International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering 226

Available online at www.ijaeee.com ISSN: 2319-1112

Energy Conservation in Domestic and Commercial

Applications
Pankaj R Rajbhoj 1, Nitesh D.Anwat 2
Department of Electrical Engineering12
Assistant Professor12
rajbhojpankaj@gmail.com1 niteshanwat26@gmail.com2

Abstract- It is imperative to focus on energy conservation measures, as the capital cost required to get the benefits is
less compared to the cost required for equivalent generating capacity addition. Energy conservation does not mean
cut of consumption rate of electrical energybut use of more efficient lighting and other accessories to conserve energy
efficiently. Energy conservation is imperative to reduce energy consumption through stimulated market transformation
in favour of energy efficient products and appliancesand for this awareness and disseminate information for efficient
use of energy and its conservation is must. In domestic applications we can conserve energy by encouragement and
installation of efficient fixtures, lamps & luminaries, electronic ballast, cfl’s and daylight integration, also by avoiding
unnecessary use of light, lighting controls, by automatic control switches etc. Air conditioner consumes power, 9 times
more than that of fan, so there is scope for energy conservation in large commercial complexes, by capacitor bank,
designing buildings with (ECBC), which typically saves 40-60% of less electricity, Monitoring and control should be
mandatory to get the saving potential on a recurring basis of energy conservation by carrying out regular energy
audits, approach for energy conservation, power factor improvement, good lighting design, how to overcome
inductive load is broadly justified in paper. Author has made sincere effort to find out the likely solutions about
various energy conservation opportunities, ways, and techniques available in domestic and commercial applications.
To promote energy conservation, awareness is needed among the people & employees and good housekeeping
measures could save a good amount of energy. Also paper tells us more about the likely techniques & solutions to
conserve energy through audits and most conspicuous way because unless the energy conservation measures are
implemented, the saving potential will not be realized because you can’t manage what you don’t measure.

Keywords: Energy Efficiency Ratio, Air Conditioning, cooling, heating

I.INTRODUCTION
• What Is Energy Conservation (Saving): -Energy saving does not mean cut of consumption rate of electrical energy,
but it means use more efficient lighting accessories to utilize energy efficiently.“Because there is no way to energy
conservation, Energy Conservation is only the way”
• Energy & Energy Conservation is An Issue Of :-
a. Attitude b. Values c. Beliefs d. Practices
• Imperative Steps For Energy Conservation In Residential Applications: -
By maintaining the following remedial action we can reduce the load during the peak hours

We should use the appropriate efficient luminaries and Equipment’s intesibly.

Always use CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp), which saves the\ electricity by 80% and consumes very less
electricity with good power factor. Compact fluorescent lamps last 10 times longer than regular bulbs; give the same
amount of light; and use only a quarter of the electricity.

When there is no need, put of the Electrical Lamps and equipment’s off.

Care must be taken that no dirt and dust to get on lamps and tubes.

Give the light colors on wall and on ceiling.

Make use of electronics chokes & regulators.

Use reliable equipment’s and their accessories.

Also by avoiding use of unnecessary use of light, lighting controls, by using daylight, automatic control switches
etc., we can save the electrical energy. If moving out for the longer period of time, keep the main supply off.

While pressing the dress, use exact settings for particular cloths.

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE

 227
Energy Conservation in Domestic and Commercial Applications

Air Conditioner consumes 9 times more than that of electricity so prefer fan instead of AC. Avoid use of remote,
switch off the equipment from the supply.

When there is no need of use of computers, TV don’t keep on stand –by mode, keep in sleep mode/shut down mode.
Avoid use of electricity during time 6:00 pm to 10 pm by use of Mixer, Geyser, Oven, etc. LED lamps are the
newest addition to the list of energy efficient light sources.

While a LED Lamp Emits visible light in a very narrow spectral band, they can produce WHITE LIGHT.

• Use of Efficient Lighting system: -

Due to Efficient Fixtures, Efficient Lamps and

Daylight Integration, Load Reduction and saving if 33% on a
recurring basis.

If all consumers in, for example, the state of
Maharashtra switched off one 60 W lamps (or a fan or a tube
light), then two power plants of 500 MW can be switched off!
Fig.1 Efficient Lighting

This is a significant saving compared to the total peak shortage.

Give light shade colours to our walls.

Always use reliable and efficient luminaries and as well as efficient equipment’s

Following lighting applications shall be equipped with a control device to control such lighting independently of
general lighting.
Display/Accent Lighting, Case Lighting, Hotel and Motel Guest Room Lighting, Task Lighting, Non-visual Lighting

• What BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) Says On Conservation: -

 "No new building in the following categories in which there is a system or installation for supplying hot water
shall be built unless the system or the installation is also having an auxiliary solar assisted water heating system.
 Hospitals & Nursing Homes, Hotels, Lodges, and Guest houses, Hostels of Schools, Colleges, Training Centers,
Barracks of armed forces, paramilitary forces and police, Individual residential buildings having more than 150
sq. mt. plinth area Functional Buildings of Railway Stations and Air Ports like waiting rooms, retiring rooms,
rest rooms, inspection bungalows and catering units Community Centers, Banquet Halls, Bharat Ghars, Kalyan
mandaps and buildings for similar use."

II. A Route to Energy Conservation.

• Energy Conservation in Flats

Make maximum use of sunlight during the day.

Use solar water Heaters Instead of Tank type Electric Heaters.

For heating the water, water geyser consumes more power, so use Instant Geysers. This will save 16 % of total
energy.

Reduce the usage of lifts. Do not allow children to play with elevators.

Use less hot water – install a flow shower head and Aerators on bathroom and Kitchen pipes. Install a water-saving
showerhead. Don't worry - it won't reduce your water pressure. A family of four, each taking a five-minute shower a
day, can save 40MW a year.

If we follow a few simple tips the power consumption can actually come down by approx. 20 percent.”

Clean the dust accumulated on lamps, bulbs, tube lights and fans.

Use dim light (low wattage lamps) in galleries, lobbies, balconies and bathrooms.

Do not shut and open the door of the refrigerator frequently.

Do not keep TV, tape recorder and music system in standby mode. (Consumes approx. 5% of rated by doing this
you can save up to 150 kW hours per year.)

Air conditioner consumes power, 9 times more than that of fan, so prefer use of fan. This will save an ample
amount of energy

 Energy Efficient Lighting

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE

 IJAEEE, Volume 4, Number 3
Pankaj R Rajbhoj and Nitesh D.Anwat

Replacement of conventional incandescent lamp with cfl.

Scheme should implement on pilot basis in throughout Maharashtra.

Msedcl to act as facilitator between cfl manufacturer and consumers.

Estimated demand saving-10 mw per month on a recurring basis.

 For Household Electrical Applications

• Electric stove

Take advantage of the heat sensing control for stove plates. It allows the stove plate to cut of the electricity supply
occasionally while still cooking.

Use smaller kitchen appliances whenever possible. Microwaves, toaster ovens and slow-cookers can use 75 percent
less energy than a large electric oven.

Use a pressure cooker to conserve energy.

 Refrigerator

Keep the rating of refrigerator according to the number of member in the house. ( i.e. For 1 person 30 ltr is quite
sufficient )

Make sure the door is sealed tightly. If it's not, you're wasting energy.

Do not set freezing temperatures lower than necessary; it wastes as much electricity as excessive heat.

Refrigerator/s can saves account for 25% of your electricity energy usage.

 Washing Machines

Use cold water, as almost 90 % of the energy consumed by washing machines goes to heating the water.

This will save approx.20 % of the electricity you use.

Dry the washed clothes in atmospheric air not in washing machine itself.

Do not overload the washing machine, as it consumes 4 times heavily to its normal rated current.

 Concentrate lighting

Use Concentrate lighting in reading and working Areas

When you need Bright light use one large Wattage lamp Instead of several Small ones.

Use lighting control devices like dimmers, motion detectors, occupancy sensors, photocells and timers to provide
light only when you need it.

Dust light fixtures regularly. A heavy coat of dust can block up to 50 percent
of the light output.

So, if all the above ways, techniques and remedial action will follow by us
than we can have the ample scope and the approximate saving of 5 billion units on a
recurring basis, reported (BEE).

Avoid use of incandescent lamps.

Also install the dimmers to control all the lighting equipment’s.

This would definitely save energy at an enormous quantity.
Potential of 5 Billion units and counting, on a recurring basis ,if all the conservation
techniques ,ways and methods if followed by all of us .Reported (BEE)This was all
about Energy Conservation for Residential Applications
Fig.3 overall energy saving

III. Energy Conservation in Commercial Applications: -

Ways to conserve energy in Commercial: -
1. IT Malls, Theatres, Hoardings, Amusement parks, should Mandatory use, bank of capacitor and as well as dimmers,
intentionally to save the energy.
2. There should be mandatory installation of power savers and energy efficient labeledequipment’s.
3. All the hoardings and advertisement segments should be dimmed in the night time in order to save the electricity.
4. All the inductive load should be eliminate by appropriate use of capacitor bank.

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE

 229
Energy Conservation in Domestic and Commercial Applications

5. All the lighting should converted into CFLs which would save an enormous quantity of energy.
6. Energy Audit should be mandatory every after 6 months in order.
7. Test your well pumps and improve overall pumping plant efficiency
8. When replacing standard motors, buy new energy efficient electric motors
9. Energy audits help to identify areas of improvement, which can result in reduction of energy consumption, better operation
equipment and lower downtime in commercial.
10. Adaptation and implementation of building codes.

 Solutions For Overcoming the Inductive Load and to improve power factor:
Reactive Power Compensation
The maximum demand can also be reduced by using capacitor banks and maintaining the optimum power factor, capacitor
banks are available with Microprocessor based control system.

Bank of Capacitors Capacitors

These System switch on and off the capacitor Banks to maintain the desired power factor of system and optimize maximum
demand thereby.

Energy Audit-A Tool for Conservation

Through Energy Audit monitoring and targeting programmes have been so effective that they show typical reductions in
annual energy costs in various industrial sectors between 5 - 20 %.Energy Audit is primarily a management technique that
uses energy information as a basis to eliminate waste, reduce and control current level of energy use and improve the existing
operating procedures & conservation of energy.While, auditing is essentially aimed at establishing the existing pattern of
energy conservation and identification of energy consumption level which is desirable as a management goal to work
towards energy conservation.

• Techniques To Conserve Energy: -

Variable speed drives (vsds)

Soft starters cum energy savers

Heating ventilation and cooling system

Star to delta connection

Automatic dimmers controllers

Regular Energy Audit

• Impact of ECBC in energy saving:

All heating and cooling equipment shall also meet or exceed minimum efficiency requirements.Air-conditioning
equipment’s, Chillers, Heat pumps, Heating mode, should be mandatory Compliance -duct sealing.

 Standardization And Labeling:-

Standardization and labeling of energy equipment’s such as refrigerator, air-conditioners, induction motors, air
compressorsetc. Would help to save an ample amount of energy

 Energy Saving ThroughDemand Side Management & Specific Energy Consumption :-

- Reduction in (SEC) in energy intensive process through tracking, benchmarking and setting target efficiency
standards.

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE

 IJAEEE, Volume 4, Number 3
Pankaj R Rajbhoj and Nitesh D.Anwat

- Establish DSM programs, for pumps sets, power factor improvement capacitors, outdoor lighting & solar water
heaters energy can conserve.

DSM options for Commercial Establishments for energy saving

CFL Usage

Installation of VAR Systems

Installation of Solar Water Heaters

Installation of Gas Heaters/Fuel Substitution. Introduction to electronic ballast

 How Does Energy Audit System Help The Commercial Complex In Reducing Consumption And Saving Of
Energy?

Energy audit systems are used for monitoring, analyzing and control energy consumption by adhering to the
benchmarks established with the help of the system and electrical parameters.

Excesses and wattages are shown under the observations and the consumer is required to control or eliminate these.

1. Remedies to Conserve energy in commercial applications:-

• Air Conditioner Plants:-

A commercial building comprises of two centralized air-conditioning plants of rating
570tr each.

Normally one plant is kept in operation to meet the air conditioning load of the entire
complex. Specific power consumption (SPC) obtained for both the air-conditioning plants is
25 % higher than the design value and the same is due to 24 % lesser cooling water flow to the
detector .It is suggested that carrying out maintenance of the cooling water pumps will increase the feed rate to the
condenser, thereby improving the SPC.

This will result in a power saving potential of 38.4 kW and the equivalent monetary saving is 5.7 lakh per year.
Fig.3 Air Condition Plant

• Air Handling Units (Ahus) :-

The air handling unit is generally called an ahu and is used to transfer the cooling load from the air conditioning plant to
the user points.For human comfort, 25°c is the ideal temperature and the lesser the temperature maintained in the air
conditioned space, the more would be the energy consumption thereby increasing the SPC.In the commercial complex under
study, the room temperature was maintained in the range of 19-23°c. It was suggested to maintain the temperature close to
25°c so as to reduce the power consumed by the air –conditioned plant.The exercise has resulted in a reduction to 10tr
cooling load and the equivalent monetary saving of 30 kW - without any investment.

Optimizing Of Lighting Supply Voltage:-

The average lighting supply voltages maintained across the lighting feeders is 250 volts. Normally for lighting, 230 volt
is the ideal supply to give the desired illumination .optimum supply voltage will reduce the replacement cost of lamps and the
power consumption too.The total lighting load of the complex under study is 118kw. By reducing the supply voltage to 230
volts, a saving potential of 26.6 kw will realized the saving potential is equivalent to Rs 4.8 lakh per year and considering
the investment required the payback period will only 3 months.Install timers, time clocks or photocell to ensure that interior
and exterior lights are turned off at the appropriate time. Also install occupancy sensors. These inexpensive devices can
reduce lighting costs by up to 40 percent by turning off lights in unoccupied areas.

2. How Much Energy can be saved:

1. Energy Conservation Opportunities:

Turn back temperature to 68 degree F in winter

Turn up temperature to 78 Degree F Summer

Maintain furnace at maximum efficiency by annual checkups and adjustments

Maintain air-conditioning units by annual checkups and adjustments

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE

 231
Energy Conservation in Domestic and Commercial Applications

Set back domestic water heater from 140 to 110 degree F

Maximize use of daylight

Improve lighting maintenance

Turn off unnecessary lights

Reduce lighting

Use insulting glass

Insulate hot water pipes and storage tanks

Provide adequate insulation for wall and roof

2. Estimated Energy savings:

5% of Heating cost for each degree set back

3% of cooling cost for each degree raised

10% of heating cost

15% of cooling cost

6-12% of hot water cost

50-60% of lighting cost

15-28% of lighting in existing buildings

25-50% of lighting in new buildings

10-13% of cooling and heating costs

15% of water heating costs

20% of heating and cooling cost

• Improvement Power Factor Could Save At Enormous Rate: -

The power factor plays a vital role in reducing system losses .The commercial complex under study has an average
power factor maintained at 0.955.

So by installing the automatic power factor controller we can maintain the power factor at 0.985.

For this micro controller based capacitor banks should be installed.

IV. CONCLUSION

• There is little doubt that Indian cities can do with better energy conservation as we have huge untapped opportunities
also Reliable and accurate monitoring of energy consumed is same as energy saved and energy saved is energy
generated.
• Awareness Programs are required to reduce leakage of electricity because there is ample scope for energy
conservation in large commercial and residential applications, which is in range of 25-40 %.
• Awareness among employees and good housekeeping measures could save a good amount of energy.
• All the energy conservations measures which are suggested by ERDA should minutely implemented.
• Monitoring & controlling is mandatory to get the saving potential on a recurring basis. So let’s conserve today to
brighten tomorrow by instantaneous energy savings.
• To promote energy conservation it takes …one hour, but to save energy it needs only one second.

REFERENCE

[1] Manojkumar U.Borekar, V.S.Sapkal, R.S.Sapkal “Possibilities of Energy Conservation in Day to Day Life” University department of Chemical
Technology (Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory)Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Amravati (M.S)-444602,India May-2006
[2] Solar Power Plants, G-J Winter, R.L.Sizmann, L.L Vant-Hull (Eds), springer-verlag Berline Heidelberg, New York 1990.
[3] HISLOP, D, 1992, Energy Options – An introduction to small-scale renewable energy technologies. Intermediate Technology Publications, UK.
[4] Renewable Energy Sources- John.W.Twidell & Anyhony D. Weir ELBs Publication.
[5] J. Kotas, U. S. DOE, Renewable energy credit—another option in your renewable energy portfolio, in: Proceedings of the Sixth National Green Power
Marketing Conference, July 2001.
[6] Utilization system by…..H.Partap
[7] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States.
[8] KAREKEZI, S and Ranja, T, 1997, Renewable Energy Technology in Africa. Africa Energy Policy Research Network (AFEPREN), Biddles Ltd. UK.

ISSN: 2319-1112 /V4-N3-ICAESM: 226-231 ©IJAEEE