The Group for Environment and Energy Engineering

Project Samadhan - Instrumentation

Author
Abhijit Verma, Executive GE3

Reviewer
Anand Vardhan Mishra, Coordinator GE3

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ABSTRACT
The following report contains suggestions with a view to implement the
installation of Energy Efficient and Energy saving Instruments in the Hall of
Residence-X of IIT Kanpur.

Contents:

1. Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………4

3. Energy Scene at IIT Kanpur………………………………………………………………………….5

4. Suggested Measures

a. Lighting and Illumination………………………………………………………………….6

b. Suggested Advanced ways for illumination control : Motion sensors…7

c. Electrical Fans: Chokes………………………………………………………………………..8

d. Water Heating: Installation of Solar Water Heaters. ………………………..……8

e. Change in the operating time of Water pumps of the campus ……..9

5. Cost Analysis
a. Lighting and illumination……………………………………………………………..…9

b. Fitting Motion Sensors…………………………………………………………………....10

c. Installation of Solar Water Heaters…………………………………………………10

6. General Tips for Efficient Usage

a. Computers…………………………………………………………………………………….…11

b. Refrigerator and Cooling units……………………………………………………..……12

7. Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………13

8. References………………………………………………………………………………………………..…13

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Preface
After members of GE3 did energy auditing of various Halls Of Residence of IIT
Kanpur in order to determine how and where energy is used, we now would like
to suggest some measures and possible installations of some energy saving
instruments in order to achieve energy efficiency and consequently save some
chunk of the huge amount of money spent paying for electricity. It is now a
universal recognition of the fact that new technologies and much greater use of
some that already exist provide the most hopeful prospects for the future. Hence,
we would like to see more use of renewable energy technologies, greater efforts
at energy efficiency and the dissemination of these technologies and options. We
look forward with optimism that the institute authorities, staff and students shall
ensure the maximum execution of the recommendations and thereby the success
of this work.

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Introduction [11]

This Project is the vision to make IIT Kanpur hostels energy efficient. It is a fact
that Hostels of IIT Kanpur community uses a huge amount of energy and it is also
very obvious that we waste quite a sizable chunk of it. IIT Kanpur’s energy bill
keeps up around INR 9-10 crore per year. This amount is huge and thus
naturally attracts attention when we understand that quite a lot of energy is
being wasted, which in turn would mean that huge amount of financial resources
are being wasted. Making the Hostel area energy efficient will not only help the
institute reduce its expenses but also helps us fulfil our moral responsibility of
not wasting this precious resource, which is scarcely available to rest of the
people of the country. The change is always associated with small difficulties or
teething troubles; which are quite common even while implementing a perfectly
feasible recommendation. A small failure / difficulty may retard the tempo,
slowing or even abandoning the process of implementation. Also, the purpose of
Energy Audit is defeated if suggestions are not put into practice. We are confident
that the results that will come out of this exercise are bound to be of interest to
everyone and can be the first step to make IIT Kanpur energetically the most
efficient campus in India.

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IIT Kanpur Present Energy scene

IIT Kanpur has an approximate area of 1150 acres with student community
strength of around 3800 and about 300 faculties. There is a floating population of
the order of 1000 in the campus as the Nankari residents enjoy the right of way
through the campus. IIT Kanpur enjoys 24 hour electricity supply while within a
few hundred feet of the institute there are 12 hour power cuts. IIT Kanpur has a
demand of 8.5 MW (NPC data).Operating power factor hovers around a good
0.98. The Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) is defined as the energy
consumption per unit of product output. The specific energy consumption
considering students were calculated which forms the Hostels SEC and was taken
as reference for comparison. The SEC was calculated to be 2252
kWh/person/annum (for 2007-08) for the Hostels.

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Suggested Measures

Lighting and illumination

1.1 One of the best energy-saving devices is the light switch. Hence, a lot of
energy can be saved by simply positioning the switchboard to the
adjacent wall of the door. For instance, the electric power consumed by
Residents of Hall-III is much less as compared to that of Hall-II probably
because of the positioning of the light switch.

Use: in every room, reading room, tv room, washrooms, hall computer

room.

Green Switch [1]: a green switch connection would be given in the

guard room that would be connected to lighting of every wing as well as
cycle stands so that they can be controlled by guard itself and timely
switched on/off.

1.2 De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination is also important.

Dirty tube lights and bulbs reflect less light and can absorb 50 percent
[1] of the light. Hence, regularly dusting our tube lights and lamps is
also important. Responsibility must be assigned to hall workers who
would de-dust lighting

fixtures and sensors for effective use.

1.3 Fluorescent tube lights and CFLs convert electricity to visible light up to 5
times more efficiently than ordinary bulbs and thus save about 70% of
electricity for the same lighting levels. Also, ninety percent of the energy
consumed by the ordinary bulb is given off as heat than visible light.
Hence, these electricity-guzzling ordinary bulbs must be replaced by
more efficient CFL’s.

**The energy consumption of FTLs (Fluorescent Tube Lights) which are

commonly used in the campus is shown below-

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Measurement for lighting (“done at IIT Bombay”) for a FTL with Electronic
Ballast V (volts) = 226.5, I (Amp) = 0.54, P (Watt) = 38, P.F.= 0.522

**Using T5 FTL’s would be much more profitable!

Use: in every room.

1.4 Many automatic devices can help in saving energy used in lighting. Employing
infrared sensors, motion sensors, automatic timers, dimmers and solar cells
wherever applicable, to switch on/off lighting circuits.

Use: In washrooms, toilets.

Suggested Advanced ways for illumination control : Motion sensors

Motion Detector Basics

Motion detectors need to automatically switch lights on and off. Like timer
switches, some do not work well with compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). If CFLs
are to be used, the motion detector should be stated by the manufacturer as
being suitable for CFLs (or electronic ballasts).

Motion detectors can be

 Auto-on, auto-off.
 Manual-on, auto-off. This is good for indoor use, to avoid falsely triggering
the light when walking past.

A manual override (both on and off) is also useful.

The number of minutes the lights switch on should be adjustable. Outdoor lights
can typically be adjusted from 1 to 10 minutes. Indoor lights can go up to 30 or
60 minutes to avoid constant on/off cycles. Remote motion detectors (usually
battery-powered) are used if the detection zone is far away from the light or
switch. They are wireless, using radio waves to communicate with the switch.
Detection angles can range from 90 to 360 degrees, depending on the model and
expected usage. To avoid false triggering, some sensors have adjustable blinds to
reduce the detection angle. Black sticky tape can also be used to cover part of the
sensor.

Manufacturers claim anything from 30 to 70 feet for maximum detection ranges.

Detection ranges or reaction time (switch on time) can get worse if the

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temperature drops. For cold climates, the minimum operating temperature of the
sensor should be checked. Popular brands include Heath Zenith, Nightguardian,
EML and Leviton.

Home Motion Sensor Light Switches

For indoor use, the motion sensor isn't normally built into lamps. Instead motion
sensors are built into

 Standard wall switches, hard-wired by the electrician to ceiling or wall

lights.
 Standard wall sockets, for plug-in table lamps and night lights.

This is for maximum flexibility, because any existing lights can be used.

Some can be wired as 3-way switches, either with a manual switch (acting as a
manual override) or with another sensor. This allows the light to be switched
from two locations.

Some pass-through motion sensors don't need any wiring

 Plugging into wall sockets, and allowing other plugs to plug into their
electrical socket.
 Screwing into lamp sockets, and allowing lamps to screw into their lamp
socket.

Recommendation for electrical fans

We should use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes and
electronic fan regulators in place of manual.

Use: everywhere where there is a need for fan or an FTL.

Electronic fan regulator is an electronic device consisting of diacs, triacs,

potentiometric resistance to provide stepless control of fan speed. This is an energy
saving device and has advantages over the conventional type of fan regulators having
more energy losses. These regulators can also be used as a speed regulator for many
other small F.H.P. motors used in mixer, laboratory solution mixer etc. with
appropriate current ratings. The fan regulators can be classified under the
proportionate power derivative system as it derives only the required power from the
mains supply. Thus power is not wasted unnecessarily but is rather conserved. A
considerable amount of power can be saved by of the conventional fan regulators.
However if proper steps are taken to educate the consumers about its long term
benefit i.e. energy conservation etc. the market for this product is likely to grow.

Installation of solar water heaters

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Use: Geysers can effectively be replaced by the solar water heater. Maintenance
is also important.

This is a rampant problem in the installation of solar heaters, their maintenance is quite
an important business and thus we propose that constant watch over system
performance can be kept by the maintenance secretary. This can be integrated with the
current duties of the post. Furthermore a more involved solution can be the creation of
an energy and environment committee on the hall level which can keep a record of the
energy consumption parameters of the hall. This can be further carry weightage in
student festivals that are taken seriously by the student community. This would add
much needed glamour into the activity!

Change in the operating time of Water pumps of the campus

The main aim behind this is to reduce the load during the peak hours and
thereby reducing the electricity bill .For this to be implemented without
disturbing the regular water supply; the pumps would be made operational
during the night (2am to 5am) and the water would be stored in the overhead
additional tanks that would supply the water through the and night as well. Since
it is a well known fact that cost of electricity varies with the time of the day it
would be much more economical to shift the time to the proposed period. The
Economic analysis of this could not be done because of unavailability of data
about the time of day tariff.

Cost analysis of the proposed design

Here it is assumed that the capacity of Hall-10 will be 500 and hence the calculations are
done accordingly.

1. Lighting and illumination

Major changes proposed were the use of T5 FTL’s instead of already existing
lights and replacing incandescent bulbs with CFL’s [8].

Characteristics Conventional 40 W FTL T5

Expected life hours 5000 20000
Energy input per hour 45 28
Consumption in 19hrs .885 .532
per day(kW)
Annual Consumption in 177 106.4
200 working Days
(units)

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Savings 605 372
Consumption(INR) at
INR 3.5 per unit

“Hence, saving in T5 is INR 233.”

Total savings per year considering we replace 1000 T8 FTLs with T5 we an save
around INR 2,33,000

Total investment = 1000x770 = INR 7,70,000

“Simple payback period is thus calculated to be 3.3 Years.”

2. Fitting Motion Sensors

Another proposal was to fit “Motion Sensors” in various common Washrooms

and bathrooms in order to save electricity wasted when lights are on
unnecessarily. Cost of a motion sensor is typically around INR 4500. Number of
sensors required = 100(maximum)

Hence, total cost = 450000 INR

% Power Fixture Idle Fixture Electricity Savings

Reduction Load(kW) Hours quantity cost(INR/kWh)
Per year (INR)
.5 .24 1920 500 4.1 472320

Total savings per year = 472320 INR

Thus the simple payback year = 1 year !

3. Installation of solar water heaters

We calculate the parameters that will be associated with this recommendation.
Analysis for the solar water heating systems for hostels of IIT Kanpur Sample
calculation for Hall of Residence-X
** It was noted that the block in this hall where the residents are already residing
has the facility of heating through geysers.

Calculation:
Residents 500
Assuming an average requirement of 20 L of hot water per day
Thus daily amount of hot water used= 500x20 = 10000 L

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An average flat plate collector area of 2 m^2 gives 125L of hot water per day. [9]
Thus total collector area required = 9240/125x2 = 147.84 m^2

Assuming cost of installation to be around 10,000 Rs/m^2 total capital cost

Comes out to be = 14, 78,400Rs

Total geyser usage in the hostel for approximately 12 hrs on a typical cool day
for 2.3 kW geysers installed in the hostel = 12x2.3x21= 579.6 kWh

Geysers are typically operational in IIT Kanpur for about 120 days from
November to February .

Thus total energy consumption = 120x579.6 = 69552 kWh

Total expense with geysers = 69552x3.5 Rs/kWh = 243432 Rs.

“Thus simple payback period = 14,78,400 / 243432 = 5.25 year

Clearly this is a comfortable payback period and it is advisable to have solar

water heaters installed in this facility.

General Tips for efficient usage

Computers:

The Following awareness must be brought about the student community as most
of the electricity is taken used by these computers:

1. Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that
runs 24 hours a day, for instance, uses - more power than an energy-
efficient refrigerator.
2. If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone
uses more than half the system's energy.
3. Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in
use helps cut energy costs by approximately 40%[8].
4. Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras, draw
power whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and
save.
5. Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and
shutdowns do not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your
computer components. In fact, shutting computers down when you are
finished using them actually reduces system wear - and saves energy.

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Refrigerators: [10]

The refrigerator is perhaps the highest electricity consuming device in our

homes. A major portion of our electricity bills is due to this and considering the
number of refrigerators in India at present it can be easily be inferred that
refrigerators are eating up a very high percentage of electricity of the country.

We therefore need to look up to how we can maintain our refrigerators and thus
save energy by implementing some simple ideas into practice.

1. Open the refrigerator door sparingly, as every time it is opened cold air
inside is replaced by the hot air outside which needs to be cooled. This
results in compressor doing more work and thus adds to the electricity
consumption significantly.
2. Hot items should be first cooled to room temperature before putting them
in the refrigerator. This helps minimising compressor work.
3. Condenser coils behind or beneath the refrigerator should be cleaned
once or twice a year as dust and grime insulates it from the surroundings
and lowers the refrigerator efficiency.
4. Check door for door gasket air leaks. This can be done by putting a
flashlight into the refrigerator and looking for light leaks. It is worth
mentioning that door gasket air leaks account for a third of regular heat
load of the refrigerators, and thus any defective door gaskets must be
replaced immediately.
5. Avoid unnecessarily low temperature settings. Ideal temperature setting
for the freezer is -18oC and that for the refrigerator is 3oC. Not adhering to
this limit can increase electricity consumption by more than 25% !!
6. Avoid excessive ice build up in the interiors of the evaporator, ice insulates
the interiors from the refrigerant and thus decreases efficiency. One
should go for a frost free refrigerator if buying a new one.
7. Use the power-saver switch that controls the heating coils and prevents
condensation on the outside surfaces in humid environments. The low
wattage heaters are used to raise the temperature of the outer surfaces of
the refrigerator at critical locations above the dew point in order to avoid
water droplets forming on the surfaces and sliding down. Condensation is
most likely to occur in summer in hot and humid climates in homes
without air-conditioning. The moisture formation on the surfaces is
undesirable since it may cause the painted finish of the outer surface to
deteriorate and it may wet the kitchen floor. About 10 percent of the total
energy consumed by the refrigerator can be saved by turning this heater
off and keeping it off unless there is visible condensation on the outer
surfaces.

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8. Give the refrigerator some place to breathe!! Blocking air flow to the
refrigerator hampers the performance of the condenser and thus
decreases efficiency.
Conclusion

S.No. Instrumentation Savings/year(INR) Payback

Proposed Period
1. Replacing T8/40W 233000 3.3 years
FTL
By T5
2. Fitting motion sensors 472320 1 year
3. Installation of solar 243432 5.25 year
water heaters
4. Changing operating *At night the tariff rate of **
time of running water electricity is cheap as
pumps to (2am to compared to those
5am) during the rest of the day
** Estimating the payback period here depends on the size of the water tanks to
be installed and also the exact data for the tariff rates.

Apart from the above mentioned major proposals and guidelines, the
maintenance of the instruments is equally important and hence, we recommend
that regular maintenance work is carried out in order to keep reaping the
benefits of these instruments to the maximum.

References
[1] http://www.wisebread.com/green-switch-for-green-savings

[2]http://blog.mapawatt.com/category/conservation/appliances

[3]http://www.educypedia.be/electronics/circuitssensorslight.htm

[4] http://sensors-
transducers.globalspec.com/ProductFinder/Sensors_Transducers_Detectors

[5] http://www.bee-india.nic.in/

[6] http://www.tatapower.com/

[7] http://www.juscoltd.com/power-distribution.asp

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[8] http://www.energyfreeindia.com/t5-tube-light.htm

[9] IIT Bombay Energy audit report, Department of Energy Science and
Engineering.

[10] Abhash Kumar Singh, Art of Household Refrigeration, Group for

Environment and Energy Engineering report, IIT Kanpur 2009.

[11] IIT Hall Energy Audit Report, Group for Energy Engineering, Project
Samadhan. IIT Kanpur, 2009

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