
owor
kint
her
oleofadvi
sor
s,al
waysavai
labl
ewhen
t
hei
rchi
ldr
enneedhel
p.
Toof
ew peopl
ewi
thchi
ldr
enar
edemocr
ati
cpar
ent
s,t
hemostef
fect
iveoft
he
t
hreet
ypes.Bot
htoomuchaut
hor
it
yandt
ool
it
tl
ecanbr
eeddi
srespectand
r
esent
ment
.Agoodpar
entshoul
dof
ferboundar
iesandadvi
ce,t
ryi
ngnei
thert
o
r
ulenordi
sregar
dhi
sorherchi
ldr
encompl
etel
y.
1.Whatt
hreecat
egor
iesofpar
ent
sdoest
hewr
it
erdi
scussi
nthi
sessay?
2.I
sthewr
it
er’
str
eat
mentoft
het
hreecat
egor
iessi
mil
ar?Doeshegi
ve
t
hesameki
ndofi
nfor
mat
ionf
oreachki
ndofpar
ent
ingst
yle?What
evi
dencescanyougi
vef
oryouranswer
?

3.Ar
ethecat
egor
iesar
rangedi
nal
ogi
calor
der
,onet
hati
ndi
cat
est
hei
r
r
elat
ionshi
pst
ooneanot
herandt
hei
rrel
ati
vei
mpor
tance?
4.Howdot
het
opi
csent
encesi
neachpar
agr
aphmover
eader
sfr
om one
cat
egor
ytot
henext
?Howdot
heyl
inkt
het
hreecat
egor
ies?
5.Wr
it
eoutt
het
hesi
sst
atementoft
hisessay.Thenr
est
atei
tinyourown
wor
ds.
6.Shoul
dthewr
it
erhavei
ncl
udedaddi
ti
onalexampl
esi
neachcat
egor
y?
Shoul
dhehavei
ncl
udedanyaddi
ti
onalcat
egor
ies?
7.Coul
dthewr
it
eruseanot
herpat
ter
nofdevel
opmentt
ost
ruct
uret
his
essay,
ori
scl
assi
fi
cat
ionanddi
visi
ont
hebestchoi
ce?Expl
ain.
2.Wr
it
eacl
assi
fi
cat
ionessayononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
1.Li
stt
hecomponent
sofbl
oodandexpl
aint
hef
unct
ionofeach.
2.Li
stt
hemaj
ormeansoft
ranspor
tusedandexpl
ainabouteach
3.Cl
assi
fyt
he count
ri
es i
nthe wor
ldi
nter
mesh oft
hei
r economi
c
devel
opmentanddi
scusst
hem
4.Di
ff
erentusesofsoci
alnet
wor
kingsi
tessuchasFacebookandMySpace.
5.Hi
ghschoolt
eacher
sandcol
legepr
ofessor
s
6.Met
hodsofst
udyi
ngf
oraf
inalexami
nat
ion
Bef
ore you st
artwr
it
ing t
he essay you have t
o cl
ear
ly st
ate yourt
hesi
s
st
atement
.
Exampl
e:Redbl
oodcel
ls,whi
tebl
oodcel
ls,pl
atel
ets,andpl
asmahavedi
sti
nct
f
unct
ions.
3.
8.3.Nar
rat
iveessay
Nar
rat
ioni
spr
obabl
ytheol
destf
orm ofal
lwr
it
ings.Basi
cal
ly,anar
rat
ivei
sa
st
ory.I
tmaybeast
orywr
it
tenaboutyouoraboutanot
herper
sonorabout
somet
hing t
hatyou have r
ead.The nar
rat
ive may be si
mpl
e anecdot
e or
bi
ogr
aphyorhi
stor
icalevent
,itmayal
sobeani
nci
dent
,shor
tst
oryoranovel
.
Oneessent
ialf
eat
ureoft
henar
rat
ivei
sthear
rangi
ngofevent
sandi
nci
dent
s
i
ntoabel
ievabl
eti
mesequence.

I
nwr
it
ingyournar
rat
iveessay,
keept
hef
oll
owi
ngconvent
ionsi
nmi
nd:
 Nar
rat
ivei
sgener
all
ywr
it
teni
napar
ti
cul
arpoi
ntofvi
ew
 Nar
rat
iveusesvi
vidver
bsandmodi
fi
ers
 Nar
rat
iveusesconf
li
ctandsequenceasdoesanyst
ory
 Nar
rat
ivemayusedi
alogue
 Nar
rat
iveshoul
dincl
udeapl
ot,
set
ti
ngandchar
act
ers;acl
imax;
andanendi
ng.
 Nar
rat
iveshoul
danswer“
WHquest
ions”i
.e.when,
why,
wher
e,
whoandwhom.
Task12
1.Readt
hegi
vensampl
enar
rat
iveessaycar
eful
lyandanswert
hequest
ions
t
hatf
oll
owi
t.
Ear
thquake!
Oct
ober17,
1989,
wasadayt
hatIwi
llneverf
orget
.Itwast
hedayIexper
ienced
myf
ir
stear
thquake.Ihadj
ustgot
tenhomef
rom schoolandwasl
yingont
he
l
ivi
ngr
oom sof
awat
chi
ngt
henewsonTV.Myl
it
tl
ebr
otherwasi
nhi
sroom
pl
ayi
ng,
andmyol
dersi
sterwasi
ntheki
tchenpr
epar
ingourdi
nner
.Ourpar
ent
s
wer
est
il
latwor
k.
Atexact
ly5:
04P.
M.,t
heear
thquakest
ruck.Ourapar
tmentst
art
edshaki
ng
vi
olent
lyasi
fitwer
easmal
lwoodenboatbei
ngt
ossedbygi
antwavesi
nthe
ocean.Atf
ir
st,noneofusr
eal
izedwhatwashappeni
ng.Thenmysi
steryel
led,
"
Ear
thquake!Getundersomet
hing!
"Iwast
oost
unned't
omove,
butt
heshaki
ng
wassost
rongt
hatIsoonf
ellof
fthesof
aont
othef
loor
.Ihal
frol
led,
hal
fcr
awl
ed
acr
osst
hef
loort
othedi
ningt
abl
eandgotunderi
t.Mysi
sterwassi
tt
ingont
he
f
loori
ntheki
tchen,hol
dingherar
msoverherheadt
opr
otecti
tfr
om f
all
ing
di
shes.Sheyel
ledatmyl
it
tl
ebr
othert
ogetunderhi
sdesk,
buthewant
edt
obe
nearus.Het
ri
edt
ogetoutofhi
sroom,
buthekeptf
all
ingdown.Theear
thquake
l
ast
edl
esst
hanami
nut
e,buti
tseemedl
ikeayeart
ous.

Atl
ast
,theshaki
ngst
opped.Forami
nut
eort
wo,wewer
etooscar
edt
omove.
Thenmysi
sterandIcaut
iousl
ygotupandwentt
ohel
pourl
it
tl
ebr
other
,who
wascr
ying.Assoonashesaw us,hebegant
ocal
m down.Ther
ewasno
el
ect
ri
cit
y,soIl
ookedf
ormyt
ransi
storr
adi
oandt
urnedi
ton.Unf
ort
unat
ely,i
t
di
dn'
twor
kbecauset
hebat
ter
ieswer
etoool
d.Next
,wecheckedt
heapar
tment
f
ordamage,butwedi
dn'
tfi
ndany.Wef
eltver
ylucky,f
ornot
hingwasbr
oken
andnoonewashur
t.Af
terawhi
le,
west
art
edwor
ryi
ngaboutourpar
ent
s.It
ri
ed
t
ocal
lthem atwor
k,butt
hephonel
ineswer
ebusy.
Twohour
slat
er,
ourpar
ent
sfi
nal
lyar
ri
vedhome.Theywer
eunhur
t,butt
heyhad
hadt
owal
khomebecauset
heel
ect
ri
cst
reet
car
swer
enotwor
king.Wewer
eso
happyt
oseet
hem!
Ourf
ir
stear
thquakewasanexper
iencet
hatnoneofuswi
lleverf
orget
,buti
t
t
aughtusa l
esson,t
oo.Now wekeep emer
gencysuppl
iessuch asf
resh
bat
ter
ies f
or my r
adi
o avai
labl
e,and we have an emer
gency pl
an f
or
communi
cat
ionwi
thoneanot
her
.
1.Whati
sthemai
npoi
ntoft
hisessay?I
sthi
spoi
ntexpl
ici
tl
yst
atedi
na
t
hesi
sst
atement
?
2.How manypar
agr
aphsar
eint
hemodelessay?Whatt
imewor
dsor
phr
asesbegi
neachpar
agr
aph?Whatot
hert
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsar
eadded
t
ocl
ari
fyt
heor
deri
nwhi
cht
heevent
soccur
red?
3.Whatar
ethemaj
orevent
soft
henar
rat
ive?How manyt
imedi
visi
ons
ar
eusedi
nnar
rat
ingt
heseevent
s?Whatar
ethey?Li
stsomedet
ail
s
t
hatenr
icht
henar
rat
ive.
4.Whatnar
rat
ivepoi
ntofvi
ew i
susedi
nthi
sessay?Dover
btenses
est
abl
ishacl
earchr
onol
ogi
calor
der
?
5.Whati
sthemai
npoi
nti
ntheconcl
udi
ngpar
agr
aphoft
heessay?
2.Wr
it
eanar
rat
iveessayononeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
opi
cs.
1.Thest
oryofyoureducat
ion

2.Youri
deaofaper
fectday
3.Thepl
otsummar
yofat
err
ibl
ebookormovi
e
4.Ani
mpor
tanthi
stor
icalevent
5.Adayever
ythi
ngwentwr
ong
6.Ast
oryf
rom yourf
ami
ly’
shi
stor
y
7.Abi
ogr
aphyofyouorsomeoneyouknowver
ywel
l
3.
8.4.Ar
gument
ati
veEssay
Ar
gument
ati
veessayi
sanext
endedwr
it
ingi
nwhi
chwet
ryt
oconvi
nceot
her
s
t
o agr
ee wi
th ourf
act
s,shar
e ourval
ues,and acceptourar
gumentand
concl
usi
ons.
Whenwr
it
inganar
gument
ati
veessay,
keept
hef
oll
owi
nggui
del
inesi
nmi
nd:
 Begi
nbyi
ntr
oduci
ngt
hedebat
etopi
cinyourownwor
ds.
 Thenwr
it
eifyouagr
eeordi
sagr
eewi
tht
hear
gument
 Tel
lpeopl
ewhyyou hol
dthatopi
nion and comeup wi
thi
deasand
exampl
est
obackupyourar
gument
s.
 Tr
ytoputt
hei
deasi
nanor
derwi
tht
hemosti
mpor
tanti
deasf
ir
stand
l
inksbet
weeneachi
deasot
hatt
heessayf
lowswel
l.
 Thi
nkaboutwhypeopl
emi
ghthaveadi
ff
erentopi
nionandt
ryt
oshow
whyt
heyar
enoti
mpor
tantort
heyar
enott
rue.
 Concl
udewi
thabr
iefsummar
yandt
ryt
omakeast
rongl
astsent
ence
t
hatpeopl
ewi
llr
emember
.
Task13
1.Read t
he gi
ven modelar
gument
ati
ve essay car
eful
ly and answert
he
quest
ionst
hatf
oll
owi
t.
Don’
tsuppor
tnucl
earener
gy
Thesedays,i
tseemsl
ikeever
yonei
swor
ri
edabouthowt
hewor
ldwi
llmeeti
ts
ener
gydemandswhenwehaver
unoutofoi
landnat
uralgas.Sci
ent
ist
sand
r
esear
cher
sar
einvest
igat
ingsuchpowersour
cesassol
arener
gy,wi
ndener
gy,
andevenener
gyf
rom hotr
ocksbeneat
htheear
th’
ssur
face.Howevert
her
eis

oneener
gysour
cet
hatIbel
ieveshoul
dnotbedevel
opedanyf
urt
her
.Inf
act
,I
bel
ievet
hatweshoul
dst
opusi
ngi
tassoonaspossi
ble.Event
houghi
tcan
pr
ovi
det
hewor
ldwi
thasour
ceofel
ect
ri
cit
y,nucl
earpoweri
snotagoodener
gy
sour
cebecausei
tist
ooexpensi
ve,t
hemat
eri
alsusedi
nthepowerpl
ant
sar
e
notsaf
e,andt
her
eisagr
eatpossi
bil
it
yofacci
dent
s.
Nucl
earener
gyi
snotaneconomi
calener
gysour
ce.Fi
rstofal
l,nucl
earf
ueli
s
expensi
ve.I
tmustbet
akenoutofgr
oundandt
ranspor
tedgr
eatdi
stances.As
f
uel
sar
eusedup,
theywi
llbecomemor
eexpensi
ve,
justasoi
landgashave.I
n
addi
ti
onnucl
earpowerpl
ant
scostal
otofmoneyt
obui
ldandt
ooper
ate
becauseoft
hegr
eatcar
ethatmustbet
akenwi
thsaf
ety.Becauset
hepeopl
e
whowor
kinnucl
earpowerpl
ant
smustbehi
ghl
ytr
ainedspeci
ali
sts,
sal
ari
esf
or
wor
ker
sar
eal
sohi
gh.
I
naddi
ti
ont
obei
ngexpensi
ve,nucl
earmat
eri
alsar
enotsaf
e.Whenur
ani
um i
s
t
akenoutoft
hegr
ound,r
adi
oact
ivegasi
srel
eased.Thi
sisnotsaf
efort
he
mi
ner
s.Ur
ani
um i
tsel
fisnotsaf
ebecauseofi
tshi
ghr
adi
oact
ivi
ty.Becauseof
t
his,peopl
ewhowor
kwi
thnucl
earf
uel
sar
eatr
iskofcancer
.Asnucl
earpower
pl
ant
srun,t
heycr
eat
e nucl
earwast
e,whi
ch al
so i
s danger
ous.I
tis ver
y
r
adi
oact
ive,
andi
tisdi
ff
icul
ttodi
sposeoforevent
ost
oresaf
ely.Not
ownwant
s
nucl
earbur
iednear
by,
andf
orgoodr
eason.
Mostsi
gni
fi
cant
ly,t
her
eisal
waysapossi
bil
it
yofnucl
earacci
dent
s.Thepower
pl
ant
sthemsel
vescanf
ailwhent
heygetol
dori
ftheyar
enotbui
ltcor
rect
ly.The
machi
ner
ycanmal
funct
ion,t
oo.I
n1979,pr
obl
emsatt
heThr
eeMi
ddl
eIsl
and
nucl
earpowerpl
anti
nthe Uni
ted St
ates r
esul
ted i
nradi
oact
ive mat
eri
als
escapi
ngi
ntot
henear
bycommuni
ty.Mor
erecent
ly,equi
pmentf
ail
ureswer
e
r
esponsi
blef
oracci
dent
sinpowerpl
ant
sinTar
apur
,Indi
ain1992,andi
n
Dar
li
ngt
on,Canada,al
so i
n 1992.
bot
h oft
hese acci
dent
sled t
oleaks of
r
adi
oact
ivemat
eri
al.
I
tisnotj
ustbui
ldi
ngsandequi
pmentt
hatcanf
ail
,butpeopl
e,t
oo.Wor
ker
sat
nucl
earpowerpl
ant
scanmakemi
stakes.Per
hapst
hemostf
amousoft
hese

i
nci
dent
soccur
redatCher
nobyl
,int
hef
ormerU.
S.S.
R.,i
n1986.Radi
oact
ivi
ty
f
rom t
heCher
nobylacci
dentwasr
ecor
ded asf
arawayasEast
ern Eur
ope,
Scandi
navi
a,andevenJapan.Humaner
rorhasbeenr
esponsi
blef
ornumer
ous
powerpl
antacci
dent
s.Somer
ecentwel
l-
knownexampl
esi
ncl
udeKol
a,Russi
a,
wher
ewor
ker
sacci
dent
all
ycausedanequi
pmentf
ail
urei
n1991,
andTokai
mur
a,
Japan,i
n1999.
ther
eisnowaywecanguar
ant
eet
hewor
ker
swi
llnotmake
mi
stakesagai
nint
hef
utur
e.
Even nat
uraldi
sast
ers can af
fectnucl
earpowerpl
ant
s.An ear
thquake i
n
Bul
gar
iai
n1977damagedt
henucl
earpowerpl
anti
nKozl
oduy,andabi
gst
orm
i
nthePaci
fi
cOceani
n1981washednucl
earwast
efr
om Mor
uroaouti
ntot
he
ocean.Ofcour
se,
iti
spossi
blef
orpeopl
etopr
edi
ctort
opr
eventevent
sli
ket
his.
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofsever
eweat
herornat
uraldi
sast
ercanst
ri
keal
mostanywher
e
i
nthewor
ld.
I
tist
ruet
hatoi
landgascannotsuppl
yal
loft
hewor
ld’
sener
gyneedsmuch
l
onger
.However
,we cannotr
epl
ace t
hem wi
th an ener
gy sour
ce t
hati
s
expensi
veanddanger
ous,
from t
het
imet
hef
uel
sar
etakenoutoft
hegr
oundt
o
evenaf
tert
hepl
anti
srunni
ng.I
nst
ead,wemustdevel
opcheaperand,most
i
mpor
tant
ly,
saf
ert
ypesofener
gyt
opowerourwor
ld.
1.Whati
sthewr
it
er’
sar
gument
?Whati
shi
sposi
ti
on?Howdoesheaddr
esshi
s
ar
gument
?Whatevi
dencecanyougi
vef
oryouranswer
?
2.Thewr
it
erdescr
ibest
hatnucl
earener
gyi
snotaneconomi
calener
gysour
ce.
Whatspeci
fi
cevi
dencesdoesheuset
oconvi
ncet
her
eader
sthatnucl
ear
ener
gyi
snotaneconomi
calener
gysour
ce?
3.I
tisar
guedt
hat
,inaddi
ti
ont
obei
ngexpensi
ve,
nucl
earmat
eri
alsar
enotsaf
e.
Whatevi
dencesdoest
hewr
it
eruset
osuppor
thi
svi
ewher
e?
4.Thewr
it
eral
soment
ionedt
hepossi
bil
it
yofnucl
earacci
dent
sast
hemost
si
gni
fi
canti
ssuei
nhi
sar
gument
.Li
stt
heevi
dences(
fact
sandexampl
es)
t
hatheusest
osuppor
tthi
spoi
nt.

5.Wr
it
eoutt
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asest
hewr
it
erusest
omover
eader
s
t
hroughhi
sar
gument
.
6.Whati
sthewr
it
er’
sconcl
usi
oni
nthi
sessay?Doyouagr
eewi
thi
t?Why?
2.Her
eisanot
herar
gument
ati
veessayabout“
Ther
ightt
odi
e”r
eadi
tcar
eful
ly
andanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.
Ther
ightt
odi
e
A di
ff
icul
tpr
obl
em t
hati
sfaci
ngasoci
etyi
sthel
egal
izat
ionofeut
hanasi
a,
anot
herwor
dformer
cyki
ll
ing.Eut
hanasi
aist
hemet
hodofcausi
ngdeat
h
pai
nlessl
ytoendsuf
fer
ing.Peopl
ewhoar
eincomabecauseofacci
dent
sand
el
der
lypeopl
ewhoar
eter
minal
lyi
llbecauseofi
ncur
abl
edi
seasesar
ekeptal
ive
byar
ti
fi
cialmeans.Theydonothaveachancet
orecover
,butAmer
icanl
awsdo
notal
low doct
orst
oendt
hei
rli
ves.Howeveri
nmyopi
nion,eut
hanasi
ashoul
d
bel
egal
izedf
orsever
alr
easons.
Thef
ir
standmosti
mpor
tantr
easont
osuppor
teut
hanasi
aist
hatt
hesepat
ient
s
havenochanceofr
ecover
y.Theycanneverl
eadnor
mall
ivesandmustbekept
al
ivebyl
if
esuppor
tmechani
smssuchasr
espi
rat
orst
ohel
pthem br
eat
heand
f
eedi
ngt
ubest
opr
ovi
det
hem wi
thnut
ri
ti
on.Theyar
ecl
ear
lymor
edeadt
han
al
iveandwi
llneverbeabl
etol
iveanor
mall
if
e.Forexampl
e,af
terSamuel
,an
i
nfant
,had swal
lowed a bal
loon,he st
opped br
eat
hing. The bal
loon was
r
emoved,butt
hel
ackofoxygenhadcausedbr
aindamageandl
efthi
minan
i
rr
ever
sibl
ecoma.Samuelwasunabl
etobr
eat
hewi
thoutt
heai
dofar
espi
rat
or,
andt
her
ewasnohopef
orhi
srecover
y.
Anot
herr
easont
osuppor
tmer
cyki
ll
ingi
sthatmedi
calcost
sar
ever
yhi
gh.
Todayt
hecostofahospi
talr
oom canbeasmuchas$1,
450perdayf
orbasi
c
car
e,whi
chdoesnoti
ncl
udet
hecostofspeci
ali
zedcar
eort
heuseofspeci
al
equi
pment
.Thehi
ghcostofmedi
calcancausef
inanci
alpr
obl
emsf
ort
hef
ami
ly.
Forexampl
e,Char
lesAdki
n’sei
ght
y–t
wo-
yearol
dwi
fel
ivedi
nanur
singhome
i
ncomaf
orf
ouryear
s.Si
ncet
her
ewasnochancef
orherr
ecover
y,Mr
.Adki
ns

r
equest
edt
hatt
hemedi
calst
affwi
thhol
dtr
eat
ment
.However
,hi
spl
easwer
e
i
gnor
ed.Soonaf
tershedi
ed,Mr
.Adki
nswasbi
ll
ed$250,000f
orhi
swi
fe’
s
medi
calcar
e.Thecour
tsor
der
edhi
mtopayt
hebi
ll
,whi
chmusthavepl
aceda
t
err
ibl
efi
nanci
albur
denonhi
m.
Thef
inalr
easont
osuppor
tthel
egal
izat
ionofeut
hanasi
aist
hef
ami
lysuf
fer
s.
Thenur
sesand ot
herhospi
talst
affcan gi
vet
het
ermi
nal
lyi
llpat
ientonl
y
mi
nimum car
e.Thus,
thef
ami
lymustspendt
imet
ocar
efort
hespeci
alneedsof
t
hei
rloved one.Fori
nst
ance,NancyCr
uzan waskeptal
iveon l
if
e-suppor
t
machi
nesf
orei
ghtyear
s.Shewoul
dneverr
ecoverf
rom herveget
ati
vest
ate.
However
,dur
ingt
hoseyear
s,herl
ovi
ng,
car
ingpar
ent
svi
sit
edherr
egul
arl
y.
I
ntheend,becauset
ermi
nal
lyi
llpat
ient
shavenochancet
orecoverandt
oli
ve
nor
mall
ives,t
heyshoul
dbeal
lowedt
odi
ewi
thdi
gni
ty.Ther
efor
e,t
hef
ami
ly
shoul
dhavet
her
ightt
oaskdoct
orst
otur
nof
fthel
if
e-suppor
tmachi
nesort
o
st
opf
urt
hermedi
calt
reat
ment
.Topr
olongl
if
ear
ti
fi
cial
lywhent
her
eisnohope
f
ort
hef
utur
eisat
ragedybot
hfort
hepat
ient
sandf
ort
hei
rlovedones.
1. Whati
sthewr
it
er’
smai
nar
gumenti
nthi
sessay?Howdoesi
tdi
ff
erf
rom
t
hef
ir
stone?Whati
sthewr
it
er’
sposi
ti
on?Howdoesheaddr
esshi
sar
gument
?
Whatevi
dencecanyougi
vef
oryouranswer
?
2. Whatar
ethet
opi
csent
encest
hatgi
vet
hemai
nreasons?Wr
it
ethem out
.
3. Wr
it
eoutt
het
ransi
ti
onalwor
dsorphr
asest
hewr
it
erusest
o move
r
eader
sthr
oughhi
sar
gument
.
4. Whatar
ethet
wopar
tsoft
heconcl
usi
on?
5. Doyouagr
eeordi
sagr
eewi
tht
hewr
it
er’
sfi
nalt
hought
?Expl
ain.
6. Doyout
hinkt
henur
singhomeshoul
dhavel
ist
enedt
oMr
.Adki
n’s
r
equestt
owi
thhol
dmedi
calt
reat
mentf
rom hi
swi
fe?Expl
ain.
3.Wr
it
eanar
gument
ati
veessayononeoft
het
opi
csbel
ow.
1.Anyci
ti
zenwhodoesnothaveacr
imi
nalr
ecor
dshoul
dbeper
mit
tedt
o

car
ryaconceal
edweapon.
2.Anyst
udentcaughtcheat
ingonanexami
nat
ionshoul
dbeaut
omat
ical
ly
di
smi
ssedf
rom col
lege.
3.Bot
hpar
ent
sshoul
dassumeequalr
esponsi
bil
it
yinr
aisi
ngachi
ld.
4.Fi
nanci
ali
ncent
ivesshoul
dbeof
fer
edt
ohi
ghschoolst
udent
swhoper
for
m
wel
lonst
andar
dizedt
est
s.
5.Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nteam spor
tshel
pst
odevel
opgoodchar
act
er.
6.Thepr
oduct
ionandsal
eofci
gar
ett
esshoul
dbemadei
ll
egal
.
7.Col
lege st
udent
s shoul
d have compl
etef
reedom t
o choose t
hei
rown
cour
ses.
Ref
erences
Anker ,
S.( 2009) .RealEssayswi thReadi ngs:Wi thpr ojectsf orCollege, Wor k,
and
rd
Ever ydayLi fe(3 ed. )
.Boston/ NewYor k:Bedf ord/ St.Mar ti
n’s.
Brij
andi ,
P.,
Al avi,
M.&Sal mani -
Nodoushan, A.(2004) .AdvancedWr iti
ng.Tehr an:
ZabankadehPubl icat
ions.
Brown,C.A. ,Ni l
son,J. ,Shaw,W.F.& Wel don,A.R.( 1984).Gr ammarand
Composi tion.Bost on:Hought onMi f
fl
inCompany.
Clark,L.&St ead,A.B.( 1978).BusinessEngl ishandCommuni cati
on.NewDel h:
Mcgr aw- Hi l
l.
Cull
en, K.&O’ Donoghue, E.(2005).Chamber sDeskTopGui deLet terWr i
tng(2nd
i
ed.).Edi nbur gh:Chamber sHar r
apPubl ication.
Dugger ,J.(2002) .BusinessLet tersforBusyPeopl e( 3rded. ).USA:Nat i
onalPr ess
Publ icationI nc.
Fawcet t,S.( 2007) .EverGr een:AGui detoWr itingwi thReadi ngs( 9thed.).
Boston:
Wadswor thCENGAGELear ning.
Ghosh, P.(2003) .GoodEngl ish:SpokenandWr it
ten( 44thed. )
.Cal cutta:Moder n
BookAgencyPr ivateLtd.

Glencoe( 1997).WritersChoi ce:GrammarandComposi t
ion(Vol .12) .McGraw-
Hil
lcompany.
Har t
man,P.&Bl ass,L.( 2007) .
Quest :ReadingandWr it
ing(2nd ed. ).New Yor k:
McGr aw- Hil
l.
Hood,S.&Br own,K.( 1989) .Writ
ingMat t
ers:Wr itingSki l
lsandSt rat
egiesfor
StudentsofEngl ish.Cambr i
dge:Cambr idgeUni versit
yPr ess.
Jayakar an,I.
C.( 2003) .Ever yone’sGui detoEf fectiveWr it
ing.Appl ePubl i
shi
ng
I
nternational.
Kirszner,G.L.&Mandel l
,R, .S.( 2009) .Wri
ti
ng Fi rst:Pr act i
ce in Cont extwith
th
Readings( 4 ed. ).Bost on/NewYor k:Bedford/ St.Mar tin’
s.
Krizan,C.,Mer ial,
P.&Jones, L.C.(
2002) .Business Communi cati
on.USA.Sout h
WestCol legePubl i
shi ng.
McMur rey,A.D.&Buckl ey, J.(2008).Handbookf orTechni calWr i
ting.NewDel hi:
CENGAGELear ni
ng.
Mur ray,J.(2002) .Wr i
ttenEngl i
sh.Oxf ord:GreatBritain.
Solomon-G/ Ghiorghi s( 1991) .
Wr it
ing forAcademi c Pur pose.Addi s Ababa:
AddisAbabaUni ver sit
y.
Oshi ma,A.&Hogue,A.( 1997) Intr
oduct iontoAcademi cWr it
ing(2nd ed.)
.London:
Addi sonWesl eyPubl i
shingCompany.
Webr
efer
ences
wps.
pear
soncust
om.
com/
wps/
medi
a/obj
ect
s/3388/
..
./
ch15.
pdf(
Forshi
ft
sin
sent
ences)
ht
tp:
//l
ear
ner
s.ncu.
edu/
wri
ti
ngpr
ogr
am/
wri
ti
ng_
cent
er.
aspx?
menu_
id=147(
For
shi
ft
sinsent
ences)
ht
tp:
//www.
crdaet
hiopi
a.or
g/ht
ml/
vacancy.
php(
Forl
ett
erwr
it
ing)
ht
tp:
//esl
bee.
com/
eff
ect
s_of
_bei
ng_
a_f
orei
gn_
student
.ht
m.(
Foressaywr
it
ing)
ht
tp:
//www.
tai
lor
edessays.
com/
sampl
es/
descr
ipt
ive-
essay-
on-
house-
on-
f
ir
e.ht
m.(
Foressaywr
it
ing)
ht
tp:
//www.
nobel
pri
ze.
org/
nobel
_pr
izes/
peace/
laur
eat
es/
2004/
maat
hai
-
bi
o.ht
ml(
Forpar
agr
aphwr
it
ing)
ht
tp:
//www.
mhhe.
com/
mayf
iel
dpub/
tsw/
pd-
def
.ht
m.(
Forpar
agr
aphwr
it
ing)
col
lege.
hmco.
com/
inst
ruct
ors/
cat
alog/
..
./
pdf
/0618144099_
un03.
pdf (
For
par
agr
aphwr
it
ing)

www.
dougl
as.
bc.
ca/
__shar
ed/
asset
s/GR659311.
pdf
(ForPunct
uat
ions)
www1.
upr
h.edu/
..
./
Compar
ison%20and%20Cont
rast
%20Essay/
..
.(
For par
agr
aph
wr
it
ing)
htt
p://www.wr
it
eexpr
ess.
com/
conci
seness.
html
(Forconci
senessi
nwr
it
ing
sentences)
ht
tp:
//amar
ri
s.homest
ead.
com/
fi
les/
process_
essay.
html
(Foressaywr
it
ing)
www.
onest
opengl
ish.
com/
ski
ll
s/wr
it
ing/
..
.cause.
..
/147393.
art
icl
e(Foressay
wr
it
ing)

Appendi
x:Cor
rect
ionSymbol
s


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