MLB 111

SEMESTER TEST 1 / SEMESTERTOETS 1

2016-04-06 Time Tyd: 90 min

STUDENT NUMBER: / STUDENTENOMMER: MARK / PUNT

……………………………………

SURNAME & INITIALS (Optional): _____

VAN & VOORLETTERS (Opsioneel): 55 75

........………………………………………………………….

Please write your student number on each page /

Skryf asseblief u studentenommer op elke bladsy

Answer all questions. Please do not write in the right hand margin.
Beantwoord alle vrae. Moet asseblief nie in die regterkantste kantlyn skryf nie.

This test paper consists of 8 questions and 12 pages. Check this.

Die toetsvraestel bestaan uit 8 vrae en 12 bladsye. Kontroleer dit.

Question 1 | Vraag 1 [10 x 2 = 20]

Choose the one correct statement (A-E) for each of the following by filling in the answer on the
sheet provided. Use side 1 to mark your answers on. / Kies die een korrekte stelling vir elk van die
volgende deur die korrekte letter (A – E) op die antwoordblad in te vul. Gebruik kant 1 om u
antwoorde op in te vul.

1.1. Polar covalent bonds exist in: / Polêr-kovalente bindings bestaan in:

A. Carbon dioxide gas / Koolstofdioksied gas

B. Oxygen gas / Suurstof gas
C. Methane gas / Metaan gas
D. Water
E. A and D / A en D

1.2. Which one of the following components can be used as a pH buffer component at a pH
lower than 7: / Watter een van die volgende verbindings kan gebruik word as ‘n pH buffer
komponent by ‘n pH laer as 7:

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

1.3. Which one of the following pairs are cis-trans isomers of one another? / Watter een van die
volgende pare is cis-trans isomere van mekaar?

A.

B. Fat and oil / Vet en olie

C. L Glucose and D-Glucose / L-Glukose en D-Glukose
D. CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH = CH – CH3
E. Answers A and D / Antwoorde A en D

1.4. Which one of the following elements can participate in hydrophobic bonding in the tertiary
structure of a protein? / Watter een van die volgende elemente kan deelneem aan
hidrofobiese bindings in die tersiêre struktuur van ‘n proteïen?

A. Non-polar amino acids / Nie-polêre aminosure

B. Charged polar amino acids / Gelaaide polêre aminosure
C. Uncharged polar amino acids / Ongelaaide polêre aminosure
D. Fatty acids / Vetsure
E. A and D / A en D

1.5. Two strings of polynucleotides are held together in double stranded DNA by / Twee
polinukleotied stringe word aanmekaar gehou in dubbeldraad DNA deur

A. Non-covalent ionic bonding / Nie-kovalente ioniese binding

B. Hydrogen bonding between the sugars / Waterstofbinding tussen die suikers
C. Hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen bases / Waterstofbinding tussen die
stikstofbasisse
D. Hydrophobic bonding between the nitrogen bases / Hidrofobiese binding tussen die
stikstofbasisse
E. Phosphodiester bonding / Fosfodiëster bindings

1.6 When an enzyme with pH optimum of 7 is tested for activity in a buffer at pH 4, it is much
lower due to: / Wanneer ‘n ensiem met pH-optimum van 7 getoets word vir aktiwiteit in ‘n
buffer by pH 4, dan is die aktiwiteit baie laer omrede

A. Changed charge distribution in substrate binding centre / Veranderde ladingsdistribusie

in die substraat-bindende sentrum
B. Hydrogen bonding of secondary protein structure not possible at low pH /
Waterstofbinding van sekondêre proteïenstruktuur nie moontlik by lae pH
C. Hydrolysis of peptide bonds in the enzyme / Hidrolise van peptiedbindings in die ensiem
D. Changed state of ionisation of amino acid side chains in the enzyme at pH 4 /
Veranderde staat van ionisasie van aminosuur sykettings in die ensiem by pH 4
E. A and D are correct / A en D is korrek

2
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

1.7 Name the cell structure that comprises protein and RNA and is the site of protein synthesis.
Benoem die sellulêre struktuur wat uit proteïene en RNA bestaan en die plek is waar
proteïensintese plaasvind

A. Golgi complex / Golgi kompleks

B. Nucleolus / Nukleolus
C. Ribosomes / Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion / Mitochondrion
E. Endoplasmic reticulum / Endoplasmiese retikulum

1.8 Cells that do not produce cell walls are / Selle wat nie die selwande produseer nie is

A. lining epithelium of the elementary canal /voering-epiteel van die dermkanaal

B. cells of a tree trunk / selle van 'n boomstam
C. cells of the stems of pot plants that welt during hot days / selle in die stammetjies van
potplante wat verwelk gedurende warm dae
D. bacteria / bakterieë
E. algae / alge

1.9 The major functions of the plasma membrane do not include / Die hoof funksies van die
plasmamembraan sluit nie in

A. separation of the fluid environments inside and outside the cell / skeiding van die
vloeistofomgewings aan die binne en buitekant van die sel
B. regulation of the molecules and ions that pass into and out of the cell / regulering van
die molekules en ione wat die sel binnegaan of verlaat
C. recognition and communication between adjacent cells/ herkenning en kommunikasie
tussen aangrensende selle
D. production of proteins used in the cell wall / produksie van proteïene wat in die selwand
gebruik word
E. maintaining connections between adjacent cells / handhaaf verbindings tussen
aangrensende selle

1.10 If a cellular homogenate were subjected to differential centrifugation, which of the following
would be expected to pellet first? / Wanneer ‘n sellulêre homogenaat aan differensiële
sentrifugasie blootgestel word watter van die volgende sal eerste in die pellet verwag word?

A. the endoplasmic reticulum / endoplasmiese retikulum

B. mitochondria / mitochondria
C. the cytosol/ die sitosol
D. nuclei / nukleusse
E. ribosomes / ribosome

3
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

Question 2 | Vraag 2 [10]

A protein consists of one or more polypeptide backbone(s) formed by linkage of the α-carboxyl
group of one amino acid with the α-amino group of the next amino acid. This backbone is
decorated by the side chains (R groups) protruding from the amino acids in the backbone. Now
answer the following questions: / ‘n Proteïen bestaan uit een of meer polipeptied ruggrate wat
gevorm is deur die koppeling van die α-karboksielgroep van een aminosuur met die α-aminogroep
van die volgende aminosuur. Die ruggraat projekteer sykettings (R-groepe) van die aminosure in
die polipeptied ruggraat. Beantwoord nou die volgende vrae:

2.1 How does the mass compare between 1 mole of tetrapeptide and the combined mass of 1
mole each of the four amino acids that comprise the tetrapeptide? Explain your answer. /
Hoe vergelyk die massa van 1 mol tetrapeptied en die gekombineerde massa van 1 mol elk
van die vier aminosure waaruit die tetrapeptied bestaan? Verduidelik u antwoord. (2)

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.2 Which has the higher possibility for diversity of structure – a tetranucleotide in RNA or a
tetrapeptide in a protein? Explain your answer, preferably by including a formula for
calculation of diversity. / Watter het die groter moontlikheid vir diversiteit van struktuur – ‘n
tetranukleotied in RNA of ‘n tetrapeptied in ’n proteïen? Verduidelik u antwoord, liefs deur
‘n formule in te sluit waarvolgens diversiteit bereken kan word. (4)

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.3 What is the distinct difference between the hydrogen bonding that maintains secondary
structure and those that maintain tertiary structure folding of proteins? / Wat is die
kenmerkende verskil tussen waterstofbindings wat sekondêre struktuur instand hou en dié
wat tersiêre struktuur vouing van proteïene instand hou? (4)

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

5
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

Question 3 | Vraag 3 [4]

3.1 Draw the chemical structure of a disaccharide released from cellulose by the enzyme
cellulase. / Teken die chemiese struktuur van ‘n disakkaried wat vrygestel is uit sellulose
deur die ensiem sellulase. (3)

3.2 Encircle that part of the structure of 3.1 that will differ when the enzyme amilase released
the disaccharide from starch. / Omkring daardie deel van die struktuur van 3.1 wat verskil
indien die disakkaried deur amilase vrygestel word uit stysel. (1)

Question 4 | Vraag 4 [15]

The enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the following exergonic reaction: / Die ensiem glukokinase
kataliseer die volgende eksergoniese reaksie:

Glucose + ATP  Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

Spot ten mistaken words in the ensuing discussion of this reaction by underlining the mistaken
words and numbering them 4.1 – 4.10 above the underlined words. Provide the corrected phrases
in the numbered lines below the discussion. / Soek tien verkeerde woorde in die opvolgende
bespreking van die reaksie deur dit te onderstreep in die teks en te nommer vanaf 4.1 tot 4.10 bo
die woorde. Voorsien die korrekte frases vir elke woord by die genommerde punte onder die
bespreking.

6
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

“The glucokinase enzyme couples two reactions, namely the phosporylation of glucose and the

hydrolysis of ATP. The potential energy of glucose is higher than that of glucose-6-phosphate. ATP

catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by its conversion to ADP. Glucokinase binds glucose in

its active site, and ATP in its allosteric site. By hydrolysing ATP, the enzyme absorbs the released

energy to enable it to increase the activation energy of the coupled reaction. In the course of the

reaction, the enzyme undergoes a reversible conformational change. The energy difference

between the substrates (glucose and ATP) and the products (Glucose-6-phosphate and ADP) is

released as heat (enthalpy) into the environment. Glucokinase increases the rate of the coupled

reaction by changing its equilibrium. This reaction demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics by

increasing the entropy of the universe, while it demonstrates the second law of thermodynamics by

converting chemical energy into heat energy, without changing the total amount of energy that is

contained in ATP and glucose. The glucokinase reaction is exergonic and forms part of catabolism.

The phosphorylation of glucose can never be part of an anabolic pathway. As a rule, coupled

reactions in anabolism are endergonic.”

“Die glukokinase ensiem koppel twee reaksies, naamlik die fosforilering van glukose en die

hidrolise van ATP. Die potensiële energie van glukose is hoër as dié van glukose-6-fosfaat. ATP

kataliseer die fosforilering van glukose deur sy omsetting na ADP. Glukokinase bind glukose in die

ensiem se aktiewe sentrum, en ATP in die allosteriese sentrum. Met die hidrolise van ATP,

absorbeer die ensiem die vrygestelde energie om dit in staat te stel om die aktiveringsenergie van

die gekoppelde reaksie te verhoog. Met die verloop van die reaksie ondergaan die ensiem ‘n

omkeerbare konformasionele verandering. Die energieverskil tussen die substrate (glukose en

ATP) en produkte (Glukose-6-fosfaat en ADP) word vrygestel as hitte (entalpie) aan die omgewing.

Glukokinase verhoog die tempo van die gekoppelde reaksie deur die ewewig te verander. Hierdie

reaksie demonstreer die eerste wet van termodinamika deurdat dit die entropie van die heelal

verhoog, terwyl dit die tweede wet van termodinamika demonstreer deur die omsetting van

chemiese energie in hitte-energie, sonder om die totale hoeveelheid energie te verander wat

vervat is in glukose en ATP. Die glukokinase-reaksie is eksergonies en vorm deel van

katabolisme. Die fosforilering van glukose kan nooit deel wees van ‘n anaboliese padweg nie. In

die reël, is gekoppelde reaksies in anabolisme endergonies.”

7
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

4.1………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.2………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.3………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.4………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.5………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.6………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.7………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.8………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.9………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.10………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

8
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

Question 5 / Vraag 5 [3]

Answer the following statements as being TRUE or FALSE. Motivate your answer. / Beantwoord
die volgende stellings as WAAR of ONWAAR. Motiveer jou antwoord.

5.1 Cells placed in an isotonic environment will die as they swell and burst. / Selle wat in ‘n
isotoniese omgewing geplaas word sal doodgaan omdat hul sal swel en bars. (1)

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.2 Transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins have at least one hydrophilic
domain to anchor them./ Transmembraan gedeeltes van integrale membraanproteïene het
ten minste een hidrofiliese deel wat hulle anker in die membraan (1)

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.3 Peroxisomes are abundant in cells that metabolize lipids and alcohol. / Peroksisome is
volop in selle wat lipiede en alkohole metaboliseer (1)

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

9
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

Question 6 / Vraag 6 [11]

6.1 Study the electron micrographs below and fill in the table by identifying the cell structure,
giving a function and specifying if this structure is restricted to either plant or animal cells or
if it can be found in both / Bestudeer die elektronmikroskoopfotos hieronder en vul die tabel
in deur die selstruktuur te identifiseer, ‘n funksie te gee en te sê of hierdie in plantselle,
dierselle of in beide gevind sal word (8)

A B C D

Cell structure / Function/ Funksie Plant cell/ Animal

Selstruktuur Cell / Both
Plantsel/ Diersel/
Albei
A

6.2 Explain how the surface area to volume ratio influences cell size. / Verduidelik hoe die
oppervlakte tot volume verhouding selgrootte beïnvloed. (3)

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………
10
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

Question 7 / Vraag 7 [5]

7.1 Briefly explain how a vesicle is moved within a cell on the cytoskeleton./ Verduidelik kortliks
hoe ‘n vesikel in ‘n sel beweeg op die sitoskelet

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…..………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 8 / Vraag 8 [7]

8.1 During one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump: Which ions (a) and how many of them (b)
are transported to the inside/ outside (c) of the cell during the phosphorylation phase? During
the de-phosphorylation phase which ions (d) and how many of them (e) are carried to the
inside/ outside (f) of the cell?
Gedurende een siklus van die natrium-kalium pomp: Watter ione (a) en hoeveel van hulle
(b) word tydens die fosforileringsfase na die binnekant/ buitekant (c) van die sel vervoer?
Gedurende die de-fosforileringsfase word watter ione (d) en hoeveel van hulle (e) na die binne/
buitekant (f) van die sel vervoer? (3)

(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

11
 Student no. / Studente nr. ………………………………….

8.2 On the figure provided below, draw a representation of the sodium-glucose coupled transport
protein to show the movement of glucose and sodium over the membrane of the cell. In your
representation you have to show the following: / Op die onderstaande figuur, teken ‘n
voorstelling van die natrium/glukose ko-vervoer proteïen om die beweging van die glukose en
natrium oor die membraan van die sel te wys. In jou voorstelling moet jy die volgende wys.

 the relative concentration of glucose and sodium on each side of the membrane. / die
relatiewe konsentrasie van glukose en natrium aan elke kant van die membraan.
 the direction of glucose and sodium transport over the membrane./ die rigting van glukose en
natrium vervoer oor die membraan (4)

Outside cell / Buite die sel

Inside of cell / Binne die sel

[Total / Totaal: 75]

12