Hydraulic related techniques in United State America
No Problems
1. 44 major disaster events that
involved flooding and hurricanes,
surpassing 2016, in which 36
major flood-related or hurricanes
disasters.
United State of America was
installed Cylinder operated radial
gates (Winfield Dam and
Braddock Dam)
2. Drum gates had often been
favorable engineer’s choice in the
th
first half of the 20 century. This
particularly the case in the USA
(Guernsey Dam, Grand Coulee
Dam, O’Shaughnessy Dam)
Disadvantage
- limited overhead space, streaming
water
- relatively wide piers required to
provide space for skin-plate seals
trunnions
- unshielded hydraulic cylinder drives
exposed to external actions  risk of
oil to river
- gate inspection and small maintenance
nearly impossible during operation
- friction and extensive wear of side
seals if in spillway operation
- Applications generally limited to dam - Efficient in control of small and moderate
spillways and weirs, not used as lock
gates
- Drum gates are generally considered
risky in view of resilience to
earthquake loads
- Relatively heavy and complex
structure, high material consumption
Advantage
- Can operate under flow, both overtopping
and underflow and as a lock gate
- Opening and closing speeds don’t depend
on channel width
- Favored in small (culvert valves) and
large (spillway gates, storm surge barriers)
sizes
- Can bear hydraulic loads-static and flow-
or both curved and reverse side
- Economical in material use thanks to
circular skin plate and radial load transfer
to trunnions
- Relatively constant hoisting loads, nearly
independent on water head
- Nearly constant leads on operating
machinery, hoists don’t directly carry
hydraulic loads
water heads (max 10m)
- Low energy consumption
- No gate recess required if facing upstream
(but cannot operate in alternating flow
- Can be constructed with top flashboards
that increase the upstream water level
- Long service life (100 years)

No Problems
The common problem in
Netherlands such as:
 the decline of water tables
 disappearance offlow-through
dune lakes,
 reservoir depletion,
 saltwater intrusion, disruption
of rain water lenses
 entrapped air hampering a
rapid refill of the groundwater
reservoir.
To manage and control the
problems, Netherlands government
was built the reservoir with
various characterization such as:
1. Milter gate locking in
Hintham Lock in Maxima
Canal
2. Sothern Lock in Ijmuiden
- Relatively wide spillway crowns
required to house the gate recesses
- Produces large and tensile reactions to
crests  extensive hinge anchoring
required
Hydraulic related techniques in Dutch
Disadvantage
- Single-sided operation, although low -
reverse loads can be carried under
some provisions
- Closing under flow very difficult
- Some transfer of hydraulic load -
through gate hinges inevitable
- Gate locking against alternating water -
heads difficult and not leak-free
- Gate major maintenance in site -
possible only after (partial) dewatering
of lock chamber
- High loads on gate hinges during
motion  wear problems by intensive
operation
- Very high torsional and flexural stiffness
Advantage
Construction and maintenance costs low or
moderate in a wide range of dimensions
- Gate recesses along the lock chamber-
small space consumption
No limit to overhead space for navigation
 fit for locking ships of any height
Gate hinges can release to pass hydraulic
loafs to the heel posts
Less vulnerable to sediment and sunk
obstacles than rolling gates
- Can be constructed with an entirely free
lock deck
 In the coastal dunes of the Western - restore groundwater tables, - The occurrence and duration of an intake
Netherlands, managed aquifer - reverse salt water intrusion, interruption are often hard to predict,
recharge (MAR) is applied for - store water for later use, especially when an unknown pollutant has
drinking water - improve the infiltrated surface water been discovered by a biological response at
The MAR systems belong to the quality short distance
Aquifer Transfer Recovery (ATR) - dispose of undesired water
type, because recharge and
recovery is operated without
interruption. This makes these
systems very vulnerable to intake
interruptions, which are expected
to increase in frequency and
duration due to climate change.
Such interruptions are problematic,
because:
- groundwater recovery from
dunes needs to continue to
supply fresh drinking water to
the Western Netherlands
- risks of salt water intrusion are
high
- MAR bordering wet dune
slacks with an EU Natura 2000
status cannot survive for long
without MAR.
Hydraulic related techniques in Japan
No Problems Disadvantage Advantage
1. international river basins in 145 - Potentially harmful to habitat of some As small-scale Johkasou can be installed on a
countries, conflicts over water species household level and treat and discharge
 distribution and funding for - Effect to ecosystem wastewater locally, compared to sewerage
resource development and - Dam failure that caused disaster systems from the perspective of protecting the
pollution treatment between - Potentially caused the flood by heavy local aquatic environment
countries in the upper river basins rain
and lower river basins have already - Earthquake may cause the damage of
broken out the construction
2. An "excess" of water, such as - Construction cost in Japan is expensive Low initial investment cost as small-scale
floods, used to be the major water- and it requires large subsidies. johkasou are mass-produced, the price of
related problem. - The subsidy depends on the type of johkasou can be maintained at a level for
water supply or sewage treatment) for individual or household users
the new construction.

"excesses" are still a problem, Little topographic limitation, short installation

"shortages" of water have become time and early realization of the effects As a
the newest as demand for water small-scale johkasou can be installed in a
resources increases, and proper small, spare space the equivalent of a parking
water supplies do not increase due spot and the device’s inflow pipes are short.
to the lack of sanitation facilities wastewater treatment will be evident
and water supply systems immediately.
Less vulnerable to earthquakes and other
disasters When earthquakes or other disasters
strike, a johkasou can be functioning again
very soon because it has neither a complicated
piping system nor enormous mechanical
apparatus
Johkasou-treated water and sludge are easy to
reuse As johkasou are basically designed to
treat domestic wastewater from individual
 houses, there are few toxic substances in
johkasou-treated water and sludge.
Hydraulic related techniques in Israel
No Problems Disadvantages Advantages
1. Israel has suffered from a chronic 1. Possibility may kill the function,  Water system:
water shortage for years especially the declining health of rivers 1. The reservoirs that collect runoff water and
system and ecosystems those that store treated sewage water make
2. Extremely expensive to be built and it possible to redirect other sources of water
require the high-quality standard. for Israel’s water system, as the reservoirs
3. The cost is high for the construction main and primary purpose is to increase the
4. Considering the flooding near the areas. balance of water available for use.
5. Natural environment may be destroyed 2. In 2010, the reservoirs produce 260
6. Reduce the disaster million cubic meters annually.

2. The deficit has also lead to the  Environment agriculture:

qualitative deterioration of potable 1. Collect the run off the water in reservoirs
aquifer water resources that have, built by KKL-JNF provided about half of
in part, become either of brackish the water consumed by Israeli agriculture
quality or otherwise become 2. By storing effluent (partly purified sewage
polluted. water) in reservoirs, the effluent is
- Due to unbalanced prevented from flowing into the
exploitation and return flow environment, thereby preventing pollution
from irrigation, an increase in of rivers, soil, underground water
the salinity of the sources and bodies of water into which the
groundwater has occurred in waters flow (the Mediterranean Sea, the
many wells. Sea of Galilee - Lake Kinneret, the Dead
Sea and the Red Sea).
3. The Israeli rivers’ restoration projects
would have no meaningful significance
 unless the flow of sewage and effluent into
the rivers is stopped by means of controlled
storage in reservoirs that are custom-made
for the task.
 Economy
1. When the effluent reaches the reservoirs, its
quality is significantly upgraded (except for
the water loss through evaporation) as it
allows for the settling and oxygenation
processes to happen.
2. The effluents (which are loaded with
fertilizers thereby saving costs) are used for
agricultural irrigation in places with little
rain, enabling intensive, profitable
agriculture even in regions where without
the treated sewage water, there would be no
agriculture at all.
3. Reservoir technology has improved,
becoming incomparably more effective and
sophisticated over the years as a result of the
accompanying research and development,
as well as the lessons learned by KKL-JNF
from actual experience in building
reservoirs in past decades.
4. This includes using sealing technology
using plastic sheets, reservoir engineering,
preventing embankments from collapsing,
improvements in maintenance and access,
 extending previously existing reservoirs,
and hydraulic control.
5. The construction of reservoirs provides
economic support to a wide variety of
industries involved in the physical,
technical-practical and operative
maintenance of their infrastructure, such as
the plastic-sheet sealing industry, water
pipes, filters, pumps, irrigation systems,
control systems and fences.
Floodwater Reservoir:
1. The enlarged reservoir has a capacity of
850,000 cubic meters of water entering from
the floods that stream through the riverbeds
periodically.
2. Water is used for the irrigation of nearby
fields thus saving water that would
otherwise be piped from the north or
pumped from local wells. Surplus water is
pumped into the aquifer to replenish
dwindling groundwater.
3. These are “overflow” reservoirs that water
flows into during flooding.
4. The first reservoir then fills up and surplus
water spills out into the riverbed, flowing
into the next reservoir.
5.The reservoirs were built in the direction of
the water flow from south to north. Every
 additional drop of water contributes to
creating new fields and sources of
livelihood.

Hydraulic related techniques in Philippines

No Problems Disadvantages Advantages
Rural water Suply - Pipe network analysis involves the - Hydraulic pressure, sometimes called
detailed and careful scrutiny of the artesian pressure, will cause the
fluid flow through a hydraulic network groundwater in a well to rise above the
containing several interconnected - confining layer or even above the ground
branches and loops. surface.
- Nowadays, manual computation for - The hydraulic pressure of the aquifer is
hydraulic network analysis is only sufficient for a well to flow freely at the
acceptable when applied to systems well head.
with only a single pipeline or branched - Most of the hydraulic analysis software
network with no loop. have common input data requirements
- The designer must also examine the
balancing flows of the reservoir and
analyze if the reservoir discharge or
inflow are reasonable for its storage
size.

Hydraulic related techniques in Malaysia

No Problems Disadvantages
Urban Groundwater Extraction in - Kuala Lumpur’s complex geology -
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia some model parameters, such as
hydraulic conductivity, cannot be
measured directly and must be
calibrated
Advantages
By assigning a single hydraulic
conductivity parameter to an entire
hydrogeological formation, the model
becomes lumped, already satisfying the
Equivalent Porous Medium method.

Malaysia DAM Safety
No Problems
1. Rapid market assessment on prices
of basic food stuffs
- Many cases even elementary
groundwater data such as hydraulic
conductivity and recharge cannot be
obtained through direct measurements
or it is prohibitively expensive to do so
- The groundwater flow equation is valid
for a representative elementary
volume: a theoretical volume that is
large enough to have a representative
porosity, small enough to have a near-
constant hydraulic head and through
which there is again laminar flow
- Where these instruments connect directly
with a seepage path, recorded piezometric
pressures will provide an insight into
hydraulic gradients and may indicate the
occurrence of internal erosion.
- Intake or outlet channels adjacent to
hydraulic structures subject to surging or
rapid changes in water level during
releases;
Hydraulic related techniques in Myanmar
Disadvantage Advantage
In addition, the DDM Ministry of Social Myanmar Disaster Alert Notification enable
Welfare, Relief and Resettlement had sufficient evacuation by the people.
distributed about 50 million MMK worth
of rice, 400,000 MMK worth of
construction materials, and 32 milion
MMK worth of other supplies to the

2. In 2008, N138,000 citizens of
Myanmar perished in a southern
delta storm surge/flood disaster
3. 7 years later, Madden–Julian
modulated intense monsoonal
rainfall and another tropical storm
(Komen) resulted in another major
flood disaster.
This affected most of western
Myanmar and U.S. $1.5 billion of
its economy; 132 citizens perished;
recovery and rebuilding is currently
underway (Government-of-the-
Union-of-Myanmar, 2015).
affected population in Kayin State. In the
Mon State, the DDM, MSWRR provided
about 14 million MMK worth of rice, and
6.5 million MMK worth of other supplies.
Government is preparing 70,000 baskets of carrying out initial assessment of the situation
seeds to help rice farmers to replant their in order to estimate the impact and damage due
rice fields after it was destroyed by the to the flooding.
floods. The government is keen to ensure
that the floods do not affect the annual
national production of rice, as rice is the
main staple food in the country as well as
one of its main exports.
Experience from the other southern Asian river
deltas indicates that large dams and side levees
can have progressive and dramatic effects on
the stability of delta landforms downstream
and on inland flooding
the supply of sediment to the coast and to the
floodplains must be maintained. As well,
extensive mangrove deforestation has already
occurred, and is still underway;
reservoirs, embankments, sluices and canals
for irrigation or drainage, and river works, it
 may well pay off to “allow possibilities for
flood management, sediment management,
reduction of salt intrusion and nature
development”, rather than to restrict planning
to a single sector (e.g. hydropower
development)
Hydraulic related techniques in Vietnam
No Problems Disadvantage Advantage
1. Hydraulic model for flood - The model often does not systematically - It uses a combination of hydrological and
prediction (Mai and Smedt, 2017) underestimates peak flash flood flows, hydraulic modeling concept, so the spatially
therefore in some cases it is distributed characteristics of river basins can
overestimated. be taken into account and subjective
concepts such as design hydrographs can be
avoided.
- The model is capable of reproducing
accurately flows in the upper sub-basins of
the Huong River basin, with 1% different
from the real situation.
2. Short-term reservoir system for - The capacity of reservoir is limited by - Gives significant effect on reduction in the
flood mitigation (Nguyen et al., the steep slope of mountainous peak flood level and the duration of high
2018) topography nearby. water level up to 40% flow reduction.
- It is judged to give significant effect to - In Vu Gia Thu Bon system, it also can be
the natural disaster recent years. used for four hydropower plants.
Hydraulic related techniques in Indonesia
No Problems Advantage Disadvantage
1. Steep slope stabilization using - Only utilizing gravitation, so no need - The height difference between upstream
syphon drainage system more energy to transport water that and the lowest point connected by syphon
maintain water level. cannot be higher than 9 m.
- The systems greatly reduce land -
movement nearby the drainage that
prevents landslides and other disaster. -
- More stable water flow can be
achieved.
Bubbles should be avoided from the
system to maintain its operation.
It is vulnerable with the high level of Mn
and hardness level of water.