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AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc)
Voltage Converter
-
• Half wave controlled rectifier which uses a single thyristor device (which
provides output control only in one half cycle of input ac supply, and it
provides low dc output).
R = RL = Load Resistance
A single phase half wave thyristor converter which is used for ac-dc power
conversion is shown in the above figure. The input ac supply is obtained from a main
supply transformer to provide the desired ac supply voltage to the thyristor converter
depending on the output dc voltage required. vP represents the primary input ac
supply voltage. vS represents the secondary ac supply voltage which is the output of
the transformer secondary.
During the positive half cycle of input supply when the upper end of the
transformer secondary is at a positive potential with respect to the lower end, the
thyristor anode is positive with respect to its cathode and the thyristor is in a forward
biased state. The thyristor is triggered at a delay angle of ω t = α , by applying a
suitable gate trigger pulse to the gate lead of thyristor. When the thyristor is triggered
at a delay angle of ω t = α , the thyristor conducts and assuming an ideal thyristor, the
thyristor behaves as a closed switch and the input supply voltage appears across the
load when the thyristor conducts from ω t = α to π radians. Output voltage vO = vS ,
when the thyristor conducts from ω t = α to π .
For a purely resistive load, the load current iO (output current) that flows
when the thyristor T1 is on, is given by the expression
v
iO = O , for α ≤ ω t ≤ π
RL
The output load current waveform is similar to the output load voltage
waveform during the thyristor conduction time from α to π . The output current and
the output voltage waveform are in phase for a resistive load. The load current
increases as the input supply voltage increases and the maximum load current flows at
π
ωt = , when the input supply voltage is at its maximum value.
2
The maximum value (peak value) of the load current is calculated as
Vm
iO( max ) = I m = .
RL
Note that when the thyristor conducts ( T1 is on) during ω t = α to π , the
thyristor current iT 1 , the load current iO through RL and the source current iS flowing
through the transformer secondary winding are all one and the same.
Hence we can write
v V sin ω t
iS = iT 1 = iO = O = m ; for α ≤ ω t ≤ π
R R
I m is the maximum (peak) value of the load current that flows through the
transformer secondary winding, through T1 and through the load resistor RL at the
π
instant ω t = , when the input supply voltage reaches its maximum value.
2
When the input supply voltage decreases the load current decreases. When the
supply voltage falls to zero at ω t = π , the thyristor and the load current also falls to
zero at ω t = π . Thus the thyristor naturally turns off when the current flowing
through it falls to zero at ω t = π .
During the negative half cycle of input supply when the supply voltage
reverses and becomes negative during ω t = π to 2π radians, the anode of thyristor is
at a negative potential with respect to its cathode and as a result the thyristor is reverse
biased and hence it remains cut-off (in the reverse blocking mode). The thyristor
cannot conduct during its reverse biased state between ω t = π to 2π . An ideal
thyristor under reverse biased condition behaves as an open switch and hence the load
current and load voltage are zero during ω t = π to 2π . The maximum or peak reverse
voltage that appears across the thyristor anode and cathode terminals is Vm .
The trigger angle α (delay angle or the phase angle α ) is measured from the
beginning of each positive half cycle to the time instant when the gate trigger pulse is
applied. The thyristor conduction angle is from α to π , hence the conduction angle
δ = (π − α ) . The maximum conduction angle is π radians (1800) when the trigger
angle α = 0 .
The waveforms shows the input ac supply voltage across the secondary
winding of the transformer which is represented as vS , the output voltage across the
load, the output (load) current, and the thyristor voltage waveform that appears across
the anode and cathode terminals.
Fig: Waveforms of single phase half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive load
EQUATIONS
vs = Vm sin ω t = the ac supply voltage across the transformer secondary.
vO
iO = iL = = Load current for ω t = α to π , when the thyristor is on.
R
π
1
Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α∫
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
π
1
Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α∫
VO( dc ) =
π
Vm
sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α∫
VO( dc ) =
π
Vm
VO( dc ) = − cos ω t
2π α
Vm
VO( dc ) = [ − cos π + cos α ] ; cos π = −1
2π
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos α ] ; Vm = 2VS
2π
The maximum average (dc) output voltage is obtained when α = 0 and the
V
maximum dc output voltage Vdc( max ) = Vdm = m .
π
The average dc output voltage can be varied by varying the trigger angle α
from 0 to a maximum of 1800 (π radians ) .
We can plot the control characteristic, which is a plot of dc output voltage
versus the trigger angle α by using the equation for VO( dc ) .
CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC OF SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE PHASE
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
Vm
VO( dc ) = [1 + cos α ]
2π
We can obtain the control characteristic by plotting the expression for the dc
output voltage as a function of trigger angle α
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0 60 120 180
Trigger angle α in degrees
Normalizing the dc output voltage with respect to Vdm , the normalized output
voltage
VO ( dc ) Vdc
Vdcn = =
Vdc( max ) Vdm
Vm
Vdc (1 + cos α )
Vdcn = Vn = = 2π
Vdm Vm
π
Vdc 1
Vn = = (1 + cos α ) = Vdcn
Vdm 2
2π
1
VO( RMS ) = ∫0 v 2
.d ( ω t )
2π
O
1
1 π 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ Vm2 sin 2 ω t.d (ω t )
2π α
1 − cos 2ω t
By substituting sin 2 ω t = , we get
2
1
1 π (1 − cos 2ω t ) .d ω t 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ Vm2 ( )
2π α 2
1
2 π
V 2
VO( RMS ) =
4π
m
∫ (1 − cos 2ω t ) .d (ω t )
α
1
Vm2 π π
2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ d (ω t ) − ∫ cos 2ω t.d (ω t )
4π α α
Vm 1 π
sin 2ω t
π
2
VO( RMS ) = (ω t ) −
2 π α 2
α
1
V sin 2α 2
VO( RMS ) = m (π − α ) +
2 π 2
Where
VO( dc ) = Vdc = average or dc value of output (load) voltage.
Output ac power
PO( dc ) PO( dc )
Efficiency η = ; % Efficiency η = × 100
PO( ac ) PO( ac )
Therefore
Vac = Vr ( rms ) = VO2( RMS ) − VO2( dc )
Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the shape of the output voltage is given by
The Ripple Factor (RF) which is a measure of the ac ripple content in the output
voltage waveform. The output voltage ripple factor defined for the output voltage
waveform is given by
Vr ( rms ) Vac
rv = RF = =
VO( dc ) Vdc
2
VO2( RMS ) − VO2( dc ) VO( RMS )
rv = = −1
VO( dc ) V
O( dc )
Therefore
rv = FF 2 − 1
Current Ripple Factor defined for the output (load) current waveform is given by
I r ( rms ) I ac
ri = =
I O( dc ) I dc
Some times the peak to peak output ripple voltage is also considered to
express the peak to peak output ripple voltage as
The peak to peak ac ripple load current is the difference between the
maximum and the minimum values of the output load current.
I r ( pp ) = I O( max ) − I O( min )
PO( dc )
TUF =
VS × I S
Where
VS = RMS value of transformer secondary output voltage (RMS
supply voltage at the secondary)
I S = RMS value of transformer secondary current (RMS line or
supply current).
ωL
∴ φ = tan −1 for an RL load
R
DF = Cosφ
1 1
I − I
2 2 I 2 2
2
HF = = − 1
S S1 S
2
I
S1 I
S 1
Where
I S = RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1 = RMS value of fundamental component of the input supply
current.
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I
PF = cos φ = S 1 cos φ
VS I S IS
trigger pulse to T1 during the positive half cycle of input supply. The output voltage
across the load follows the input supply voltage when T1 is ON. The load current
iO flows through the thyristor T1 and through the load in the downward direction. This
load current pulse flowing through T1 can be considered as the positive current pulse.
Due to the inductance in the load, the load current iO flowing through T1 would not
fall to zero at ω t = π , when the input supply voltage starts to become negative. A
phase shift appears between the load voltage and the load current waveforms, due to
the load inductance.
The thyristor T1 will continue to conduct the load current until all the inductive
energy stored in the load inductor L is completely utilized and the load current
through T1 falls to zero at ω t = β , where β is referred to as the Extinction angle,
(the value of ω t ) at which the load current falls to zero. The extinction angle β is
measured from the point of the beginning of the positive half cycle of input supply to
the point where the load current falls to zero.
The thyristor T1 conducts from ω t = α to β . The conduction angle of T1 is
δ = ( β − α ) , which depends on the delay angle α and the load impedance angle φ .
The waveforms of the input supply voltage, the gate trigger pulse of T1 , the thyristor
current, the load current and the load voltage waveforms appear as shown in the
figure below.
i1 = iO = iS
di
L O + RiO = Vm sin ω t ;
dt
The solution of the above differential equation gives the general expression for
the output load current which is of the form
−t
Vm
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) + A1e τ ;
Z
Z = R 2 + (ω L ) = Load impedance.
2
ωL
φ = tan −1 = Load impedance angle (power factor angle of load).
R
L
τ= = Load circuit time constant.
R
Therefore the general expression for the output load current is given by the
equation
−R
Vm t
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) + A1e L ;
Z
The value of the constant A1 can be determined from the initial condition. i.e.
initial value of load current iO = 0 , at ω t = α . Hence from the equation for iO
equating iO to zero and substituting ω t = α , we get
−R
Vm t
iO = 0 = sin (α − φ ) + A1e L
Z
−R
t −Vm
Therefore A1e L = sin (α − φ )
Z
1 −Vm
A1 = −R Z sin (α − φ )
t
e L
+R
t −V
A1 = e L m sin (α − φ )
Z
R (ω t )
−Vm
A1 = e Z sin (α − φ )
ωL
R (α )
−Vm
A1 = e Z sin (α − φ )
ωL
Substituting the value of constant A1 from the above equation into the expression for
iO , we obtain
−R ( ) Rα
Vm t −V
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) + e L e ω L m sin (α − φ ) ;
Z Z
− R (ω t ) R (α )
V −Vm
iO = m sin (ω t − φ ) + e ωL
e ωL
Z sin (α − φ )
Z
−R
Vm (ω t −α ) −Vm
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) + e ω L sin (α − φ )
Z Z
Therefore we obtain the final expression for the inductive load current of a
single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load as
Vm −R
(ω t −α )
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) − sin (α − φ ) e Where α ≤ ω t ≤ β .
ωL
;
Z
The above expression also represents the thyristor current iT 1 , during the
conduction time interval of thyristor T1 from ω t = α to β .
Vm −R
( β −α )
iO = 0 = sin ( β − φ ) − sin (α − φ ) e
ωL
Z
Vm
As ≠ 0 , we can write
Z
−R
( β −α )
sin ( β − φ ) − sin (α − φ ) e =0
ωL
Therefore we obtain the expression
−R
( β −α )
sin ( β − φ ) = sin (α − φ ) e ωL
β is the extinction angle which depends upon the load inductance value.
Conduction angle δ increases as α is decreased for a specific value of β .
V −R
(ω t −α )
iO = m sin (ω t − φ ) − sin (α − φ ) e Where α ≤ ω t ≤ β .
ωL
;
Z
−R
( β −α )
sin ( β − φ ) = sin (α − φ ) e ω L
1
α β 2π
VO( dc ) = VL = ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t ) ;
2π 0 α β
β
1
∴ VO( dc ) = VL = ∫ vO .d (ω t ) ; vO = Vm sin ω t for ω t = α to β
2π α
β
1
VO( dc ) = VL = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α
β
Vm Vm
VO( dc ) = VL = − cos ω t = ( cos α − cos β )
2π α 2π
Vm
∴ VO( dc ) = VL = ( cos α − cos β )
2π
Note: During the period ω t = π to β , we can see from the output load voltage
waveform that the instantaneous output voltage is negative and this reduces the
average or the dc output voltage when compared to a purely resistive load.
Average DC Load Current
VO( dc ) Vm
I O( dc ) = I L( Avg ) = = ( cos α − cos β )
RL 2π RL
L
−
Fig. : Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL Load and Free
Wheeling Diode (FWD)
With a RL load it was observed that the average output voltage reduces. This
disadvantage can be overcome by connecting a diode across the load as shown in
figure. The diode is called as a Free Wheeling Diode (FWD). The waveforms are
shown below.
Vs Vm
Supply voltage
0 π 2π 3π ωt
α
iG
Gate pulses -V m
0 ωt
α
iO Load current
α
ωt=β
0 ωt
α π β 2π
β 2π+α
VO Load voltage
0 π 2π 3π ωt
α
At ω t = π , the source voltage vS falls to zero and as vS becomes negative,
the free wheeling diode is forward biased. The stored energy in the inductance
maintains the load current flow through R, L, and the FWD. Also, as soon as the
FWD is forward biased, at ω t = π , the SCR becomes reverse biased, the current
through it becomes zero and the SCR turns off. During the period ω t = π to β , the
load current flows through FWD (free wheeling load current) and decreases
exponentially towards zero at ω t = β .
Also during this free wheeling time period the load is shorted by the
conducting FWD and the load voltage is almost zero, if the forward voltage drop
across the conducting FWD is neglected. Thus there is no negative region in the load
voltage wave form. This improves the average output voltage.
V
The average output voltage Vdc = m [1 + cos α ] , which is the same as that of a
2π
purely resistive load. The output voltage across the load appears similar to the output
voltage of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted.
• If the inductance value is not very large, the energy stored in the
inductance is able to maintain the load current only upto ω t = β ,
where π < β < 2π , well before the next gate pulse and the load current
tends to become discontinuous.
• During the conduction period α to π , the load current is carried by the
SCR and during the free wheeling period π to β , the load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
• The value of β depends on the value of R and L and the forward
resistance of the FWD. Generally π < β < 2π .
If the value of the inductance is very large, the load current does not decrease
to zero during the free wheeling time interval and the load current waveform appears
as shown in the figure.
i0
t1 t2 t3 t4
iO
R
+
~ vS
L
vO
−
+
− E
In the half wave controlled rectifier circuit shown in the figure, the load circuit
consists of a dc source ‘E’ in addition to resistance and inductance. When the thyristor
is in the cut-off state, the current in the circuit is zero and the cathode will be at a
voltage equal to the dc voltage in the load circuit i.e. the cathode potential will be
equal to ‘E’. The thyristor will be forward biased for anode supply voltage greater
than the load dc voltage.
When the supply voltage is less than the dc voltage ‘E’ in the circuit the
thyristor is reverse biased and hence the thyristor cannot conduct for supply voltage
less than the load circuit dc voltage.
The value of ω t at which the supply voltage increases and becomes equal to
the load circuit dc voltage can be calculated by using the equation Vm sin ω t = E . If
we assume the value of ω t is equal to γ then we can write Vm sin γ = E . Therefore γ
E
is calculated as γ = sin −1 .
Vm
For trigger angle α < γ , the thyristor conducts only from ω t = γ to β .
Load voltage
π 2π ωt
0 γ α 2π+α
iO
α δ
Im
Load current
0 ωt
α β 2π+α 2π+β
β
Equations
vS = Vm sin ω t = Input supply voltage .
The general expression for the output load current can be written as
−t
Vm E
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) − + Ae τ
Z R
Where
Z = R 2 + (ω L ) = Load Impedance
2
ωL
φ = tan −1 = Load impedance angle
R
L
τ= = Load circuit time constant
R
The general expression for the output load current can be written as
−R
Vm E t
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) − + Ae L
Z R
To find the value of the constant ‘A’ apply the initial condition at ω t = α ,
load current iO = 0 . Equating the general expression for the load current to zero at
ω t = α , we get
−R α
V E ×
iO = 0 = m sin (α − φ ) − + Ae L ω
Z R
R
E V α
A = − m sin (α − φ ) e ω L
R Z
Substituting the value of the constant ‘A’ in the expression for the load
current, we get the complete expression for the output load current as
−R
Vm E E V (ω t −α )
iO = sin (ω t − φ ) − + − m sin (α − φ ) e ω L
Z R R Z
The Extinction angle β can be calculated from the final condition that the
output current iO = 0 at ω t = β . By using the above expression we get,
−R
Vm E E V ( β −α )
iO = 0 = sin ( β − φ ) − + − m sin (α − φ ) e ω L
Z R R Z
1 α β 2π
VO( dc ) = ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t ) + ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π 0 α β
1
α β 2π
VO( dc ) = ∫ E.d (ω t ) + ∫ Vm sin ω t + ∫ E.d (ω t )
2π 0 α β
2π
1 α β
VO( dc ) = E (ω t ) + Vm ( − cos ω t ) + E (ω t )
2π 0 α β
1
VO( dc ) = E (α − 0 ) − Vm ( cos β − cos α ) + E ( 2π − β )
2π
Vm E
VO( dc ) = ( cos α − cos β ) + ( 2π − β + α )
2π 2π
Vm 2π − ( β − α )
VO( dc ) = ( cos α − cos β ) + E
2π 2π
2π
1 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π 0
Single phase half wave controlled rectifiers are rarely used in practice as they
give low dc output and low dc output power. They are only of theoretical interest.
The above disadvantages of a single phase half wave controlled rectifier can
be over come by using a full wave controlled rectifier circuit. Most of the practical
converter circuits use full wave controlled rectifiers.
A
iS T1
+
vO
vS
R L
AC O iO
Supply
FWD
B
T2
vS = Supply Voltage across the upper half of the transformer secondary
winding
vS = v AO = Vm sin ω t
vBO = −v AO = −Vm sin ω t = supply voltage across the lower half of the
transformer secondary winding.
This type of full wave controlled rectifier requires a center tapped transformer
and two thyristors T1 and T2 . The input supply is fed through the mains supply
transformer, the primary side of the transformer is connected to the ac line voltage
which is available (normally the primary supply voltage is 230V RMS ac supply
voltage at 50Hz supply frequency in India). The secondary side of the transformer has
three lines and the center point of the transformer (center line) is used as the reference
point to measure the input and output voltages.
The upper half of the secondary winding and the thyristor T1 along with the
load act as a half wave controlled rectifier, the lower half of the secondary winding
and the thyristor T2 with the common load act as the second half wave controlled
rectifier so as to produce a full wave load voltage waveform.
There are two types of operations possible.
Discontinuous load current operation, which occurs for a purely
resistive load or an RL load with low inductance value.
Continuous load current operation which occurs for an RL type of load
with large load inductance.
vO Vm
ωt
0
α
iO
α
β
ωt
0 πβ
α 2π 3π
(π+α) (π+β)
During the negative half cycle of the input supply the voltage at the supply
line ‘A’ becomes negative whereas the voltage at line ‘B’ (at the lower side of the
secondary winding) becomes positive with respect to the center point ‘O’. The
thyristor T2 is forward biased during the negative half cycle and it is triggered at a
delay angle of (π + α ) . The current flows through the thyristor T2 , through the load,
and through the lower part of the secondary winding when T2 conducts during the
negative half cycle the load is connected to the lower half of the secondary winding
when T2 conducts.
For purely resistive loads when L = 0, the extinction angle β = π . The load
current falls to zero at ω t = β = π , when the input supply voltage falls to zero at
ω t = π . The load current and the load voltage waveforms are in phase and there is no
phase shift between the load voltage and the load current waveform in the case of a
purely resistive load.
For low values of load inductance the load current would be discontinuous and
the extinction angle β > π but β < (π + α ) .
For large values of load inductance the load current would be continuous and
does not fall to zero. The thyristor T1 conducts from α to (π + α ) , until the next
thyristor T2 is triggered. When T2 is triggered at ω t = (π + α ) , the thyristor T1 will
be reverse biased and hence T1 turns off.
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF A
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH RL
LOAD (WITHOUT FREE WHEELING DIODE (FWD))
The average or dc output voltage of a full-wave controlled rectifier can be
calculated by finding the average value of the output voltage waveform over one
T
output cycle (i.e., π radians) and note that the output pulse repetition time is
2
1
seconds where T represents the input supply time period and T = ; where f = input
f
supply frequency.
Assuming the load inductance to be small so that β > π , β < (π + α ) we
obtain discontinuous load current operation. The load current flows through T1 form
ω t = α to β , where α is the trigger angle of thyristor T1 and β is the extinction
angle where the load current through T1 falls to zero at ω t = β . Therefore the average
or dc output voltage can be obtained by using the expression
β
2
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π ω t =α
β
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
π ω t =α
β
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
π α
β
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = − cos ω t
π α
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ( cos α − cos β )
π
Vm
Therefore VO( dc ) = ( cos α − cos β ) , for discontinuous load current
π
operation, π < β < (π + α ) .
When the load inductance is small and negligible that is L ≈ 0 , the extinction
angle β = π radians . Hence the average or dc output voltage for resistive load is
obtained as
Vm
VO( dc ) = ( cos α − cos π ) ; cos π = −1
π
Vm
VO( dc ) =
π
( cos α − ( −1) )
Vm
VO( dc ) = (1 + cos α ) ; for resistive load, when L ≈ 0
π
When the Free wheeling diode (FWD) is connected across the load
When T1 is triggered at ω t = α , during the positive half cycle of the input
supply the FWD is reverse biased during the time period ω t = α to π . FWD remains
reverse biased and cut-off from ω t = α to π . The load current flows through the
conducting thyristor T1 , through the RL load and through upper half of the
transformer secondary winding during the time period α to π .
At ω t = π , when the input supply voltage across the upper half of the
secondary winding reverses and becomes negative the FWD turns-on. The load
current continues to flow through the FWD from ω t = π to β .
vO Vm
ωt
0
α
iO
α
β
ωt
0 πβ
α 2π 3π
(π+α) (π+β)
π
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = − cos ω t
π α
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [ − cos π + cos α ] ; cos π = −1
π
Vm
Therefore VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos α )
π
The DC output voltage Vdc is same as the DC output voltage of a single phase
full wave controlled rectifier with resistive load. Note that the dc output voltage of a
single phase full wave controlled rectifier is two times the dc output voltage of a half
wave controlled rectifier.
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = (1 + cos α )
π
Vdc can be varied by varying the trigger angle α from 0 to 1800 . (i.e., the
range of trigger angle α is from 0 to π radians).
Maximum dc output voltage is obtained when α = 0
Vm 2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdc = (1 + cos 0 ) =
π π
2Vm
Therefore Vdc( max ) = Vdc = for a single phase full wave controlled rectifier.
π
Normalizing the dc output voltage with respect to its maximum value, we can
write the normalized dc output voltage as
Vdc Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = =
Vdc( max ) Vdm
Vm
(1 + cos α ) 1
Vdcn = Vn = π = (1 + cos α )
2Vm 2
π
1 V
Therefore Vdcn = Vn = (1 + cos α ) = dc
2 Vdm
1
Vdc = (1 + cos α )Vdm
2
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
0 60 120 180
Trigger angle α in degrees
Fig.: Control characteristic of a single phase full wave controlled rectifier with R
load or RL load with FWD
vO Vm
ωt
0
iO
α α α α
T2 ON T1 ON
T1 ON ωt
0
α π 2π 3π
(π+α) (2π+α)
Fig.: Load voltage and load current waveform of a single phase full wave
controlled rectifier with RL load & without FWD for continuous load current
operation
(π +α )
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ v .d (ω t )
π ω α
t=
O
(π +α )
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
π α
(π +α )
V
VO( dc ) = Vdc = m − cos ω t
π α
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α − cos (π + α ) ; cos (π + α ) = − cos α
π
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = [cos α + cos α ]
π
2Vm
∴ VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α
π
2Vm
Vdc ( cos α )
Vdcn = Vn = = π = cos α
Vdc( max ) 2Vm
π
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
α
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
-0.6 Vdm
-Vdm
Trigger angle α in degrees
We notice from the control characteristic that by varying the trigger angle
α we can vary the output dc voltage across the load. Thus it is possible to control the
dc output voltage by changing the trigger angle α . For trigger angle α in the range
of 0 to 90 degrees ( i.e., 0 ≤ α ≤ 90 0 ) , Vdc is positive and the circuit operates as a
controlled rectifier to convert ac supply voltage into dc output power which is fed to
the load.
For trigger angle α > 900 , cos α becomes negative and as a result the average
dc output voltage Vdc becomes negative, but the load current flows in the same
positive direction. Hence the output power becomes negative. This means that the
power flows from the load circuit to the input ac source. This is referred to as line
commutated inverter operation. During the inverter mode operation for α > 900 the
load energy can be fed back from the load circuit to the input ac source.
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The rms value of the output voltage is calculated by using the equation
1
2 (π +α ) 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ vO2 .d (ω t )
2π α
1
1 (π +α ) 2 2 2
VO( RMS ) =
π α
∫ Vm sin ωt.d (ω t )
1
V 2 (π +α ) 2
VO( RMS ) = m ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
2
π α
1
2 (π +α )
V (1 − cos 2ω t ) .d ω t 2
VO( RMS ) = m
∫ ( )
π α 2
1
1 (π +α )
(π +α )
2
VO( RMS ) = Vm
2π
∫ d (ω t ) − α∫
α
cos 2ω t.d (ω t )
1
1
(π +α )
sin 2ω t
(π +α ) 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm (ω t ) −
2π α 2 α
1
1 sin 2 (π + α ) − sin 2α 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm (π + α − α ) −
2π 2
1
1 sin 2π × cos 2α + cos 2π × sin 2α − sin 2α 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm (π ) −
2π 2
1
1 0 + sin 2α − sin 2α 2
VO( RMS ) = Vm (π ) −
2π 2
1
1 2 V
VO( RMS ) = Vm (π ) = m
2π 2
Therefore
Vm
VO( RMS ) = ; The rms output voltage is same as the input rms supply
2
voltage.
SINGLE PHASE SEMICONVERTERS
2Vm
[ − cos ω t ]α
π
Vdc =
2π
Vm
Vdc = [ − cos π + cos α ] ; cos π = −1
π
Vm
Therefore Vdc = [1 + cos α ]
π
2Vm
Vdc can be varied from to 0 by varying α from 0 to π .
π
2Vm
Vdc( max ) = Vdm =
π
Normalizing the average output voltage with respect to its maximum value
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = 0.5 (1 + cos α )
Vdm
The output control characteristic can be plotted by using the expression for Vdc
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF A
SINGLE PHASE SEMI-CONVERTER
1
2 π 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ Vm2 sin 2 ω t.d (ω t )
2π α
1
π
Vm2 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ (1 − cos 2ω t ) .d ( ω t )
2π α
1
V 1 sin 2α 2
VO( RMS ) = m π −α +
2 π 2
The average (dc) output voltage can be determined by using the expression
2π
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t ) ;
2π 0
The output voltage waveform consists of two output pulses during the input
supply time period between 0 & 2π radians . In the continuous load current operation
of a single phase full converter (assuming constant load current) each thyristor
conduct for π radians (1800) after it is triggered. When thyristors T1 and T2 are
triggered at ω t = α T1 and T2 conduct from α to (π + α ) and the output voltage
follows the input supply voltage. Therefore output voltage vO = Vm sin ω t ; for
ω t = α to (π + α )
Hence the average or dc output voltage can be calculated as
π +α
2
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α
π +α
1
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
πα
π +α
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
π α
Vm
[ − cos ω t ]α
π +α
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
π
Vm
VO( dc ) = Vdc = − cos (π + α ) + cos α ;
π
cos (π + α ) = − cos α
2Vm
Therefore VO( dc ) = Vdc = cos α
π
2V 2V
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = m × cos ( 0 ) = m
π π
2Vm
Therefore Vdc( max ) = Vdm =
π
2Vm
cos α
Vdcn = Vn = π = cos α
2Vm
π
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 Vdm
α
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
-0.6 Vdm
-Vdm
Trigger angle α in degrees
We notice from the control characteristic that by varying the trigger angle
α we can vary the output dc voltage across the load. Thus it is possible to control the
dc output voltage by changing the trigger angle α . For trigger angle α in the range
of 0 to 90 degrees ( i.e., 0 ≤ α ≤ 90 0 ) , Vdc is positive and the average dc load current
I dc is also positive. The average or dc output power Pdc is positive, hence the circuit
operates as a controlled rectifier to convert ac supply voltage into dc output power
which is fed to the load.
For trigger angle α > 900 , cos α becomes negative and as a result the average
dc output voltage Vdc becomes negative, but the load current flows in the same
positive direction i.e., I dc is positive . Hence the output power becomes negative. This
means that the power flows from the load circuit to the input ac source. This is
referred to as line commutated inverter operation. During the inverter mode operation
for α > 900 the load energy can be fed back from the load circuit to the input ac
source
2π
1 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π 0
The single phase full converter gives two output voltage pulses during the
input supply time period and hence the single phase full converter is referred to as a
two pulse converter. The rms output voltage can be calculated as
π +α
2
= ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2
VO( RMS )
2π α
π +α
1
VO( RMS ) = ∫α V
2
sin 2 ω t.d (ω t )
π m
π +α
Vm2
= ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
2
VO( RMS )
π α
Vm2 (1 − cos 2ω t )
π +α
VO( RMS ) = ∫ .d (ω t )
π α 2
π +α π +α
Vm2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ d (ω t ) − ∫ cos 2ω t.d (ω t )
2π α α
π +α π +α
Vm2 sin 2ω t
VO( RMS ) = (ω t ) −
2π α 2 α
Vm2 sin 2 (π + α ) − sin 2α
VO( RMS ) = (π + α − α ) −
2π 2
Vm2 Vm2 Vm
VO( RMS ) = ( )
π − 0 = =
2π 2 2
Vm
Therefore VO( RMS ) = = VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the rms input supply voltage
Each thyristor conducts for π radians or 1800 in a single phase full converter
operating at continuous and constant load current.
π 1
IT ( RMS ) = I O( RMS ) = I O( RMS )
2π 2
I O( RMS )
IT ( RMS ) =
2
π 1
IT ( Avg ) = I O( dc ) × = I O( dc ) ×
2π 2
I O( dc )
IT ( Avg ) =
2
SINGLE PHASE DUAL CONVERTER
We have seen in the case of a single phase full converter with inductive loads
the converter can operate in two different quadrants in the Vdc versus I dc operating
diagram. If two single phase full converters are connected in parallel and in opposite
direction (connected in back to back) across a common load four quadrant operation
is possible. Such a converter is called as a dual converter which is shown in the figure.
The dual converter system will provide four quadrant operation and is
normally used in high power industrial variable speed drives. The converter number 1
provides a positive dc output voltage and a positive dc load current, when operated in
the rectification mode.
The converter number 2 provides a negative dc output voltage and a negative
dc load current when operated in the rectification mode. We can thus have bi-
directional load current and bi-directional dc output voltage. The magnitude of output
dc load voltage and the dc load current can be controlled by varying the trigger angles
α1 & α 2 of the converters 1 and 2 respectively.
There are two modes of operations possible for a dual converter system.
• Non circulating current mode of operation (circulating current free
mode of operation).
• Circulating current mode of operation.
2Vm
Vdc1 = cos α1
π
2Vm
Vdc 2 = cos α 2
π
In the dual converter operation one converter is operated as a controlled
rectifier with α1 < 900 and the second converter is operated as a line commutated
inverter in the inversion mode with α 2 > 900 .
Vdc1 = −Vdc 2
Which gives α 2 = (π − α1 )
When the trigger angle α1 of converter 1 is set to some value the trigger angle
α 2 of the second converter is adjusted such that α 2 = (1800 − α1 ) . Hence for
circulating current mode of operation where both converters are conducting at the
same time (α1 + α 2 ) = 1800 so that they produce the same dc output voltage across the
load.
When α1 < 900 (say α1 = 300 ) the converter 1 operates as a controlled rectifier
and converts the ac supply into dc output power and the average load current I dc is
positive. At the same time the converter 2 is switched on and operated as a line
commutated inverter, by adjusting the trigger angle α 2 such that α 2 = (1800 − α1 ) ,
which is equal to 1500 , when α1 = 300 . The converter 2 will operate in the inversion
mode and feeds the load energy back to the ac supply. When we want to reverse the
load current flow we have to switch the roles of the two converters.
When converter 2 is operated as a controlled rectifier by adjusting the trigger
angle α 2 such that α 2 < 900 , the first converter1 is operated as a line commutated
inverter, by adjusting the trigger angle α1 such that α1 > 900 . The trigger angle α1 is
adjusted such that α1 = (1800 − α 2 ) for a set value of α 2 .
In the circulating current mode a current builds up between the two converters
even when the load current falls to zero. In order to limit the circulating current
flowing between the two converters, we have to include current limiting reactors in
series between the output terminals of the two converters.
The advantage of the circulating current mode of operation is that we can have
faster reversal of load current as the two converters are in a state of conduction
simultaneously. This greatly improves the dynamic response of the output giving a
faster dynamic response. The output voltage and the load current can be linearly
varied by adjusting the trigger angles α1 & α 2 to obtain a smooth and linear output
control. The control circuit becomes relatively simple. The transfer characteristic
between the output voltage and the trigger angle is linear and hence the output
response is very fast. The load current is free to flow in either direction at any time.
The reversal of the load current can be done in a faster and smoother way.
The disadvantage of the circulating current mode of operation is that a current
flows continuously in the dual converter circuit even at times when the load current is
zero. Hence we should connect current limiting inductors (reactors) in order to limit
the peak circulating current within specified value. The circulating current flowing
through the series inductors gives rise to increased power losses, due to dc voltage
drop across the series inductors which decreases the efficiency. Also the power factor
of operation is low. The current limiting series inductors are heavier and bulkier
which increases the cost and weight of the dual converter system.
The current flowing through the converter thyristors is much greater than the
dc load current. Hence the thyristors should be rated for a peak thyristor current of
IT ( max ) = I dc( max ) + ir ( max ) , where I dc( max ) is the maximum dc load current and ir ( max ) is the
maximum value of the circulating current.
vr = ( vO1 + vO 2 )
1
ωt
Therefore ir = ∫ ( vO1 + vO 2 ) .d (ω t ) ;
ω Lr ( 2π −α1 )
Vm ωt ωt
ir = ∫ − sin ω t .d ( ) ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
ω t −
ω Lr ( 2π −α1 ) ( 2π −α1 )
ωt ωt
V
ir = m ( cos ω t ) + ( cos ω t )
ω Lr ( 2π −α1 )
( 2π −α1 )
Vm
ir = ( cos ω t ) − cos ( 2π − α1 ) + ( cos ω t ) − cos ( 2π − α1 )
ω Lr
Vm
ir = 2 cos ω t − 2 cos ( 2π − α1 )
ω Lr
2Vm
ir = ( cos ω t − cos α1 )
ω Lr
The instantaneous value of the circulating current depends on the delay angle.
For trigger angle (delay angle) α1 = 0, its magnitude becomes minimum when
ω t = nπ , n = 0, 2, 4,.... and magnitude becomes maximum when ω t = nπ , n = 1,3,5,....
If the peak load current is I p , one of the converters that controls the power
4Vm
flow may carry a peak current of Ip + ,
ω Lr
Vm 4V
Where I p = I L( max ) = , & ir ( max ) = m
RL ω Lr
Problems
1. What will be the average power in the load for the circuit shown, when
π
α= . Assume SCR to be ideal. Supply voltage is 330 sin314t. Also
4
calculate the RMS power and the rectification efficiency.
T
+
330
Sin314t
~ R 100Ω
−
The circuit is that of a single phase half wave controlled rectifier with a resistive
load
Vm π
Vdc = (1 + cos α ) ; α= radians
2π 4
330 π
Vdc = 1 + cos
2π 4
Vdc2 89.662
Average Power = = = 80.38 Watts
R 100
Vdc 89.66
I dc = = = 0.8966 Amps
R 100
1
V 1 sin 2α 2
VRMS = m π π − α +
2 2
1
π 2
330 1 π sin 2 × 4
VRMS = π − +
2 π 4 2
VRMS = 157.32 V
2
VRMS 157.322
= = = 247.50 Watts
R 100
Average power
Rectification Efficiency =
RMS power
80.38
= = 0.3248
247.47
2. In the circuit shown find out the average voltage across the load assuming that
the conduction drop across the SCR is 1 volt. Take α = 450.
VAK
+
330
Sin314t
~ R 100Ω
−
The wave form of the load voltage is shown below (not to scale).
Vm
voltage
Load
Voltage across
resistance
VAK
0 ωt
γ β π 2π 3π
α
It is observed that the SCR turns off when ω t = β , where β = (π − γ ) because the
SCR turns-off for anode supply voltage below 1 Volt.
V −1 1
Therefore γ = sin −1 AK = sin = 0.17 ( 0.003 radians )
0
Vm 330
β
1
Vdc =
2π ∫ (V
α
m sin ω t − VAK ) d (ω t )
β β
1
Vdc = ∫ mV sin ω t .d ( ω t ) − V AK ∫ d (ω t )
2π α α
β β
1
Vdc = Vm ( − cos ω t ) − VAK (ω t )
2π α α
1
Vdc = Vm ( cos α − cos β ) − VAK ( β − α )
2π
1
Vdc = 330 ( cos 450 − cos179.830 ) − 1( 3.138 − 0.003)
2π
10Ω
+
24V
200 V
50 Hz ~ (VB)
−
Solution
It is obvious that the SCR cannot conduct when the instantaneous value of the
supply voltage is less than 24 V, the battery voltage. The load voltage waveform is
as shown (voltage across ion).
Vm
Voltage across
resistance
VB
0 ωt
γ β π 2π 3π
α
VB = Vm sin γ
24 = 200 2 sin γ
24
γ = sin −1 = 4.8675 = 0.085 radians
0
200 × 2
β = π − γ = 3.056 radians
β
1
= ∫ (Vm sin ω t − VB ) .d (ω t )
2π α
3.056
=
1
2π π ∫ ( )
200 × 2 sin ω t − 24 .d (ω t )
4
1 π π
= 200 2 cos 4 − cos 3.056 − 24 3.056 − 4
2π
= 68 Vots
68
= = 6.8 Amps
10
Note: If value of γ is more than α , then the SCR will trigger only at ω t = γ ,
(assuming that the gate signal persists till then), when it becomes forward biased.
1
β
Therefore Vdc = ∫ (Vm sin ω t − VB ) .d (ω t )
2π γ
4. In a single phase full wave rectifier supply is 200 V AC. The load resistance is
10Ω , α = 600 . Find the average voltage across the load and the power
consumed in the load.
Solution
In a single phase full wave rectifier
Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos α )
π
200 × 2
Vdc =
π
(1 + cos 60 )
0
Average Power
Vdc2 1352
= = = 1.823 kW
R 10
5. In the circuit shown find the charging current if the trigger angle α = 900 .
R = 10 Ω
+
200 V
50 Hz ~
−
+
10V
− (VB)
Solution
With the usual notation
VB = Vm sin γ
10 = 200 2 sin γ
10
Therefore γ = sin −1 = 0.035 radians
200 × 2
π
α = 900 = radians ; β = (π − γ ) = 3.10659
2
β
2
Average voltage across 10Ω = ∫ (Vm sin ω t − VB ) .d (ω t )
2π α
1 β
= −V cos ω t − VB (ω t ) α
π m
1
= V ( cos α − cos β ) − VB ( β − α )
π m
1 π π
= 200 × 2 cos − cos 3.106 − 10 3.106 −
π 2 2
= 85 V
85
= = 8.5 Amps
10
6. A single phase full wave controlled rectifier is used to supply a resistive load
of 10 Ω from a 230 V, 50 Hz, supply and firing angle of 900. What is its
mean load voltage? If a large inductance is added in series with the load
resistance, what will be the new output load voltage?
Solution
For a single phase full wave controlled rectifier with resistive load,
Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos α )
π
230 × 2 π
Vdc = 1 + cos
π 2
When a large inductance is added in series with the load, the output voltage
wave form will be as shown below, for trigger angle α = 900 .
V0
3π
0 ωt
π 2π
2Vm
Vdc = cos α
π
π π
Since α = ; cosα = cos = 0
2 2
7. The figure shows a battery charging circuit using SCRs. The input voltage to
the circuit is 230 V RMS. Find the charging current for a firing angle of 450.
If any one of the SCR is open circuited, what is the charging current?
Solution
10Ω VL
+
Vs ~
−
+
100V
−
VS = Vm sin ω t
VS = 2 × 230sin ω t
2 × 230sin γ = 100
100
Therefore γ = sin −1
2 × 230
β = (π − γ ) = (π − 0.312 )
β = 2.829 radians
1 β
= −V cos ω t − VB (ω t ) α
π m
1
= V ( cos α − cos β ) − VB ( β − α )
π m
1 π π
= 230 × 2 cos − cos 2.829 − 100 2.829 −
π 4 4
1
= 230 × 2 ( 0.707 + 0.9517 ) − 204.36
π
= 106.68 Volts
106.68
= = 10.668 Amps
10
If one of the SCRs is open circuited, the circuit behaves like a half wave
rectifier. The average voltage across the resistance and the charging current will be
half of that of a full wave rectifier.
10.668
Therefore Charging Current = = 5.334 Amps
2
THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
Single phase half controlled bridge converters & fully controlled bridge
converters are used extensively in industrial applications up to about 15kW of output
power. The single phase controlled rectifiers provide a maximum dc output of
2V
Vdc( max ) = m .
π
The output ripple frequency is equal to the twice the ac supply frequency. The
single phase full wave controlled rectifiers provide two output pulses during every
input supply cycle and hence are referred to as two pulse converters.
Three phase converters are 3-phase controlled rectifiers which are used to
convert ac input power supply into dc output power across the load.
Three phase controlled rectifiers are extensively used in high power variable
speed industrial dc drives.
2π VCN
vYN = vbn = Vm sin ω t −
3
0
vYN = vbn = Vm sin (ω t − 1200 ) 120
0 VAN
2π 120
vBN = vcn = Vm sin ω t + 0
3 120
The 3-phase input supply is applied through the star connected supply
transformer as shown in the figure. The common neutral point of the supply is
connected to one end of the load while the other end of the load connected to the
common cathode point.
π
When the thyristor T1 is triggered at ω t = + α = ( 300 + α ) , the phase
6
voltage van appears across the load when T1 conducts. The load current flows through
the supply phase winding ' a − n ' and through thyristor T1 as long as T1 conducts.
5π
When thyristor T2 is triggered at ω t = + α = (1500 + α ) , T1 becomes
6
reverse biased and turns-off. The load current flows through the thyristor T2 and
through the supply phase winding ' b − n ' . When T2 conducts the phase voltage vbn
appears across the load until the thyristor T3 is triggered .
3π
When the thyristor T3 is triggered at ω t = + α = ( 2700 + α ) , T2 is
2
reversed biased and hence T2 turns-off. The phase voltage vcn appears across the load
when T3 conducts.
When T1 is triggered again at the beginning of the next input cycle the
thyristor T3 turns off as it is reverse biased naturally as soon as T1 is triggered. The
figure shows the 3-phase input supply voltages, the output voltage which appears
across the load, and the load current assuming a constant and ripple free load current
for a highly inductive load and the current through the thyristor T1 .
For a purely resistive load where the load inductance ‘L = 0’ and the trigger
π
angle α > , the load current appears as discontinuous load current and each
6
thyristor is naturally commutated when the polarity of the corresponding phase supply
voltage reverses. The frequency of output ripple frequency for a 3-phase half wave
converter is 3 f S , where f S is the input supply frequency.
The 3-phase half wave converter is not normally used in practical converter
systems because of the disadvantage that the supply current waveforms contain dc
components (i.e., the supply current waveforms have an average or dc value).
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OF A 3-PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER FOR CONTINUOUS LOAD
CURRENT
The reference phase voltage is vRN = van = Vm sin ω t . The trigger angle α is
measured from the cross over points of the 3-phase supply voltage waveforms. When
the phase supply voltage van begins its positive half cycle at ω t = 0 , the first cross
π
over point appears at ω t = radians = 300 .
6
The trigger angle α for the thyristor T1 is measured from the cross over point
at ω t = 300 . The thyristor T1 is forward biased during the period ω t = 300 to 1500 ,
when the phase supply voltage van has a higher amplitude than the other phase supply
voltages. Hence T1 can be triggered between 300 to 1500 . When the thyristor T1 is
triggered at a trigger angle α , the average or dc output voltage for continuous load
current is calculated using the equation
56π +α
3
Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π π
6 +α
5π +α
3 6
Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π π ∫
Vdc =
6 +α
As the output load voltage waveform has three output pulses during the input
cycle of 2π radians
56π +α
3Vm
Vdc = ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π π
6 +α
5π
6
+α
3Vm
Vdc = ( − cos ω t )
2π π
6
+α
3Vm 5π π
Vdc =
2π − cos 6 + α + cos 6 + α
3Vm 5π 5π π π
Vdc = − cos 6 cos (α ) + sin sin (α ) + cos .cos (α ) − sin sin (α )
2π 6 6 6
3Vm
Vdc = − cos (1500 ) cos (α ) + sin (1500 ) sin (α ) + cos ( 300 ) .cos (α ) − sin ( 300 ) sin (α )
2π
3Vm
Vdc = − cos (1800 − 300 ) cos (α ) + sin (1800 − 300 ) sin (α ) + cos ( 300 ) .cos (α ) − sin ( 300 ) sin (α )
2π
Therefore
3Vm
Vdc = + cos ( 300 ) cos (α ) + sin ( 300 ) sin (α ) + cos ( 300 ) .cos (α ) − sin ( 300 ) sin (α )
2π
3Vm
Vdc = 2 cos ( 300 ) cos (α )
2π
3Vm 3
Vdc = 2 × cos (α )
2π 2
3Vm 3 3Vm
Vdc = 3 cos (α ) = cos (α )
2π 2π
3VLm
Vdc = cos (α )
2π
Where
VLm = 3Vm = Max. line to line supply voltage for a 3-phase star connected
transformer.
Where
Vm is the peak phase voltage.
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = cos α
Vdm
1
5π
6
+α 2
3
VO( RMS ) = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2 2
2π π
6
+α
and we obtain
1
1 3 2
VO( RMS ) = 3Vm + cos 2α
6 8π
3 PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
WAVEFORMS FOR DIFFERENT TRIGGER ANGLES WITH RL LOAD
↑
V0
0
α=30
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
↑
V0 0
α=60
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
α Vbn Vcn
Van
↑
V0
0
α=90
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
3 PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
WAVEFORMS FOR DIFFERENT TRIGGER ANGLES WITH R LOAD
α=0
Vs
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
α=150
V0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
α=30
0
0
V0
30
0
60
0
90
0 0
120 150
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
180 210 240 270 300 330 360
0 0
390 420
0 ωt
α=60
0
V0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ωt
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE OR DC OUTPUT
VOLTAGE OF A 3 PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER WITH RESISTIVE
LOAD OR RL LOAD WITH FWD.
In the case of a three-phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load,
the thyristor T1 is triggered at ω t = ( 300 + α ) and T1 conducts up to ω t = 1800 = π
radians. When the phase supply voltage van decreases to zero at ω t = π , the load
current falls to zero and the thyristor T1 turns off. Thus T1 conducts from
ω t = ( 300 + α ) to (1800 ) .
Hence the average dc output voltage for a 3-pulse converter (3-phase half
wave controlled rectifier) is calculated by using the equation
180
0
3
Vdc = ∫ vO .d (ω t )
2π α +300
180
0
3
Vdc = ∫ Vm sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α +300
180
0
3V
Vdc = m ∫ sin ω t.d (ω t )
2π α +300
3V 1800
Vdc = m − cos ω t
2π 0
α + 30
3Vm
Vdc = − cos1800 + cos (α + 300 )
2π
3Vm
We get Vdc = 1 + cos (α + 300 )
2π
THREE PHASE SEMICONVERTERS
Thyristor T1 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage van is positive
and greater than the other phase voltages vbn and vcn . The diode D1 is forward biased
when the phase supply voltage vcn is more negative than the other phase supply
voltages.
Thyristor T2 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage vbn is positive
and greater than the other phase voltages. Diode D2 is forward biased when the phase
supply voltage van is more negative than the other phase supply voltages.
Thyristor T3 is forward biased when the phase supply voltage vcn is positive
and greater than the other phase voltages. Diode D3 is forward biased when the phase
supply voltage vbn is more negative than the other phase supply voltages.
The figure shows the waveforms for the three phase input supply voltages, the
output voltage, the thyristor and diode current waveforms, the current through the free
wheeling diode Dm and the supply current ia . The frequency of the output supply
waveform is 3 f S , where f S is the input ac supply frequency. The trigger angle α can
be varied from 00 to 1800 .
π 7π
During the time period ≤ ω t ≤ i.e., for 30 ≤ ω t ≤ 210 , thyristor
0 0
6 6
π
T1 is forward biased. If T1 is triggered at ω t = + α , T1 and D1 conduct together
6
7π
and the line to line supply voltage vac appears across the load. At ω t = , vac
6
starts to become negative and the free wheeling diode Dm turns on and conducts. The
load current continues to flow through the free wheeling diode Dm and thyristor T1
and diode D1 are turned off.
If the free wheeling diode Dm is not connected across the load, then T1 would
5π
continue to conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at ω t = + α and the free
6
wheeling action is accomplished through T1 and D2 , when D2 turns on as soon as van
7π π
becomes more negative at ω t = . If the trigger angle α ≤ each thyristor
6 3
2π
conducts for radians (1200 ) and the free wheeling diode Dm does not conduct.
3
π
The waveforms for a 3-phase semi-converter with α ≤ is shown in figure
3
We define three line neutral voltages (3 phase voltages) as follows
2π
vYN = vbn = Vm sin ω t −
3
2π
vBN = vcn = Vm sin ω t +
3
π
vRB = vac = ( van − vcn ) = 3Vm sin ω t −
6
5π
vYR = vba = ( vbn − van ) = 3Vm sin ω t −
6
π
vBY = vcb = ( vcn − vbn ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
2
π
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
6
π
For α ≥ and discontinuous output voltage: the average output voltage is
3
found from
7π
6
3
Vdc = ∫ vac .d (ω t )
2π π
6 +α
7π
3 6
π
Vdc = ∫ 3 Vm sin ω t − d (ω t )
2π π 6
6 +α
3 3Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos α )
2π
3VmL
Vdc = (1 + cos α )
2π
3 3Vm
Vdm =
π
Vdc
Vn = = 0.5 (1 + cos α )
Vdm
1
7π
3 6
π 2
2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ 3Vm sin ω t − d (ω t )
2
2π π 6
6 +α
1
3 1 2
VO( RMS ) = 3Vm π − α + sin 2α
4π 2
π
For α ≤ , and continuous output voltage
3
π π π
Output voltage vO = vab = 3Vm sin ω t + ; for ω t = + α to
6 6 2
π π 5π
Output voltage vO = vac = 3Vm sin ω t − ; for ω t = to +α
6 2 6
π 5π
3 2 6 +α
( ) ∫ ac ( )
2π π ∫
Vdc = vab .d ω t + v .d ω t
π
6+α 2
3 3Vm
Vdc = (1 + cos α )
2π
Vdc
Vn = = 0.5 (1 + cos α )
Vdm
The RMS value of the output voltage is calculated by using the equation
1
π 5π
3 2 6 +α 2
VO( RMS ) = ∫ vab .d (ω t ) + ∫ vac .d (ω t )
2 2
2π π π
6 +α 2
1
3 2π 2
VO( RMS ) = 3Vm + 3 cos 2 α
4π 3
2π
vYN = vbn = Vm sin ω t − = Vm sin (ω t − 120 )
0
3
2π
vBN = vcn = Vm sin ω t + = Vm sin (ω t + 120 ) == Vm sin (ω t − 240 )
0 0
3
π
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
6
π
vYB = vbc = ( vbn − vcn ) = 3Vm sin ω t −
2
π
vBR = vca = ( vcn − van ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
2
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2
iG1
t
0 0 0
(30 +α ) (360 +30 +α)
iG2 60
0
t
0
iG3 60
t
0
iG4 60
t
0
iG5 60
t
0
iG6 60
t
Gating (Control) Signals of 3-phase full converter
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OF THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER WITH HIGHLY INDUCTIVE
LOAD ASSUMING CONTINUOUS AND CONSTANT LOAD CURRENT
π
+α
2
6
VO( dc ) = Vdc =
2π π
∫ vO .dω t ;
+α
6
π
vO = vab = 3Vm sin ω t +
6
π
+α
3 2
π
π π∫
Vdc = 3Vm sin ω t + .dω t
6
+α
6
3 3Vm 3VmL
Vdc = cos α = cos α
π π
3 3Vm 3VmL
Vdc( max ) = Vdm = =
π π
Vdc
Vdcn = Vn = = cos α
Vdm
1
π
2
+α 2
6
VO( rms ) = ∫ vO2 .d (ω t )
2π π
6
+α
1
π
2
+α 2
6
VO( rms ) = ∫ v .d (ω t )
2
2π
ab
π
6
+α
1
π
+α 2
3
2
π
VO( rms ) = ∫ 3Vm2 sin 2 ω t + .d (ω t )
2π π 6
6
+α
1
1 3 3 2
VO( rms ) = 3Vm + cos 2α
2 4π
THREE PHASE DUAL CONVERTERS
In many variable speed drives, the four quadrant operation is generally
required and three phase dual converters are extensively used in applications up to the
2000 kW level. Figure shows three phase dual converters where two three phase full
converters are connected back to back across a common load. We have seen that due
to the instantaneous voltage differences between the output voltages of converters, a
circulating current flows through the converters. The circulating current is normally
limited by circulating reactor, Lr . The two converters are controlled in such a way
that if α1 is the delay angle of converter 1, the delay angle of converter 2 is
α 2 = (π − α1 ) .
The operation of a three phase dual converter is similar that of a single phase
dual converter system. The main difference being that a three phase dual converter
gives much higher dc output voltage and higher dc output power than a single phase
dual converter system. But the drawback is that the three phase dual converter is more
expensive and the design of control circuit is more complex.
The figure below shows the waveforms for the input supply voltages, output
voltages of converter1 and conveter2 , and the voltage across current limiting reactor
(inductor) Lr . The operation of each converter is identical to that of a three phase full
converter.
π π
During the interval + α1 to + α1 , the line to line voltage vab appears
6 2
across the output of converter 1 and vbc appears across the output of converter 2
2π
vYN = vbn = Vm sin ω t − = Vm sin (ω t − 120 )
0
3
2π
vBN = vcn = Vm sin ω t + = Vm sin (ω t + 120 ) = Vm sin (ω t − 240 )
0 0
3
The corresponding line-to-line supply voltages are
π
vRY = vab = ( van − vbn ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
6
π
vYB = vbc = ( vbn − vcn ) = 3Vm sin ω t −
2
π
vBR = vca = ( vcn − van ) = 3Vm sin ω t +
2
TO OBTAIN AN EXPRESSION FOR THE CIRCULATING CURRENT
If vO1 and vO 2 are the output voltages of converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current limiting inductor during the interval
π π
+ α1 ≤ ω t ≤ + α1 is
6 2
π π
vr = 3Vm sin ω t + − sin ω t −
6 2
π
vr = 3Vm cos ω t −
6
ωt
1 π
ir ( t ) = ∫ 3Vm cos ω t − .d (ω t )
ω Lr π 6
+α1
6
3Vm π
ir ( t ) = sin ω t − 6 − sin α1
ω Lr
3Vm
ir ( max ) = = maximum value of the circulating current.
ω Lr
There are two different modes of operation of a three phase dual converter system.
• Circulating current free (non circulating) mode of operation
• Circulating current mode of operation
Solution
3Vm
For α = 450 , Vdc = cos α
π
3 × 2 × 400
Vdc = cos 450 = 382 Volts
π
6Vm
For α = 750 , Vdc = 1 + cos ( 600 + α )
2π
6 × 2 × 400
Vdc = 1 + cos ( 600 + 750 )
2π
A
+ Ra La
3 phase 484 +
B Full Wave V=V0 440 V
Rectifier −
−
C
La - Armature Inductance.
If the voltage across the armature has to be the rated voltage i.e., 440 V, then
the output voltage of the rectifier should be 440 + drop in the motor
3 × 2 × 415 × cos α
That is = 484
π
Therefore α = 30.270
Solution
π π
α= radians which is less than
4 3
3Vm
Therefore Vdc = [1 + cos α ]
2π
3 × 400
Vdc = 1 + cos 450
2π
If any one supply line is disconnected, the circuit behaves like a single phase
half controlled rectifies with RL load.
Vm
Vdc = [1 + cos α ]
π
400
Vdc = 1 + cos 450
π