Gas Material Balance Basic Concepts

• Estimate OGIP 4000

(p/z)i
3500
Last measured
3000 data point
• Predict recovery
2500
p/z, psia
2000
• Identify drive extrapolate
1500
mechanism 1000
(p/z)a
500
Gpa=8.5 Bscf G=10 Bscf
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cumulative gas produced,Bscf

GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance Basic Concepts
Measured
pressure Cumulative gas
Production @ P
p pi  G p 
 1  
G 
4000
(p/z)i
z zi  3500
Last measured
3000 data point

2500

p/z, psia
Gas property, f(T,P,g) 2000
extrapolate
1500

 Bgi  1000
RFvol  1   (p/z)a
 Bga  500
  0
Gpa=8.5 Bscf G=10 Bscf

 pa zi  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 1   Cumulative gas produced,Bscf
 z a pi 

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance Advanced Topics

• Nonlinear gas material balance

Water drive gas reservoirs
(additional pressure support)

Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs

(rock compressibility)

Low permeability gas reservoirs

(measured pressures don’t achieve ave. press.)

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance Advanced Topics

• Comprehensive gas material balance

Geopressured
component
Gas in solution
p
z
 
1  c e( p ) ( p i  p ) 

 p  p / z i  
   G p  G inj  Wp R sw  
5.615
Wp B w  Winj B w  We 

 z i G  Bg 

Water drive
Gas injection component

GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance Water Drive Reservoirs

Cumulative water influx, rcf

Cumulative water

G p Bg  We  5.615B w Wp  production, stb
G
Bg  Bgi
strength
(p/z)i

(p/z)a
water drive
p/z

How to determine (p/z)a

We? Depletion drive

0 50 100

GRM-Engler-09
Gp/G
 Gas Material Balance Water Drive Reservoirs

 B gi S gr  B gi  S gr 1  E 

RFwd  1    v
 B S  RFwd  1  Ev 
 ga gi  B ga  S gi Ev 
 
 p z S gr 
 1  a i 
 z p S 
 a i gi 
Volumetric sweep
efficiency
Gas saturation

Recovery (water drive) < Recovery (depletion)

45 to 75% >75%

GRM-Engler-09
Modified Gas Material Balance
Prediction of water influx and reservoir pressure
(Schafer, et al, 1993)
aquifer
Original
Method accounts for Reservoir ra
boundary Invaded
pressure gradients within zone

the invaded zone due to reservoir ro

relative permeability rt
effects resulting from
trapped residual gas
Current
Water
Reservoir
influx
boundary

G p Bg  G( Bg  Bgi )  Gt ( Bgt  Bg )  We  BwW p

Trapped gas volume GRM-Engler-09

 Modified Gas Material Balance
*
Input data Calculate
pt

Calculate Calculate
ro pave

Given Gpn Guess Update Calculate

pok Pok+1 Gt

Calculate Solve for

We1 We 2

N Y
Calculate We1-We2 < tol Gpn+1 = Gpn +DGp
rt
* GRM-Engler-09
Modified Gas Material Balance
Comparison of reservoir performance from simulation,
Conventional and modified material balance methods
(Hower and Jones, 1991)

GRM-Engler-09
Modified Gas Material Balance
Modified Gas Material Balance - example

4500
We = 831 mstb
4000
Sgr = 24%
3500

3000 measured
p/z,psia

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Gp, mscf
G=2.16 Bscf
GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance Water Drive Reservoirs
Linearized Gas Material Balance
We too small
F W B
G e w
Et Et We correct

F = total net reservoir voidage We too large

F  G p Bg  Wp B w

F/Et,stb
Et = Eg + Ecf = total expansion
Intercept=G
Eg = expansion of gas in reservoir
E g  Bg  Bgi
We Bw
Et
Ecf = connate water and formation expansion * Bgi
 S wic w  c f  
E cf  Bgi *  pi  p 
 1  S wi   GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance Water Drive Reservoirs

Linearized Gas Material Balance - example

5.0
4.8 We = 831 mstb
4.6 y = 1.0602x + 2.1074
R2 = 0.9843
4.4 484mstb
4.2
F/Et

4.0 1,427mstb
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
We/Et
G = 2.107 Bscf
GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs

p  G 
i 1  p  Gas expansion
z  G 
(p/z)i
+
p i  Formation compaction
 +
z   p  p 
1  c  
Water expansion
e i  p/z
Where, Gas expansion

c S  c 
  Overestimate of G
c   w wi f 
e 1 S
wi Gp

GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 1 : Assume formation compressibility is known and constant
  c S  c ( p  p ) 
p   w wi f  i 
Plotting function 1   vs G
z (1  S )  p
wi
 
Volumetric (geopressured)

7000
y = -92.336x + 6532.2
6000
modified p/z, psia

R2 = 0.9979
5000

4000
Conventional
3000 overestimates G
2000 G=70.7 by > 25%!
1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Gp, Bcf
GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 2 [Roach (1981)] : Simultaneous solution of G and cf
 G 
p z  p z S c c
Revised material 1  i  1 p 
i  wi w f
 1   
Balance eq.  p  p   pz  G 
  p  p  pz i  1 S
  i  wi
 i   i  
Geopressured

1 1000
150
G   75.8 Bscf
y = 13.199x - 17.511 slope 13.199
R2 = 0.993
100
-6
y, psi x10

6
c  bx10 (1  S ) S
-1

50
c
f wi wi w
6 1
0  12.5x10 psi
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-3
x, Bscf/psi x 10
GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)] : Addition of gas solubility and total water
c S c  M[c c ]
Defines: c tw (p) wi f ( p) tw (p) f ( p)

e( p ) (1  S )
wi
Where, water expansion due to pressure depletion
Ctw, cumulative total water compressibility
the release of solution gas in the water
M, associated water-volume ratio given by:
non-net pay water and external water volume
pore volumes found in limited aquifers
M M  M
NNP aq
  1  h / h  h   r  2 
nnp  n g aq  aq  
       1
  h / h  h r  rr  
r  n g 
  GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)]
  G 
c   p / z i  p  1
   1 
 e  backcalculated  p / z  
1
G   p  p 
Back-calculate ce from,
    i 

Compare with rock and fluid derived ce

50
45
c e(p) generated from rock &
40 w ater properties
35
ce, psi-1

30
25
20
15 c e(back) assuming OGIP

10
5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

pressure, psia
GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)]

Results
7000
historical performance data
6000 model M = 2.25
5000
Cf = 3.2x10-6 psi-1
p/z, psia

4000

3000 G = 72 Bscf
2000

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Gp, Bscf

GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Expanding
Radius
Rebound
Effect
p/z

Gp G

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

slope
D(p / z)
m
DG p (p/z)i
m ?
2 =
Hydrocarbon volume m
1
(p/z)int Co
TPsc 1 nv
Vhc  * Tig
m
1
e
nti
on
Tsc m ht g
as r al
res

p/z
esp po
ons ns
Estimate area e e

Vhc  43560Ah (1  Sw ) Gp G

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Gas-in-place
p  1 (p/z)i m2
G   i  * CASE A
 zi  m
Hydrocarbon volume
TP 1 (p/z)
Vhc  sc *
Tsc m

Estimate area G1 G2

Gp
Vhc  43560 Ah  (1  S w )

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Find Gas-in-place and m2

p 1  pi  1
G  *    *
 z int m1  z i  m 2
(p/z)i m2

Hydrocarbon volume CASE B

(p/z)int
TP 1
Vhc  sc * (p/z)
Tsc m 2

G1= G2
Gp

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

• Different slope and

intercept
(p/z)i m2
CASE C
• Estimate using other
(p/z)int
cases
(p/z)
Case B < actual < Case A

G1 G2
Gp

GRM-Engler-09
 Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Example 1.8 P/Z vs. Cumulative Production

No. 114
?? 11
gi, cp 0.0134 1600
h, ft 40 1400
cti, psi-1 x 10-4 5.77
1200
Case B
gg 0.67
1000

P/Z, psia
Tr , deg F 106
Sw, % 44 800
rw, ft. 0.229 600
Pi, psi 1131 400

200 y = -0.8367x + 552.88

R2 = 0.958
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Cumulative Production, mmscf

 p 1 552.9 m2 = 2.12 psia/mmscf

G  *   660 mmscf
 z int m1 .8367 Vhc = 7.544 mmrcf
A = 70 acres
GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

4500
GIP = 700 mmscf 4000

3500

flow rate, mscf/month

Gp = 526 mmscf 3000

2500

2000
RF = 75%
1500

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Cumulative production, mmscf

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Single well simulation model

1000 1200
• Pwf =
250  150 psia
simulated 1000

production rate, mscf/mo

measured
100 800

SIBHP, psi
•Model area =
600
86 acres
10 400

200

1 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time, years

GRM-Engler-09
Gas Material Balance
Low-permeability gas reservoirs Problem 4
Estimate the gas-in-place and drainage area for this well. If
cumulative production was 752 mmscf, what has been the
recovery factor?
, % 11 1400
gi, cp 0.0131
h, ft 67 1200

cti, psi-1 x 10-4 6.22 1000

gg 0.67
p/z, psia

Tr , deg F 103 800

Sw, % 44 600
rw, ft. 0.229
Pi, psi 1045 400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
cumulative production, mmscf

GRM-Engler-09