' '::

U.S.ROUTE522S.
P.O.BOX330
MT.UNION,PA 17066
PHONE:(8141542-2545
800.345-7546
FAX: (8't4')s42-9977
TELEX: 910-240-909'1 BONNEY
FORGE
.#

BonneyForge
StressIntensificationFactors:
Weldolet@
Sockolet@
Thredolet@
Sweepolet@
Latrolet3
lnsert Weldolet@
 Tableof Contents
WelddeP ......4
Sockolet@ ....11
Thredolet@ ....11
S w e e p o l e. .P. ..... ....12
LatroleP ....22
InsertWeldoleP ...29

-3-
 FORGE
BONNEY

weldolef
factors
stressintensification

-4-
A Weldolef ls an Integrally
reinforced type of butt-weldlng
branch connectlon fitting.
The Bonney Forye
WeldoleP, Sockolet', and
Thredolet', lrt" through 6"
oullet slze' bear tha UL
symbol indicatlng
UndenrritergLaboratorlee
listlng of these fittings for
use In sprlnkler systeme
and other fire protection
water supply systems.

Ur
 Historicalbackground

publisheda paperon the bending

In 1952 Markl(l) Today,most of the ANSI piping Codes
fatigue behaviorot pipingcomponents suchas (i) incorporatethe slress intensificationlactor (SlF)
elbows,(2) curvedand miterbends,(3) unrein- conceplin their ruleson flexibilityanalyses.ASME
lorced and reinforced branchconnections and (4) S E C T I O NI I I - D I V I S I O1N, S U B S E C T I O N B .
straightsectionsol pipeconlaininga girthbuttweld. CLASS1 COMPONENTSis an exceptionin that it
ll was foundthatthe behaviorof the componenl uses three types of stress indiceswhich expressa
consistingof lwo sectionsof pipejoinedby an as- relationbetweena nominalstressand some
welded butlweldcouldbe describedby the formula characteristic of the pipingcomponent.The B-
Sa = 245,000N-o20 where' indicesare used in an equationintendedto prevent
Sa = nominalstressamplitudeal the fatigue gross plaslicdeformaliondue to pressureand
crack,psi momentloads;therefore,the characteristic
N = latiguelile,cycles associatedwilh B-indces is gross distortion.
C-indicesare relatedto limitingprogressivedistor-
In addition,it was possibleto correlalethe bending tion by controllingprimaryand secondaryslresses.
fatiguelifeof all components lesledby the applica- Finally,K-indicesin combinationwith C-indicesare
lion of a so-calledstressinlensification factorilo used in fatiguelifeevalualions.
the same equationso lhal i Sa = 245,000-0.20.
Wheni is set equalto unity,the equationpredicts 'ldentitiedat that time
as ASA 831.1-1955.
the tatiguelifeof an as-weldedgirthbuttweld
betweentwo piecesof straightpipe(sinceMarkl
consideredsucha componenlas his REFERENCE
STANDARD).Accordingly, i-factorsfor otherpiping
componenlsgivethe fatiguestrengthof those
typical,as-weldedgirthweld.
The bendingtaliguetests by Marklwere
conducledon 4-in.pipesize components; all
headerscontaineda fullsize outletor branch
conneclion.For othersize headersand reducing
outletsresultswere extrapolated by meansol
empiricalrelationships developedby Marklto
cover a wide rangeof sizesand conditions.
Stressinlensificationfactorswere first
introducedintothe ANSI' PipingCodein 195Stor
use in makingpipingflexibilityanalyses;ivalues
for branch connectionswere restrictedto full-size
oulletconnections. In July,1963,pipingCodeCase
No. 53 was publishedlo cover reducingoutlet
branchconnections; the provisionsol the Case
were lhen incorporated in ANSI 891.1.0.lt is
importantto note that the Markl tests which were
the sourceof the data in the ANSI Codeswere
conductedwilh cyclicalmomentsappliedonly on
the branchpipes.Accordingly,the same SIF is
used for designpurposeseven thoughthe
expansionmomentacts lhrough the run. Gross
conservatismcan resultwhen the momentacls
throughthe run and the branch connectionis
relativelysmall and situatedon the neutralaxis.
Reviewol BonneyForge
Sweepolet@research
Althoughthe purposeof thislechnicalbulletinis to
presentstressintensificationfactorsand stress
indicesfor lhe Weldoleto,it is importantto first
discuss Bonney'sresearchetforl in the area of
the Sweepoleto.
The Sweepolet@ conceplevolvedfrom two
premises,namely,reinforcement mustbe adequale
to limit deformationand an dflicienlbranch con-
struclionwouldresultfrom controlling the geometry
of lhe intersection on all planes.Owingto the
aestheticproporlionsof a Sweepolelo,designers
intuitivelyknow that il is an eflicientbranch outlet
construction-andtestsovera periodof many
years haveprovedit! Bonneyrecentlycompleted
an exlensiveinvestigationof the Sweepoleto
employingthree-dimensional photoelastic analyses
of Epoxymodelsand latiguetestsol carbonsteel
headers.The dislribution of stressesin headers
subjectedlo internalpressureand varioustypes ol
bendingmomentson the branchwas determined
photoelastically usingthe stressfreezingand
slicingtechnique;stressindiceswere derivedfrom
these data. The pendinglatiguetest procedure
was essenliallylhe same as the lest procedure
used by Marklon 4 x 4 branchconneclions;
stress intensificationfaclorswere derivedfrom
these data.
As a resultof the comprehensiveresearch
eflort, stressintensificalionfactorsand stress
indicesare availablefor the Sweepolelofor a
broad rangeof sizes and thicknesses.These dala
can be usedto check ihe designof various ANSI
PipingCode systemsand ASME Class 1 nuclear
piping and vessels.The title ol the lechnical
brochureon the Sweepoletois:
"STRESS INTEN-
SIFICATION FACTORSAND STRESSINDICES
FOR THE BONNEYFORGESWEEPOLETO".
It is beyondthe space limitationsof this
bulletinto describein detailthe derivationof lhe
formulaslor slress intensification factors and siress
indicesfor lhe Sweepoleloover a broad range of
sizes and lhicknesses. However,basically,(R/T)2/3
was used for extrapolatingwith respect to R/T; il
was originallyintroduced by Markl and is incorpo-.
raled in lhe variousANSI PipingCodes from
831.1.0lo 831.7(and 831.6when it is released).
ANSI 831.7no longer exists, however, it may be
consideredlo have been incorporatedin ASME lll;
the lalesl edilionis calledASME lll-Division 1.
1974Edition,NuclearPower Planl Components.
There is a significant i/R effect lor in-plane and
oul-of-planemoments on lhe branch wlrlch must
be taken inlo account in order to avoid excessive
conservatismin the extrapolalions.The term
(lRyn was used since the variationof stressesis
reasonablywell represenledby this lunction for all
-7-
valuesof R/T. Therefore,lhe stressinlensification
factorlor an out-of-planebendingmoment applied
to the branchpipe is given by:
,'..= A(Et',.(tr)'" (tt)
A word musl be said about the calculalionof
lhe constanl"A". Bijlaard'stheorye)is frequently
used lor estimatingslressesdue to momentp
imposedon nozzlesin pressurevesselsor branch
conneclionsin piping,and, while it is not directly
applicableto the Sweepoletoit can serve as a
guide in extrapolatingtest resulls.Assume that the
maximumstress (sum ol primaryand secondary
stress)for a particularheader as determinedlrom
three-dimensional photoelasticityis Sp;e1eand
lhat the stresscalculaledby Bijlaard'slheory
(primary + secondarystress)for the same model
is Ss;i,"",..Then, the constanl"A" is calculated
using Eq. (1),the value of io determinedtrom tho
tests and the dimensionlessparametersof the lest
header(R/T, r/R and t/T). However,it appeared
desirableto apply a lurther criterionwhich is that
the slressfrom Eq. (1) should never be less than
one-half*of the stressfrom Bijlaard'stheory mul-
tipfiedby the ralio of (S)rre1e/(S)alura.Although
this approach introduces appreciable consar-
vatism in lhe results, it was lavored beceuse
ol the resulting simplicity in the equations for 1.,
For in-plane or out-of-plane bending
momentson the branch a minimumSIF exists
which depends upon the condilion ol tho girth
buttweld between branch pipe and Sweegolelo.
, For a.llushor dressedweld ('s) min and (ze)min.
and (,13)min. = 1.O.
'iz3 is lh€ same as ibt3.
+ Eiiilaard'sth€ory giv€s a str€ss concontreton faclor (strcEr
index) and, as a rul€ ol thumb, the stress intonsificalion fackr
ol a fining is approrimeloly ono-halt its str€ss concontratron
factor (slrsss indor).
 Stressintensification
factorsfor the Weldolets'
(Weldoletotesls and resulls)

Recommended use: Nomenclature

The stressintensification formuladevelopedin this (^ = meanradiusof run pipe,inches
seclionis inlendedlo be used in makingpiping T = nominalwall thicknessol run pipe, in.
syslemstressanalysesin accordance withall i = slressintensificaliontactor
ANSI PipingCodesand otherCodeswhichuse h = flexibilitycharacteristic
stressinlensilication factors.
Figure1 showsa typicalheadertakentrom The purposeof the researchetfort was to
A N S I8 3 1 . 1 - 1 9 7 3 . . ainsdt y p i c a l( e x c e ptto r t h e determineexperimentally the stressintensification
nomenclature) of all the ANSI PipingCodes. taclorsof lhe Weldolelo.Since a full size Weldoleto
is available,headerswith full size outletscan be
ry fabricated;as a resulltrue Markl-typetests can be '

,s
performedand the resullswill be fully consistent

,.,t__
Q",,, wilhlhe resullspublishedin allthe ANSI Piping
Codesfor varioustypes ol branch connections.
Twelve,4 in. x 4 in. x 4 in. standardweight
carbonsleel headerswere fabricatedas illustrated
in Figure2. Six headerswere lesled by means
of an in-planemoment(M,.) cyclicallyappliedto

-t- l:q ;p the branch.

M,,

oMr., fiM",
I
I
I
J U N C T I O NO F L E G S

Figure l
Figure 2

32.50
nom
28.00

Weld A
@

P o i n lA Slrain gages
D E F L E C T E DL E G .
(tN-PLANE)'

n"- 6 0 0l b w e l d i n gn e c k
O aros-zt,
llange.
@ eroo-cne,
ptpe.
4" sld. wt. carbon steel
Poinl
@ A ro 5 -2 1c", ' 4 " s t d . w t . w e l d o l e t . .
c' std. wt. carbon steel
@ aroo-cna,
ptpe.
@ C a r U o ns t e e lp a r t i a l c o v e r p l a t e .
(ryp
2)o FIXEDLEG
'Oul-otplane detlecteddirection is normal
lo the pag€.

-8-
The resultsof the tests are shown in Figure3,
106
l l t l l l
-7 S. :245 Nlo'20
(Markl'srel. curve)

6 'ro'
/
,--l
, l l l
S.: 17o.tro'*
|
+ ill-
I
I
q
ut
o - -€
3 S" : 135 N,-o'zo
= 10'
o.
=
o
o o l n - p l a n eb e n d i n g t t l
u, A Out-ol-planebendins l
F ro.
o I n - p l a n er e g r e s s i o nl i n e
Out-of-planeregtes ;ion line

t t | l l t l l
102
102 103 10. 10s
FATIGUELIFE,Nh CYCLES
Figure 3
A stressinlensification
factori is definedas Designers'data
i = (245Nf-0.20)/S. It la recommendedlhat thc followlngvaluegbc
where: usedfor calculatlngthe stressIntenslllcatlon
tactorsot Weldoletoheadergwhenth. wcldlng
Sa=nominalstressamplitude,ksi meetsthe lntent of the Gode(dreetlng lhc
i = stressinlensificationf actor welds ls not a condltlonfor urlng thc
Nr=fatiguelile,cycles suggesledformulacbut thc absenccol undcr-
Usingthe arithmelicaverageof thei. valuesbased cutlingls presumed):
on the lest pointsit can be shown lhat io "*. = 1.75 h =3.3ilrz
andio ",r. = 1.65,wherethe subscript"p" Stands lrr=lrc=Q.$/[eE
for in-planeand the subscript"o" standsfor out-
of-plane.SomeCodesuse bothioandio' whereas StressIndlcesare ugedIn the analyrls of Clatr
otherANSI Codesuse a singlevblueof i (actually 1 nuclearcomponent8.lt lg recommcndedlhet
io)for all momentsexcepttorsion.Sincein-plane lhe valuesIn TableNB-3683.2-1of Subgcctlon
and out-of-planemomentsfor the Weldoletohead- NB ol ASMESecllonlll Dlvlrlon 1-197.0Edltlon
ers (4 in. x 4 in. x 4 in.)yieldessentially
the same be usedfor the Weldolcto.Tlrevalussrhould
resulls,lo avoidunnecessarycomplications con- be ihose llsted underthe componentdctcrlbod
siderthatio = io = 1.75(lrs =i:s = 1.75)for the full in the Tableas: "Branch connactloncpcr
size headerstested. NB-3643".
Basedon the ANSI Codes,the flexibility The reader ls advlscd that tfiere aro
characteristic shouldbe representedby: limltatlonsIn the NuclearCodcon the uec ot
ni lhe sublectIndlcegand thcsc Involvcweld
h=lir (21 qualliy,headerproportlonr,radll Rr, Ro and R1
per Flg. N8-3686.1-1.
and the stress intensification
factor formulais:

io = io = o.shas= o.r - (qL) (3)

Substitulinglhe tesl data (i : 1.75,and T and r. lor
4 in. pipe)intothe aboveequationsyieldsC = 3.3,
and Eqs. (2) and (3) become:
tr = 3.3T/re (4)
io =io = 0.9h23 (s)

-9-
Discussion
The tesls which yieldedthe slress inlensification
factors of the Weldolet@ were a duplicateof the
tests perfotmedby Markl;therefore,the valuesare
intendedto be usedin the same manneras the
valuesin the ANSI PipingCodesand the ASME
Code lor Class2 and Class3 nuclearpipingand
vessels.The tesl headersrepresenled, insofaras
possible,slandardshop practicesand no special
attentionwas givento the weld.The slressinten-
sificationfaciorscan be reducedin some inslances
by eliminatingundercutling, dressingthe weld and
by controllingradiiR', Rr, and B. shownin Figure
4. One shouldnot overlooklhe lact thatthe
Weldolel@ factor
has a low slressintensificbtion
and from lhe standpoinlof economicsil is recom-
mendedthatspecialtechniquesbe considered
carefullybeforethey are undertaken.
Figure4
Othertypesof branch
connectionfittings
Information, similarto that appearingin this reporl,
on olher types ol branchconneclionscan be
gleanedfromvarioustechnicalpublications. The
ANSI PipingCodes are also a limitedsourceof
similarinformation.
We inviteyou to compare the slressesin a
BonneyForgeWeldoletowith other types of branch
conneclionfittings.Youwill find that lew manufac-
turers,il any,are able to provide comprehensive
data such as conlainedin this brochure.However,
it is essentialto makethe comparisonusinga
commonbasis,that is, all data must be in termsof
stressintensificationlaclors or stress indicesfor
lhe samemodeof loading.In addition,all fittings
beingcomparedmust be the same size for the
samedesignconditions.
-10-
Footnote:
Cautionshould be exercisedwhen comparingthe
Sweepoletowith the Weldoleto.Theresultsin the
Sweepoletobrochureare conservativesincethe
analysisinvolveda conservativeapplicationol
Maril-type equationsand Bijlaard'stheory.The
exlra conservatismwas consideredto be an ad'
vantagedue to the number of Sweepoletofinings
used in Class 1 nuclearservice.
The data in this brochureis based on the
strictapplicationol Markl'swork. As a resultof the
above. in some instancesthe Weldoletocould
appcar to have a lower stressintensilicationfactcir
than a comparablesize Sweepoleto.
Becauseof the conservatismbuilt into the
Sweepolelcbulletin,we recommendthat such
comparisonsnot be made until a way is found to
put the tests and analysison a common basis.
Bibliography
1. Markl,A.R.C.,"FatigueTestsol Piping
Components," Trans.ASME,1952.
"stresseslromLocalLoadingsin
2. Bijlaard,P.P.,
CylindricalPressure\bssels,"TransASME,
Aug.1955.
W.L.,Moore,S.E.and
3. Greenstreet,
Flodabaugh, E.C.,"lnvestigations
on Piping
Components, Valves,andPumpsto Provide
Information for CodeWritingBodies."ASME
PaperNo.68-WA/PTC-6.
THREDOLET/SOCKOLET
The titleof the brochureimpliesthatthe data
appliesto Weldoletsonly.A Sockoletand a
Thredoletare shownwitha Weldolelin lhe illus-
trationon the insidecover.Sinceeachof the three
fiflingsis almostidenticalexceptat the branch
end, lhe informaliongivenunder:"DESIGNERS
DATA" is alsoequallyvalidfor Sockoletsand
Thredolets.
TYPE OF BONNEYFORGEFITTING
WELDOLET
SOCKOLET
THREDOLET
'These valuesshouldbe consideredas typical
only.The applicablecodeshouldbe relerredto for
i-faclorslo be used in code pipinganalyses.
ot the aboveis illustrated
The applicalion in the
lollowingsampleproblem:
PROBLEM:
What is the stressintensificationlactorto be used
in a pipinganalysisol a 2 in. extraslrongheader
wilh a 2 in. 3000# Thredoletanda 2 in. Schedule
80 branchpipe?
Bulletin789
-11-
The stressintensification factorol a header
containinga lull-sizeSockolet,Thredoletor Weld-
olet is the greaterof the valuecalculatedusingthe
g i , g = 0 . 9 / h 2 3( w h e r eh = 3 , 3 T / r z )
e q u a l i o n l z=
and the appropriatevaluefrom,thelollowingtable
whichsimplyrepresentsthe i-factorof the joint at
the branchend of the filting:
STRESSINTENSIFICATION'
FACTORi FORTHE
BRANCHENDONLY
1.0
1.3"
2.3
"ln recenl editionsof some codes the basic value
is 2.1 with 1.3 permittedif the loe of the weld
blencjssmoothlywith the branch pipe and the weld
is concaveand thereis no undercutting.
SOLUTION:
1.079= 0.667
n = 33Tlrz = 3.3(0.218)
j z a= j ' a = 0 . 9 / h 2 3= 0 ' 9 / ( 0 . 6 6 7 ) 2 =
3 1.18
However,the i-factoral lhe threadsin the branch
pipeis 2.3, therefore,lhe stressintensification
lactorof the subjectheaderis 2.3-the larger
valueol 1.18and 2.3.
lf an exlra strong Weldoletis substitutedlor
the Thredolet,the i-faclorto be used in a piping
systemsanalysisbecomes1,18.
Prinled in U.S.A.
 BONNEY
FORGE

sweepolef
stressintensification
factors
andstressindices

-12-
 Factorst
StressIntensification
andStressIndices
BranchConnections
for Sweepoletu

H I S T O R I C A LB A C K G R O U N D
I n 1 9 5 2 M a r k l ( r )p u b l i s h e da p a p e r o n t h 6 b e n d i n gf a l i g u e
b e h a v i o r o t p i p r n g c o m p o n e n t ss u c h a s ( 1 ) e l b o w s , ( 2 )
curved and miter bends, (3) unreinforced and reinforcecl
b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sa n d ( 4 ) s t r a i g h ts e c t i o n so f p i p e c o n -
t a i n i n g a g i r t h b u t t w e l d .l t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e b e h a v i o ro f
t h e c o m p o n e n t c o n s i s l i n go f t w o s e c t i o n s o f p i p e i o i n e d
by an as-welded buttweld could oe described by the
formula S" - 245,000N-{'2u where'
S" = nominal stress amPlitude,Psl
N = fatigue life, cvcles
I n a d d i t i o n ,i t w a s p o s s i b l et o c o r r e l a t et h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u e
l i f e o f a l l c o m p o n e n t si e s t e d b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o no f a s o -
c a l l e d s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r i t o t h e s a m e e q u a t i o n
so that is. _ 245,000N--{.20. when j is set equal to unily,
t h e e q u a t i o n p r e d i c t st h e f a t i g u el i l e o f a n a s - w e l d e dg i r t h
b u t t w e l d b e t w e e nt w o o i e c e s o f s t r a i g h tp i p e ( s i n c e M a r k l
c o n s i d e r e cs u c h a c o m p o n e n t3 3 [ i 5 t t [ F E R E N C ES T A N D -
A R D ) . A c c o r d r n g l y ,i - f a c t o r sf o r o t h e r p i p i n g c o m p o n e n l s
g i v e t h e f a t i g u e s t r e n g t ho f t n o s e c o m p o n e n t si n r e l a t i o n
to that of a typical, as'welded girth weld.
T h e b e n d i n gl a t i g u et e s t sb y M a r k l w e r e c o n d u c t e do n 4 - i n '
p i p e s i z e c b m p o n e n t sa n d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sw e r e f u l l
i i i e . f n e r e s u l t sw e r e e x t r a p o l a t e db y m e a n s o f e m p i r i c a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p sd e v e l o p e db y M a r k l l o c o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o f
s i z e sa n d c o n d i t i o n s .
S t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c l o r s w e r e f i r s t i n t r o d u c e di n t o t h e
A N S I 'P i p i n gC o d e i n 1 9 5 5f o r u s e i n m a k i n gp i p i n gf l e x i b i l '
i t y a n a l y s e si: v a l u e sf o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sw e r e r e s t r i c t e d
t o t u t t - i i z e o u t l e t c o n n e c t i o n s .I n J u l y , 1 9 6 3 P i p i n g C o d e
C a s e N o . 5 3 w a s p u b l i s h e dl o c o v e r r e d u c i n go u t l e t b r a n c h
c o n n e c t i o n s : t h e p r o v i s i o n so f t h e C a s e w e r e t h e n i n '
c o r p o r a t e di n A N S I8 3 1 . 1 . 0 .
Today, most of the ANSI Piping Codes incorporatethe
s l r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r ( S l F )c o n c e p t i n t h e i r r u l e s o n
l l e x i b i l i t ya n a l y s e sA. S M ES E C T I O Nl l l ' D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c -
t i o n N B - C l a s s1 C o m p o n e n t si s a n e x c e p t i o ni n t h a t i t u s e s
t h r e e t y p e s o f s t r e s si n d i c e s w h i c h e x p r e s s a r e l a t i o n b e '
t w e e n a n o m i n a l s t r e s s a n d s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i co f t h e
p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t .T h i s w a s a l s o t r u e o f t h e e a r l i e r n u c l e a r
c o d e s s u c h a s U S A SB 3 ' t . 7 - 1 9 6 9T.h e B - i n d i c e sa r e u s e d i n
a n e q u a t i o n i n t e n d e dt o p r e v e n tg r o s s p l a s t i c d e l o r m a t i o n
d u e t o p r e s s u r ea n d m o m e n l l o a d s ; t h e r e f o r e ,t h e c h a r a c -
teristic associaled with B-indices is gross distortion.
C - i n d i c e sa r e r e l a t e d t o l i m i t i n g p r o g r e s s i v ed i s t o r t i o n b y
controlling primary and secondary stresses. Finally,
K - i n d i c e si n c o m b i n a t i o nw i t h C - i n d i c e sa r e u s e d i n l a t i g u e
l i f ee v a l u a t i o n s .
i : T h e s e c t r o n '" O l h e r T y p e so f B r a n c h C o n n e c t i o n s "o n p a g e 9 e m p h a s i z e s
t h e i m p o r t a n c e o l d r s l r n g u i s h i n gb e l w e e n a s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a l i o nl a c t o '
a n d a s t r e s sI n d e x .
' l d e n t i fi e d
-1 3- a t t h a tt i m ea s A S A8 3 1 1 - 1 9 5 5 .
 E P GR E S E A R C H

T h e S w e e p o l e ct o n c e p te v o l v e dl r o m t w o p r e m i s e s n , amely,
r e i n f o r c e m e nm t u s t b e a d e q u a t et o l i m i t d e l o r m a t i o na n d ,
a n e f f i c i e n t b r a n c h c o n s t r u c t i o nw o u l d r e s u l t f r o m c o n -
t r o l l i n g t h e g e o m e l r y o f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o no n a i l p l a n e s .
O w i n g t o t h e a e s t h e t i cp r o p o r t i o n so f a S w e e p o l e t d , esign-
e r s i n t u i t i v e l yk n o w t h a t i t i s a n e l f i c i e n t b r a n c h o u l l e t
c o n s t r u c l i o n - a n d t e s l s o v e r a p e r i o d o f m a n y y e a r sh a v e
proved it! EPG recently completed an extensive in_
v . e s t i g a t i o no f S w e e p o l e t b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s e m p l o y i n g
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n apl h o t o e l a s t i ca n a l y s e so f E p o x y h o - O e t i
and fatiguetests ot carbon steel head'ers.The distributionot
s t r e s s e si n h e a d e r ss u b j e c t e dt o i n t e r n a lp r e s s u r ea n d v a r i -
o u s t y p e so f b e n d i n g m o m e n l s o n t h e b r a n c h w a s d e t e r : -
m i n e d p h o t o e l a s t i c a l luys i n g t h e s t r e s sl r e e z i n ga n d s l i c i n g
t e c h n i q u e :s t r e s si n d i c e sw e r e d e r i v e df r o m t h e s e d a t a .T h e
b e n d i n gf a t i g u et e s t sp r o c e d u r ew a s e s s e n t i a l l yt h e s a m e a s
t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r eu s e d b y M a r k l o n 4 x 4 b r a n c h c o n -
n e c t i o n s ;s l r e s s i n l e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r s w e r e d e r i v e d f r o m
t h e s ed a t a .

As a result of the comprehensive research effort, stress

i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r s a n d s l r e s s i n d i c e s a r e a v a i l a b l ef o r
S w e e p o l e tb r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sl o r a b r o a d r a n g e o l , s i z e s
a n d t h i c k n e s s e s .T h e s e d a l a c a n b e u s e d t o l c h e c k t h e
d e s i g na n a l y s i sr e q u i r e m e n t o s f t h e v a r i o u sA N S IC o d e sa n d
A S M E C o d e sw h i c h i n v o t v et h e s t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t 6 r
c o n c e p t .T h e d a t a c a n b e u s e d i n a s i m i t a rm a n n e rt o s a t i s l y
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t so f A S M E S e c t i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c -
t i o n N B - C l a s s 1 C o m p o n e n t sa n d A S M E S e c t i o n V l l l -
P r e s s u r eV e s s e l s- D i v i s i o n 2 - A l t e r n a t i v eR u l e s b o t h o f
w h i c h a r e b a s e do n t h e s t r e s si n d e x c o n c e p t .

-14-
INTERPRETATIONOF TEST DATA
I t i s b e y o n dt h e s p a c e l i m i t a t i o n so f t h i s b u l l e t i nt o d e s c r i b e
in' detail the derivation ol the formulas lor stress in-
t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c l o r s a n d s t r e s s i n d i c e s l o r S w e e p o l e t
b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n so v e r a b r o a d r a n g eo l s i z e sa n d t h i c k -
n e s s e s . H o w e v e r ,b a s i c a l l y , ( R / T 1 e*' s" t u s e d f o r e x t r a -
p o l a t i n gw i t h r e s p e c tl o R / T ; i l w a s o r i g i n a l l yi n t r o d u c e db y
M a r k la n d i s i n c o r p o r a t e di n t h e v a r i o u sA N S IP i p i n gC o d e s ,
ASME SectionVlll - Division2 and ASME Section lll -
D i v i s i o n1 . T h e r ei s a s i g n i f i c a n tr / R e f l e c t f o r i n - p l a n ea n d
o u t - o f - p l a n em o m € n t so n t h e b r a n c hw h i c h m u s t b e l a k e n
i n t o a c c o u n li n o r d e r t o a v o i de x c e s s i v ec o n s e r v a t i s m in the
e x t r a p o l a t i o n s . T ht e r m ( r / R 1 r twz a s u s e ds i n c et h e v a r i a t i o n
o f s t r e s s e si s r e a s o n a b l yw e l l r e p r e s e n t e db y t h i s f u n c t i o n
f o r a l l v a l u e so l R / T . T h e r e l o r e ,t h e s t r e s s i n t e n s i l i c a t i o n
l a c t o r l o r a n o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g m o m e n t a p p l i e dt o t h e
b r a n c hp i p e i s g i v e n b y :
,..=o(+r"(*)"'(+) (1)
A w o r d m u s t b e s a i d a b o u t t h e c a l c u l a t i o no f t h e c o n s t a n t
" A " . B i j l a a r d ' st h e o r y { zi ts f r e q u e n t l yu s e d l o r e s t i m a t i n g
s t r e s s e sd u e t o m o m e n t s i m p o s e do n n o z z l e si n p r e s s u r e
v e s s e l so r b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n si n p i p i n g ,a n d ,w h i l e i t i s n o t
d i r e c t l ya p p l i c a b l et o S w e e p o l e lb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n si t c a n
s e r v ea s a g u i d e i n e x l r a p o l a t i n gl e s t r e s u l t s .A s s u m et h a t
t h e m a x i m u ms t r e s s( s u m o f p r i m a r ya n d s e c o n d a r ys t r e s s )
l o r a p a r t i c u l a r h e a d e r a s d e l e r m i n e d fr o m t h r e e -
d i m e n s i o n a lp h o t o e l a s t i c i t yi s S e r o r o a n d t h a t t h e s t r e s s
c a l c u l a t e db y B i j l a a r d ' st h e o r y( p ' i m a r y+ s e c o n d a r ys t r e s s )
f o r t h e s a m e m o d e l i s S e i r r a aT' 0h.e n , t h e c o n s i a n t " A " i s
c a l c u l a t e du s i n g E q . ( 1 ) , t h e v a l u e o f i z g d e t e r m i n e df r o m
t h e t e s t s a n d t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s sp a r a m e t e r so f t h e t e s t
h e a d e r( R / T ,r / R a n d t / T ) , H o w e v e r ,i t a p p e a r e dd e s i r a b l et o
a p p l ya l u r t h e rc r i t e r i o nw h i c h i s t h a t t h e s l r e s sf r o m E q .{ 1 )
should never be less than one-halft of the slress from
B i j l a a r d ' st h e o r ym u l t i p l i e db y t h e r a t i oo f ( S ) e n o r o / ( S ) s , , 1 " r , 6 .
Although this approach introduces appreciable con-
s e r v a t i s mi n t h e r e s u l t s , i t w a s f a v o r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e
r e s u l t i n gs i m p l i c i t yi n t h e e q u a t i o n sl o r l .
F o r i n - p l a n e o r o u t - o f - p l a n e b e n c t i n gm o m e n t s o n t h e
b r a n c h a m i n i m u m S I F e x i s t s w h i c h d e p e n d su p o n t h e
c o n d i t i o n o f t h e g i r t h b u t t w e l d b e t w e e nb r a n c h p i p e a n d
S w e e p o l e tF. o r a f l u s h o r d r e s s e dw e l d ( l ) m i n = 0 . 8 5a n d f o r
" a s - w e l d e d "w e l d ( i ) m i n = 1 . 0 .
an
I t i s i m p l i c i ti n t h e A N S I P i p i n g C o d e s l h a t i - f a c t o r sw h i c h
w e r e d e r i v e df r o m m o m e n t s a p p l i e d t o t h e b r a n c h e so f
full-sizebranch connectionsbe used when calculating
s t r e s s e sd u e l o m o m e n t si n t h e r u n p i p q .T h i sa p p r o a c hm a y
-15-
b e g r o s s l yo v e r c o n s e r v a t i vfeo r s m a l l b r a n c h e si n l a r g e r u n
p i p e se s p e c i a l l w
y ith out-of-plane l o a d i n g so n t h e r u n ( t h e
b r a n c h b e i n g o n t h e n e u t r a la x i s ) .T a b l e 1 s u g g e s t ss o m e i
values for moments on lhe run which, although con-
s e r v a t i v ea, r e s o m e w h a t m o r e r e a l i s t i cl o r r e l a l i v e l ys m a l l
b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n s .
ASME Seclion lll - Division f. is more definitive in the
'l
a p p l i c a t i o no f s l r e s si n d i c e sf o r t h e d e s i g no l C l a s s C o m -
p o n e n t s : t h e r e l o r e ,o n e o r l w o c o m m e n t ss h o u l d s u f l i c e .
A g a i n ,( R l T ; z ' si s u s e d f o r e x t r a p o l a t i n gw i t h r e s p e c lt o R / T
a n d ( r / R ) l ' 2e x p r e s s e st h e v a r i a l i o no f s t r e s s e sl o r a l l v a l u e s
of R/T. Hereloforem , a n y n u c l e a rS w e e p o l e th e a d e r sw e r e
d e s i g n e du s i n g s t r e s si n d i c e sf o r c o m p o n e n t sd e s c r i b e di n
" B r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sp e r
T a b l e D - 2 0 1o l U S A S 8 3 1 . 7 a s :
S u b d i v .1 - 7 0 4 . 3 " , w h e r e t h e u s e o f t h e v a l u e s i s l i m i t e dt o ,
c o n n e c l i o n sh a v i n ga b r a n c h d i a m e t e rt o r u n d i a m e t e rr a t i o
n o t o v e r 0 . 5 . A s a r e s u l t o f i h e c o m p r e h e n s i v er e s e a r c hi
p r o g r a m ,t h e g e n e r a l i z e de q u a t i o n so f T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 o b - j
v i a t e dt h e n e e df o r e x p e r i m e n t asl t r e s sa n a l y s e sp e r A p p e n -
d i x E o f U S A S 8 3 1 . 7 f o r a l m o s t a l l s i z e c o m b i n a l i o n s .T h €
s a m e e q u a t i o n so b v i a l e t h e n e e d f o r e x p e r i m e n t a ls t r e s s
a n a l y s e su n d e r t h e 1 9 7 7 E d i l i o n o f A S M E S e c t i o n l l l -
D i v i s i o n 1 - C l a s s 1 C o m p o n e n t s .T h e m i n i m u m v a l u e o f
e a i h o f t h e v a r i o u si n d i c e sd e p e n d su p o n w h e t h e rt h e w e l d
j o i n i n g l h e S w e e p o l e tt o t h e r u n p i p e i s " a s - w e l d e d " o r
"flush
or dressed".
' l t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t d i l f e r e n t s y m b o l sa r e u s e d i n l h e v a r i o u s c o d e s l o
r e p r e s e n lt h e m o m e n t s a c t i n g o n l h e b r a n c h a n d r u n . T h i s i s i l l u s l r a l e db y
t h e s k e l c h e so n p a g e s4 a n d 6 , h e r e i n .
t B i l t a a r d ' sl h e o r yg i v e sa s l r e s sc o n c e n t r a l i o nf a c l o t ( s l r e s si n d € x )a n d . a s . a
r u i e o t t h u m b . t h e s l r e s s i n t e n s i l i c a l i o nl a c l o r o f e f i l l i n g i s a p p r o x i m a l e l y
o n e -h a l l i l s s t r e s sc o n c e n l r a t i o nt a c l o r ( s l r e s si n d e x ) .
 Faclorg,
SlressIntensiflcallon
for SweepoletBranchConnecllonr
RECOMMENDED USE:
The valuesin Table1 are intendedto be usedin making
piping systemslress analysesin sccordancewith all
ANSI PipingCodesand olher Codeswhich use stress
factors.
inlensilication
NOMENCLATURE:
r = meanradiusof branchpipe
Pl = m€?rtradiusol run pipe
t - nominalwalllhickness ol branchpipe
T = nominalwallthickness ol runpipe
fr,,l= appliedbendingmomenlas shownbelow:
I

's"'
-rr i
O"r,
3 ,

of ANSI831.1- 1977Edition)
(Acopyof Fig.104:8,4,C
i = stressintensilicationfactor.Subscripts indicatethe
applicablemoment,lOr example,irs meansthg
slressinlensificationfactortor an in-planebending
momentappliedto lhe branch.
Insertweld = the weld'which joinsthe Sweepolet and run
pipe.
Flushweld = a buttweldin whichboththe insideand oul-
side surfaceof the weld are groundessenliallyflush
with the parent meial and any olfset resulling from
misalignment is smoothlyblendedoul. The weld and
adjacentareasshall be capableof meetingthe inspec-
tion requirements ol the particularcode.
Dressedweld = a buttweldin which all irregularities are
groundsmoothandlhe edgesof the weldreinforcement
are (wherenecessary) groundso thallhe anglebetween
weld reinforcementand pipe surface is nol over 14'.
The weld and adjacentareasshallbe capableof meet-
ing the inspectionrequirements of the parlicularcode.
As-welded weid = bultwelds wilh no specialrequirements
exceptlhat theymeellhe requirements of the particular
code.
F1,F2 = correclionlactorsfor the conditionof the inserl
weld.
Ft = a sizecorreclionfaclor.
-16-
 T A B L E1 _ S T R E S SI N T E N S I F I C A T I OFNA C T O R S
F O R S W E E P O L E T ( 1 ) B R A NCCO
HN N E C T I O N S
M(2) . Equalionfor Slress Inlensification Li.trt
f66t67 j{31 ForD A-W
Mzs 0.45 (R/T)2/3 lttRl t2 (r/T) (F,) (F3) 0.85 1.0
M13 (a) For r/R 3 0.5 0.Elt r.o
Lesserof:
0.4s(R/T)2/3UtAlttz(r/T) (F,)(F,)and [0.17 (R/T)2/3+ 0.25] (t/T) (F,)(F3l
(b) For r/R > 0.5 0.85 1.0
Inlerpolalebelween:
rrR - b.5,i - to.lz (R/T)2/3+ 0.251(t/T) (F,) (F.)
r/R - 1.0,i = 0.45(R/T;zn(r/T) (F,) (F3)
Mv3 1.0 1.0 1.0
Myt, M rt
o.4o(R/T)2'3(rJ (E)
M vz,Mx2
Mzr,Mzz 1.0
Mzr'Myr,Mrr or, tor r/R,E 0.5,
Mzz,Myz,M'e 0 . 8 ( R / T ) r ' r( r / R ) ( F , )b u i n o t l e s si h a n 1 . 5
( 1 )T h e s e t a c t o r sa r e t o b e u s e d i n a c c o r d a n c ew i l h A N S I 8 3 1 . 1 - 1 9 7 7 .P a r . (2) See nom€nclature sketch for definltion of subsctipl!.
1 0 4 . 8e x c e p tt h a l l o r l h e o u l l e l b r a n c h( L e g3 ) , Z = S e c t i o nm o d u l u so f t h e (3, Fr = Fl = 1.0, tor tlush or dress€d lnsert weldr.
b r a n c h p i p e ( Z = 1 l r 2 t ) a n ds i m i l a t l yl o r t h e o t h e r C o d e s b a s e d o n l h e s l r e s s F' - 1.6, for as-welded inserl weld!
i n t e n s i l i c a l i o nl a c l o r c o n c e P l . Fr - (0.5 + r/R) but not less than 1.0, for as-welded inserl weldl
Fr= 1 * 0.05 (r-3), but nol less than 1.0.
(4) The minimum values of i depend upon the typ€ of glrth butt wold
between Sweepolet and branch pipe. F or D slandg tor llush or
dressed; A-W stands for as-welded.

EXAMPLE#1 EXAMPLE#2
Calcutatethe stressinlensification
factor for an oul-ot- Calculatethe stressintensificationlactor for an in-plan
planebendingmomentappliedto the branchof a 12"x 6", momenlon the branch ol the headerdescribedin Ex-
standardweight, carbon steel Sweepoletheader.The a m p l e# 1 .
insertweld and the girth weld betweenSweepoletand r/R = 0.5,i = [0.17(R/1F'r+ 0.251(t/T) (F') (Fi)
branchprpe are dressed. t = [0.17(6.187/0.37512' s
+ 0.2s](0.280/0.375) (1.0)(1.00
r - (6.625-0.280)12
= 3.172"
1.018
R = (12.75-0.375112= 6.187"
t = 0.280" r/R = 1.0, i = 0.45 (R/T)2,3(t/T) (F') (Fs)
| = 0.375' i = 0.45 (6.187/0.375)23(0.280/0.375)(1.0) (1.009)
Fs= 1+0.05(3.172-3)=1.0086 t-2.196
F r o m T a b l e 1 , t h e s l r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c l o r f o r a n o u t - I n t e r p o l a t i n gf o r r / R - 3 . 1 7 2 1 6 . ' 1 8=7 0 . 5 1 3y i e l d s
o f - p l a n em o m e n to n t h e b r a n c h ( M ' 3 ) i s : i" = 1'048'
irs = 0.45(Rlt)zs (r/R1r,z(t/T) (F,) (Fs)
izs = 0.45 (6.187/0.375)zt3 (3.172/6.1871tt2 (0.280/0.375)(1.0) (1.009)
ir3 = 1.57

T h e r e s e a r c hp r o g r a m c o n d u c l e d b y E P G i n c l u d e d t h e I n t h e c a s e o f E x a m p l e # 2 , ( i , s ) c a l c u l a t e d= 1 . 0 5 v g .
f a t i g u et e s t i n go l a n u m b e r o f 1 2 " x 6 " , s l a n d a r d w e i g h t , (i's ) experimental = 0.85. Therefore, for lhe examples
c a r b o ns t e e lh e a d e r sw i t h w e l d sd r e s s e d T . h e a v e r a g ev a l u e cited, the stress intensificationfaclors calculated by lhe
o f i d e t e r m i n e de x p e r i m e n t a l llyo r a n o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g appropriate equations in the above table are about 25%
m o m e n to n l h e b r a n c hw a s i z sa v g .= 1 . 2 2 . h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g ee x p e r i m e n t a l l yd e t e r m i n e dv a l u e s
W h i l e t h e d e g r e eo f c o n s e r v a l i s mi n T a b l e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 i s
v a r i a b l e ,f o r E x a m p l e# 1
( i . g ) c a l c u l a t e d- 1 . 5 7v s . ( i , 3) e x p e r i m e n t a=l 1 . 2 2 . - 1 7 -
 S l r e s s I n d i c e sf o r S w e e p o l e tE r a n c hC o n n e c t i o n s
R E C O M M E N D E DU S E :
T h e v a l u e si n T a b l e s2 a n d 3 a r e i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d i n t h e
a n a l y s i so f p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t si n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h A S M E
S e c t i o n l l l - D i v i s i o n 1 - S u b s e c t i o nN B - C l a s s 1 C o m -
p o n e n t sa n d o t h e r c o d e s w h i c h a r e b a s e du p o n t h e u s e o f
s t r e s si n d i c e s( a n dt h e s t r e s si n t e n s i t yc o n c e p to f l a i l u r e ) .
NOMENCLATURE:
r = m e a nr a d i u so f b r a n c hp i p e
R = m e a n r a d i u so f r u n p i p e
t = n o m i n a lw a l l t h i c k n e s so l b r a n c h p i p e
T = n o m i n a lw a l l t h i c k n e s so f r u n p i p e
t y l = a p p l i e db e n d i n gm o m e n ta s s h o w nb e l o w :

( c o p i e d f r o m t h e N o l e s t o T a b l e N 8 - 3 6 8 2 . 2 - 1o l t h e 1 9 7 7
E d i t i o no f S e c t i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c t i o nN B - C l a s s 1
Components)
B , C a n d K = s t r e s si n d i c e sa s d e f i n e di n A S M E S e c l i o n l l l -
D i v i s i o n1 .
I n s e r tw e l d - t h e w e l d w h i c h j o i n s t h e S w e e p o l e ta n d r u n
pipe.
F l u s hw e l d - a b u t t w e l d i n w h i c h b o t h l h e i n s i d e a n d o u t -
s i d e s u r f a c e o f t h e w e l d a r e g r o u n d e s s e n t i a l l yl l u s h
with the parent metal and any. olfset resulting lrom
m i s a l i g n m e n ti s s m o o t h l y b l e n d e d o u t . T h e w e l d a n c l
a d j a c e n ta r e a s s h a l l b e c a p a b l e o f m e e t i n g l h e i n s p e c -
t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t so l t h e p a r t i c u l a rc o d e .
D r e s s e dw e l d = a b u t t w e l d i n w h i c h a l l i r r e g u l a r i t i e sa r e
g r o u n ds m o o t h a n d t h e e d g e so f t h e w e l d r e i n l o r c e m e n t
are (where necessary) ground so that the angle be-
t w e e n w e l d r e i n l o r c e m e n ta n d p i p e s u r f a c e i s n o t o v e r
14'. The weld and adjacent areas shall be capable of
m e e t i n g t h e i n s p e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t so l t h e p a r l i c u l a r
code.
A s - w e l d e dw e l d = b u t t w e l d w i t h n o s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s
e x c e p tt h a t i t i s a s s u m e dt o m e e t t h e a p p l i c a b l er e q u i r e -
m e n t so f t h e g o v e r n i n gc o d e .
F t = a s i z e c o r r e c t i o nf a c t o r
-18-
 T A B L E2 _ S T R E S SI N D I C E S (FI }O RS W E E P O L E TB R A N C HC O N N E C T I O NW
S I T HP R E S S U R E
LOADING
Slr€ssInder E q u a l i o n f o r C , , K 1 ,B r ( 2 ) 1 3 )
r/R < 0.5
cr Cr - 1.10t(r/n) {ZtrlTlt'2 (Fr),but not lessthan2.0
Kr Flushor dressedinserlweldsKr - 1.45
As-wefdedinsert welds & - 2.4
C,Kr C,K,shallnol be lesslhan 3.4
Bl Br = A,/A., but not lesslhan 1.0
A. = required reinforcing I r e a i n l o n g i l u d i n a l P l a n e
A . = a v a i l a b l et e i n f o r c i n garea in longiludinal Plane
r/R ) 0.5
C r , K r ,B r As for r/R ( 0.5
C,K, C , K ' s h a l ln o l b e l e s st h a n6 . 0
(l) Th€s€indlcesate appllcablelo valuesol R/T up lo 50. {3) fh6 inlisss aro suitable for any of tho lhroo types of welds bc-
(2) Fs= I lwoen SYv€€poletand branch plpo.
+ 0.05(r-3)' but nol lessthan 1'0
T A B L E3 - S T R E S SI N D I C E S (F' )O RS W E E P O L E TB R A N C HC O N N E C T I O N W
S I T H M O M E N TL O A D I N G S
E q u a t i o nf o r C , K , o r B ( 3 , (CrKr)mtn(.1
Moment(2) Slress
Index ForD A-W
MD Cru Crb - 0.9 (R/T;zrr UlRltn (t/T) (Fr), but not less lhan 1.5 2.0
Kto Flush or dressed inserl welds K;5 = 1.0
As-welded inserl welds Xrb - 1.6
Bt" 815= 0.75 C6
M,, For(r/R)> 0.5 3.0 3.0
Cz, C1, = 0.8 (R/T)2,3 (F.), bul nol less lhan 1.5
Ket Flushor dressed insertwelds Kr, = 1.0
As-welded insert welds K1, - 0.5 4 r/R
Bz, 81. = 0.75 C1,
For (r/R) ( 0.5 3.0 3.0
Ct, C1, = 0.8 l4lTrut (r/R) (F.). but not less lhan 1.0
Kz, K1,= 2.0
Bz, Br, - 0.75 Cr,, but nol less lhan 1.0
( l ) T h e s e i n d i c e s a t € a p p l i c a b t et o v a l u o s o t R / T u p l o 4 0 . F"=1$0.0s(t-3),
tr) Jh6 minirlum products,CrKr,depend upon tho type ol Insott weld.
( 2 ) T h e s u b s c r i p t 2 s l a n d s f o r m o m e n l l o a d i n g , w h e r e a s ,s u b s c r i p t s " b " F or D standsfor flush or dressed;A-W standstor as-welded.Thc
and "t" stand tot branch and run, resp€clively. Se€ nomenclatut€ indic€s aro suitablo for any of the lhree typo3 ol weld! botwocn
sketch. Sweepolet8nd branch pipe.

EXAMPLE#3
CatculatestressindicesC25,K25and the productCtoKrrfor In Example#3, CrbKibcalculaledaccordingto the abov€
the headerdescribedin Example#1 on page5. table is CroKr,= 3.146.The maximumslress index deter-
(rlBltt2(t/T) (Fs)
Crr = 0.9 (R/T1z's minedphoioelastically tor a momenlon tho branchwasdue
(1.009)
(0.280/0.375)
(3.'17216.187;trz lo an out-of-planemoment on the branch;the slressindex
Cru = 0.9(6.187/0.375)2a (equivatentto CroKrr)was 2.83.Therelore,(Crfiru) cslcu-
Ct = 3.146 lated = 3.146vs. (CrrKro)experimenlal= 2.811.
Kr5 = 1.0(insertweldis dressed)
Cr"Kru= 3.146X 1.0 = 3.146
-19-
 li
,|
I

DtscusstoN
T h e s t r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r s a n d s t r e s s i n d i c e s i n
T a b l e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 a r e i n l e n d e d t o b e g e n e r a l l yq u i t e c o n '
servalive.This conservatismis introduced, in part, by the
u s e o f r e l a t i v e l ys i m p l e e q u a t i o n s( i . e . ,n o m o r e t h a n s i m -
p l e p o w e r f u n c l i o n so f d i m e n s i o n a lp a r a m e t e r s )l o c o v e r
a w i d e r a n g e o f d i m e n s i o n a lp a r a m e t e r sA . lso, the equa'
tions have been adjusted so that they cover the most
a d v e r s ec o m b i n a t i o n so l d i m e n s i o n s .
S o m e o f t h e c o n s e r v a t i s mm a y b e d e c r e a s e db y t h e a p p l i '
"engineering judgment". Further, the various
calion of
c o d e s p r o v i d et h e d e s i g n e n g i n e e r w i t h s u c h l a t i t u d e ,f o r
e x a m p l e .A N S I 8 3 1. 1 - 1 9 7 7 E d i t i o n s t a t e s i n t h e F O R E '
WORD:
" T h e r ea r e m a n y i n s t a n c e sw h e r e t h e C o d e s e r v e sl o w a r n
a d e s i g n e r ,t a b r i c a l o r ,o r e r e c t o r a g a i n s t p o s s i b l ep i t f a l l s ;
b u t t h e C o d e i s n o t a h a n d b o o k ,a n d c a n n o t s u b s t i t u t ef o r
educalione , x p e r i e n c ea, n d s o u n d e n g i n e e r i n gj u d g m e n t .
The Code never intentionally puts a ceiling limit on con'
servalism.A designer is f ree to specify more rigid require-
ments as he feels they may be justified. Conversely' a
designer who is capable ol a more rigorous analysisth,anis
s p e c i l i e di n t h e C o d e m a y j u s t i f y a l e s s c o n s e r v a t i v ed e s i g n '
a n d s t i l ls a t i s f yt h e b a s i c i n t e n to f t h e C o d e . "

T h e s p a c ea v a i l a b l el o r t r a n s i t i o nb e t w e e nb r a n c h a n d r u n
i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l sy o m d w h a tl e s s a s t h e o u t l e t s i z e b e c o m e s
l a r g e r .T h e s a m e s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s f o r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s
s u c h a s A N S I 8 1 6 . 9 l e e s a n d e x t r u d e d h e a d e r s .W e h a v e
" F s " i n T a b l e s1 '
e l e c t e dt o i n c l u d ea s i z e c o r r e c t i o nf a c t o r
2 , a n d 3 n o t w i t h s t a n d i n gt h a t t h e v a r i o u s c o d e s d o n o t
include a similar adjustment for oiher types of branch
c o n n e c t i o n s .R e s e a r c hc u r r e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s l 3 t r n apyr o v i d e
d a l a w h i c h i n d i c a t e st h a t t h e s u g g e s t e dv a l u e sl o r S w e e p -
o l e t b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o n sa r e t o o c o n s e r v a t i v ei ,n w h i c h c a s e
"relativegeometry
a r e e v a l u a t i o nw i l l b e m a d e , o r t h a t a
e f f e c t "s h o u l d b e a p p l i e dt o o t h e r b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s .

-20-
 OTHER TYPES OF BRANCH CONNECTIONFITTINGS
I n f o r m a t i o n ,s i m i l a r t o t h a t a p p e a r i n g i n l h i s r e p o r l , o n
o t h e r t y p e s o f b r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n sc a n b e g l e a n e d t r o m
v a r i o u s i e c h n i c a lp u b l i c a t i o n sT. h e A N S I P i p i n gC o d e sa r e
a l s o a l i m i t e d s o u r c e o f s i m i l a ri n f o r m a l i o n .
We invite you to compare the stresses in a Sweepolet
branch conneclion, under various modes of loading, with
a n y o t h e r t y p e o l b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o nf i t t i n g . Y o u w i l l l i n d
that few manufacturers, if any, are able lo provide com-
p r e h e n s i v ed a t a s u c h a s c o n i a i n e d i n t h i s b r o c h u r e o n
S w e e p o l e ib r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n .N o n e t h e l e s si ,l i s e s s e n t i a l
t o m a k e t h e c o m p a r i s o nu s i n g a c o m m o n b a s i s ,t h a t i s ' a l l
data must be in terms ol stress inlensilication faclors or
s l r e s si n d i c e so r s t r e s sc o n c e n l r a t i o nf a c t o r s *t o r t h e s a m e
mode of loading. In addition, all fittings being compared
musi be the same size for the same designconditions.
'A stress conc€nlration tactor ls one typg of sltess indox and ulu8lly
means lhe ratio of rhe marimum principal 6ltess to tho nominal slte!|
du€ to tho appli€d load (pr€ssure, bending monlenl, diroct lhrult, olc.l.
BIBLIOGRAPHV
"Faligue Tests ol Piping Componentr", Tranr. ASME,
1. Markl. A. R. C.,
1952.
2. Bijtaard. P. P..
"slresses from Local Loading3 in Cyllndrlcal Prol.
s u r e V e s s e l g " ,T t a n s . A S M E , A u g . 1 9 5 5 .
"lnvcstlgt
3. Gr€enslreel, W. L., Moore, S. E. and Rodabaugh, E. C..
l i o n s o n P i p i n g C o m p o n e n t s ,V a l v e s ,a n d P u m p s t o P r o v i d e I n t o t r n &
lion for Code Writing Bodies", ASME Paper No. 68-WA/PTC€.

S V I ' E E P O L EBTR A N C HC O N N E C T I O N S
A R E W E L D E DI N ,
N O TO N .

-21-
 BONNEY
FORGE

latrolet
stressintensification
factors

-22-
 Factors
Stresslntensification
For Latrolet-BranchConnections

2/3where
HISTORICALBACKGROUND Generalfy lhe i-factor is expressed i = 0.9/ (h)
l n 1 9 5 2 M a r k l r p u b l i s h e d a p a p e r o n t h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u e h, lhe llexibility characlerislic, is a function of the run
b e h a v i o r o l p i p i n g c o m p o n e n t s . s u c h a s e l b o w s ,c u r v e d radius (i?) and lhickness (7). ln the case ol a pad or
a n d m i t e r b e n d s , u n r e i n l o r c e da n d r e i n f o r c e db t a n c h c o n - saddle reinforced branch conneclion. the thickness of
n e c l i o n s ,a n d s l r a i g h t s e c l i o n s o f p i p e c o n t a i n i n ga g i r t h the added rein{orcenrententers inlo the calculation of h.
b u t t w e l d .l t w a s l o u n d t h a t t h e b e h a v i o ro l t h e c o m g o n e n t For momenls acting on ihe branch leg, the stress lhen
c o n s i s t i n go f l w o s e c l i o n s o l p i p e j o i n e d b y a n a s - w e l d e d becomes S = iMlZ where:
buttweld could be described by the lormula S, = M = Resultant moment
24s.oooMo ?owhere: i = Slress intensilication factor
tr o2l"
S" = Nominal stress amPlitude, Psi l b = Mean radius ol branch pipe
N = Fatigue lite, cycles t b = Nominalthicknessol branch pipe
ln addition, it was possible lo correlale the bending t n = Nominalthicknessof run pipe
l a l i g u e l i l e o l a l l c o m p o n e n t s t e s t e d b y t h e a p p l i c a t i o no l l . = Lesser of tnor (i) to
a s o - c a l l e d s l r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c t o r i l o l h e s a m e
e q u a t i o ns o l t r a t i S " = 2 4 5 , Q 0 0 N { 2 0W. h e n i i s s e t e q u a l t o I n a f e w inslances the ,-tactor equalion is wrilten in the
unity, the equation predicts the latigue lile of an as- f o r m i = K (R/T)2/3 g/R)t/2 (t/T) where:
welded girth bultweld between two pieces of straight
pipe (since Markl considered such a componentas his K = A co,nstanldependingupon lhe type ol fitling
Reference Standard). Aocordingly, l-lactors lor other T = Nominalthicknessol run pipe
piping components give the fatigue strength ol those f = Nominalthicknessof branch pipe
componenls in relation to that ol a typical, as-welded Mean radius ol branch pipe
girlh weld. R = Mean radius of run pipe

The bending fatigue lests by Markl were conducted on 4- When this expression is used lor calculatingan Ffaclor, S
i n . p i p e s i z e c o m p o n e n t s a n d b r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n sw e r e = i M / Z w h e r e , f o r m o m e n t sa c t i n go n t h e b r a n c h l e g , Z i s
lull size. The results were exlrapolated by means ol lhe section modulus ol the branch pipe (i.e., Z = rr't).
e m p i r i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p sd e v e l o p e d b y M a r k l l o c o v e r a 8 3 1 . 1 - 1 9 7 7 E d i l i o n i n c o r p o r a l e sb o t h l y p e s o l i - f a c t o r
wide range of sizes and conditions. equations, however, an equalion ol lhe lorm i
(R/T)2/3 Q/R)t/2 (t/T) is limitedto the one type of nozzle
Stress intensilicationfactors were first introduced into lhe s h o w n i n F i g .D - 1 .
ANSI. Piping Code in 1955 for use in making piping
fl6xibility analyses; i values for branch connections were Today, most of the ANSI Piping Codes incorporate the
restricted to full-size outlel conneclions. In July, '1963 slress intensificationlaclor (SlF) concepl in their rules on
Piping Code Case No. 53 was published lo cover llexibility analyses. ASME SECTION ll[ - Division 1 - Sub-
reducingoullel branchconnections;the provisions
of the section NB - Class 1 Components is ari Exception in that it
Case were lhen incorporatedin ANSI 831.1.0. uses three types of stress indices which express a relalion
belween a nominal stress and some characterislic ol the
piping componenl. This was also true ol the earlier nuclear
It is importanlto note lhat Markl'stestsare the sourceol codes such as USAS 831.7 - 1969. The &indices are used
most of the i-factordata in the ANSI Codes.In the case in an equation intended to prevent gross plastic deforma-
of branch conneclionsthe tests were run wilh cyclical tion due lo pressure and momenl loads; therefore, the
moments applied to the branch, notwithstanding, the characteristicassociated with &indices is gross distortion.
ANSICodesuse the samet-factorlor designingwhenthe Gindices are relaled to limiting progressivedistorlion by
momentacts throughthe run. lt is apparentthal gross controlling primary and secondarystresses.Finally, K-indF
conservalismwill usuallyresull when the moment acts ces in combination with Gindices are used in fatigue life
throughthe run and the branchis small(with respectto evalualions.
the diameterof the run) and is located on lhe neulral
'ldentiliedat thattimeasASA 83l.l - 1955.
axis.

-23-
REVIEWOF EPG RESEARCH
l u l l e t i ni s l o p r e s e n t
A l t h o u g ht h e p u r p o s eo l t h i s t e c h n i c a b
a oeneialized slress intensificationfaclor equation ol the
folm i = O.9/ h2/3lor the LATFOLET@ branch conneclion,
il serves a useful purpose lo firsl discuss EPG's research
e f l o r l i n l h e a r e a o f l h e S W E E P O L E T Ob r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n .
The SWEEPOLETbranch conneclion concept evolved
from lwo premises, namely reinforcemenl musl be ade-
q u a t e l o l i m i t d e l o r m a t i o na n d a n e l f i c i e n tb r a n c hc o n n e c -
t i o n w o u l d r e s u l tl r o m c o n t r o l l i n gt h e g e o m e l r yo l l h e i n t e r -
s e c t i o no n a l l p l a n e s .O w i n g t o t h e a e s t h e l i cp r o p o r l i o n so l
a S W E E P O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n , d e s i g n e r si n t u i l i v e l y
k n o w t h a t i t i s a n e l f i c i e n tb r a n c ho u t l e lc o n s t r u c l i o n - a n d
t e s l s p l u s s e r v i c ee x p e r i e n c eo v e r a p e r i o do f m a n y y e a r s
h a v e p r o v e d i t . E P G c o n d u c l e d a n e x t e n s i v ei n v e s t i g a t i o n
o f S W E E P O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n se m p l o y i n gt h r e e - d i -
mensionalpholoelaslic analysesof epoxy models and fa-
t i g u e l e s t s b f c a r b o n s t e e l h e a d e r s ,T h e d i s l r i b u t i o no l
sfressesin epoxy headers subjected to internal pressure
a n d b e n < J i nm g o m e n l sa p p l i e dt o t h e b r a n c hl e g w a s d e t e r -
m i n e dp h o t o e l a s t i c a l luys i n gt h e s l r e s sf r e e z i n ga n d s l i c i n g
l e c h n i q u e .T h e b e n d i n gf a t i g u et e s l p r o c e d u r eo l c a r b o n
s l e e l h e a d e r s w a s e s s e n t i a l l yt h e s a m e a s t h a t u s e d b y
M a r k l o n 4 i n . x 4 i n . b r a n c h c o n n e c l i o n s .S t r e s si n t e n s i l i -
c a l i o n l a c t o r s w e r e d e r i v e d l r o m t h e M a r k l - t y p et a t i g u e
t e s t s ;t h e d a t a f r o m b o t h t h e p h o l o e l a s l i ct e s l s a n d f a l i g u e
t'' rr'.
l e s l sw e r e u s e d t o c a l c u l a t es l r e s si n d i c e s
A s a r e s u l lo l t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v er e s e a r c he f l o r t , g e n e r a l -
i z e d e q u a t i o n sa r e a v a i l a b l ef o r c a l c u l a l i n gs t r e s si n t e n s i f i -
c a t i o n l a c t o r s a n d s l r e s si n d i c e sf o r S W E E P O L E Tb r a n c h
c o n n e c l i o n sf o r a b r o a d r a n g e o l s i z e s ( r u n a n d b r a n c h )
a n d t h i c k n e s s e sT. h e g e n e r a l i z e di - l a c t o re q u a t i o n sc a n b e
used to analyze SWEEPOLETbranch connections in ac-
c o r d a n c ew i l h t h e r e q u i r e m e n l so f l h e v a r i o u sA N S I C o d e s
a n d A S M E C o d e s w h i c h u t i l i z el h e s l r e s s i n l e n s i t i c a t i o n
l a c l o r c o n c e p t . T h e r e m a i n i n gg e n e r a l i z e de q u a l i o n sa r e
i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d t o s a t i s f yt h e r e q u i r e m e n l so f A S M E
S e c l i o nl l l - D i v i s i o n1 - S u b s e c l i o nN B - C l a s s 1 C o m p o -
n e n l sa n d A S M E S e c l i o nV l l l - P r e s s u r eV e s s e l s- D i v i s i o n2
- A l t e r n a t i v eR u l e sb o t h o l w h i c h a r e b a s e do n t h e s l r e s si n -
dex concept.
-24-
Slress lnlensltlcatlon Faclors lor lhe LATROLET(8 Branch
Gonnecllon
Plannlng a Test:
A header consisling of a run pipe and a laleral type of
branch conneclion is an exlremely complex structurewhen
subjecled lo any one of the usual loads encountered in a
typical piping system. Presentlysuch structuresare in the
preliminarystages ol investigationby the PressureVessel
Research Commillee ol the Welding Research Council.
Since the open technical literature provides liltle insight
into the behaviorof such structures,EPG elected to apply
t h e s t a n d a r dM a r k l - t y p eo l f a t i g u et e s t t o d e t e r m i n ea n i n -
plane (i^ or i,) and an out-of-plane (D Flactor equalion
a pplicab'ieI o' LAT ROLET branch conn'ections.Additional-
ly, the decisionwas made to present the resultsin a gener-
a l i z e de q u a l i o no l t h e u s u a lf o r m , i . e . ,i = O . 9 l h " " .
A more sophisticaled and exlensive research program lo
develop generalizedequations for slress indiceS,such as
lhose used in the analysisef nuclearClass 1 piping compo-
nents, is planned for when the state of lhe technology on
lateral branch conneclions is lurlher advanced. ,lt is be-
l i e v e d ,h o w e v e r ,t h a t t h e M a r k l - t y p et e s t s o n . L A T R O L E T
b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o n sw i l l b e o f g e n e r a li n t e r e s lt o t h e l e c h n F
c a l c o m m u n i t y a n d p r o v i d e a m e a s u r e o f i n s i g h ti n t o t h e
behavior of lateral branch conneclions subjecled to cyclic
l o a d sa p p l i e dt o l h e b i a n c h l e g .
The Tegl Header:
Ten 45o LATROLET fatigue test headers were fabricaled
in accordance with Fig. 1. The headers consisted of 4 in.
s l a n d a r dw e i g h l A 1 0 6 G r a d e B r u n a n d b r a n c h p i p e s a n d
A105 standard, 4 in. 45o butt-weld slock LATROLET
branch connections.The welds were lelt in the as-welded
condition; no attempt was made to deposit a bead which
would lorm a transition between the weld and the surface
of the run and no grinding was perlormed. Fig. 2 is a pholo-
graph of a typical intersection, whereas, Fig. 3 shows a
plane lhrough the longitudinal center line of the intersec-
lion ol Fig. 2. The lest headers were designed and fabrical-
ed lo yield conservalivevalues of the in-plane and out-of-
plane ifactors. Dressinglhe welds and providing a radius
or transition weld at the junction of the fitting and the sur-
lace ol lhe run pipe would improve (reduce) the rfactors
"typical" lab-
to the exlent lhat they might not represent a
rication.
The Fallgue Terl:
Referringto Fig. 1, f ive headerswere tesled by means ol an
i n - p l a n ef o r c e c y c l i c a l l ya p p l i e d a l t h e e n d o l t h e b r a n c h
leg; the remaining five headers were subjecled to an out-
of-plane cyclically applied force. The in-planeand out-of-
plane force F produced momenlsM,, and Mrr; respeclively,
w i t h a m a g n i t u d eo l a p p r o x i m a t e l y3 8 F l b - i n . S i n c el o r c e F
w a s c y c l i c a l l ya p p l i e d l i r s t i n o n e d i r e c t i o na n d t h e n t h e
o l h e r , l h e n o m i n a ls t r e s sa m p l i t u d ea t t f e p o i n t o f h i g h e s t
'slress
is simply S" = F!/Zwhere:

S" = Slress amPlitude,Psi

F = Force.lb.
I = M o m e n l a r m m e a s u r e dl r o m p o i n t o f f o r c e a p -
p l i c a t i o nt o t h e l a t i g u ec r a c k ,i n .
Z = S e c t i o nm o d u l u so l b r a n c hp i p e ,i n . '

F i v e h e a d e r sw e r e t e s l e d u n d e r i n - p l a n el o a d i n ge a c h a l a
different levelol the slress amplitudeS, For each lest F, N
and I were recorded whete N was the number of cycles re-
quired lo produce a lhrough-the-wallcrack which leaked
waler under a static head. The lest was repeated with live
headers subjected to a cyclically applied out-of-plane
lorce. F I G U R E2

orY. rarl.
r A106.8
I A106-8
? A105.76
r A105-76
F I G U R E3
F I X E OL E G
DESCntPtlOfl
4 Inch srd. wr. Prpe 56.56 t .06 hch L9.
4 Inch Std. Wt. P'pe ?O 06 t .06 Inch L9.
4Inch. 600 Lb. weldrng Neck Flange
4 Inch r 4 Inch Sld. Wt. LATFIOLET Branch Connect@n

F I G U R E1 . N O M I N A LF A T I G U E
SPECIMEN
DIMENSIONS
-25-
Inlerprelatlon ol Tesl Dala: l n l h e t e r m i n o l o g yo f t h e A N S I C o d e s i = O . 9 l h 2 / 3a n d h =
Fig. 4 is a plot of S"'vs. N for the in-planeand out-of-plane CT/rrwhere:
L A T R O L E Tb r a n c l i c o n n e c l i o n t e s t s , T h e p l o t i n c l u d e sa
l i n e w h i c h r e p r e s e n l sM a r k l ' s r e f e r e n c es p e c i m e nc o n s i s l - h = Flexibilitycharacterislic
"average"
i n g o l t w o s l r a i g h ts e c t i o n so f p i p e j o i n e db y a n C Constant
a s - w e l d e db u t l w e l d a n d l e s t e d t o f a i l u r eb y a c y c l i c a l l ya p - T N o m i n a tl h i c k n e s so l r u n p i p e ,i n
p l i e d b e n d i n gm o m e n l ( w h e r e S ai s l h e n o m i n a ls l r e s sa m - 1 2 = M e a n r a d i u so l r u n p i p e
p l i t u d ea t l h e w e l d w h e r e t h e t a t i g u ec r a c k so c c u r r e d ). therelore:
i = 0.9/ 1CT/rr)2/3

In-PlaneBendlng
A s l r e s si n t e n s iifc a l i o n f a c t o r I i s d e f i n e da s i = ( 2 4 5 , 0 0 0 S u b s t i t u l i n gi , = i ^ = 1 . 8 5t o r i i n t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o ny i e l d s
19a?0,) /srwhere: C = 3 . 0 5 a n d h j 3 . O 5 1/ r r ; t h e r e f o r e :
i,= io = 0,9/h2/3
q = Nominalslress amplitude,Psi
j = Stressintensilicationfactor where:
N = Fatiguelife,cycles h = 3.OST/ra

U s i n g t h e a r i t h m e t i ca v e r a g e o f t h e , - v a l u e sb a s e d o n t h e Oul-of-PlaneBendlng
t e s l p o i n t sl o r i n - p l a n eb e n d i n gy i e l d si = i o = 1 . 8 5w h e r e 4 F l e p e a t i n gl h e a b o v e f o r o u t - o f - p l a n eb e n d i n g u s i n g 6 , =
a n d i o a r el h e c u s l o m a r ys y m b o l sf o r " i n - p l a n e " .T h e a r i t h - 2 . 4 8 y i e l d sC = 1 . 9 7a n d h = 1 . 9 7 7 / r ; t h e r e f c . e :
melic average ol lhe rvalues based on the lest points for i o = , 5 . 9 /h ' ' t
out-of-planebending yields ro = 2.48 where rois lhe cus- where:
l o m a r y s y m b o lr e p r e s e n t i n g" o u t - o f - p l a n e " . h = 1.97T/r2

O In-9lonc bending
A Oul-of-plone bending
ln-plone regressionllne
Ouf-of -ptone regression ltne
( o l t . 2 r t O t c y c l e s ; t S a : 1 2 . 8k s i w l t h o u t f o [ u r e ,
2 6 1 2c y c l e so t S o : t ! . $ , k 3 r u n f i t l o l l u r c .
I
,
q

Nr-o'eotMorht'sRef.curve)
€3 roo ,So'245
= 7 t'
a
E z5l'146 Nl-o'l

al
;-:::
o ____s_b__:-:_l_E{::\__

toL r I rrl r I r'-l----ro-;i'9

too TO,OOO

Fotiguc
Life,N1,cyctes

F I G U R E4 . N O M I N A LS T R E S SA M P L I T U D EP L O T T E DA S A
FUNCTION O F F A T I G U EL I F E
'Sa in Figure4 is in ksi
-26-
 DESIGNDATA
The stress inlensiticationformulas developed
Y
above lor in-plane and out-of-plane bending
I a r e i n t e n d e dt o b e u s e d i n m a k i n g p i p i n g s y s -
I
r-l:- l e m s l r e s sa n a l y s e si n a c c o r d a n c ew i l h a l l A N S I
(..-]--) rr. Piping Codes and ASME Codes which use

.;tst_i I
I nl,2
s l r e s s i n l e n s i f i c a t i o nf a c l o r s w h e r e t h e i t a c t o r
equationsare ol the form i = O.9/ h2t3'
F i g .5 s h o w sa t y p i c a lh e a d e rl r o m A N S I 8 3 1 . 1 -
1977 and is lypical, excepl for the nomencla-
r u r e ,o f a l l t h e A N S I P i p i n gc o d e s .
ll is recommended that Table 1 be used for cal-
'.s ,r \. c u l a l i n gl h e s t r e s si n t e n s i f i c a t i ofna c l o r so f 4 5 '

.-<l \x (,/l:
LATFOLET headers when the welding meels
l h e i n t e n t o f t h e C o d e ( d r e s s i n go r g r i n d i n gl h e
w e l d s i s n o t a c o n d i t i o nl o r u s i n gt h e s u g g e s t e C

(t-_
f,rl
Juncllon ol L.gr
l o r m u l a s b u t t h e a b s e n c e o f u n d e r c u t t i n gi
presumed).
Most ANSI Codes give only one formula lor cal-
culaling lhe ifaclor ol a particulartype of
branch conneclion. In such instances the for-
mula representslhe worsl case (generallyoul-
o f - p l a n eb e n d i n go f t h e b r a n c h l e g ) : t h e s a m e

.Q:",-+\
rrl
I
I
principle can be applied simply by using iofrom
Table1 for iin lhe Code.

( | )Iyr
\-#
F I G U R E5
I

I
TAELE1
'Min. Based on Branch End'
Slress Inlensification Flexibilily
Moment Faclor Characlerislic Butt-Weld Sockel-Weld Threaded
Mrg i, = ip = 0.9/ f/3 h = 3.O57/rz 1.0 2 . 1 o r1 . 3 2.3
Mrs io = o.g/ h2/3 h = 1.977/rz 1.0 2 . ' lo r 1 . 3 2.3

These values should be considered as lypical only. The applicable ' ' In recent edilions ol some codes the basic value is 2.1 wilh 1.3 perm
code should be referred to for specitic values. when lhe i,ector calcu- ted il the toe ol the weld blends smoothly wilh the branch pipe anctlh.
fafed by the lormula i = O.9I h2/3 is less than ip6., lh€ ig,n.value should weld is concave and lhere is no undetculling.
be used in the piping system analysis.Furthet, when iy,a.governs it in-
dicales thal lhe maximum stress occuts al the inlerseclion ol lhe
branch pipe and the Lalrolel branch conneclion.
-27-
Sample Problems

P r o b l e m : W h a t i s t h e s l r e s s i n t e n s i f i c a l i o nl a c t o r t o b e Solution':
u s e d i n a p i p i n g a n a l y s i so 1 a n 8 i n . 4 5 " , b u t l - M"c = = 3 2 1 8 7i n -
w e l d L A T F O L E T b r a n c hc o n n e c l i o no n a n 8 i n . , lbs
s t a n d a r dw e i g h l r u n ? 'b N o m i n a lb r a n c hw a l l t h i c k n e s s= 0 . 2 3 7 i n .
Solutlon: Use the equalion lrom. Table 1 lor the worst 'l n = N o m i n a lt h i c k n e s so f r u n p i p e = 0 . 3 2 2 i n .
c a s e , i . e . ,u s e t h e f o r m u l af o r 6 w h i c h a p p l i e st o -D M e a n r a d i u so f b r a n c h = 2 . 1 3 2 i n .
Mrs. h = 1 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 2 2 )/ ( 8 . 6 2 5 - 0 . 3 2 2 )( . 5 ) = o . 1 5 3
i = 0.9/ (0.1532 ) / 3= 3 . 1 5
h = 1 . 9 7 T / ( . = 1 . 9 7 ( 0 . 3 2 2 )/ 4 . 1 5 2 = 0 . 1 5 3 L e s s e ro f t n o r ( i ) t o = 0 . 3 2 2 i n .
i o= o . 9/ t o . i s s ) 2 / 3= 3 . 1 5 Z = (for reduc'ddoutlei branclr) = 7121.
Since 6 = 3. 15 is grealer lhan ir,,nlor a butl-weld Z = 2 tO.322l = 4.60 in.3
r t 2 . 1 3 2 )'3
a t t h e b r a n c h e n d o t l h e L A T R O L E T ( L , n .= s i = ry = 1s132r87) = 2 2 . 0 4 I p s i
1' O ), u s e i o = i = 3 ' 1 5 i n t h e p i p i r r gs y s l e ma n a l - A N S .S E = 2 2 , 0 4 1p s i "
ysis.
'fhe
Discussion: tests which yielded the i-tactors ot the
t - A T F O L E Tb r a n c h c o n n e c t i o n s\ / e r e I d , u p l i -
P r o b l e m : A p i p i r t gs y s l e n r c o n l a i r l sa b r a n c f rc o r r r r e c t i o n c a t e o t l h e t e s t s p e r t o r n r e db y M a r k l . T h e
c o n s i s t i n go f a 4 i n . s t a n d a r dw e i g h l L A T F O L E T dala was reduced to the lorm i = O.g/h2'3
(with a standard weight branch) on an 8 in. whicl'ris lhe generalized expression ol most
standard weight run pipe. A piping systems A N S I a n d A S M E C o d e s . T h e i - t a c t o r sc o u l d
analysishas been rnade irr accordance with b e i n r p r o v e db y b l e n d i n gt h e w e l d i n t o t h e s r r r -
A N S I 8 3 1 . 1- 1 9 7 7 :t h e f o l k - i w i n n g l o n r e n t sh a v e face ot the run pipe and by grinding and
been lound acling on the lhree legs ol the d r e s s i n gt o p r o d u c e a g r a d u a l a n d u n t l o r m
b r a n c hc o n n e c t i o n ; t r a n s i t i o r lf r o m t h e L A T R O L E T b r a n c h c o n -
M,,=-3000 in-lbs, Mr,= -5000 irr-lbs, Mr,= - nection to the surface of the run.
1 5 0 0 0i n - l b s
M.r=--3000 in-lbs, Mr2=-5000 in-lbs, M12=- BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 5 0 0 0i n - l b s 1 . L l a r k l A . R . C . , " F a t r g u eT e s t s o l P i p r n gC o r n p o n e n l s . " T r a n s . A S l r E ,
19 5 2 .
M . " = 6 0 0 0 i n - l b s , M 'r. " = 1 0 0 0 0 i n - t b s ,
2 . S c h n e i c t e r .R . y / . , . . t a c h s o n ,W . M . a n d N i c o i l s , W . R . , " P h o t o e t a s t i c
Mjj= 30000 in-tos S t u d y a n d F a t r g u eT e s t s o f a C o n t o u r e d , I n t e g r a t l yR e i n t o r c e d B r a n c h
C o n n e c l i o n . " T r a n s . A S M E , J o u r n a l o l E n g r n e e r i n gf o r I n d u s t r y , p p .
C a l c u l a t et h e t h e r m a le x p a n s i o ns t r e s s ( S . ) d u e 1 0 2 1 - 1 O 2 9 .N o v e m b e r1 9 7 1 .
3 . S c h n e i d e r ,R . W . a n d F l o d a b a u g h ,E . C . , " O e r i v a t i o no f S t r e s s I n t e n s i l i -
10 the resultant moment M." acling on the
c a t i o n F a c t o r s l o r a S p e c i a l , C o n t o u r e c t .I n t e g r a i l yR e i n l o r c e d B r a n c h
branch leg (see Par. 104.8-bf ANSI 831.1- C o n n e c t i o n , " T r a n s . A S M E , J o u r n a l b l E n g i n e e f i n gl o r I n d u s t r y , p p .
1 9 7 7 ) u s i n gi = t o . 106- 112, February1973.

' S e e P a r s . t 0 4 . 8 . 3 6 n d 1 0 4 . 8 . 4( C ) o , A N S l 8 3 1 . t - 1 9 7 7 .

" Oue to resultant moment Mcaacting on lhe branch (leg 3) .

Similar calculations would normally be made lor the two legs ol the run; the baslc
dille.ence is thal Zis lhe section modulus ol the tun pipe.

-28-
 FORGE
BONNEY

lnsert
Weldolet'
Fittings
FACTORSAND STRESSINDICES
STRESSINTENSIFICATION

-29-
C O D EB R A N C HC O N N E C T I O N S

Redrawn of
fromFig.NB-3686.1(f)-1
- NB
Sectionlll, Div.1 Subsection
 Factors
StressIntensification
and Stresslndicesof
BonneyForgeInsertWeldolePFittings
INTRODUCTION
The various ASME and ANSI/ASME831 Codes give
equationsfor calculatingstress inlensification factorsand
stress indicesfor different types of branchconnections.
Equationsof the form i = O'9/h''"were introducedby
Marklt and based on fatiguetesls of full'sizeoutletsand
other types of piping components.An equationof the form:
t^
i = c(R./T,)''" lrlnlR^l''' (TJ/I) 1r rrrl
is of recenl origin and according to the various Codes
appliesto certain types of integrallyreinforcedbranch
connectionsrin straightpipe when:
(a) The axis of the branch conneclion is normal to
the axis of the run PiPe
(b) R./T .<50 and rjlR,.< 0.5
(c) Radiusr, is between 10% and 50% of T,
-31-
(d) Radiusrz is not less than the larger ol Tol2 or T.l2
(e) Radiusrs is nol less thanthe largerof O.OO2Oclo
or 2(sin€)stimes the offset
The terms in the equationdescribedabove are illustraled
in Fig. 1 and also defined below:
c = a constant
do = outsidediameterof branchpipe, in.
h = flexibilitycharacteristic
! = stress intensificationfactor
0 = distancefrom where lhe force was appliedto
the branchpipe to lhe fatiguecrack, in.
N = numberof cycles to failure
rl = ffi€8nradius ol branch pipe, in.
R. = lTl€dnradius of run pipe, in.
re = oulside radius ol branch connection(nozzle),h.
fr = insidecorner radiusof nozzle,in;
fz = outsideradius ol nozzleat nozzle- run
junction,in.
rc = hansitionradius at branch pipe end of nozzle,h.
Sr' = flominal stress -a!the loqation of the fatigue
crack, psi. S. = Sao = &ro
T{ = wall thickness of-branch!ipe, in.
To = wallthickness of nozzle,in.
T, = wallthicknessof run pipe, in.
Zo = section modulusof branch pipe. in.t
e = bansilionangle at branch ppe en<tof rrczde, deg.
'For exlmpb. sca:
|!l FiC.Dt of ANSUASME B3t.l
(bl Flg. NB-3686.1 l0-r ol ASME S€cfFn lll, Dtvbb,l I . Srb.cto,l f€.
tc) Fb. NC.3673.2 tbl.l ot ASME S€cl'|onn, Ohrbbn r . Subsct'on NC.
(dl Fig. ND.3673.2 {b)-2 ot ASME S€clitr l[. Onbbi t . Suboecliant{o.
SCOPE
The Bonney Forge line of Insert Weldoletsmeets the
requirementsof (a) through (e) above except that it in-
cludes fittingswhich exceed the limitationsof (b). An
equationof the form:
i = c(&/T)'"lr;lR,)"1111;1r;1r,1
is applicablefor all Bonney Forge Insert Weldoletswhich
fall withinthe rangeR.fL<50, however,when rilR,)0.5,
the equationyields a conservativevalue of the stress
intensification factor.
It.shouldbe noled that when the ratioof the branchdia-
meterto run diamelerpermits,radiusrz graduallyincreases
from the crotch section to the skirt section(transverse
plane)to providea smootherlransitionzone betweenthe
branchconnectionand the run pipe.
-32-
It is readily apparentlhat the constant C can be deter-
minedonce the stress intensificationfactor i is known for
a particularheader(model)which satisfiesconditions(a)
through(e) above. Accordingly,a series of Markl-typee
bendingfatiguetests were performedon ten, 14(0.375)
x6(0.280) Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoletcarbon steel
headersin orderlo determinei and then the constantC.
The essentialdetailsof the test are describedbelow:
(1) The Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoletwhich was
tested is shown in Fig. 2. The amountof rein-
forcemeniprovidedbasedon ANSI/ASME 831.1-
1980 is approximately 1037o.
(2) The test headersare illustrated
in Fig. 3.
(3) Five headerswere tested to failureby an out-of.
plane force applied cyclically at the end of the
branchpipe. The welds betweenthe branch con-
nection and the run and branch pipes were
dressedflushboth insideand outside.
(4) Three headerswere lested as in (3) above ex.
cept that only the root of the weld joining the
nozzleto the run pipe was ground flush; the ex-
terior surface was left "as.welded" with a crown
ol about1/16 inch.
(5) Two headers were tested to failure by an in-
plane force applied cyclically at the end of the
branch pipe. The welds .between the branch
connection and the run and branch pipes were
dressedflush both insideand outside.
'Maal's procedure w8s used but with r'mrRm = 0.466 insteadot unity (tu[.stze wllag.
TESTDATA AND INTERPRETATION
The relevanttest data are given in the followlngtable:

SUMMARYOF TESTDATA
Test Loading s! N Welds FFaclor'
(psl) (cycles)
1 Oul-of-plane 33,200 337 a 2.30
2 Out-of-plane 22,'tOO 1,605 a 2.53
3 Out-of-plane 10,500 6,341 a 2.58
4 Out-of-plane 13,800 7,131 a 3.01
5 Out-ol-plane 11 , 2 0 0 52,103 a 2.49
AVG= 2.58
6 Out-of-plane 33,200 330-3850 b 2.31-2.2
7 Out-of-plane 16,600 4,O47 b 2.80
I Out-of-plane 11, 1 0 0 19,547 b 3.06
9 In-plane 61,200 1,034 a 1.OO
10 In.plane 37,300 14,264 a o.97
AVG= O.99

a Weldsbetweenthe 14 x 6 lnsertWeldoletand the run

and branchpipes dressed flush insideand outside.
b Sameas above except root of insertweld was ground
flush,whereas,exteriorsurfacewas left in ,,as-welded"
condilionwith a crown of about1/16 in.
c S" = nominalstressamplitude= FQlZo, psi. (The mean
stress was 0 psi)
d Malfunctionof automaticshut-downsystem. No leakage
was observed at 330 cycles, however, extensive
leakagewas apparentwhen cycle counterwas viewed
at 385 cycles.
e FromiS" = !.d$,OOON-02
From Tests 1-5 inclusive,where the criticalwelds were
dressedflush both insideand outside,the averagestress
intensification
factoris i = 2.58. Substitutingthe average
valueof iin the generalized
equation:
i = c(R /I)"'" 1r;tR^1''''
(I;/I) (t/rr)
Tests 6, 7 and 8 show that the effect of the weld crown
on fatigue life is some inverse function of the nominal
stress amplitudeS" lt is estimatedthat i approachesa
value of approximately3.5O S approaches O psl,
accordingly,the maximumeffect is estimated by taking
the ratioof 3.50 to iouofromtests 1.S inclusive;this ratio,
is designatedas F in the section which follows and is used
as a multiplierin the generalizedi.factorequation.In all of j
the out-of-planetests, fatigue failures occurrdd wherel
expected, that is, on the transverseplane at the branch
connectionto run pipe weld.
In tests 9 and 10, where the loadingwas in-plane,fatigue
failuresoccurred at lhe branch pipe to branch conneciion
junction at an averagestress intensificationfactor of ievr
= O.99.

-33-
DESIGNDATA

The lollowing generalizedslress intensificationfactor
equationis recommendedfor the analysisof branchcon'
nections made using Bonney Forge lnsert Weldoleto
Fitlings:
"t
i = 0.8s(R"/L)''3(rjlR.) (tJ n,) (rjlrrlF
where:
F - 1 when the weld whichjoins the InsertWeldo'
let to the run pipe is dressedflushon both sur'
faces.
F = 1.40 when the insertweld has a flushroot and
an "as-welded"crown on the exteriorsurface.
The equationis suitablefor all Codes based on the stress
faclorconcept.For momentloadingon the
intensification
branch,the sectionmodulusZo appliesto the branchpipe;
all otherconditionsand restrictionsof the applicableCode
apply.
For Codes based on the stress index concept,such as
SubsectionNB of ASME lll, the recommendedequation
for determining Crsis:
czo 1.70 (R./T.)?'t(rJlR.)"t(Tjn)(rilrr)r
=
All other indicesof SubsectionNB plus the associated
conditionsand restrictionsapply except that the use of
the equationis not limitedto rjlR,-<0.5. The equation
yields a value ol Caowhich becomes increasinglycon'
servaliveas (/R, approachesunity.

t4'srd, rt. A.106G.,a pip.

6 ' s r d . r r . A . 1 0 6G r I p i p .
REFERENCE

"Fatigue Tests of Piping Components",

l l Markl, A,R.C.,
Trans.ASME,74(3), 287-303 (April,1952).
tFE
" l
0cllrct!d La9
lh-Plon.l
5if s'- q. roo w u Frong.

lar6 srd.:r. TNSERT

WELDOLET

r'-cl soo w. r. Froag.

-34-
SAMPLEPROBLEM

Problem: A piping system conlainsa branchconnectionconsistingof a 6 in. standardweight Bonney

Forge Insert Weldoleto Fittingin a 20 in. slandardweight run pipe. The branch pipe is also
standardweight. A piping system analysishas been made in accordancewith ANSI/ASME
831.1.198O and the rangeof the resultantmomentM" actingon the branchdue lo thermal
, expansionis 75,000 in-lb.Assumingthat the weld which joins the fittingto the run pipe is
dressed flush, calculatethe stress intensificationfactor i and the thermalexpansionstress
S. due to M" = 75,000 in-lb.actingon the branch.

Sofution: R, = l2O'O.375112= 9.813 in.

T, = 0.375 in'
rn = (6.625 - O.28Oll2= 3.173 in.
Tj = O'280 in'
ro = 3 ' 8 13
. F = l
i = 0.85 (R,rT,)z3 (r;/R,)''2(T;/T,)(r;/ro)F
i = o . 8 5 ( 9 . 8 1 3 / 0 . 3 7 5 ) 2( 3 . 1 7 3 / 9 . 8 1 3 ) " ? ( O . 2 8 0 / 0 . 3( 73 5. 1) 7 3 / 3 . 8 1 3 ) 1
i = 2.65
SE = iWrlZo
Zb = tt (rA)'To= r (3.173)t(0.280) = 8.856 in.r
Se = 2.65 (75,000)/8.856= 22.442 psl
ANSWERS: i = 2.65
Se = 22,442 psi

-35-
 AddendaNo.1 To BonneyForgeBrochureSl-1

1. BACKGFOUND (d/D=1.0) and(3)correctly recognize thatfullsizeis notneces'

A paperentilled:
"The Nonconservatismof ASME Code Ruleslor sarilythe"worstcase".
AnalyzingReducedOutletBranchConnections"was publishedin SomeSIFequations {orbranchconneclions invariousASMEand
t Se2 1t1.ffre main thrust o{ the articlewas that evidenceexisted ANSyASME Codesmaybe excessively conservaliveor uncon'
which'suggested thal stressintensificalionfaclorsgivenin vario.us servalivebasedonther6centPVRCstudy'Overconservalilm Iry
ASME and ANSyASMECodes couldbe seriouslyunconservative betheresuhofcommittees havingusedtheexpression 2,r=0qJ(9ro)
for connectionswith diameterratios(d/D)between0'5 and 1.0with whereas,un@nservallsm
lo convertf romstressindicesto i-factors,
a peakoccurringaround0.75.As a resultol this 1982paper,PVRC maybe the resultof misinterpreling dataor assuming thatdala
initiateda studyshortlythereatterto resolvethe matler;necessary f romtestsof f ullsizenozzlesiepresenled the"worstcase".
experimentaldala were acquiredlrom lw.o,major industry-sp.9n:
soiedlatigueteslingprograms.Otherproblemswerealsoidentilied 3. CAUTIONABY NOTE
by PVRCand includedin their study. The useof the SIFequalions in WRCBullelinNo.329andthis
addenda to Sl-1willserveas an indicatorwhethera designwhich
WRC BulletinNo.329 (2) was preparedby E. C. Rodabaughunder Codeis overlyconservative
ol a parlicular or
the sponsorshipof the PVRC Subcommitteeon Piping'Pumpsand
meetsrequirements
unconservalive. At the diicretionof thedesigner, unconservalism
Valves.The bulletincontains proposedCode changesbased on bythe useof theproposed A fab-
SIFequations'
mayUeremoved
the PVRCstudywhich (a) solvethe problemof unconservatism for
whichistobe Codeslampedmusl,at theveryleast,com'
d/D ratiosbetween0.5 and 1.0, (b) revisecurrenlCode equations
rication
olvwirhtheapplicable Code,EditionandAddendaand,lherefore,
to removeexcessiveconservalism,and (c) placeall SIF equations eiiessiveconseivatism f romtheuseof Code
resulting
bliminating
on a lechnicallydefendablebasis.The bulletinalsodiscussesother the designer.
problemsin need of attenlion,for example,stressesproducedby
equations is nolan optionof
b r a n c ht o r s i o n a lm o m e n t s .A g e n e r a l l y - a c c e p l er de l a t i o n s h i p Forchecking branchends,in allcasesZ is thesectionmodulus of
betweeni-lactorsand slress indiceshas been 24=(Kro)(Cro); Mr. the branchpiPeandS=(,JMZb.
Rodabaughdiscussesat leastone anomalywherethe relation'
ship is 4rt=(Kru)(C.u). 4. PROPOSEDCHANGES
The proposedrevisions whichfollowprimarily.involve SIFequa-
2. PURPOSEOFADDENDANO.1 tions,nowever, The purposeof this
a lew applyto stressihdices.
addendais describedabove.Fordetailedinformation regardlng
SomeSIF equationsin thisbrochure.are grosslyconservative and
thebasisof therecommendations, to Rel'2'
the readeris referred
some are signilic'antlyunconservalivewhen comparedwilh lhe
equationsproposedin WRC BulletinNo.329.However,it wouldbe
since some of the i- 4.2Nomenclature
surprisingil lhis were not the case_especially regarding
factbrequationsin Sl-1 were basedon tesls ol full-sizeoutlelsand, Unfortunately, the variousCodesare inconsistent
nomenclalure. Accordingly,lorconvenience' con'
lhelollowing
likethe Codes;lull-sizewas assumedto representlhe'\rvorslcase"
Ref.1 and con- sistentsetof symbols wiliUe used for all proposed changes'
for momenlloadingon the branch.As suggestedin"worst
lirmedby the recentPVRCstudy,il is seenthatthe case"falls Symbols whichappearin equations butnotdefinedbeloq will
betweendiameterratios(d/D)o{ 0.5 and 1.0. be pertheapplicable seclion of Sl'1.
WRC BulletinNo. 329 and olher sourcesof technicaldata show ri" = calculated stressintensification lactorfor moment
clearlythat in many instances44=(lqJ (CrJ betterdescribesthe rela- loadingon the branch(usedlor checkingbranch
tionshipbetweenlatiguebehavior(4)and stressindlcesthan zi,=(Q ends).
(C*) which, heretofore,was used almostexclusively'lt is lrue for r,' = calculatedstressintensification factorfor moment
Brinch Connectionsdepictedin Fig. NB-3643.3(a)-1and NC- loadingonthe run(usedforcheckingrunends)'
3673.2(b)-2ofASME Sectionlll;such nozzlesare typiliedby Bon- r = rTl€?oS radiusof branchpipe.
neyForgeInsertWeldolePFittings. Ref.2showsthal thisis alsotrue = radiusof nozzle(SeeFig.1 on page31)'
b outside
loibranchconnectionswhichdo nol haveatransitionradiusof rr al pipeintersections(See
r2 = oulerradiusat nozzle-to-run
the intersec'tionof the nozzleand the O.D.surfaceol the run pipe. page31).
The purposeol this AddendaNo. 1 is to update BonneyForge R = meansradiusol runpiPe.
Brochur6Sl-1basedonWRC BullelinNo.329preparedunderthe l = wallthickness ol branchPiPe.
sponsorship ol the PVRC Subcommittee on Piping,Pumps and of runPiPe.
T = wallthickness
Valvesand, as applicable,currentedhionsof the variousASME
and ANSI/ASMECodes.Accordingly, it is our opinionthat the pro' z =sectionmodulus.
posed,new SIF equations(1) are on a lechnicallydelendable Zt= seclionmodulusof branchPiPe.
basis,(2) coverlhe full rangeof diamelerratiosincludingfull size z r = sectionmodulusol runPiPe.
-A-1-
4.2Weldolels@(pages4'11) pg.33add:"lnaddilion tothedimens'onal
parameters ofthe
the
Delete twocolumnsol textonpage9 plusthesample
prob. teslheadersyieldsa valueoftheconslantC equalto 0.85'.
lemon page11andsubstitule thefollowing: (2) Revisethe sectionon DESIGNDATAon page34 as
follows:
for /Fl < 0.9'
[ = t .S1V1z3(r/R)1/,(vTXr/rJ DESIGNDATA
[(MlN.)= 1.s generalized
Thefollowing stressintensification are
factorequations
proposedfor the analysisol branchconnections madeusing
for rFl < 1.0' BonneyForgelnsertWeldolePFittings:
iu= 0.9(R/T)4(VTXr/rp)
for r/R< 0.9'
[(MrN.)= 1.0 r/R)." (VT)(t
L = .75(R/T)zs( h)
'To calculalerowhenr/R > 0.9 but< 1.0,use linearinter- = 1.5
[(tttlN.)
polation. 'No equation is giveforr/R> 0.9sinceth'srangeo1diam'
elerraliosis notattainable asa resuhofgeometrical lim'
i= 0.8(FilT)zn(r/R) radiusr. requirement.
,,(MlN.)=
2.1 itationsimposedby the minimum
i, = 0.4(F/T)2F(r/R)
4.3Svreepolets@ (pages12-21, i,(MlN.) - 1.5
(1) ReviseFbotnote (3)toTable1 asfollows:
The equationsare applicable for all Codesbasedon lhe stress
(3) Fi = 1.0foras-welded, llushor dressedinsertwelds. intensification factorconceptprovidedF/T < 50.The equations
=
Fz 1.0forflushed or dressed insertwelds. applywhenthe insertweld is flush,dressedor as'welded. Fot
- - momentloading onthebranch,theseciionmodulus Z = Zoapplies
F2- = (0.5+ r/R) bul notlessthan1.0 lor as-welded to thebranchpipe;allotherconditions Codeapply.
oftheapplicable
insertwelds.
ForCodesbasedon the stress
index concept, such as Subsec'lion
( 2 )I n T a b l e1 i m m e d i a l e l a
y b o v et h e e q u a t i o n0 . 4 0 NBol ASMESectionlll,theequation recommended forcalculating
(F/T)".(FrXF.) - whichisfor momenlloadingonthe run-
Cris:
addthe note:"ForanYvalueof t/R".
(3) Exampfes #1 and #2 on page17 arecorrectsincethe Czr=3 (F!r[)za(r/R)ta 0/T)(r/rJ
insertweldbetweenSweepoleto andrunpipeis dressed ce (MlN.)=.1.5
(F or D).lf the examples hadbeenbasedon as-welded K5- 1.0
(A-W)insertwelds,itwouldhavebeennecessary lo change see N8-364!,Fig.NB-3643.3 (a)-1,
For additionalinformation,
F, from1.6to 1.0andreducequandlr. accordingly. NB-3650,NB-3680andTableNB-3681(a)-1plusthe applicable
(4) InTaple3 for M, loading,revise[o as follows: Footnotes to thetable.
Ka,= 1.0forflush,dressedor as-welded insertwelds. (3)Replace theSAMPLEPROBLEM onpage35withthefollowing:,
(5) Example #3 on page19 is correctsincethe insertweld Problem: /
is dressed(F or D).lf the examplehadbeenbasedon A pipingsyslemconlainsa branch conneclionconsisting of a 6 in.
anas-welded (A-W)insertweld,hwouldhavebeenneces- standardweightBonneyForgelnsertWeldoleP Fittingina 20in.stan-
saryto changeK* from1.6lo 1.0andreduce(KrJ(Crb) dardweightrunpipe;lhebranchpipeis alsostandard weight.A
accordingly. pipingsystemanalysishas beenmadein accordance with
At tSyASMe831.1 andthe rangeoftheresuhant momentM"onthe
4.4latroletso (pages23-281 branchdueto thermalexpansion is 75,000in-lb.Calculate the
Theproblem of laleralbranchconnedions subjectto moment factori andthermalexpansion
stressinlensfficat'ton stressSr due
loadings byPVRC.Aftera reportis issued,
isunderirvestigalion to M"= 75,000in-lb.
thei-factor
equal'ronson pages26 and27 ofthisbulletin,
which
Solution:
werebasedon fatiguetestsof full-size,4 in. BonneyForge
LateralBranchConneclions, willbe reevaluated. R = (20-0.375)12 = 9.813in.
T = 0.375in.
4.5InsertWeldotet@ Fittings(pages29-35) r = (6.625- O.280)12 = 3.173in.
(1)At thetop of the righthandcolumnbelowlhe tableon t = 0.280in.
- A-2-
 re= 3.813in. basedon fatiguetestdataand i-factors(4).
(/rJ TheCodesapparenlly handledtheprobleminthereverse direclbn;
L = 0.751ff/T)aa(r/R)r2(t/D the tvpe d'epkred Frg'NB-3643'3(a)-.1 ' lfe
= O.7s (9.8
1 17319.8
3/0.375)2/3(3. 13)1/2(0.280)/0.37s) f"iL.ncn "ohh"ction! of
L- "q*ri". f"i C^ wasbased6h fge, exclusively' As a result,ths
x (3.173/3.813)
Codeequation became:
ib=2.94
se = (,f) Mot{ C2p= 3 (R/Q zn(r/R1ta 0/T) (r/rJ
= s Codes'
1=3.1416 (3.173)' (0'280)8.856in. ThentheSubseclion NCandotherASME andANS|/ASME
(l/vo)
=
SE 2.34 =
(75,000)/8.856 19,817
PsL il6;;*ion roil*". arrived at using the.relationshiP '=
appears in current
1iro1n;theresuhingi-{aclorequationwhich
ANSWERS: editions of theCodesis:
L=2.34(ForF,D orA-Winsertwelds) i= 1.5(R/D * (r/R)n glT)(rtr)
Se=19,817Psi' Rel.2 pointsoulthata constantof 0'75inthes lF equatignI't1""9
oi f .s-,*orfO beconsistent withthe recentlymmpletedPVRCstudy
5. DISCUSSION "nJi6*tt"nds the CodeSIFequation5e reviiedaccordingly'As
Theproposed revisionslo BonneyForgeBulletin Sl-1arebasedon ; ;;.rlt, rh; StFequationpresentty inthe Codesisconsidered to be
WRCBirlletinNo.329and,as applicable, currentCodeaddenda' ultra-conservative.
Fora detailedac@untof the recentPVRCstudyandrecommen- Sincethe ilactorequationon page34 for BonneyForg.eInsert
dations, thereaderis referred to Ref.2'Thereport,inadditionto rec*
discusses the W"fOif"ft fittingswai basedonfatiguedala,it isvirtuallythesame
ommending changesto certaini'tactorequations, as the expressionproposedin Ref.2 (0.85vs.!.Jp' ry 1 f:ll
following topics: of using2i = 19r1iCro1, tne constaltonpage 34 is only.1/zlhe
a.Description of recentindustry-sponsored latiguetesting -nitrit ot trL'ibde'i,iuation (1.70vs.li), accordingly,-it is rec'
program. "rr".J"O in4.5thalitb6 rorisei to be consistentwiththe C2b equa'
b. lnterpretdionoJtestdataandderivation SIFequations.
of nerar tionin SubSection NBol ASMElll (change1.70lo3 anddeleteF)'
boitiliJ""t"tty,tnestf equation inihe variousCodeshappenedb
c. Roleof R/f, UTand r4 on (ii. 'directiorfof conversion'
4 U" "o"."t"t]ve simplybecauseof the
d. Roleof the condilionof nozzle-lo-run weld (or radiusr.) i.e.,fromthe stressindex to an ifac'tor.
on ,t. Fromtheexposed equation br i in Ref.2an$tfreqfq=tPn q !!H
unconservatism as a resultof usingi = 1'0 lor (C^-)in Sub'section NB,il is seenthatthe relationship betweenslFs
e.Possible
torsionalmoment on thebranch(Mr). inilitress indicesis represented by 4i= (KJ (C.d where4re.siIP
lromdividingtheconstantsin therespeaiv^e-equatioqs (i's" sru'/cr'
L Tieatmentol run moments. fti" oilnGtJtr to notethatthe Sweepoleto BranchConnec'tions' a
g. Combinal'on of moments. ;"rp";i;; ;t threedimensional photoelastic data with f aligue
factors.
h. Flexibility test batatendsto supportwhathai beenthe generally-accepted
relationship of 2i= (K.J (CJ.
i. Anomalies in the relationship betweenbetweeniand
(KJ(c,J' 6. FUTUREADDENDATOBULLENN SFl
to variousCode
'i. Generaland specificrecommendations Obviously,the cognizantCode commitleesmay l9dity oI Syl1]
committees:the recommendationsalsoserveto sum- rejeasorireoftheievisionsproposgdinBef.2 andall Codeswil nf,
overallreport(Ref.2).
marizethe b6 uodatedat the sametime.Further, futurestudiesmry sugge$
the rieed{oradditionalchange. In anycase, we opect thal Pertoo'
TheSIFequation on page34of Sl'1for InsertWeldoleP b:
Fittings ically,h willbe necessaryto updatethisbulletin.
i= 0.85(Ww (r/R)t'' (vT)lrlrj (D 7. REFERENCES
wasbasedon BonneyForge's fatiguetestingprogram.The equa' 1.' Schneider, R.W.,"The Nonconservatism of ASMEGode-
lionfor C- on Page34,whichis: ill;;6iAnalyzing Reducedoutlet Bnnch Connection5i
ASMEPaPer82-PVP-15, 1982.
Cu=1.7o Fm2E (r/R1ta(t/D (r/rJ (F)
2. Rodabaug Fadots
h, E'C.,'Accuracyof StressI ntensilicatbn
wasbasedonlhe generally-accepted 2i= (lqb)(C2b)'
relalionship
for C,owas for BranciConnections,"WRC ButletinNo.329,1988'
e.g.,1.70is double0.85.In olherwords,the equation
-A-3-
 1.2

WELDOLETS

1.0

= o.8
ts
I
s
€'
E
=
INSEHT
> 0.6 WELDOLETS

0.4

o.2

0 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

ForWeldolets
and lnsertWeldolets
r4= 0.85
ForSweepoletsr4 = 1.0 (actually
lermdoesnotappearin equationfor in)

BulletinSll(AddendaNo.lytg88
_A4_
 BONNEY
FORGE BONNEYFOBGE
U.S.ROUTE522 S.
P.O.BOX330
MT.UNION,PA 17066
PHONE:(814)542-2545
800-345-7546
FAX: (8141s42-9977
TELEX: 910-240-9091

EullellnSl.1