TM MODE IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

INTRODUCTION
Microwaves propagate through various microwave circuits, components and devices that act as section
of microwave transmission lines that are extensively called waveguides. Any shape of cross section of
waveguide can support electromagnetic waves. But since irregular shapes are hard to analyse and are
rarely used, rectangular and circular waveguides have become more common waveguide cross-section
may have any shape. Rectangular waveguide is most common.

Rectangular waveguides are the one of the earliest type of the transmission lines. They are used in many
applications. A lot of components such as isolators, detectors, attenuators, couplers and slotted lines are
available for various standard waveguide bands between 1 GHz to above 220 GHz.

A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves because we cannot define a
unique voltage since there is only one conductor in a rectangular waveguide. The shape of a rectangular
waveguide is as shown below. A material with permittivity e and permeability m fills the inside of the
conductor.

A rectangular waveguide cannot propagate below some certain frequency. This frequency is called
the cut-off frequency.
DESCRIPTION
Consider two hallow rectangular waveguides arranged in the rectangular co-ordinate system with its breadth
along x-axis, width along y-axis, inner dimension a × b i.e., a=32.86mm and 22.86mm and b= 20.16mm and
10.16mm, loaded with an air as a dielectric. In rectangular waveguide the electric and magnetic fields are
onfined to space within the waveguides. The electromagnetic waves are propagating in the "z" direction. Or else
the zcomponent of the magnetic field, Hz must exist in order to have energy transmission in the rectangular

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waveguide. The electromagnetic wave inside a waveguide can have an infinite number of patterns which are
called modes.
The TMmn mode in a rectangular waveguide are characterised by Hz = 0. Implies that z-component of electric
field Ez ≠0, must exist to transmit energy in the waveguide.

Figure- Rectangular Waveguide

The wave equations for waves propagating along z direction are given by

Where Hz are the components of magnetic field along the z-direction for TM waves

The mode which having lowest cutoff frequency in a specific waveguide iscalled dominant mode.

The cutoff frequency is given by

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The wave propagate in the waveguide if operating frequency is greater than the cutoff frequency i.e., the
frequency at which the value of the propagation constant changes from real to imaginary is called cutoff
frequency.
The characteristic impedance is given by

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

Magnetic field can be defined as that which can exert a magnetic force and can produce magnetic induction in
the matter placed in it. The equation is given as

PROPAGATION CONSTANT
In the Figure-4 Propagation constant is observed that where the frequency increases the propagation constant
also increases. As propagation constant is proportional to frequency.

IMPEDANCE
Figue-5shows the characteristic impedance of waveguide. The impedance of waveguide decreases as frequency
increases and remains constant for lower frequencies.
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RESULT

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CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
(a) Rectangular waveguide of size a =22.86mm ,b= 10.16 mm has more electric field and magnetic field
strengths than the rectangular waveguide of size a= 32.86mm, b=20.16 mm.This high electromagnetic radiation
may result in thermal effects on human while transmitting the information.
(b) As the size of the waveguide increased, the cutoff wavelength increased or cutoff frequency decreased. This
results in good propagation constant and allows lower frequencies to propagate.
(c) Characteristic impedance also decreased significantly as the size increases. Which results in transmission of
information without any loss. Thus the different characteristics of waveguide are studied. We can choose a
waveguide of better performance to propagate the waves.

APPLICATIONS
1. In practice, waveguides act as the equivalent of cables for super high frequency (SHF) systems. For such
applications, it is desired to operate waveguides with only one mode propagating through the waveguide.
2.A slotted waveguide is generally used for radar and other similar applications.
3.Due to propagation of energy in mostly air or space within the waveguide, it is one of the lowest loss
transmission line types and highly preferred for high frequency applications where most other types of
transmission structures introduce large losses.

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MONOPOLE ANTENNA

INTRODUCTION
A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted
perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called a ground plane. The driving signal from the
transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the lower end
of the monopole and the ground plane. One side of the antenna feedline is attached to the lower end of the
monopole, and the other side is attached to the ground plane, which is often the Earth.

DESCRIPTION-
The monopole is a resonant antenna; the rod functions as an open resonator for radio waves, oscillating with
standing waves of voltage and current along its length. Therefore, the length of the antenna is determined by the
wavelength of the radio waves it is used with. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole, in which
the antenna is approximately one quarter of the wavelength of the radio waves.

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RADIATION PATTERN
Like a dipole antenna, a monopole has an omnidirectional radiation pattern: it radiates with equal power in all
azimuthal directions perpendicular to the antenna. However, the radiated power varies with elevation angle,
with the radiation dropping off to zero at the zenith of the antenna axis. More specifically it is a plot of the
power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle which is nothing but the radiation intensity. It can be plotted
as a 3D graph or as a 2D polar or Cartesian slice of this 3D graph. It is an extremely parameter as it shows the
antenna’s directivity as well as gain at various points in space.

RETURN LOSS
Return loss is the loss of power in the signal returned/reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission line or
optical fiber. This discontinuity can be a mismatch with the terminating load or with a device inserted in the
line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB);

where RL(dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected power.
Return loss is related to both standing wave ratio (SWR) and reflection coefficient (Γ).
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RESULT

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APPLICATIONS
Monopole antennas are widely used in wireless communications equipment due to their simplicity,
omnidirectional characteristics, and low cost. It employed in radio broadcasting at low frequencies.