By : Kenia A.S., S.S., M.Hum.

When I hotly plunge into writing, nothing bothers me.

I’m always thinking what to write, what words are
better – I try to follow grammar rules, but in general
that ends in failure.
Igor Ivanov
(Siberia)
 n
I. Pre-writing
u
m
Generating ideas, planning,b and organizing your ideas
e
r
.

O
n
II. Writing
n
u
t
m
Using your ideas to
h write a
b
first draft
e
e
r
.

O
n
III.Revising and Editing
t
h
Improving what eyou have written
PRE-WRITING
“Pre-” means before
Prewriting means the work done by the
writer before the paragraph is actually
written
 Prewriting strategies includes the
decisions you make and the steps you
take (whether written or not) before
you write a draft of your paragraph
Three major decisions in pre-writing
1. Choose a subject that you are interested in and
know about
2. Choose an audience
3. Choose on a purpose : what exactly do you want
to communicate?
BRAINSTORMING
Brainstorming
What is it???

The writers allow the “storm” in their brains to flow

onto the paper without worrying about organization or
grammar
BRAINSTORMING is A process of
listing any idea of one topic or
A quick way to generate a lot of
ideas on a subject.
What is the Purpose?
Is to come up with a list of as many ideas
as possible without worrying about how
you will use them

Words, phrases, sentences, questions

The steps of brainstorming :
1. Begin with a broad topic.
2. Write down as many associations as you can.
3. Add more items to your list by answering the
questions of what, who, when, where, why,
how.
4. Group the items on the list that go together.
5. Cross out items that do not belong.
Example:
Listing
Topic : My arrival in the U.S.
List some random ideas :
 My brother meeting me
 Problems with customs
 First impression of the U.S.
 Alone at JFK Airport
 What I was afraid of
 My first U.S. meal
Topic: Superstitions
1. Lists some random ideas:
- Friday 13th - Don’t walk under ladder
- Eat scrambled eggs for breakfast - Don’t step on cracks
on day of a game
- Breaking mirror - Wear green when I fly
- Wear lucky T-shirt for games - Look four-leaf clover
- Always wear pearl necklace - Use lucky shoelaces
- Don’t stay on 13th floor in tennis shoes
in a hotel
- Sit in center of room for tests - Never start a trip on Friday
- Switch watch to right wrist for test
 Next steps
2. Selects the idea which is related to one topic.
In other word, the ideas are classified
Topic: Superstitions
SCHOOL:
 always wear pearl necklace
 sit in center of room for tests
 switch watch to right wrist for test
TRAVEL:
 never start a trip on Friday
 don’t stay on 13th floor in a hotel
 wear green when I fly
SPORTS:
 wear lucky T-shirt for games
 use lucky shoelaces in tennis shoes
 eat scrambled eggs for breakfast on day of game

OTHERS ARE OMITTED

 Next steps
3. Write a paragraph
Example:
Superstitions affect several aspects of my life. First of
all, I have a lot of superstitions about school, especially
tests. For example, I always wear the pearl necklace that
my grandmother gave me when I have to take a test. I
think it brings me good luck. When I get to school, I
always find a seat right in the middle of the room, sit
down, and then switch my watch to my right wrist before
the test begins. Another superstition that I really believe
in is about travelling. I will never start a trip on a Friday.
When I have to stay in a hotel, I refuse to sleep in a room
on the 13th floor. For me, it is unlucky - number. On the
Continued
first day of the trip, I always wear something green.
Finally, like many other athletes, I am very
superstitious when it comes to my sport, tennis. When
I dress for a match, I always wear the same white T-
shirt with my initials on it. I also use shoelaces in my
sneakers. On the day of the match, I always eat the
same thing: eggs and a muffin. So, in short, I am
superstitious about many aspects of my life.
Now try with your own topic:
Step I:
_______________________
_______________
_______________________________
Step II:
A:
A.1.
A.2.
B:
B.1
B.2.
B.3
And so on

_______
_______
_______
Step III: (Combine into one paragraph)
______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Subject: Personal Experiences
Audience: Close Friends
Purpose: Tell a story about personal experiences
Topic: My experience for sharing ideas and getting contributors to solve
media's problem for Pilkada DKI 2017
 Paragraph:
 Yesterday I'm very excited to announce Project Rojak. Project Rojak is a
non-profit project that trying to helps Pilkada DKI 2017 about the online media
monitoring.
 Rojak is an Artificial Intelligence that can helps us know what media is
pro/contra to cagub-cawagub couple, how is the politics’ trend of Pilkada DKI
2017 day-to-day based on online media data, who is the cagub-cawagub couple
that frequently mentioned by the media, etc.
 This project is for Indonesian, specifically a Jakartanian, so all the result
of the project will be released for public. Everyone can access the data.
 So far, there are numerous people from different backgrounds that join
the Rojak Team:
 Donny Stark
 Rio Ramadhan Dharmawan
 Sonny Lazuardi Hermawan
 Vicky Vernando Dasta
Subject: skincare
Audience: friends, family or everyone that want to know about it
Purpose: giving information
 My journey in skin care
 Why i need skincare – my skin became breakout in my
21.
 Knowing my skin type
 Knowing about skincare for my skin type
 Knowing about steps of using skincare
 Favorite skincare step
 This is my journey in skincare. Actually in last my 20, i’m not think that
i will need a skincare so much. i think my skin is will be okay, since it
rarely aproached with acnes althoung I knew that my skin burning so
fast under sun. But, in last 20 (I think it probably 2 month before 21),
my skin was breakout. I using new product which form natural
ingredients, and they (refer to skincare brand) said that product will
clean up skin from hazardous chemical. Unfortunately, my skin
became so much acnes and it hurt me. They said if acnes are indication
if in my skin there is hazardous chemical and it will going okay in 4
until 5 month. But until August, there is no good alert and my skin is
still pimply. From it, I begin to know my skin more, knowing about
skincare more and must to selective for choosing brand of skincare.
 And than, I start it from September to use a new skin care. Before i
choose skincare to buy, I must to know the present condition of my
skin. I have oily skin in T zone (forehead, nose and chin), but i have
normal to dry skin in my booth cheeks. I also have pimples in booth
cheeks, forehead and sometimes in nose and chin.so that i categorized
my skin in oily combination and acne prone skin.
1. Subject : Tapestry froth on the Kenjeran beach
2. Audience : All people
3. Purpose : I’m write a description of the phenomenon of the
rise of foam along the beach kenjeran re-occur.
 STEP I
 Head of environmental agency Surabaya city, Musdik Ali said that froth
the impact operation of the pump house Tambak Wedi. When the
floodgates opened, pressure of water flowing into the sea very heavy.
That time occurs water turbulence too. “much pressure of water carry
sediment in riverbed,” Musdik’s said. Unfortunately in pump area
Tambak Wedi, sedimentation has mixed waste domestic. The effect,
white foam like residual detergent directly into the sea.
 STEP II
 1. Frothing phenomenon along the Kenjeran beach.
 2. The pump house Tambak Wedi, sedimentation has mixed waste
domestic.
 3. Plan the installation of sewage treatment domestic.
STEP III
 Musdik said, domestic waste is not as dangerous waste plant, but
in the long term can disturb the ecosystem of coastal area. Beside
contaminated domestic waste, musdik said, water seashore not yet
clean from trash waste. The effect smells bad. All effort were made
BLH Surabaya city for prevent foam in area water Surabaya. One of
which routinely conduct joint normalization of public work bina
marga and pematusan (DPUBMP).
 He’s hope in the future Surabaya have installation of sewage
treatment plant domestic. So, all waste in Surabaya will pass
installation. Further waste treated before being discharged into the
sea. The discourse manufacture of domestic waste water treatment
plant (IPAL) in Surabaya next year. Obtain funding from the
central government and centralized IPAL that is expected to
reduce domestic waste in the river. Let’s guard our environment
especially mangrove or coastal area in order to maintain the
viability of marine aquatic ecosystem and community
sustainability of coastal area.
CLUSTERING
 Narrowing the Subject to A Topic
 A subject is a broad area of information.
 You must narrow the subject to a topic in order to write
a single paragraph.
 You must move from a general subject to a more specific
topic.
 Audiences are more interested in details about a narrow
topic than a broad subject.
 Narrowing a subject is a Good Writing
What are the steps?
1. Write your topic in the center of a piece of paper
and draw a circle around it.
2. Think about your topic and write any idea that
come to mind in circles around the main circle.
3. Connect these ideas to the center circle with a line.
4. Think about each of your new ideas, write more
related ideas in circle around them, and connect
them to their corresponding ideas with a line.
5. Repeat the process until you run out of ideas.
Example 1:

How to be a good
teacher Various kinds of
teachers

Teachers

The using of visual aids The ways of teaching

in teaching English English
 Example 2 :
General Topic More Specific Topic

Various kinds of teachers

How to be a good teacher

Teachers

The ways of teaching English

The using of visual aids in teaching

English
FREEWRITING
 ⁺
Is writing as much as you can, as fast as
you can, without worrying about
mistakes
 Steps in Freewriting :
1. Write the general topic at the top of the page
2. Start writing, and write as much and fast as you can.
3. Don’t stop for any reasons
√ Don’t worry if your mind wander away from your original
idea.
√ Don’t worry about mistakes.
4. Read your freewriting. See if there are any ideas you can
develop from your own writing.