Technical Hand Book On Building Construction For Field Engineers-1 PDF

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TECHNICAL HAND BOOK ON BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION FOR FIELD ENGINEERS
First Edition: 2018

DISCLAIMER
The data, Thumb rules, Material Testing methodologies etc.,
illustrated in this Technical Hand Book are with a view to serve the
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TECHNICAL HAND BOOK ON BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION FOR FIELD ENGINEERS
FOREWORD
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4
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TECHNICAL HAND BOOK ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR
FIELD ENGINEERS
PREFACE
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Designation
No. Committee Department
Engineer-in-Chief (Buildings) and Public Works

Chief Engineer (Buildings), Head of the Department
1
Chennai Region,Chennai Committee Chepauk,Chennai-5
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Member and
2 Chief Engineer, Chennai Municipal Administration
convener
Greater Chennai
3 Chief Engineer (Buildings), Chennai Member Corporation
Directorate of Town
4 Superintending Engineer , Chennai Member Panchayat
Tamil Nadu Housing

5 Chief Engineer, Chennai Member Board
Tamil Nadu Slum

6 Chief Engineer, Chennai Member Clearance Board
Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar

Housing and
7 General Manager (Technical) Member Development
Corporation(TAHDCO)
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Chapter Page
DESCRIPTION
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8
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CHAPTER - I
ENSURING THE ADEQAUCY OF RCC STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS IN BUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION
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FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
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10
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APPRAISAL OF SIZE OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
1. SLABS: How to calculate Thickness of slab?
(One way, Two way Slabs) (Cantilever Slabs)

For one way and Two way slabs, For Cantilever slabs
Assume 1cm thick per 1 foot span
Thickness : Span /10
if, lx = 5m
Span of slab in feet = 5 x 3 = 15 feet.
Hence thickness to be provided = 15cm. Span in Thickness
metre
Span in metre Thickness in “mm”
in “mm”
1.0 m 100 mm
Up to 3.50 m 120 mm
1.20 m 120 mm
3.60 to 4.0 m 130 mm

1.50 m 150 mm
4.10 to 4.50m 140 mm
1.80 m 180 mm
4.60 to 5.0 m 150 mm
2.0 m 200mm
5.10 to 6.0 m 180 mm
Slabs in a Typical Building Typical Floor Plan of a Building
11
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2. BEAMS:
EVOLVING SIZE OF BEAM
Concrete of Grade = M20
Steel = Fe415
Span = 6.0m
[7 (to) 8 cm depth per meter of span is assumed ]
Depth of beam for 6.0m span =
6.0 x 7 = 42cm
6.0 x 8 = 48cm
Hence adopt depth of Beam as 45 cm (i.e.,450 mm)
Assume size of Beam as
(300x450) / (230x450) Beam –Cross Section
Typical Beam – Column Junction
12
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3. COLUMNS
How to Judge COLUMN size ??
3.1 APPROXIMATE APPROACH FOR FINDING COLUMN FORCES
Table 1
2
COLUMN LOAD IN KN/M
RESIDENT OFFICE EXAMPLE
POSITION BLDG. BLDG.
INTERIOR 12 14 B2,B3
EDGE 17 19 A2,A3,C2,C3
CORNER 22 24 A1,A4,C1,C4
13
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DESIGN OF COLUMN B2
Illustration
The buildng shown has three storeys.
i)CALCULATION OF LOAD ON COLUMN Table 2 (Area of Bars)
Load influence area on column B2 (i.e.tributory area)
= (3.70/2 + 3.70/2) ( 6.0/2+ 6.0/2 ) = 22m²
Load on column B2 due to single storey
= 22.0 x 12 =264 KN
( Area)x (Coef. as per table-1 of previous page )
Total load on column B2 = 792 kN say 800 kN
[Due to 3 storeys (264 x 3)]
ii) DESIGN OF COLUMN
Load on Column = 800 kN
Concrete grade = M20(say)
As per table-3 ( next page), for 230 mm 450mm size,
If 1.40% of steel is provided,
It’s load carrying capacity = 813 KN (>800 KN)
Hence ok
Steel area = (1.4/ 100) x 230x450=1449 mm²
Hence provide 8 nos of 16 mm dia bars ( ref. table-2 also )
Lateral ties (rings).
Provide 8 mm dia rings @ 8”c/c
Design of Column without Table in Hand

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14
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Hand Book_03.indd 15
Table 1.1: Load Carrying Capacity of Column (1% to 2% reinft. is Generally Economical) M20 Fe415
COLUMN
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT / LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
SIZE IN MM
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 358 377 396 415 435 454 473 492 511 530 549 568 587 606 615 625 644 663
230 300 467 492 517 542 567 592 616 641 666 691 716 741 766 790 803 815 840 865
230 400 623 656 689 723 756 789 822 855 888 921 954 988 1021 1054 1070 1087 1120 1153
230 450 701 738 776 813 850 887 925 962 999 1036 1074 1111 1148 1186 1204 1223 1260 1297
230 500 779 820 862 903 945 986 1027 1069 1110 1152 1193 1234 1276 1317 1338 1359 1400 1441
230 600 935 984 1034 1084 1134 1183 1233 1283 1332 1382 1432 1481 1531 1581 1606 1630 1680 1730
230 750 1168 1231 1293 1355 1417 1479 1541 1603 1665 1727 1790 1852 1914 1976 2007 2038 2100 2162
300 300 610 642 674 707 739 772 804 836 869 901 934 966 998 1031 1047 1063 1096 1128
300 400 813 856 899 942 986 1029 1072 1115 1158 1202 1245 1288 1331 1375 1396 1418 1461 1504
300 450 914 963 1012 1060 1109 1157 1206 1255 1303 1352 1401 1449 1498 1546 1571 1595 1644 1692
300 500 1016 1070 1124 1178 1232 1286 1340 1394 1448 1502 1556 1610 1664 1718 1745 1772 1826 1880
300 600 1219 1284 1349 1414 1478 1543 1608 1673 1738 1803 1867 1932 1997 2062 2094 2127 2191 2256
300 750 1524 1605 1686 1767 1848 1929 2010 2091 2172 2253 2334 2415 2496 2577 2618 2658 2739 2820
15
300 900 1829 1926 2023 2121 2218 2315 2412 2509 2607 2704 2801 2898 2995 3093 3141 3190 3287 3384
400 400 1084 1141 1199 1257 1314 1372 1429 1487 1545 1602 1660 1717 1775 1833 1862 1890 1948 2006
400 500 1355 1427 1499 1571 1643 1715 1787 1859 1931 2003 2075 2147 2219 2291 2327 2363 2435 2507
400 600 1626 1712 1798 1885 1971 2058 2144 2231 2317 2403 2490 2576 2663 2749 2792 2835 2922 3008
400 700 1897 1997 2098 2199 2300 2401 2502 2602 2703 2804 2905 3006 3106 3207 3258 3308 3409 3510
400 800 2168 2283 2398 2513 2628 2744 2859 2974 3089 3205 3320 3435 3550 3665 3723 3781 3896 4011
450 450 1372 1445 1517 1590 1663 1736 1809 1882 1955 2028 2101 2174 2247 2320 2356 2392 2465 2538
450 600 1829 1926 2023 2121 2218 2315 2412 2509 2607 2704 2801 2898 2995 3093 3141 3190 3287 3384
450 750 2286 2408 2529 2651 2772 2894 3015 3137 3258 3380 3501 3623 3744 3866 3927 3987 4109 4230
450 900 2743 2889 3035 3181 3327 3472 3618 3764 3910 4056 4202 4347 4493 4639 4712 4785 4931 5077
600 600 2438 2568 2698 2827 2957 3087 3216 3346 3475 3605 3735 3864 3994 4124 4188 4253 4383 4512
600 750 3048 3210 3372 3534 3696 3858 4020 4182 4344 4506 4668 4830 4992 5155 5236 5317 5479 5641
600 900 3658 3852 4047 4241 4435 4630 4824 5019 5213 5408 5602 5797 5991 6185 6283 6380 6574 6769
600 1200 4877 5136 5395 5655 5914 6173 6432 6692 6951 7210 7469 7729 7988 8247 8377 8506 8766 9025
Tips - without Table in Hand: Load carrying capacity of Column = (0.90)xCross section Area in cm2 (with 2% reinft.)
ie.,30cmx40cm column (with 2.0% reinft.) can carry approximately 1080 kN. (M20 conc,Fe 415 Steel)
8/20/2018 8:29:24 AM
Table 1.2 : LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF COLUMNS("P"LOADS IN KN) M20 Fe500
COLUMN SIZE IN
MM PERCENTAGE OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT / LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 374 397 421 444 467 490 513 536 559 582 605 628 651 674 697 720 743
230 300 488 518 549 579 609 639 669 699 729 759 789 819 849 879 910 940 970
230 400 651 691 731 771 812 852 892 932 972 1012 1052 1092 1132 1173 1213 1253 1293
230 450 733 778 823 868 913 958 1003 1048 1094 1139 1184 1229 1274 1319 1364 1409 1455
230 500 814 864 914 964 1014 1065 1115 1165 1215 1265 1315 1365 1416 1466 1516 1566 1616
230 600 977 1037 1097 1157 1217 1278 1338 1398 1458 1518 1578 1639 1699 1759 1819 1879 1939
230 750 1221 1296 1371 1446 1522 1597 1672 1747 1823 1898 1973 2048 2123 2199 2274 2349 2424
300 300 637 676 715 755 794 833 872 912 951 990 1029 1069 1108 1147 1186 1226 1265
300 400 849 902 954 1006 1059 1111 1163 1216 1268 1320 1372 1425 1477 1529 1582 1634 1686
300 450 955 1014 1073 1132 1191 1250 1309 1367 1426 1485 1544 1603 1662 1721 1779 1838 1897
300 500 1062 1127 1192 1258 1323 1389 1454 1519 1585 1650 1716 1781 1846 1912 1977 2043 2108
300 600 1274 1352 1431 1509 1588 1666 1745 1823 1902 1980 2059 2137 2216 2294 2373 2451 2530
16
300 750 1592 1691 1789 1887 1985 2083 2181 2279 2377 2475 2573 2672 2770 2868 2966 3064 3162
300 900 1911 2029 2146 2264 2382 2499 2617 2735 2853 2970 3088 3206 3324 3441 3559 3677 3794
400 400 1132 1202 1272 1342 1411 1481 1551 1621 1690 1760 1830 1900 1969 2039 2109 2179 2249
400 500 1415 1503 1590 1677 1764 1851 1939 2026 2113 2200 2287 2375 2462 2549 2636 2723 2811
400 600 1699 1803 1908 2012 2117 2222 2326 2431 2536 2640 2745 2850 2954 3059 3164 3268 3373
400 700 1982 2104 2226 2348 2470 2592 2714 2836 2958 3080 3202 3325 3447 3569 3691 3813 3935
400 800 2265 2404 2544 2683 2823 2962 3102 3241 3381 3520 3660 3799 3939 4079 4218 4358 4497
450 450 1433 1521 1610 1698 1786 1875 1963 2051 2139 2228 2316 2404 2493 2581 2669 2758 2846
450 600 1911 2029 2146 2264 2382 2499 2617 2735 2853 2970 3088 3206 3324 3441 3559 3677 3794
450 750 2389 2536 2683 2830 2977 3124 3272 3419 3566 3713 3860 4007 4154 4302 4449 4596 4743
450 900 2866 3043 3219 3396 3573 3749 3926 4102 4279 4456 4632 4809 4985 5162 5338 5515 5692
600 600 2548 2705 2862 3019 3176 3333 3490 3647 3804 3960 4117 4274 4431 4588 4745 4902 5059
600 750 3185 3381 3577 3773 3970 4166 4362 4558 4754 4951 5147 5343 5539 5735 5932 6128 6324
600 900 3822 4057 4293 4528 4764 4999 5234 5470 5705 5941 6176 6412 6647 6882 7118 7353 7589
600 1200 5096 5410 5724 6037 6351 6665 6979 7293 7607 7921 8235 8549 8863 9177 9491 9804 10118
17
8/20/2018 8:29:24 AM
COLUMN
SIZE IN MM PERCENTAGE OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT / LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 428 447 466 485 504 523 542 561 580 598 617 636 655 674 693 712 731
230 300 559 583 608 633 657 682 707 731 756 781 805 830 855 879 904 929 953
230 400 745 778 811 843 876 909 942 975 1008 1041 1074 1107 1139 1172 1205 1238 1271
230 450 838 875 912 949 986 1023 1060 1097 1134 1171 1208 1245 1282 1319 1356 1393 1430
230 500 931 972 1013 1054 1095 1137 1178 1219 1260 1301 1342 1383 1424 1465 1506 1548 1589
230 600 1117 1167 1216 1265 1315 1364 1413 1463 1512 1561 1610 1660 1709 1758 1808 1857 1906
230 750 1397 1458 1520 1582 1643 1705 1767 1828 1890 1951 2013 2075 2136 2198 2260 2321 2383
300 300 729 761 793 825 857 889 922 954 986 1018 1050 1082 1115 1147 1179 1211 1243
300 400 972 1014 1057 1100 1143 1186 1229 1272 1315 1358 1400 1443 1486 1529 1572 1615 1658
300 450 1093 1141 1189 1238 1286 1334 1382 1431 1479 1527 1575 1624 1672 1720 1768 1817 1865
300 500 1214 1268 1322 1375 1429 1482 1536 1590 1643 1697 1751 1804 1858 1911 1965 2019 2072
300 600 1457 1522 1586 1650 1715 1779 1843 1908 1972 2036 2101 2165 2229 2294 2358 2422 2487
17
300 750 1822 1902 1982 2063 2143 2224 2304 2385 2465 2545 2626 2706 2787 2867 2947 3028 3108
300 900 2186 2282 2379 2475 2572 2668 2765 2861 2958 3054 3151 3247 3344 3440 3537 3633 3730
400 400 1295 1353 1410 1467 1524 1581 1639 1696 1753 1810 1867 1924 1982 2039 2096 2153 2210
400 500 1619 1691 1762 1834 1905 1977 2048 2120 2191 2263 2334 2406 2477 2548 2620 2691 2763
400 600 1943 2029 2115 2200 2286 2372 2458 2544 2629 2715 2801 2887 2972 3058 3144 3230 3316
400 700 2267 2367 2467 2567 2667 2767 2867 2967 3068 3168 3268 3368 3468 3568 3668 3768 3868
400 800 2591 2705 2820 2934 3048 3163 3277 3391 3506 3620 3734 3849 3963 4078 4192 4306 4421
400 900 2915 3043 3172 3301 3429 3558 3687 3815 3944 4073 4201 4330 4459 4587 4716 4845 4973
450 450 1639 1712 1784 1857 1929 2001 2074 2146 2218 2291 2363 2436 2508 2580 2653 2725 2797
450 600 2186 2282 2379 2475 2572 2668 2765 2861 2958 3054 3151 3247 3344 3440 3537 3633 3730
450 750 2732 2853 2974 3094 3215 3336 3456 3577 3697 3818 3939 4059 4180 4301 4421 4542 4662
450 900 3279 3424 3568 3713 3858 4003 4147 4292 4437 4582 4726 4871 5016 5161 5305 5450 5595
600 600 2915 3043 3172 3301 3429 3558 3687 3815 3944 4073 4201 4330 4459 4587 4716 4845 4973
600 750 3643 3804 3965 4126 4287 4447 4608 4769 4930 5091 5252 5412 5573 5734 5895 6056 6217
600 900 4372 4565 4758 4951 5144 5337 5530 5723 5916 6109 6302 6495 6688 6881 7074 7267 7460
8/20/2018 8:29:24 AM
COLUMN
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 374 397 421 444 467 490 513 536 559 582 605 628 651 674 697 720 743
230 300 488 518 549 579 609 639 669 699 729 759 789 819 849 879 910 940 970
230 400 651 691 731 771 812 852 892 932 972 1012 1052 1092 1132 1173 1213 1253 1293
230 450 733 778 823 868 913 958 1003 1048 1094 1139 1184 1229 1274 1319 1364 1409 1455
230 500 814 864 914 964 1014 1065 1115 1165 1215 1265 1315 1365 1416 1466 1516 1566 1616
230 600 977 1037 1097 1157 1217 1278 1338 1398 1458 1518 1578 1639 1699 1759 1819 1879 1939
230 750 1221 1296 1371 1446 1522 1597 1672 1747 1823 1898 1973 2048 2123 2199 2274 2349 2424
300 300 637 676 715 755 794 833 872 912 951 990 1029 1069 1108 1147 1186 1226 1265
300 400 849 902 954 1006 1059 1111 1163 1216 1268 1320 1372 1425 1477 1529 1582 1634 1686
300 450 955 1014 1073 1132 1191 1250 1309 1367 1426 1485 1544 1603 1662 1721 1779 1838 1897
300 500 1062 1127 1192 1258 1323 1389 1454 1519 1585 1650 1716 1781 1846 1912 1977 2043 2108
300 600 1274 1352 1431 1509 1588 1666 1745 1823 1902 1980 2059 2137 2216 2294 2373 2451 2530
18
300 750 1592 1691 1789 1887 1985 2083 2181 2279 2377 2475 2573 2672 2770 2868 2966 3064 3162
300 900 1911 2029 2146 2264 2382 2499 2617 2735 2853 2970 3088 3206 3324 3441 3559 3677 3794
400 400 1132 1202 1272 1342 1411 1481 1551 1621 1690 1760 1830 1900 1969 2039 2109 2179 2249
400 500 1415 1503 1590 1677 1764 1851 1939 2026 2113 2200 2287 2375 2462 2549 2636 2723 2811
400 600 1699 1803 1908 2012 2117 2222 2326 2431 2536 2640 2745 2850 2954 3059 3164 3268 3373
400 700 1982 2104 2226 2348 2470 2592 2714 2836 2958 3080 3202 3325 3447 3569 3691 3813 3935
400 800 2265 2404 2544 2683 2823 2962 3102 3241 3381 3520 3660 3799 3939 4079 4218 4358 4497
400 900 2548 2705 2862 3019 3176 3333 3490 3647 3804 3960 4117 4274 4431 4588 4745 4902 5059
450 450 1433 1521 1610 1698 1786 1875 1963 2051 2139 2228 2316 2404 2493 2581 2669 2758 2846
450 600 1911 2029 2146 2264 2382 2499 2617 2735 2853 2970 3088 3206 3324 3441 3559 3677 3794
450 750 2389 2536 2683 2830 2977 3124 3272 3419 3566 3713 3860 4007 4154 4302 4449 4596 4743
450 900 2866 3043 3219 3396 3573 3749 3926 4102 4279 4456 4632 4809 4985 5162 5338 5515 5692
600 600 2548 2705 2862 3019 3176 3333 3490 3647 3804 3960 4117 4274 4431 4588 4745 4902 5059
600 750 3185 3381 3577 3773 3970 4166 4362 4558 4754 4951 5147 5343 5539 5735 5932 6128 6324
600 900 3822 4057 4293 4528 4764 4999 5234 5470 5705 5941 6176 6412 6647 6882 7118 7353 7589
8/20/2018 8:29:24 AM
Table 1.5: LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF COLUMNS("P"LOADS IN KN) M30 Fe415
COLUMN
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 498 517 536 555 573 592 611 630 648 667 686 705 723 742 761 780 799
230 300 650 674 699 723 748 772 797 821 846 870 895 919 944 968 993 1017 1042
230 400 867 899 932 964 997 1030 1062 1095 1128 1160 1193 1226 1258 1291 1323 1356 1389
230 450 975 1012 1048 1085 1122 1158 1195 1232 1269 1305 1342 1379 1415 1452 1489 1526 1562
230 500 1083 1124 1165 1206 1246 1287 1328 1369 1410 1450 1491 1532 1573 1614 1654 1695 1736
230 600 1300 1349 1398 1447 1496 1545 1594 1642 1691 1740 1789 1838 1887 1936 1985 2034 2083
230 750 1625 1686 1747 1808 1870 1931 1992 2053 2114 2175 2237 2298 2359 2420 2481 2543 2604
300 300 848 880 912 943 975 1007 1039 1071 1103 1135 1167 1199 1231 1263 1295 1327 1359
300 400 1130 1173 1215 1258 1301 1343 1386 1428 1471 1513 1556 1599 1641 1684 1726 1769 1811
300 450 1272 1319 1367 1415 1463 1511 1559 1607 1655 1703 1750 1798 1846 1894 1942 1990 2038
300 500 1413 1466 1519 1572 1626 1679 1732 1785 1839 1892 1945 1998 2051 2105 2158 2211 2264
300 600 1695 1759 1823 1887 1951 2015 2079 2142 2206 2270 2334 2398 2462 2525 2589 2653 2717
19
300 750 2119 2199 2279 2359 2439 2518 2598 2678 2758 2838 2917 2997 3077 3157 3237 3316 3396
300 900 2543 2639 2735 2830 2926 3022 3118 3214 3309 3405 3501 3597 3692 3788 3884 3980 4076
400 400 1507 1564 1621 1677 1734 1791 1848 1904 1961 2018 2075 2131 2188 2245 2302 2358 2415
400 500 1884 1955 2026 2097 2168 2239 2309 2380 2451 2522 2593 2664 2735 2806 2877 2948 3019
400 600 2261 2346 2431 2516 2601 2686 2771 2856 2942 3027 3112 3197 3282 3367 3452 3538 3623
400 700 2637 2737 2836 2935 3035 3134 3233 3333 3432 3531 3631 3730 3829 3929 4028 4127 4227
400 800 3014 3128 3241 3355 3468 3582 3695 3809 3922 4036 4149 4263 4376 4490 4603 4717 4830
400 900 3391 3519 3646 3774 3902 4029 4157 4285 4412 4540 4668 4796 4923 5051 5179 5306 5434
450 450 1907 1979 2051 2123 2195 2267 2338 2410 2482 2554 2626 2698 2769 2841 2913 2985 3057
450 600 2543 2639 2735 2830 2926 3022 3118 3214 3309 3405 3501 3597 3692 3788 3884 3980 4076
450 750 3179 3299 3418 3538 3658 3778 3897 4017 4137 4256 4376 4496 4616 4735 4855 4975 5094
450 900 3815 3958 4102 4246 4389 4533 4677 4820 4964 5108 5251 5395 5539 5682 5826 5970 6113
600 600 3391 3519 3646 3774 3902 4029 4157 4285 4412 4540 4668 4796 4923 5051 5179 5306 5434
600 750 4239 4398 4558 4717 4877 5037 5196 5356 5516 5675 5835 5994 6154 6314 6473 6633 6793
600 900 5086 5278 5469 5661 5852 6044 6236 6427 6619 6810 7002 7193 7385 7576 7768 7960 8151
8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM
COLUMN
b D 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
230 230 514 537 560 583 605 628 651 674 697 719 742 765 788 810 833 856 879
230 300 671 701 730 760 790 819 849 879 909 938 968 998 1027 1057 1087 1117 1146
230 400 894 934 974 1013 1053 1093 1132 1172 1211 1251 1291 1330 1370 1410 1449 1489 1528
230 450 1006 1051 1095 1140 1185 1229 1274 1318 1363 1407 1452 1497 1541 1586 1630 1675 1719
230 500 1118 1168 1217 1267 1316 1366 1415 1465 1514 1564 1613 1663 1712 1762 1811 1861 1911
230 600 1342 1401 1461 1520 1579 1639 1698 1758 1817 1877 1936 1995 2055 2114 2174 2233 2293
230 750 1677 1751 1826 1900 1974 2049 2123 2197 2271 2346 2420 2494 2569 2643 2717 2792 2866
300 300 875 914 953 991 1030 1069 1108 1146 1185 1224 1263 1301 1340 1379 1418 1456 1495
300 400 1167 1218 1270 1322 1373 1425 1477 1528 1580 1632 1684 1735 1787 1839 1890 1942 1994
300 450 1313 1371 1429 1487 1545 1603 1661 1720 1778 1836 1894 1952 2010 2068 2127 2185 2243
300 500 1458 1523 1588 1652 1717 1781 1846 1911 1975 2040 2104 2169 2234 2298 2363 2427 2492
300 600 1750 1828 1905 1983 2060 2138 2215 2293 2370 2448 2525 2603 2680 2758 2835 2913 2990
20
300 750 2188 2285 2381 2478 2575 2672 2769 2866 2963 3060 3157 3254 3350 3447 3544 3641 3738
300 900 2625 2741 2858 2974 3090 3207 3323 3439 3555 3672 3788 3904 4020 4137 4253 4369 4486
400 400 1556 1625 1693 1762 1831 1900 1969 2038 2107 2176 2245 2314 2383 2451 2520 2589 2658
400 500 1945 2031 2117 2203 2289 2375 2461 2547 2634 2720 2806 2892 2978 3064 3150 3237 3323
400 600 2333 2437 2540 2644 2747 2850 2954 3057 3160 3264 3367 3470 3574 3677 3780 3884 3987
400 700 2722 2843 2964 3084 3205 3325 3446 3566 3687 3808 3928 4049 4169 4290 4411 4531 4652
400 800 3111 3249 3387 3525 3663 3800 3938 4076 4214 4352 4489 4627 4765 4903 5041 5178 5316
400 900 3500 3655 3810 3965 4120 4275 4430 4585 4740 4896 5051 5206 5361 5516 5671 5826 5981
450 450 1969 2056 2143 2230 2318 2405 2492 2579 2667 2754 2841 2928 3015 3103 3190 3277 3364
450 600 2625 2741 2858 2974 3090 3207 3323 3439 3555 3672 3788 3904 4020 4137 4253 4369 4486
450 750 3281 3427 3572 3717 3863 4008 4154 4299 4444 4590 4735 4880 5026 5171 5316 5462 5607
450 900 3938 4112 4287 4461 4635 4810 4984 5159 5333 5507 5682 5856 6031 6205 6380 6554 6728
600 600 3500 3655 3810 3965 4120 4275 4430 4585 4740 4896 5051 5206 5361 5516 5671 5826 5981
600 750 4375 4569 4763 4957 5150 5344 5538 5732 5926 6119 6313 6507 6701 6895 7088 7282 7476
600 900 5250 5483 5715 5948 6180 6413 6646 6878 7111 7343 7576 7808 8041 8274 8506 8739 8971
8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM
Table 1.7
Safe load carrying capacity of column based on % of steel and known

column section for various grade of concrete and Steel.
Steel Grade Æ
Fe 415 Fe 500
Concrete Grade È
M20 P=(2.7005 p+ 8) bD/1500 P=(3.27p + 8) bD/1500
M25 P=(2.6805 p+ 10) bD/1500 P=(3.25p +10) bD/1500
M30. P=(2.6605 p+ 12) bD/1500 P=(3.23p + 12) bD/1500
M35 P=(2.6405 p+ 14) bD/1500 P=(3.21p + 14) bD/1500
M40 P=(2.6205 p+ 16) bD/1500 P=(3.19p + 16) bD/1500
Where P is Axial Load carrying capacity of column in KN.
p = % of steel reinforcement ( say 2% is 2)
b = Breadth of Column in mm
D = Depth of Column in mm.
21
Hand Book_03.indd 21 8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM

4. FOOTINGS
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S.B.C:
7KHVDIHEHDULQJFDSDFLW\6%&RIVRLOVOLNHFOD\LVYHU\OHVV
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+RZHYHULWLVKLJKO\UHFRPPHQGHGWR&RQGXFW6RLO7HVWE\6RLO([SHUWVIRU
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Footing Design
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22
Hand Book_03.indd 22 8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM

LL'HSWKRI)RRWLQJ
'HSWKIRRWLQJFDQEHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQEHQGLQJPRPHQWRQHZD\VKHDUDQG
SXQFKLQJ VKHDU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ +RZHYHU GHSWK RI IRRWLQJ FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH
IROORZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHPHWKRG
Net soil pressure T (m) D(m)

in kN / m2 (for Block Footing ) (for Sloped and
(SBC of Soil ) Stepped Footing)
50 B/7 1.2 (B/7)
100 B/5.5 1.2 (B/5.5)
150 B/5.0 1.2 (B/5.0)
200 B /4.5 1.2 (B /4.5)
250 B /4.0 1.2 (B /4.0)
300 B /3.50 1.2 (B /3.50)
Where B = Size of footing in “m”
D = Total Thickness of Footing
(iii) Reinforcement:
Minimum Dia. of bar : 10 ĭ RTS
Thumb rule:
8SWRPZLGWKXVHĭ576
$ERYHP8SWRPZLGWKXVHĭ576
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23
Hand Book_03.indd 23 8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM

Table 1a Ready Reckoner for Footing
M20 Fe 415 SBC :100kN/m2
Least Reinforcement
Load Footing Size dimension D in area in each Reinforcement in
in kN (m x m) of column cm direction in each direction
pedestal cm2
100 1.10x1.10 30 20 3.1 5-10#
150 1.30x1.30 30 25 4.3 6-10#
200 1.50x1.50 30 30 5.5 8-10#
250 1.70x1.70 40 30 7 9-10#
300 1.90x1.90 40 35 8.1 11-10#
350 2.00x2.00 40 40 8.4 11-10#
400 2.10x2.10 40 40 10.9 14-10#
450 2.30x2.30 40 45 11.9 16-10#
500 2.40x2.40 40 50 12.1 16-10#
550 2.50x2.50 40 50 14.7 13-12#
600 2.60x2.60 40 55 14.8 14-12#
650 2.70x2.70 40 55 17.4 16-12#
700 2.80x2.80 40 60 17.4 16-12#
750 2.90x2.90 40 65 18.8 17-12#
800 3.00x3.00 40 65 20.1 18-12#
850 3.10x3.10 50 60 22.6 20-12#
900 3.20x3.20 50 65 22.3 20-12#
950 3.30x3.30 50 65 25.2 13-16#
1000 3.40x3.40 50 70 24.9 13-16#
1050 3.40x3.40 50 70 26.5 14-16#
1100 3.50x3.50 50 70 29.6 15-16#
1150 3.60x3.60 50 75 29 15-16#
1200 3.70x3.70 50 80 30.2 16-16#
1250 3.70x3.70 50 80 30.3 16-16#
1300 3.80x3.80 50 80 33.3 17-16#
1350 3.90x3.90 50 85 33.9 17-16#
1400 4.00x4.00 50 85 35.9 18-16#
1450 4.00x4.00 50 90 36.9 19-16#
1500 4.10x4.10 60 80 40.1 20-16#
1550 4.20x4.20 60 85 39.2 20-16#
1600 4.20x4.20 60 85 40.8 21-16#
1650 4.30x4.30 60 90 40.2 20-16#
1700 4.40x4.40 60 90 43.3 22-16#
1750 4.40x4.40 60 90 44.9 22-16#
1800 4.50x4.50 60 95 44.4 23-16#
NOTE: D = Total Thickness of Footing near Face of column
24
Hand Book_03.indd 24 8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM

M20 Fe 415 SBC:150kN/m2

Least Reinforcement
Load Footing Size dimension D in area in each Reinforcement
in kN (m x m) of column cm direction in in each direction
pedestal cm2
100 0.90x0.90 30 20 2 5-10#
150 1.10x1.10 30 25 3 5-10#
200 1.20x1.20 30 30 3.6 5-10#
250 1.40x1.40 40 30 4.8 7-10#
300 1.50x1.50 40 30 6.8 9-10#
350 1.60x1.60 40 35 7 9-10#
400 1.70x1.70 40 35 9.3 12-10#
450 1.90x1.90 40 40 10.4 14-10#
500 1.90x1.90 40 40 11.9 11-12#
550 2.00x2.00 40 45 11.9 11-12#
600 2.10x2.10 40 50 12 11-12#
650 2.20x2.20 40 50 14.4 13-12#
700 2.30x2.30 40 55 14.5 13-12#
750 2.40x2.40 40 55 17 16-12#
800 2.50x2.50 40 60 17 16-12#
850 2.50x2.50 40 60 18.4 17-12#
900 2.60x2.60 40 65 18.3 17-12#
950 2.70x2.70 40 65 21 19-12#
1000 2.70x2.70 50 60 21.7 20-12#
1100 2.90x2.90 50 65 24.2 13-16#
1200 3.00x3.00 50 70 25.2 13-16#
1300 3.10x3.10 50 75 26.3 14-16#
1400 3.20x3.20 50 75 30.5 16-16#
1500 3.40x3.40 60 75 32.2 17-16#
1600 3.50x3.50 60 75 36.8 19-16#
1700 3.60x3.60 60 80 37.4 19-16#
1800 3.70x3.70 60 85 38.1 19-16#
1900 3.80x3.80 70 80 41.9 21-16#
2000 3.90x3.90 70 80 47 24-16#
2100 4.00x4.00 70 85 47.2 24-16#
2200 4.10x4.10 70 90 47.5 24-16#
2300 4.10x4.10 70 90 50.2 25-16#
2400 4.20x4.20 70 95 50.5 25-16#
2500 4.30x4.30 80 90 54.6 27-16#
25
Hand Book_03.indd 25 8/20/2018 8:29:25 AM

M20 Fe 415 SBC:200kN/m2

Least Reinforcement
pedestal cm2
100 0.8x0.8 30 30 3.2 5-10#
150 1.00x1.00 30 30 3.9 6-10#
200 1.10x1.10 30 30 4.3 7-10#
250 1.20x1.20 40 30 5 8-10#
300 1.30x1.30 40 30 5.4 8-10#
350 1.40x1.40 40 30 6.7 9-10#
400 1.50x1.50 40 35 7.1 9-10#
450 1.60x1.60 40 45 9 12-10#
500 1.70x1.70 40 40 9.2 12-10#
550 1.80x1.80 40 40 10.9 14-10#
600 1.90x1.90 40 45 11 11-12#
650 1.90x1.90 40 45 12.8 12-12#
700 2.00x2.00 40 50 12.8 12-12#
750 2.10x2.10 40 50 14.6 13-12#
800 2.10x2.10 40 55 14.2 13-12#
850 2.20x2.20 40 55 16.5 15-12#
900 2.30x2.30 40 60 16.5 15-12#
950 2.30x2.30 40 60 17.7 16-12#
1000 2.40x2.40 50 55 18.9 17-12#
1100 2.50x2.50 50 60 20.6 18-12#
1200 2.60x2.60 50 65 24.8 15-16#
1300 2.70x2.70 50 65 25.6 16-16#
1400 2.80x2.80 50 70 26.5 16-16#
1500 2.90x2.90 60 65 29.9 18-16#
1600 3.00x3.00 60 70 30.5 16-16#
1700 3.10x3.10 60 75 35 17-16#
1800 3.20x3.20 60 75 34.5 17-16#
1900 3.30x3.30 70 70 38.3 20-16#
2000 3.40x3.40 70 75 38.5 20-16#
2100 3.40x3.40 70 75 42.2 21-16#
2200 3.50x3.50 70 80 42.4 21-16#
2300 3.60x3.60 70 85 47.3 24-16#
2400 3.70x3.70 70 85 46.3 24-16#
2500 3.80x3.80 80 90 50.3 26-16#
26
Hand Book_03.indd 26 8/20/2018 8:29:26 AM

M20 Fe 415 SBC:250kN/m2
Least Reinforcement
pedestal cm2
100 0.70x0.70 30 20 1.2 4-10#
150 0.80x0.80 30 25 1.9 4-10#
200 1.00x1.00 30 30 2.9 4-10#
250 1.10x1.10 40 30 3.3 5-10#
300 1.20x1.20 40 30 4.2 6-10#
350 1.30x1.30 40 35 4.6 6-10#
400 1.40x1.40 40 35 6.2 8-10#
450 1.40x1.40 40 40 5.8 8-10#
500 1.50x1.50 40 40 7.5 10-10#
550 1.60x1.60 40 45 7.8 10-10#
600 1.70x1.70 40 45 9.7 13-10#
650 1.70x1.70 40 45 10.7 14-10#
700 1.80x1.80 40 50 10.9 14-10#
750 1.90x1.90 40 50 13.1 17-10#
800 1.90x1.90 40 50 14.2 13-12#
850 2.00x2.00 40 55 14.3 13-12#
900 2.00x2.00 40 55 15.3 14-12#
950 2.10x2.10 50 55 14.7 13-12#
1000 2.10x2.10 50 55 15.6 14-12#
1100 2.20x2.20 50 60 16.7 15-12#
1200 2.30x2.30 50 60 20.1 18-12#
1300 2.40x2.40 50 65 21.1 19-12#
1400 2.50x2.50 50 65 25 13-16#
1500 2.60x2.60 60 65 24.8 13-16#
1600 2.70x2.70 60 70 25.5 13-16#
1700 2.80x2.80 60 70 29.5 15-16#
1800 2.80x2.80 60 75 28.3 15-16#
1900 2.90x2.90 70 70 31.3 16-16#
2000 3.00x3.00 70 75 31.8 16-16#
2100 3.10x3.10 70 75 36 18-16#
2200 3.10x3.10 70 80 34.4 18-16#
2300 3.20x3.20 70 80 38.6 20-16#
2400 3.30x3.30 80 80 38 19-16#
2500 3.40x3.40 80 80 42.3 22-16#
2600 3.40x3.40 80 85 40.4 20-16#
2700 3.50x3.50 80 85 44.7 23-16#
2800 3.50x3.50 80 85 46.7 24-16#
2900 3.60x3.60 90 85 46 23-16#
3000 3.70x3.70 90 85 50.6 26-16#
27
Hand Book_03.indd 27 8/20/2018 8:29:26 AM

Thickness of Footing at Free End (D0)
D < 650 700 800 900 1000 1200
D0 200 250 300 350 400 450
Table 6a Table 5for various concrete Grades &

Development Lengths
SteelDevelopment
Fe 415 Lengths for various concrete Grades &
Steel Fe 415
Conc. Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
Ld (Tension) 57 Ø 47 Ø 40 Ø 38 Ø 33 Ø 30 Ø
Ld 52 Ø 38 Ø 32 Ø 30 Ø 27 Ø 24 Ø
(Compression)

Table 6
TableDevelopment
6b Lengths
Development for various
Lengths concrete
for various Grades
concrete Grades&
&
Steel Fe 500 Steel Fe 500
Conc. Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
Ld (Tension) 68 Ø 57 Ø 49 Ø 45 Ø 40 Ø 36 Ø
Ld 57 Ø 46 Ø 39 Ø 36 Ø 32 Ø 29 Ø
(Compression)
28
Hand Book_03.indd 28 8/20/2018 8:29:26 AM

Table 1b Ready Reckoner for Footing
M20 Fe 500 SBC 100kN/m2

Least Reinforcement
Load Footing Size dimension D in area in each Reinforcement in
in kN (m x m) of column cm direction in each direction
pedestal cm2
100 1.10x1.10 30 30 4.3 7-10#
150 1.30x1.30 30 30 5.3 8-10#
200 1.50x1.50 30 30 6 9-10#
250 1.70x1.70 40 30 6.9 10-10#
300 1.90x1.90 40 35 8.6 11-10#
350 2.00x2.00 40 40 10.4 14-10#
400 2.10x2.10 40 40 10.9 14-10#
450 2.30x2.30 40 45 13 17-10#
500 2.40x2.40 40 45 13.5 19-10#
550 2.50x2.50 40 50 15.7 15-12#
600 2.60x2.60 40 55 17.8 16-12#
650 2.70x2.70 40 55 18.5 17-12#
700 2.80x2.80 40 60 20.7 19-12#
750 2.90x2.90 40 65 23 21-12#
800 3.00x3.00 40 65 23.8 21-12#
850 3.10x3.10 50 60 23.1 21-12#
900 3.20x3.20 50 65 25.6 23-12#
950 3.30x3.30 50 65 26 23-12#
1000 3.40x3.40 50 70 28.7 25-12#
1050 3.40x3.40 50 70 29.1 20-16#
1100 3.50x3.50 50 75 31.8 20-16#
1150 3.60x3.60 50 75 32.7 21-16#
1200 3.70x3.70 50 75 33.1 21-16#
1250 3.70x3.70 50 80 36 22-16#
1300 3.80x3.80 50 80 36.5 22-16#
1350 3.90x3.90 50 85 39.5 23-16#
1400 4.00x4.00 50 85 40 24-16#
1450 4.00x4.00 50 90 42.7 23-16#
1500 4.10x4.10 60 80 39.7 24-16#
1550 4.20x4.20 60 85 42.5 24-16#
1600 4.20x4.20 60 85 43 24-16#
1650 4.30x4.30 60 90 46.4 25-16#
1700 4.40x4.40 60 90 46.8 25-16#
1750 4.40x4.40 60 90 47.3 25-16#
1800 4.50x4.50 60 95 50.4 26-16#
29
Hand Book_03.indd 29 8/20/2018 8:29:26 AM

M20 Fe 500 SBC:150kN/m2

Least Reinforcement
pedestal cm2
100 0.90x0.90 30 30 3.8 5-10#
150 1.10x1.10 30 30 4.3 6-10#
200 1.20x1.20 30 30 5.1 6-10#
250 1.40x1.40 40 30 5.7 7-10#
300 1.50x1.50 40 30 6.1 9-10#
350 1.60x1.60 40 35 7.7 10-10#
400 1.70x1.70 40 35 8.2 11-10#
450 1.90x1.90 40 40 9.7 12-10#
500 1.90x1.90 40 40 10.2 11-12#
550 2.00x2.00 40 45 11.9 12-12#
600 2.10x2.10 40 50 13.4 13-12#
650 2.20x2.20 40 50 14 13-12#
700 2.30x2.30 40 55 15.9 14-12#
750 2.40x2.40 40 55 16.2 14-12#
800 2.50x2.50 40 60 18.3 17-12#
850 2.50x2.50 40 60 18.6 17-12#
900 2.60x2.60 40 65 20.8 18-12#
950 2.70x2.70 40 65 21.2 19-12#
1000 2.70x2.70 50 60 20.7 19-12#
1100 2.90x2.90 50 65 23.6 20-12#
1200 3.00x3.00 50 70 25.9 18-16#
1300 3.10x3.10 50 75 28.5 19-16#
1400 3.20x3.20 50 75 29.8 19-16#
1500 3.40x3.40 60 75 31.1 20-16#
1600 3.50x3.50 60 75 32 20-16#
1700 3.60x3.60 60 80 34.9 22-16#
1800 3.70x3.70 60 85 37.9 24-16#
1900 3.80x3.80 70 80 37.2 24-16#
2000 3.90x3.90 70 80 38.1 23-16#
2100 4.00x4.00 70 85 41.3 24-16#
2200 4.10x4.10 70 90 44.6 24-16#
2300 4.10x4.10 70 90 45.6 25-16#
2400 4.20x4.20 70 95 48.6 26-16#
2500 4.30x4.30 80 90 47.8 26-16#
30
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M20 Fe 500 SBC:200kN/m2

Least Reinforcement
pedestal cm2
100 0.8x0.8 30 30 3.2 5-10#
150 1.00x1.00 30 30 3.9 6-10#
200 1.10x1.10 30 30 4.3 7-10#
250 1.20x1.20 40 30 5 8-10#
300 1.30x1.30 40 30 5.4 8-10#
350 1.40x1.40 40 30 6.1 9-10#
400 1.50x1.50 40 35 7.1 10-10#
450 1.60x1.60 40 45 7.5 10-10#
500 1.70x1.70 40 40 9 12-10#
550 1.80x1.80 40 40 9.2 12-10#
600 1.90x1.90 40 45 10.8 11-12#
650 1.90x1.90 40 45 11.1 11-12#
700 2.00x2.00 40 50 12.8 12-12#
750 2.10x2.10 40 50 13.1 13-12#
800 2.10x2.10 40 55 14.6 13-12#
850 2.20x2.20 40 55 15.3 14-12#
900 2.30x2.30 40 60 16.9 15-12#
950 2.30x2.30 40 60 17.5 16-12#
1000 2.40x2.40 50 55 16.6 15-12#
1100 2.50x2.50 50 60 19 17-12#
1200 2.60x2.60 50 65 21.3 15-16#
1300 2.70x2.70 50 65 22 16-16#
1400 2.80x2.80 50 70 24.4 16-16#
1500 2.90x2.90 60 65 24.8 17-16#
1600 3.00x3.00 60 70 26.4 16-16#
1700 3.10x3.10 60 75 29 18-16#
1800 3.20x3.20 60 75 29.5 18-16#
1900 3.30x3.30 70 70 31.8 19-16#
2000 3.40x3.40 70 75 32 20-16#
2100 3.40x3.40 70 75 35 21-16#
2200 3.50x3.50 70 80 35.2 21-16#
2300 3.60x3.60 70 85 38 22-16#
2400 3.70x3.70 70 85 38.5 22-16#
2500 3.80x3.80 80 90 41.7 23-16#
31
Hand Book_03.indd 31 8/20/2018 8:29:26 AM

M20 Fe 500 SBC:250kN/m2
Least Reinforcement
pedestal cm2
100 0.70x0.70 30 30 3 5-10#
150 0.80x0.80 30 30 3.6 5-10#
200 1.00x1.00 30 30 4 6-10#
250 1.10x1.10 40 30 4.4 7-10#
300 1.20x1.20 40 30 4.8 8-10#
350 1.30x1.30 40 30 5.2 8-10#
400 1.40x1.40 40 30 7.6 10-10#
450 1.40x1.40 40 35 6.8 9-10#
500 1.50x1.50 40 35 8.6 11-10#
550 1.60x1.60 40 40 8.9 11-10#
600 1.70x1.70 40 40 9.4 12-10#
650 1.70x1.70 40 45 10 13-10#
700 1.80x1.80 40 45 10.5 14-10#
750 1.90x1.90 40 50 11.4 15-10#
800 1.90x1.90 40 50 12.2 16-10#
850 2.00x2.00 40 50 13 12-12#
900 2.00x2.00 40 55 14 13-12#
950 2.10x2.10 50 50 13.4 12-12#
1000 2.10x2.10 50 50 15.5 14-12#
1100 2.20x2.20 50 55 15.6 14-12#
1200 2.30x2.30 50 60 17.7 16-12#
1300 2.40x2.40 50 60 19.5 18-12#
1400 2.50x2.50 50 65 20.5 15-16#
1500 2.60x2.60 60 60 22.9 16-16#
1600 2.70x2.70 60 65 23.4 16-16#
1700 2.80x2.80 60 65 26.2 18-16#
1800 2.80x2.80 60 70 26.6 18-16#
1900 2.90x2.90 70 65 28.7 20-16#
2000 3.00x3.00 70 70 28.9 18-16#
2100 3.10x3.10 70 70 31.8 20-16#
2200 3.10x3.10 70 75 32 22-16#
2300 3.20x3.20 70 75 34.9 22-16#
2400 3.30x3.30 80 70 39.1 20-16#
2500 3.40x3.40 80 75 37.1 19-16#
2600 3.40x3.40 80 75 40.2 21-16#
2700 3.50x3.50 80 80 39 20-16#
2800 3.50x3.50 80 80 43.3 22-16#
2900 3.60x3.60 90 75 48.1 24-16#
3000 3.70x3.70 90 80 44.2 22-16#
32
Hand Book_03.indd 32 8/20/2018 8:29:27 AM

Ready Reckoner for Grade Beams
GRAVITY DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN REMARKS
1. Grade beams designed for 230mm wall loads for a storey height of 3.3 m & basement height 1.20 m.
2.M20 & Fe415 Grade to be adopted.
3.Adopt Ductile detailing as per IS 13920 for Seismic design.
4. This is not applicable for Grade beams loaded with Point loads due to secondary beams.
5. Load due to Structural slab is not considered for design.
33
Hand Book_03.indd 33 8/20/2018 8:29:28 AM

1. Grade beams designed for 230mm wall loads for a storey height of 4.95 m & basement height 1.20 m.
2.M20 & Fe415 Grade to be adopted.
3.Adopt Ductile detailing as per IS 13920 for Seismic design.
4. This is not applicable for Grade beams loaded with Point loads due to secondary beams.
5. Load due to Structural slab is not considered for design.
34
Hand Book_03.indd 34 8/20/2018 8:29:30 AM

Ready Reckoner for Stair Waist Slab Table 5a
M20 Fe415
Waist
Span
thickness IL=3.00KN/m2 IL=5.00KN/m2
(m)
D mm
MAIN MAIN
DISTRIBUTORS DISTRIBUTORS
REBARS REBARS
8mm @ 8mm @ 250 8mm @ 180 8mm @ 250
2.40 115
200 c/c c/c c/c c/c
8mm @ 8mm @ 250 8mm @ 125 8mm @ 250
3.00 125
150 c/c c/c c/c c/c
8mm @ 8mm @ 250 10mm @ 8mm @ 250
3.50 125
100 c/c c/c 125 c/c c/c
10mm @ 8mm @ 250 12mm @ 8mm @ 250
4.00 135
125 c/c c/c 150 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 250 12mm @ 8mm @ 250
4.50 150
180 c/c c/c 150 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 250 12mm @ 8mm @ 250
5.00 175
180 c/c c/c 150 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 250 12mm @ 8mm @ 250
5.50 175
150 c/c c/c 125 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 230 12mm @ 8mm @ 230
6.00 200
125 c/c c/c 100 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 230 12mm @ 8mm @ 230
6.50 200
100 c/c c/c 100 c/c c/c
12mm @ 8mm @ 200 12mm @ 8mm @ 200
7.00 230
100 c/c c/c 100 c/c c/c
Caution
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EXLOGLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQWKHDSSUR[LPDWHPHWKRGVDQGUHDG\UHFNRQHUVSUHVHQWHGKHUHDUH
WREHXVHGZLWKFDUHVLQFHWKH\DUHEDVHGRQFHUWDLQDVVXPSWLRQVIRUH[DPSOH
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WKDW WKH EXLOGLQJ FRQVLVW RI )XOO ZDOO RQ RXWHU ERXQGDULHV DQG 3DUWLWLRQ ZDOO LQ
LQWHULRUSRUWLRQV6XLWDEOHFRQVLGHUDWLRQLVWREHSDLGLILWLVQRWVR6LPLODUO\IRU
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7KHVSDQVRIEHDPVDVVXPHGDUHVPDOOPRGHUDWHDQGDUHQRWYHU\ORQJWRFUHDWH
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Intuition.
35
Hand Book_03.indd 35 8/20/2018 8:29:30 AM

36
Hand Book_03.indd 36 8/20/2018 8:29:30 AM

CHAPTER - II
CANTILEVERS
Design Methodology Adopted for cantilevers like Canopy Slab of bus stands
7KH &DQWLOHYHU 6WUXFWXUHV DUH RQH RI WKH ZHDNHVW OLQNV LQ DQ\ EXLOGLQJ /RQJ
&DQWLOLHYHUVWUXFWXUHVH[FHSWVXQVKDGHVIRU:LQGRZV9HQWLODWRUHWFPDGHE\UHLQIRUFHG
FHPHQWFRQFUHWHVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGDVIDUDVSRVVLEOHVLQFHWKLVEHFRPHZHDNZLWKWKH
SDVVDJHRIWLPH
&DQRS\6ODERIEXVVWDQGVDUHJHQHUDOO\GHVLJQHGDQGFRQVWUXFWHGE\DQ\RQHRI
WKHIROORZLQJWKUHH0HWKRGV
Method 1:-
7KLVPHWKRGLVDGRSWHGZKHQHGJHEHDPVDUHSURYLGHGDWWKHIUHHHQGDVZHOODV
WKHVXSSRUWLQJHQG,QWKLVPHWKRGVODEZLOOEHGHVLJQHGDQGFRQVWUXFWHGDV6LQJOHVSDQ
2QH:D\6ODEVSDQQLQJEHWZHHQWKHHGJHEHDPVUHI¿J
+HUHWKHPDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWVLQVODEDUHSODFHGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRHGJHEHDPDWWKH
ERWWRPDQGGLVWULEXWLRQVWHHOUHLQIRUFHPHQWVDUHSODFHGMXVWDERYHWKHPDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWV
SDUDOOHOWRWKHHGJHEHDPV
)RUWKLVW\SHRIVODEWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWDUUDQJHPHQWVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDVVKRZQ
EHORZUHI¿J
Fig 2.1 Slabs over Bus Bay–Method1
37
Hand Book_03.indd 37 8/20/2018 8:29:30 AM

Method 2:-
7KLVPHWKRGLVDGRSWHGZKHQHGJHEHDPVDUHSURYLGHGRQO\DWWKHVXSSRUWHQG
DQGWKHUHLVQRHGJHEHDPDWWKHIUHHHQG
,Q WKLV PHWKRG VODE ZLOO EH GHVLJQHG DV 2QH:D\&RQWLQXRXV 6ODE VSDQQLQJ
between the cantilever beams.
+HUH WKH PDLQ UHLQIRUFHPHQWV LQ VODE DUH SODFHG SHUSHQGLFXODU WR FDQWLOHYHU
EHDPVDWWKHERWWRPDQGGLVWULEXWLRQVWHHOUHLQIRUFHPHQWVDUHSODFHGMXVWDERYHWKHPDLQ
UHLQIRUFHPHQWVSDUDOOHOWRWKHFDQWLOHYHUEHDPV
EHORZUHI¿J
Fig 2.2 Slabs over Bus Bay–Method 2
Method 3:-
7KLVPHWKRGLVJHQHUDOO\DGRSWHGIRUZLQGRZVXQVKDGHVRIEXLOGLQJV
7KHSURMHFWLQJOHQJWKRUVSDQRIWKLVW\SHRIFDQWLOHYHUVODEZLOOEHYHU\VPDOOLQWKH
UDQJHRIWRP7KHVHW\SHRIVODEVDUHULVN\VLQFHWKH\DUHVXVFHSWLEOHIRUURWDWLRQ
DQGFROODSVHLIQRWPHWLFXORXVO\GHVLJQHGDQGFDUHIXOO\H[HFXWHG
,QWKLVPHWKRGVODEZLOOEHGHVLJQHGDVDFDQWLOHYHU6ODEZLWKHGJHEHDPSURYLGHG
DWWKHVXSSRUWLQJHQGRIWKHVODEWRDYRLGURWDWLRQ
EHORZUHI¿J
38
Hand Book_03.indd 38 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

$VSHUWKHREVHUYDWLRQVPDGHRQVLWHthe Method 3 which is generally adopted
RQO\IRUZLQGRZVXQVKDGHVZDVDGRSWHGLQWKHFROODSVHGEXVVWDQGSRUWLRQORFDWHGLQ
6RPDQXUKDPOHWRI.DUXPDWKDPSDWWL7RZQ3DQFKD\DWLQ&RLPEDWRUH
Slabs over Bus Bay –Method 3
Fig 2.3. Slabs over Bus Bay –Method 3
39
Hand Book_03.indd 39 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

Fig 2.4. Slabs over Bus Bay –Method 3
(Bus Stand at Kinathukadavu in Coimbatore)
40
Hand Book_03.indd 40 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

:KHQ QRUPDO SUDFWLFH RI GHVLJQLQJ DQG SURYLGLQJ RQH ZD\ VODEV E\ 0HWKRG
RU0HWKRGDUHDGRSWHGIRUEXVED\VORDGLPSRVHGRQWKHVODEJHWVWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH
&DQWLOHYHU EHDPV DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLFK LQ WXUQ JHWV WUDQVPLWWHG WR WKH
column.
5HTXLUHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQDSSURSULDWHGLUHFWLRQDQGSRVLWLRQIRUVODEDQGFDQWLOHYHU
EHDPKDYHWREHSURYLGHGDQGDOVRSURSHUDQFKRULQJRIWRSUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIFDQWLOHYHU
EHDPLQWRWKHFROXPQIRUVSHFL¿HGGHYHORSPHQWOHQJWKKDVWREHHQVXUHG
Recommendation for Bus Bays
3URMHFWHGFDQWLOHYHUVVODEVRYHUEXVED\VDUHWREHSURYLGHGDWVDPHOHYHODVWKDW
RIWKHURRIVODERYHUVKRSVRQUHDUVLGH7KLVLVVLPLODUWR7\SHRUEXW&DQWLOHYHU6ODEV
DQG%HDPVDUHFRQWLQXHGLQWRWKHVKRSED\7KLVLVSUHIHUUHGIURPVWDELOLW\SRLQWRIYLHZ
)LJ
Fig 2.5 Recommended Type of Bus Fig 2.6 Type of Bus Stand to
Stand ( Avanashi, Coimbatore) be avoided.
PRECAUTIONS
41
Hand Book_03.indd 41 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

42
Hand Book_03.indd 42 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

CHAPTER -III
COLLAPSE OF CANTILEVR SLAB – a case study
ROOF COLLAPSE OF BUS STAND AT SOMANUR HAMLET

KARUMATHAMPATTI TOWN PANCHAYAT,
COIMBATORE DISTRICT ON 07-09-2017
Bus stand – During usage (Added later with Parapet & PVC OHT)
Bus stand – Originally Bus stand – On

constructed Collapse
43
Hand Book_03.indd 43 8/20/2018 8:29:31 AM

7KHGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWFDXVHVRIFROODSVHVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVPDLQO\WKUHHVLQJO\
RULQFRPELQDWLRQLH'HVLJQHUURUFRQVWUXFWLRQHUURUDQGRUPDWHULDOGH¿FLHQF\
,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWLIDFROODSVHVRFFXUVDIHZ\HDUVDIWHURFFXSDQF\LWLVXVXDOO\
DVDUHVXOWRIGHVLJQHUURUHLWKHUDSDUWRUDPDLQFDXVH6RPHWLPHVGHSHQGLQJ
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EDVLFGHVLJQGH¿FLHQF\ZRUNPDQVKLSDQGPDWHULDOGH¿FLHQF\
3.1 Details of Original Construction and Additional Construction:

Original construction:
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7KHZDOOVDUHSDQHOZDOOVLQ%ULFNZRUNRIFPWKLFNDQGWKHSDUWLWLRQZDOOVDUH
FPWKLFN
7KH %XLOGLQJ KDG EHHQ GHVLJQHG IRU * XOWLPDWH )ORRUV DV SHU 5HFRUGV
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7KHRULJLQDO%XVVWDQGVWUXFWXUHZDVFRQVWUXFWHGZLWK*URXQG)ORRURQO\
3.2 Additional Construction
3DUDSHW ZDOO DW WKH IUHH HQG RI FDQRS\ ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG DIWHU WKH %XV VWDQG
ZDVRSHQHGWRSXEOLF7KHUHLVQRUHFRUGDYDLODEOHWR¿QGRXWWKHGDWH\HDURI
FRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH3DUDSHWZDOO
39&2YHU+HDG7DQNRIOLWUHVFDSDFLW\ZDVSURYLGHGRYHU&DQWLOHYHUVODE
SRUWLRQ VXEVHTXHQWO\ FDXVLQJ DGGLWLRQDO XQZDQWHG ORDG RQ WKH FDQRS\ ORFDWHG
above the Bus bays.
3.3 Site Observations
)ROORZLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVZHUHPDGHGXULQJWKHVLWHLQVSHFWLRQ
7KHEXLOGLQJFRQVLVWVRIVKRSVSURYLGHGRQUHDUVLGHDQGEXVED\VDWIURQWQRZ
FROODSVHG
%HIRUHWKHFROODSVHWKHIURQWVLGHRIWKHEXLOGLQJKDGDSURMHFWHG&DQWLOHYHU5RRI
6ODEZLWKVXSSRUWRQ&DQWLOHYHU%HDPVDWWKHLUERWWRPZKLFKZHUHFRQQHFWHGWR
FROXPQVSURYLGHGDWVKRSVLGHUHDUVLGH
,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKLVSURMHFWHG&DQWLOHYHUV6ODEKDGEHHQSURYLGHGDWKLJKHU
OHYHOWKDQWKHURRIVODERIWKHVKRSVRQUHDUVLGH
$ 39& 2YHU +HDG 7DQN RI OLWUHV FDSDFLW\ KDG EHHQ SURYLGHG RYHU WKH
&DQWLOHYHU6ODEDQGLWZDVIRXQGGDPDJHGDQGEURNHQ
7KHSURMHFWLWHGFDQRS\VODEDWWKHURRIZDVVXSSRUWHGRQ&DQWLOHYHU%HDPVDW
WZRVLGHVDQGZDVDOVRVXSSRUWHGRQUHDUVLGHE\HGJHEHDPV&DQWLOHYHU6ODEV
ZHUHFRQWLQXRXVIURPOHIWWRULJKWRQFDQWLOHYHUEHDPV$OVR&DQWLOHYHU6ODEVZHUH
GLVFRQWLQXRXVEH\RQGHGJHEHDPVDWUHDUVLGHDQGIUHHZLWKRXWHGJHEHDPVDW
IURQWVLGH
44
Hand Book_03.indd 44 8/20/2018 8:29:32 AM

Bus Stand at Somanur- Before Collapse
45
Hand Book_03.indd 45 8/20/2018 8:29:32 AM

$VSHUWKHREVHUYDWLRQVPDGHRQVLWHWKH0HWKRGZKLFKLVJHQHUDOO\DGRSWHG
RQO\IRUZLQGRZVXQVKDGHVZDVDGRSWHGLQWKHFROODSVHGEXVVWDQGSRUWLRQ
:KHQQRUPDOSUDFWLFHRIGHVLJQLQJDQGSURYLGLQJRQHZD\VODEVE\0HWKRGRU
0HWKRGDUHDGRSWHGIRUEXVED\VORDGLPSRVHGRQWKHVODEJHWVWUDQVIHUUHGWR
the Cantilever beam which in turn gets transmitted to the column.
5HTXLUHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQDSSURSULDWHGLUHFWLRQDQGSRVLWLRQIRUVODEDQGFDQWLOHYHU
EHDP KDYH WR EH SURYLGHG DQG DOVR SURSHU DQFKRULQJ RI WRS UHLQIRUFHPHQW RI
FDQWLOHYHU EHDP LQWR WKH FROXPQ IRU VSHFL¿HG GHYHORSPHQW OHQJWK KDV WR EH
ensured.
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WKDW WKRXJK VXI¿FLHQW %HDPVL]H IRU &DQWLOHYHU %HDP UHTXLUHG UHLQIRUFHPHQWV
DVZHOODVDGHTXDWH$QFKRUDJHZHUHSURYLGHGLQWKH&DQWLOHYHUEHDPWKHIDLOXUH
ZDVGXHWRLQDGHTXDWHWKLFNQHVVRI&DQWLOHYHU6ODEDQGLQDGHTXDWHVL]HRI(GJH
EHDPSURYLGHG)XUWKHUWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWVSURYLGHGIRUWKHFDQWLOHYHUVODEDQG
HGJHEHDPVZHUHLQVXI¿FLHQWDQGDOVRSODFHGLPSURSHUO\
Cantilever Beam with adequate anchorage
3.4 Cause of Failure:

Analysis:-
)URPWKHEURNHQSRUWLRQVRIVODEVWKHIROORZLQJIDFWVZHUHHYDOXDWHG
, ,WFRXOGEHDVVHVVHGWKDWWKHFROODSVHGSURMHFWHGVODEKDGEHHQFRQVWUXFWHG
DVVXPLQJ LW DV D &DQWLOHYHU 6ODE SURMHFWLQJ IURP WWKH HGJH EHDP VLPLODU WR D
VXQVKDGH SURMHFWHG IURP WKH OLQWHOEHDP QRUPDOO\ SURYLGHG RYHU ZLQGRZV RI
buildings.
,, 0DLQ 5HLQIRUFHPHQWV ZHUH SURYLGHG DW WKH WRS RI VODE PP GLD #PP
VSDFLQJDORQJWKH&DQWLOHYHUVSDQRIP'LVWULEXWLRQVWHHOZDVSURYLGHGDW
WKHWRSRIWKHVODEDORQJPVSDQ
46
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,,, +HQFHIURPVODEQRORDGRUYHU\PHDJHUORDGKDGEHHQWUDQVIHUUHGWR&DQWLOHYHU
EHDPVSURYLGHGDWWKHLUHQGVIRUWKDWSXUSRVH$FWXDOO\FDQWLOHYHUEHDPVSURYLGHG
GLGQRWFRQWULEXWHDWDOOLQVKDULQJORDGLQJDQGWKH\ZHUHLQHIIHFWLYHDQGUHGXQGDQW
EHFDXVHRIWKHIDXOW\VWUXFWXUDODUUDQJHPHQWIROORZHG
Comparison of Structural Details as per Design calculation
evolved now with the collapsed one
i) Cantilever Slab (with Water Tank & Parapet )
Particulars Required Provided Remarks

As per design in the observed
calculation collapsed slabs
Slab 230 mm 120 mm Slab thickness
Thickness inadequate
Main reinforcement 12mm Dia rods @ 12T @ 130 Incorrect

(Perpendicular to 125mm Centre to (Top) arrangement
edge beam) Centre of bars
Distribution 10T @ 200 10T@ 160 -
Hence from the above, it can be inferred that the slab thickness
provided was far below the requirement.
ii) Cantilever slab (Before providing Water tank & Parapet )
Required Provided
Particulars As per design in the observed Remarks
calculation collapsed slabs
Slab
Slab thickness 180 mm 120 mm thickness
inadequate
Main reinforcement
(Perpendicular to 12T@ 150 Top 12T @ 130 --
edge beam) (Top)
Distribution Incorrect
10T @ 200 10T@ 160 arrangement
of bars
47
Hand Book_03.indd 47 8/20/2018 8:29:32 AM

From the above also it can be inferred that the slab thickness provided was
below the requirement.
iii) Edge beam (provided at Rear end of Cantilever Slab):
As per calculation Provided actually Remarks
Evolved
size Beam size

300X750 230X300
inadequate
Longitudinal 5-20 (Top) 3-16 (Top) Reinforcement

insufficient
reinforcement 2-20 (Bottom) 3-16 (Bottom)
Shear Stirrups Reinforcement

10T@ 150 8T@ 170
insufficient
Side face 2-12 Reinforcement

reinforcement - insufficient
(recommended )
3.5 Interpretation:
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SURYLGLQJ LQVXI¿FLHQW VL]H UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ &DQWLOHYHU 6ODEV (GJH %HDPV
KDVUHVXOWHGLQWKHFROODSVHRIWKHVWUXFWXUH7KHVWUXFWXUDOO\GHIHFWLYH³3URMHFWHG
&DQWLOHYHU6ODE´ZRXOGKDYHIDLOHG¿UVWE\GHÀHFWLRQDQGURWDWLRQLQGXFLQJWRUVLRQ
LQWKHHGJHEHDPSURYLGHGDWLWVVXSSRUWLQJHQG
LL (GJHEHDPLVDOVRZHDNDQGQRWVWURQJHQRXJKWRZLWKVWDQGWKHWRUVLRQLQGXFHG
LQLWGXHWRWKHGHÀHFWLRQRI³3URMHFWHG&DQWLOHYHU6ODE´
LLL 5RWDWLRQ RI (GJH %HDPV FDXVHG WKH µ7LOWLQJ¶ DQG µ'HWDFKLQJ¶ RI WKH FDQWLOHYHU
beams integrated with them.
LY 7KHZKROHVHWRI&DQWLOHYHU6ODEV(GJH%HDPV &DQWLOHYHU%HDPVFROODSVHG
VXGGHQO\EHFDXVHRIVWUXFWXUDOGH¿FLHQF\DQGEHLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIFDQWLOHYHU
VWUXFWXUHV WKH IDLOXUH RI FDQWLOHYHU VWUXFWXUHV ZDV VXGGHQ ZLWKRXW JLYLQJ DQ\
warning.
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SDUDPHWHUVHWFDUHWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHVWDELOLW\RISURMHFWHG&DQWLOHYHU6ODEIRU
WKHSDVW\HDUV7KH%XV%D\URRIZDVEXLOWLQWKH\HDU7KRXJKWKHEXV
ED\ZLWKSURMHFWHGFDQWLOHYHUVODEZDVEXLOWZLWKLQVXI¿FLHQWWKLFNQHVVRIPP
48
Hand Book_03.indd 48 8/20/2018 8:29:33 AM

LQVWHDGRIUHTXLUHGWKLFNQHVVRIPPLWZDVVWDEOHIRUDERXW\HDUVXQGHU
WKHPHUF\RI)DFWRURI6DIHW\
YL 7KLV)DFWRURI6DIHW\KDVEHHQHQFURDFKHGXSRQODWHUEHFDXVHRIWKHH[WUDORDG
GXHDKXJH:DWHUWDQNRIOLWUHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\7RQQHVRI/RDGFDSDFLW\
on this slab.
YLL $3DUDSHWZDOOZDVEXLOWRQWKLV&DQWLOHYHU6ODEDWLWVIUHHHGJHLQWKHODWHU\HDUV
DQGWKXVLWV)DFWRURI6DIHW\ZDVIXUWKHUHQFURDFKHGXSRQVXEVWDQWLDOO\
YLLL )LQDOO\ ZKHQ UDLQZDWHU JRW VWDJQDWHG RQ WKH URRI IXUWKHU DGGLWLRQ RI ORDG KDG
UHVXOWHGLQFURVVLQJRYHURIWKHUHPDLQLQJLQKHUHQW)DFWRURI6DIHW\ZKLFKFDXVHG
WKHXOWLPDWHFROODSVHRIWKHVODE
49
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Inverted Edge Beam
Projected Cantilever
B
Inverted Edge
A
D
50
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CHAPTER - IV
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
Much attention is generally directed towards analysis and design than towards
SURSHU GHWDLOLQJ ([SHULHQFH KDV LQGLFDWHG WKDW GDPDJHV RFFXU PRUH GXH WR HUURUV LQ
GHWDLOLQJWKDQGXHWRIDXOW\FDOFXODWLRQV
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FROODSVHVLQKLVWRU\KDYHEHHQFDXVHGE\GHIHFWLYH'(7$,/,1*
Slabs
One way Slab
Simplified Curtailment Rule for One way Slab
51
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Two way Slab
Simplified Curtailment Rule forTwo way Slab

Cantilever Slab
Cantilever Slab from Edge Beam at support
52
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Fig Cantilever Slab continuous over a brick wall
Cantilever Slabs at various levels of Beams
53
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Staircase detailing
Stairs supported at Ends of Landings
54
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Stairs supported at Ends of Flights
55
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Beams
Simplified Curtailment Rule for Continuous Beam
56
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Cantilever Beam Projecting from a beam over a column
Fig Cantilever Beam Projecting from a column
57
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Beam Column Junction
Beam Column Junction
NOTE
In general, it is advisable to use U-bars at the non-continuous ends

of beams of depth greater than 600 mm. (clause 7.6/IS456-2000)
Columns
58
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59
Hand Book_03.indd 59 8/20/2018 8:29:34 AM

60
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61
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Splice with Offset Cranked Bar in a Column
62
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Footings
63
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64
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CHAPTER – V
Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Structures
1. Guidelines for Planning Earthquake Resistant Structures
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be avoided
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65
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7KHIROORZLQJVLPSOHLOOXVWUDWLRQVVKRZKRZWRSODQIRUHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWVWUXFWXUHV
66
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2. Guidelines for Earthquake resistant Structural Designs.
IS 1893: (Part 1) 2016 code of practice for EarthquakeResistant Design
of Structures GHDOV ZLWK WKH HDUWKTXDNH KD]DUG DVVHVVPHQW IRU HDUWKTXDNH
UHVLVWDQWGHVLJQRIEXLOGLQJV
IS 13920 :2016, code of practice for Ductile Design and Detail covers the
UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU GHVLJQLQJ DQG GHWDLOLQJ RI PHPEHUV RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH
5&VWUXFWXUHVGHVLJQHGWRUHVLVWODWHUDOHIIHFWVRIHDUWKTXDNHVKDNLQJVRDVWR
JLYHWKHPDGHTXDWHVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\WRUHVLVWVHYHUHHDUWKTXDNH
VKDNLQJZLWKRXWFROODSVH
7KHFULWHULDDGRSWHGE\FRGHVIRU¿[LQJWKHOHYHORIGHVLJQVHLVPLFORDGLQJDUH
generally as below
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The following illustrations show ductile detailing for reinforcement bars

in RCC Constructions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
67
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68
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69
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70
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71
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Ductility detailing Provisions for Earthquake Resistant
Buildings are summarised in the following figures.
DUCTILE DETAILING AS PER IS13920:2016
72
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FIG.4 BEAM REINFORCEMENT
73
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FIG.5 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN
74
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loVKDOOEHWKHODUJHVWRIWKHIROOZLQJ
Colum Joint detail
75
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76
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CHAPTER – VI
RAPID TESTING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

AT SITE
INTRODUCTION
All Construction Materials are to be tested for quality before they are
actually used in the projects. Though the laboratory tests are accurate, they
are very time-consuming and many times it is not possible to evaluate all
the consignments.
Hence the Engineers at site should be aware of appreciating the
quality of construction materials like Cement, Sand, Coarse aggregates, etc
by mere visual observation and by conducting very simple site tests.
77
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I - CEMENT
FIELD TESTS TO VERIFY QUALITY OF CEMENT.
Date of manufacture must be checked, because aging reduces the

strength.
BRAND X
Period of storage % of 28-days strength

Fresh 100%
3 Months 80%
6 Months 70%
12 Months 60%
24 Months 50%
Open the bags – No lumps should be present (Means no setting)

3. Thrust your hand into the cement - There should be cool feeling
(means no heat of hydration no setting)
Pinch of cement between fingers-It should give smooth feeling (means
no setting).
78
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Handful of cement thrown on water, should float initially before finally
settling.
Take 100 gm of cement, make stiff paste, prepare cake with sharp
edges, put on glass plate and Immerse in water.
a. Shape shouldn’t be disturbed
b. It should set and attain strength.
Detection of Adulteration
1. Take a small sample of doubtful cement on a steel plate and heat it
thoroughly for 20 minutes on a stove. Adulterated cement will change
its colour on heating.
In genuine variety there will be no change in colour.
However this test cannot detect the addition of pozzolana in cement

as it is also produced under high temperatures.
(Max. pozzolana allowed : 35%)
79
Hand Book_03.indd 79 8/20/2018 8:29:36 AM

2. To detect adulteration with coal ash take a small quantity of doubtful
cement in test tube or a glass tumbler and add water till the container is half
full. Shake the container thoroughly and allow it to settle for a few minutes.
Cement particles will settle down and ash particles will either be found
floating on the surface or held in suspension because of their lightness.
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À\DVK
Setting and Hardening action
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as genuine cement in this third test.
80
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Ascertaining soundness of cement
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Precautions
,QDWHVWIRUVRXQGQHVVRIFHPHQWWKHFUDFNLQJRIXQVRXQGFHPHQWVKRXOGQRWEH
FRQIXVHGZLWKWKHFRQWUDFWLRQFUDFNV
&RQWUDFWLRQFUDFNVGHYHORSGXULQJERLOLQJZKHUHWKHWHVWSDWVPLJKWKDYHEHHQ
H[SRVHGWRKHDWRUGU\LQJZLQGV
&RQWUDFWLRQFUDFNVDUHDIHZZHOOGH¿QHGFUDFNVUXQQLQJIURPHGJHWRHGJHDV
VKRZQLQ¿JXUHDQGWKRVHGRQRWLQGLFDWHDQ\WKLQJZURQJZLWKWKHVDPSOH
81
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2- SAND
FIELD TESTS FOR SAND
)LQHDJJUHJDWH 6DQGLVRQHZKLFKSDVVHVWKURXJKPP,6VLHYH
RYHUVL]HSHUPLWWHGE\,6
PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND

,WVKRXOGEHFKHPLFDOO\LQHUW
,WVKRXOGEHFOHDQDQGFRDUVH,WVKRXOGEHIUHHIURPDQ\RUJDQLFRUYHJHWDEOH
matter.
,WVKRXOGFRQWDLQVKDUSDQJXODUJUDLQV
,WVKRXOGQRWFRQWDLQVDOWVZKLFKDWWUDFWPRLVWXUHIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUH
,WVKRXOGEHZHOOJUDGHGLHVKRXOGFRQWDLQSDUWLFOHVRIYDULRXVVL]HVLQVXLWDEOH
SURSRUWLRQV
,WVKRXOGEHIUHHIURPVLOWDQGFOD\
FIELD TESTS FOR SAND
6DQGLVDFWXDOO\WHVWHGDQGIURPLWVWDVWHSUHVHQFHRIVDOWVLVNQRZQ
6DQGLVWDNHQIURPDKHDSDQGLWLVUXEEHGDJDLQVW¿QJHUV
,I¿QJHUVDUHVWDLQHGLWLQGLFDWHVWKDWVDQGFRQWDLQVVLOW25FOD\
Clay & Silt impurities in Sand

$JXLGHWRWKHDPRXQWRIclay and silt in sand FDQEHREWDLQHGIURPWKH¿HOG
VHWWOLQJ WHVW $Q H[FHVVLYH DPRXQW UHFRUGHG LQ WKLV WHVW ZLOO LQGLFDWH WKDW RWKHU PRUH
sensitive tests should be made.
7KHWHVWLQYROYHVSODFLQJDERXWPORIDVROXWLRQRIFRPPRQVDOWLQZDWHULQ
DPOPHDVXULQJF\OLQGHU6DQGDVUHFHLYHGLVWKHQDGGHGJUDGXDOO\XQWLOWKHOHYHORI
WKHWRSRIWKHVDQGLVDWWKHPOPDUNDQGPRUHVROXWLRQLVDGGHGWREULQJWKHOLTXLG
82
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OHYHOWRWKHPOPDUN7KHF\OLQGHULVVKDNHQYLJRURXVO\DQGWKHFRQWHQWVDOORZHGWR
VHWWOHIRUDERXWWKUHHKRXUV7KHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVLOWOD\HULVPHDVXUHGDQGH[SUHVVHGDV
DSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHKHLJKWRIWKHVDQGEHORZWKHVLOWOD\HU
7KHDPRXQWRIFOD\DQGVLOWLQWKHVDQGPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDFFHSWDEOHLILWGRHVQRW
H[FHHG%\YROXPHE\ZHLJKW
Bulking of Sand
9 Sand containing some moisture shows
more volume than actual
9 When dry or saturated, there is no bulking
Bulking of Sand
(IS 2386-Part 3)
Percentage of Bulking =
^ )LQDOKHLJKWDIWHUÀRRGLQJ ^
,QLWLDOKHLJKW±)LQDOKHLJKWDIWHUÀRRGLQJ
[
83
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ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN SAND
)RUGHWHFWLQJWKHSUHVHQFHRIorganic impuritiesLQVDQGVROXWLRQRIVRGLXP
K\GUR[LGHRUcaustic soda6ROXWLRQLVDGGHGWRVDQGDQGLWLVstirred.
a. A colourlessOLTXLGVKDOOLQGLFDWHFOHDQVDQGIUHHIURPRUJDQLFPDWWHU
b. A straw FRORXUHG OLTXLG LQGLFDWHV SUHVHQFH RI VRPH RUJDQLF PDWWHU EXW QRW
enough to be objectionable.
c. A dark colour means that the sand contains injurious amount and accordingly
it is not to be used unless it is wasKHGDQGUHWHVWVKRZQWKDWLWLVVDWLVIDFWRU\
&RORXUOHVV6WUDZFRORXU'DUNEURZQFRORXU
VDWLVIDFWRU\ REMHFWLRQDEOH
84
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3- COARSE AGGREGATES
COARSE AGGREGATES
&RDUVH$JJUHJDWHLVRQH:KLFKLVUHWDLQHGRQPP,6VLHYH
SDVVLQJWKHVLHYHDUHSHUPLWWHG
PROPERTIES OF GOOD COARSE AGGREGATE

6SHFL¿F*UDYLW\,WVKRXOGKDYHJRRGFUXVKLQJVWUHQJWKDQG'HQVLW\
6XUIDFH7H[WXUH±,WVKRXOGEHDQJXODUDQGVKRXOGKDYHVKDUSHGJHV
3DUWLFOH6KDSH±,WVKRXOGQRWEHÀDN\
3RURVLW\±,WVKRXOGKDYHYHU\ORZZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ
6WDELOLW\,WVKRXOGEHFKHPLFDOO\LQHUW
,PSXULWLHV,W VKRXOG EH IUHH IURP PLQHUDO LPSXULWLHV OLNH PLFD ZKLFK GHFD\ DQG
also clay and silt.
&RPSDFWQHVV,WVKRXOGEHJUDGHGDVWKHQRQO\WKHYRLGVFDQEHOHVV
$QJXODU DJJUHJDWHV DUH VXSHULRU WR URXQGHG DJJUHJDWHV IURP WKH IROORZLQJ
SRLQWVRIYLHZ
$QJXODUDJJUHJDWHVH[KLELWDEHWWHULQWHUORFNLQJHIIHFWLQFRQFUHWHZKLFKSURSHUW\
PDNHVLWVXSHULRULQFRQFUHWH
7KHWRWDOVXUIDFHDUHDRIURXJKWH[WXUHGDQJXODUDJJUHJDWHLVPRUHWKDQVPRRWK
URXQGHG DJJUHJDWH IRU WKH JLYHQ YROXPH %\ KDYLQJ JUHDWHU VXUIDFH DUHD WKH
angular aggregate may show higher bond strength than rounded aggregates.
85
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*UDGDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWRI&RDUVH$JJUHJDWHVPP
IS sieve designation 3HUFHQWDJHSDVVLQJE\:HLJKW
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
4 WATER
7KHZDWHUXVHGLQPDNLQJDQGFXULQJRIFRQFUHWHPRUWDUDQGJURXWVKDOOEH
IUHHIURPREMHFWLRQDEOHTXDQWLWLHVRIVLOWRUJDQLFPDWWHULQMXULRXVDPRXQWVRIRLOVDFLGV
VDOWVDQGRWKHULPSXULWLHVHWFDVSHU,66SHFL¿FDWLRQ1R±
3RWDEOHZDWHUZDWHU¿WIRUGULQNLQJLVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHG¿WIRUPL[LQJ
The PH value of water shall generally be not less than 6.This can be easily
found at site with the help of Litmus Paper.
:DWHUVXLWDEOHIRUPL[LQJLVVXLWDEOHIRUFXULQJDOVR%XWLWVKRXOGQRWOHDYH
REMHFWLRQDEOHVWDLQRUXQVLJKWO\GHSRVLWVRQWKHVXUIDFH7KHSUHVHQFHRIWDQQLFDFLGDQG
LURQFRPSRXQGVLVREMHFWLRQDEOH
86
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3HUPLVVLEOHOLPLWVIRUVROLGVZKHQWHVWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK,6±VKDOO
be as tabulated below.
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR SOLIDS IN WATER
0D[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHOLPLWV
2UJDQLF PJOLWUH
,QRUJDQLF PJOLWUH
6XOSKDWHDV62 PJOLWUH
&KORULGHVDV&O PJOLWUHIRUSODLQFRQFUHWHZRUN
PJOLWUHIRU5&&ZRUN
6XVSHQGHGPDWWHU PJOLWUH
5 CEMENT MORTAR
CEMENT MORTAR
L7KHFHPHQWPRUWDULIXQXVHGIRUPRUHWKDQPLQXWHVDIWHUDGGLWLRQRIZDWHU
VKDOOEHUHMHFWHGDQGUHPRYHGIURPVLWH
(ii) The mix proportion of Cement Mortar
The mix proportion of cement: sand can be
checked as follows:-
7DNH DERXW JP RI JUHHQ FHPHQW
PRUWDUDQGDGGPORIZDWHULQDPHDVXULQJ
jar and shake the contents well and allow the
FRQWHQWVWRVHWWOH:KLOHWKHVDQGJHWVGHSRVLWHG
at the bottom, cement shall settle above. From
WKHYROXPHVRIHDFKWKHDSSUR[LPDWHSURSRUWLRQ
RIFHPHQWDQGVDQGFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG
87
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(iii) Consistency: 0RUWDUFRQVLVWHQF\FDQEHFKHFNHGE\WKHIROORZLQJ
D,IDVPDOOTXDQWLW\RIPRUWDULVGURSSHGIURPDWURZHOWKHWURZHORXJKWWREHOHIW
SHUIHFWO\FOHDQ
E$OLWWOHPRUWDUZRUNHGJHQWO\LQWKHKDQGVVKRXOGEHHDVLO\PRXOGHGLQWRDEDOO
RQWKHVXUIDFHRIZKLFKZDWHUZRXOGDSSHDU
F:KHQWKHEDOOLVGURSSHGIURPDKHLJKWRIKDOIDPHWHUPPRQDKDUG
VXUIDFHLWPXVWUHWDLQLWVURXQGHGVKDSH
88
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6 - BRICKS
BRICKS –FIELD TESTS

Basic tests for Bricks:
&RPSUHVVLYH6WUHQJWK
:DWHU$EVRUSWLRQ
(IÀRUHVFHQFH
1. Compressive Strength
,W FDQQRW EH GHWHUPLQHG H[DFWO\ DW ¿HOG ZLWKRXW D &RPSUHVVLRQ WHVWLQJ
PDFKLQH+RZHYHULWVKRXOGQRWEUHDNZKHQGURSSHGIURPPKHLJKWRQDKDUGJURXQG
)XUWKHUZKHQWZREULFNVDUHVWUXFNZLWKHDFKRWKHUOLJKWO\RUZKHQVWUXFNZLWKRXU¿QJHUD
FOHDUULQJLQJVRXQGVKRXOGEHSURGXFHG
7KH 0LQLPXP &RPSUHVVLYH 6WUHQJWK IRU D &RPPRQ %XUQW &OD\ %ULFN LV
.JVTFP1VTPP
89
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2. Water Absorption
%ULFNVZKHQVRDNHGLQFROGZDWHUIRUKRXUVVKRXOGQRWDEVRUEPRUHWKDQ
E\ZHLJKWIRUQRUPDOEULFNV
(IÀRUHVFHQFH
7KLVLVGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIVROXEOHVDOWVVXFKDV6XOSKDWHVRI6RGLXPDQG
3RWDVVLXP
$ERXWQRVRIEULFNVDUHSODFHGLQDWUD\RIZDWHUDERXWPPGHSWKHQG
VLGHRIWKH%ULFNVLQVLGHZDWHULQDZHOOYHQWLODWHGURRPDQGWKH\DUHDOORZHGWRDEVRUEWKH
ZDWHUFRPSOHWHO\
:KHQWKHEULFNVDSSHDUHGWREHGU\WKH\DUHH[DPLQHGIRUHIÀRUHVFHQFHPDUNV
DQGLQWHUSUHWHGDVJLYHQEHORZ
:KHQWKHUHLVQRSHUFHSWLEOHGHSRVLWHIÀRUHVFHQFH 1LO
H[SRVHGDUHDRIWKHEULFNVFRYHUHGZLWKDWKLQGHSRVLW6OLJKW
8SWRFRYHUHGE\GHSRVLWEXWXQDFFRPSDQLHGE\SRZGHULQJRUÀDNLQJRIWKH
VXUIDFH0RGHUDWH
FRYHUHGE\GHSRVLWEXWXQDFFRPSDQLHGE\SRZGHULQJRUÀDNLQJRIWKHVXUIDFH
+HDY\
+HDY\GHSRVLWRI6DOWVDFFRPSDQLHGE\SRZGHULQJDQGRUÀDNLQJRIWKHVXUIDFH
±6HULRXV
90
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7 – STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
,GHQWL¿FDWLRQRI*RRG707EDUV
&877+(707%$5
32/,6+7+(&52666(&7,21:,7+(0(5<3$3(5
,I3RVVLEOH*ULQG,W
62$.,7,11,752/62/87,21LISRVVLEOH
1,75,&$&,'(7+</$/&2+2/
UNIFORM TEMPERED MORTENSITE PERIPHERY & INNER SOFTER CORE INDICATE

A GOOD TMT BAR
91
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,GHQWL¿FDWLRQRI*RRG707EDUV,OOXVWUDWLRQ
POLISH THE CROSS SECTION WITH EMERY PAPER
SOAKING IN NITROL SOLUTION

(5% NITRIC ACID, 95% METHYL / ETHYL ALCOHOL)
81,)2507(03(5('0257(16,7(3(5,3+(5< ,11(562)7(5&25(
*22'707
92
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Good Quality and Fake TMT Bars
UNIFORM TEMPERED MORTENSITE PERIPHERY & INNER SOFTER CORE
* FOR GOOD TMT, HARDENED PERIPHERY WILL BE

15 % TO 30% (max) of cross section area.
+,*+/<29(548(1&+('%$5+$5'(1('3(5,3+(5<
,62)&52666(&7,21
81'(548(1&+('%$5+$5'(1('3(5,3+(5<
,621/<2)&52666(&7,21
12181,)25048(1&+('%$5
93
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94
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CHAPTER - VII
Crushed Stone Sand (CS-Sand)
- Alternate material to River sand
,Q UHFHQW \HDUV FRQVLGHUDEOH HPSKDVLV KDV EHHQ PDGH E\ WKH H[SHUWV LQ WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\WRXVH0DQXIDFWXUHG6DQG06DQGDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWR5LYHU6DQG
DVWKHODWHULVJHWWLQJH[KDXVWHGYHU\UDSLGO\,WKDVDOVREHHQSURYHGWHFKQLFDOO\ZRUOGZLGH
WKDW*RRGTXDOLW\0VDQGLVDVXLWDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOWR5LYHUVDQG
+RZHYHU WKHUH KDV EHHQ JHQHUDO UHOXFWDQFH WR XVH WKH 06DQG LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ
ZRUNVPDLQO\GXHWRODFNRIDYDLODELOLW\DQGVXSSO\RIJHQXLQH06DQG,WKDVEHHQQRWLFHG
WKDW 4XDUU\ 'XVW ZKLFK FRQWDLQV )ODN\ SDUWLFOHV DQG KLJKHU SHUFHQWDJH RI 0LFUR ¿QHV
SDUWLFOHVOHVVWKDQPFURQZHUHVXSSOLHGLQWKHQDPHRI06DQG6LQFHWKHVHSURSHUWLHV
DIIHFWWKHTXDOLW\RIFRQFUHWH&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QGXVWU\WULHGWRDYRLGWKHXVDJHRI06DQGLQ
general.
+HQFHWREULQJDZDUHQHVVDERXWJHQXLQH06DQGDQGSURPRWHWRXVHRIWKH
VDPHDVDQDOWHUQDWH¿QHDJJUHJDWHVWR5LYHU6DQGFLUFXODUVZHUHLVVXHGE\WKH3XEOLF
ZRUNV'HSDUWPHQWH[SODLQLQJWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVRIJRRGTXDOLW\06DQGDQGWKH
PHWKRGVRILGHQWLI\LQJSURFXULQJDQGXVLQJWKHPIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQSXUSRVHV
95
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&LUFXODUVDWWDFKHGLQWKHIROORZLQJSDJHVKHOSVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHIDFWVRQ0VDQG
DQGJHWULGRIWKHP\WKV
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
BUILDINGS
OFFICE OF THE ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF (BUILDINGS),

CHIEF ENGINEER (BUILDINGS) CHENNAI REGION AND
CHIEF ENGINEER (GENERAL), PWD.,
CHEPAUK, CHENNAI – 5
Technical Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 , dated .07.2017
Sub : Building – Crushed Stone Sand (CS-Sand) -

Alternate material to River sand – Circular
Instructions issued - Regarding
Ref : Engineer-in-Chief (Buildings) & Chief Engineer

(Buildings) Chennai Region and Chief Engineer
(General), PWD., Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 /
2012, dated 30.08.2012
****
,QUHFHQW\HDUVFRQVLGHUDEOHHPSKDVLVKDVEHHQPDGHE\WKHH[SHUWVLQWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\WRXVH0DQXIDFWXUHG6DQG06DQGDV5LYHU6DQGUHVRXUFHVDUH
H[KDXVWLQJYHU\UDSLGO\,WKDVDOVREHHQSURYHGWKDW*RRGTXDOLW\0VDQGFDQEHXVHGDV
DQDOWHUQDWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOWR5LYHUVDQG
7KRXJK WKH GH¿QLWLRQ RI 0DQXIDFWXULQJ 6DQG 06DQG DV SHU ,6
FRGHUHIHUVWRSURFHVVHG¿QHDJJUHJDWHVWKH&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQGLVFRPPHUFLDOO\FDOOHG
DV0VDQGLQWKH0DUNHW
,Q WKH UHIHUHQFH FLUFXODU FLWHG 3:' SHUPLWWHG WR XVH &UXVKHG 6WRQH 6DQG
KHUHDIWHU FDOOHG ³&66DQG´ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRUN DV DQ DOWHUQDWH PDWHULDO WR 1DWXUDO
6DQGZLWKWKHFRQGLWLRQWKDWLWVKRXOGFRPSO\ZLWKDOOWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDVVWLSXODWHGE\
UHOHYDQWFRGHVRI%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV
+RZHYHUWKHUHKDVEHHQJHQHUDOUHOXFWDQFHWRXVHWKH&66DQGLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
ZRUNV PDLQO\ GXH WR ODFN RI VXSSO\ RI JRRG TXDOLW\ &66DQG ,W KDV EHHQ QRWLFHG WKDW
4XDUU\'XVWZKLFKFRQWDLQV)ODN\SDUWLFOHVDQGKLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHRI0LFUR¿QHVSDUWLFOHV
OHVVWKDQPLFURQLVEHLQJVXSSOLHGLQWKHQDPHRI&66DQGDQGWKHVHSURSHUWLHVDIIHFW
WKHTXDOLW\RIFRQFUHWHDQGRWKHUZRUNV
96
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+HQFHLQFRQWLQXDWLRQRIHDUOLHUFLUFXODULQVWUXFWLRQVLVVXHGWREULQJDZDUHQHVV
DERXWWKHXVHRIJRRGTXDOLW\&66DQGDQGWRSURPRWHWKHXVHRIWKH&66DQGDQDOWHUQDWH
WR 5LYHU 6DQG WKH IROORZLQJ IXUWKHU FLUFXODU LQVWUXFWLRQ DUH LVVXHG LQ UHVSHFW RI TXDOLW\
FKHFNVWREHFDUULHGRXWRQ&66DQGDQGWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVRIJRRGTXDOLW\&6
Sand.
,6FRGHXQGHUFODXVHGH¿QHVWKHFUXVKHGVDQGDV&UXVKHG
VWRQH VDQG )LQH DJJUHJDWH SURGXFHG E\ FUXVKLQJ KDUG VWRQH 0DQXIDFWXULQJ ¿QH
DJJUHJDWH0DQXIDFWXUHG6DQG)LQHDJJUHJDWHPDQXIDFWXUHGIURPRWKHUWKDQQDWXUDO
VRXUFHV E\ SURFHVVLQJ PDWHULDOV XVLQJ WKHUPDO RU RWKHU SURFHVV VXFK DV VHSDUDWLRQ
washing, crushing and scrubbing.
Quality checks on Crushed Stone Sand
)ROORZLQJDVSHFWVKHOSWRDVVHVVWKHTXDOLW\RI&66DQG
&DUU\LQJRXW6LPSOH¿HOGWHVWVIRUFHUWDLQSDUDPHWHUV
7HVWLQJDWWKH/DERUDWRULHVVKDOOEHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK,6%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ
Standards.
,QVSHFWLRQ RI &66DQG SURGXFWLRQ XQLW WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH XQLW KDV WKH ¿YH
VWDJHSURFHVVHVHVWDEOLVKHGDQGSUDFWLFHG
Field Tests on Crushed stone sand

.HHSLQJLQKDQGWKH&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQGWDNHQIURPDKHDSDQGMXVW
E\YLVXDOREVHUYDWLRQDQGUXEELQJLWLQEHWZHHQ¿QJHUVH[FHVVSUHVHQFHRITXDUU\GXVW
ÀDNLQHVVJUDGDWLRQWH[WXUHRIFUXVKHGVWRQHVDQGHWFLVYHUL¿HGDQGTXDOLW\FDQEH
HQVXUHGEDVHGRQWKHH[SHULHQFH
7HVWLQJRI&66DQGE\³YLVXDOREVHUYDWLRQ´DQG³UXEELQJZLWKKDQG´WRDVVHVV
WKHSUHVHQFHRI4XDUU\GXVW
97
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Shape test by visual observation
3DUWLFOHVUHWDLQHGRQPPDQGPPFDQEHYHUL¿HGYLVXDOO\IRU
WKHSDUWLFOHVKDSH$GGLWLRQDOO\DQLPDJHWDNHQZLWKWKHKHOSRI0RELOHFDPHUDWKDWKDV
UHVROXWLRQRI03DQGPRUHFDQEH]RRPHGWRYHULI\WKHVKDSH
Particle Size Distribution by Sieve Analysis

6LHYH $QDO\VLV FDQ EH FDUULHG RXW DW VLWH ZLWK WKH VHW RI VLHYHV DV
VWLSXODWHGE\%,6WR¿QGRXWWKHSDUWLFOHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQRI&66DQGDFURVVYDULRXVVL]H
IUDFWLRQV
98
Hand Book_03.indd 98 8/20/2018 8:29:42 AM

3DUWLFOHVOHVVWKDQPLFURQ0LFUR¿QHV
7KLVWHVWLVGRQHE\³:HW6LHYLQJ´&66DQGVDPSOHWKURXJKPLFURQ
VLHYHWKURXJKZKLFKWKHSUHVHQFHRI0LFUR¿QHVFDQEHPHDVXUHG7KRXJK,6
DFFHSWVDVXSSHUOLPLWIRUSUHVHQFHRI0LFUR¿QHVDFFRUGLQJWR,QGXVWU\H[SHUWVLWLV
DGYLVDEOHWROLPLWWKLVXSSHUYDOXHWR
Cube test for compressive strength

$IWHUWKHXVHRI&66DQGWRWHVWWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWH
WKHVSHFLPHQRIUHTXLUHGQXPEHUVRIVWDQGDUGFXEHRIPP[PP[PP
KDYHWREHFDVWHGDQGFXUHGLQZDWHUDQGWHVWHGIRUDQGGD\VDQGWHVWUHVXOWV
VKRXOGFRPSO\WKHVWLSXODWHGUHTXLUHPHQWVRI%XUHDX,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV
Laboratory Tests on CS-Sand
&66DQGVKRXOGDGKHUHWRWKHKLJKHVWVWDQGDUGVDQGPXVWXQGHUJRWKH
IROORZLQJTXDOLW\WHVWV
6LHYHDQDO\VLV
6SHFL¿FJUDYLW\
:DWHUDEVRUSWLRQ
%XONGHQVLW\ORRVHDQGFRPSDFW
$ONDOLDJJUHJDWHUHDFWLRQ
6RXQGQHVV
7. Deleterious materials
2UJDQLFLPSXULWLHV
0LFUR¿QHVFRQWHQW
&KORULGHDQG6XOSKDWH&RQWHQW
3HWURJUDSKLFDO$QDO\VLVLI0DQXIDFWXUHUGRHVQRWSRVVHVV
7HVWVIRU6LOWDQGFOD\
99
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14.0. List of few labs for conducting test on CS-Sand are furnished below :
1DWLRQDO7HVW+RXVH*RYHUQPHQWRI,QGLD7DUDPDQL&KHQQDL
,&20$77KH,,7LQFXEDWHGODE3HUXQJXGL&KHQQDL
6RLO0HFKDQLFVDQG5HVHDUFK/DE3:'7DUDPDQL&KHQQDL
7DPLODJD$UDVX%XLOGLQJ5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ7DUDPDQL&KHQQDL
060(/DERUDWRULHVRI7DPLO1DGX
/DEVRIYDULRXV(QJLQHHULQJ&ROOHJHVDOORYHU7DPLOQDGX
Plastering
7KHVSHFLDOL]HG&66DQGRISDUWLFXODUJUDGDWLRQDVFDOOHG3XXFKFKX
0DQDOVKRXOGDORQHEHXVHGIRUSODVWHULQJZLWKDGGLWLRQRIVXSHUSODVWLFLVHUDWWKHUDWHRI
POSHUEDJRIFHPHQWIRUEHWWHUERQGLQJDQGDFKLHYLQJWKHUHTXLUHGVWUHQJWKRISODVWHU
Caution
%\SURGXFWVGXULQJFUXVKLQJRIURFNVDUHQRW&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQG$
&UXVKHU'XVWRU4XDUU\'XVWSURGXFHGIURP¿QHVFUHHQLQJRITXDUU\FUXVKLQJFDQQRWEH
called Crushed Stone Sand.
7KH¿QHSDUWLFOHVREWDLQHGDVE\SURGXFWVGXULQJFUXVKLQJRIURFNVWRSURGXFH
FRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVE\MDZFUXVKHUDQGRUFRQHFUXVKHUDUHNQRZQDV4XDUU\5RFN)LQHV
4XDUU\'XVW&UXVKHU'XVW7KHVHE\SURGXFWVDUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRUFRQFUHWHRUPRUWDU
DVWKH\FRQWDLQKLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHRIGXVW\ÀDN\SDUWLFOHVRIXQFRQWUROOHGVL]HVZLWKKLJK
ZDWHUDEVRUEHQWSURSHUW\,IWKHFUXVKHUGXVWLVÀDN\DQGDQJXODULQVKDSHWKHZRUNDELOLW\
ZLOOEHYHU\GLI¿FXOW7KHUHLVQRSODVWLFLW\LQWKHFRQFUHWHDQGPRUWDUZKLFKPDNHVLWHYHQ
GLI¿FXOWIRUWKHPDVRQWRZRUNZKHUHDVLILWLVFXELFDOLQVKDSHZLWKJURXQGHGHGJHZLOO
JLYHVXSHULRUJUDGDWLRQDQGJRRGSODVWLFLW\WRFRQFUHWH
17.0. Crushed Stone Sand (CS-Sand) manufacturing process
100
Hand Book_03.indd 100 8/20/2018 8:29:42 AM

18.0. Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI) Crusher
7KLVLQYROYHVDQLPSRUWDQWVWDJHRIXVLQJ7HUWLDU\FUXVKHUFDOOHG9HUWLFDO6KDIW
,PSDFW96,&UXVKHUZKLFKFDUULHVRXWDFRPELQHGSURFHVVRIUHGXFLQJFRDUVHUSDUWLFOHV
LQWR¿QHUSDUWLFOHVDQGVKDSLQJWKH¿QHSDUWLFOHVE\UHPRYLQJWKHÀDN\DQGZHDNHGJHV
19.0. Conclusion
$GKHULQJ WR WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG WHFKQLFDO DVSHFWV DQG EDVHG RQ YDULRXV
VWXGLHV FRQGXFWHG E\ ,QGXVWU\ H[SHUWV DQG DOVR H[DPLQDWLRQ PDGH E\713:' 8VH RI
*RRGTXDOLW\&UXVKHGVWRQH6DQGZLWKGLVWLQFWLYHSURSHUWLHVPDQXIDFWXUHGIROORZLQJWKH
DERYHPHQWLRQHGSURFHVVHVFDQEHSHUPLWWHGLQ3:'IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVDVDOWHUQDWH
WR5LYHU6DQG
)XUWKHULWLVLQIRUPHGWKDW*RRG4XDOLW\&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQGSURYLGHVJUHDWHU
GXUDELOLW\DQGUHTXLUHGVWUHQJWKWRFRQFUHWHE\RYHUFRPLQJGH¿FLHQFLHVOLNHVHJUHJDWLRQ
KRQH\FRPELQJYRLGVDQGFDSLOODU\DFWLRQ
101
Hand Book_03.indd 101 8/20/2018 8:29:43 AM

+HQFHWKURXJKWKLVFLUFXODUPHPRUDQGXPLWLVLQVWUXFWHGWKDWDOOWKHRI¿FLDOV
RI3:'DUHUHTXHVWHGWRXVH&66DQGLQFRQVWUXFWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDVDOWHUQDWHWR5LYHU6DQG
without any reluctance by adhering to all the above instructions.
7KHUDWHVIRU&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQGDQG5LYHU6DQGLVSURYLGHGYLGHSDJH
RI3:'6FKHGXOHRI5DWHVIRUWKH\HDU
SEIVE ANALYSIS FOR M SAND
IS sieve Percentage passing for
Grading Grading Grading Grading

zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
150 micron 0-10 0.10 0.10 0-15
102
Hand Book_03.indd 102 8/20/2018 8:29:43 AM

)RUFUXVKHGVWRQHVWDQGVWKHSHUPLVVLEOHOLPLWRQȝP,6VLHYHLQLQFUHDVHGWR
SHUFHQW7KLVGRHVQRWDIIHFWWKHSHUFHQWDOORZDQFHSHUPLWWHGLQDSSO\LQJ
WRRWKHUVLHYHVL]HV
)LQHDJJUHJDWHFRPSO\LQJZLWKWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIDQ\JUDGLQJ]RQHLQWKLVWDEOH
LVVXLWDEOHIRUFRQFUHWHEXWWKHTXDOLW\RIFRQFUHWHSURGXFHGZLOOGHSHQGXSRQD
QXPEHURIIDFWRUVLQFOXGLQJSURSRUWLRQV
$V WKH ¿QH DJJUHJDWH JUDGLQJ EHFRPHV SURJUHVVLYHO\ ¿QHU WKDW LV IURP
*UDGLQJ=RQHV,WR,9WKHUDWLRRI¿QHDJJUHJDWHWRFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVKRXOGEH
SURJUHVVLYHO\UHGXFHG7KHPRVWVXLWDEOH¿QHWRFRDUVHUDWLRWREHXVHGIRUDQ\
SDUWLFXODUPL[ZLOOKRZHYHUGHSHQGVXSRQWKHDFWXDOJUDGLQJSDUWLFOHVKDSHDQG
VXUIDFHWH[WXUHRIERWK¿QHDQGFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHV
,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDW¿QHDJJUHJDWHFRQIRUPLQJWRJUDGLQJ=RQH,9VKRXOGQRW
EH XVHG LQ UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH XQOHVV WHVWV KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR DVFHUWDLQ WKH
VXLWDELOLW\RISURSRVHGPL[SURSRUWLRQV
6DQGIDOOLQJLQ*UDGH,LVFRDUVHDQGWKDWIDOOLQJLQ=RQH,9LV¿QH
6DQGIDOOLQJLQ*UDGH,9VKDOOQRWEHXVHGLQUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH
,GHDOO\ 6DQG FRQIRUPLQJ WR =RQH ,, RU =RQH ,,, VKRXOG EH XVHG IRU FRQFUHWH
ZKHUHYHUSRVVLEOH
=RQH,VDQGWHQGVWRJLYHKDUVKFRQFUHWHWKDWLVVHQVLWLYHWRPRLVWXUHFKDQJHV
DQGLVSURQHWRVHJUHJDWLRQ
=RQH,9VDQGWHQGVWRJLYHFRQFUHWHRIWRRPXFKFRKHVLRQDQGWKHUHVXOWDQWPL[
LVVWLFN\DQGGLI¿FXOWWRFRPSDFW
IS sieve designation Percentage passing by Weight
For Masonry Works For Plastering Works
(IS:2116-1980) (IS:1542-1977)
10 mm - 100
4.75 MM 100 95-100
2.36MM 90-100 95-100
1.18 MM 70-100 90-100
600 micron 40-100 80-100
300 micron 5-70 20-65
150 micron 0-15 0 - 50
103
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7.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF CRUSHED STONE SAND
To determine the Sieve analysis, we need standard sieves, mechanical sieve
VKDNHURSWLRQDOGU\RYHQDQGGLJLWDOZHLJKWVFDOH
Sample preparation
7DNHDVDPSOHRI¿QHDJJUHJDWH>QHDUDERXWNJ@LQSDQDQGSODFHGLWLQGU\RYHQ
DWDWHPSHUDWXUHRI±&$IWHUGU\LQJWDNHWKHJPVDPSOHDQGQRWHGRZQLW
Test procedure
7DNHWKHVLHYHVDQGDUUDQJHWKHPLQGHVFHQGLQJRUGHUZLWKWKHODUJHVWVL]HVLHYH
RQWRS
,IPHFKDQLFDOVKDNHULVXVLQJWKHQSXWWKHRUGHUHGVLHYHVLQSRVLWLRQDQGSRXU
WKHVDPSOHLQWKHWRSVLHYHDQGWKHQFORVHLWZLWKVLHYHSODWH7KHQVZLWFKRQWKHPDFKLQH
DQGVKDNLQJRIVLHYHVVKRXOGEHGRQHDWOHDVWPLQXWHV
,IVKDNLQJLVGRQHE\WKHKDQGVWKHQSRXUWKHVDPSOHLQWKHWRSVLHYHDQGFORVHLW
WKHQKROGWKHWRSWZRVLHYHVDQGVKDNHLWLQZDUGVDQGRXWZDUGVYHUWLFDOO\DQGKRUL]RQWDOO\
$IWHUVRPHWLPHVKDNHWKHUGDQGWKVLHYHVDQG¿QDOO\ODVWVLHYHV
$IWHU VLHYLQJ UHFRUG WKH VDPSOH ZHLJKWV UHWDLQHG RQ HDFK VLHYH 7KHQ ¿QG WKH
cumulative weight retained.
)LQDOO\GHWHUPLQHWKHFXPXODWLYHSDVVLQJSHUFHQWDJHUHWDLQHGRQHDFKVLHYHV
EXAMPLE FOR GRADATION
104
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RESULT IN ZONE
1RZZHFDQILQDOLVHRXUVDQG]RQHDVSHUSDVVLQJSHUFHQWDJHLQHDFKVLHYH
Fig Set of sieves Fig Fine aggregates
Fig Set of sieves Fig Shaking of sieves

Set of sieves
Fig Sieving
Set of sieves Fig Weighing
Set of sieves
105
Hand Book_03.indd 105 8/20/2018 8:29:44 AM

7.2 MATERIALS FINERS THAN 75 MICRON (IS:2386-PART 1-1963)
OBJECTIVE
)RU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH TXDQWLW\ RI PDWHULDO ¿QHU WKDQ PLFURQ ,6 VLHYH LQ
aggregates by washing.
:HWVLHYLQJLVFDUULHGRXWIRUVHSDUDWLQJ¿QHJUDLQVIURPFRDUVHJUDLQVE\ZDVKLQJ
WKHVDPSOHRQDPLFURQVLHYHPHVK
REFERENCE STANDARDS
,6 3DUW , ± ± 0HWKRG RI WHVW IRU DJJUHJDWHV IRU FRQFUHWH 3DUW ,
3DUWLFOHVL]HDQGVKDSH
EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS
%DODQFHNJ
6LHYHVPPPLFURQ
2YHQF
Container
PROCEDURE
7KHVDPSOHJPLVGULHGWRFRQVWDQWPDVVLQWKHRYHQDWDWHPSHUDWXUH
RI&
$IWHUGU\LQJWKHWHVWVDPSOHLVSODFHG LQDFRQWDLQHUZLWKVXI¿FLHQWZDWHU
WRFRYHUWKHWHVWVDPSOHDQGLVDJLWDWHGYLJRURXVO\WRVHSDUDWHDOOWKH¿QH
SDUWLFOHVIURPWKHFRDUVHSDUWLFOHV
7KHQ WKH HQWLUH WHVW VDPSOH ZLWK ZDWHU LV SRXUHG RYHU WKH QHVWHG VLHYHV
DUUDQJHGZLWKFRDUVHUVLHYHRQWKHWRSDQGPLFURQVLHYHDWWKHERWWRP
and is washed under running water until wash water is clear.
$OO WKH PDWHULDO UHWDLQHG RQ WKH QHVWHG VLHYH LV UHWXUQHG WR WKH ZDVKHG
VDPSOHDQGLVGULHGWRFRQVWDQWZHLJKWDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRIQRWH[FHHGLQJ
&
CALCULATION
7KHDPRXQWRIPDWHULDOSDVVLQJPLFURQ,6VLHYHLVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV
$ 3HUFHQWDJHRIPDWHULDO¿QHUWKDQPLFURQ
% 2ULJLQDOGU\ZHLJKW
& 'U\ZHLJKWDIWHUZDVKLQJ
106
Hand Book_03.indd 106 8/20/2018 8:29:44 AM

REPORT
0DWHULDOV ¿QHU WKDQ PLFURQ LV UHSRUWHG LQ SHUFHQWDJH DQG URXQGHG RI WR WKH
QHDUHVW
7KRXJK,6DFFHSWVDVXSSHUOLPLWIRUSUHVHQFHRI0LFUR¿QHV
PLFURQDFFRUGLQJWR,QGXVWU\H[SHUWVLWLVDGYLVDEOHWROLPLWWKLVXSSHUYDOXHWR
washing 75 mic sieves
washing 75 mic sieves

(2.36 sieve is kept over 75 micron
sieve inorder to avoid tearing of
minute nets in 75 micron sieve by
coarser particles)
107
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BUILDINGS

Technical Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 , dated 12.09.2017
Sub : Building –Crushed Stone Sand (CS-Sand)

manufactured by Firm.- Product approval by the
PWD Assessment Committee -– Circular Instructions
issued - Regarding
Ref : 1. G.O. Ms. No. 106, Department of Housing,

dated 06.03.1975
2. Engineer-in-Chief (Buildings) & Chief Engineer
(Buildings) Chennai Region and Chief Engineer
(General), PWD., Circular No. AEE / T10 /
57017 / dated 12.07.2017
****
,Q WKLV RI¿FH &LUFXODU QG FLWHG RUGHUV ZHUH DOUHDG\ LVVXHG WR XVH WKH 0
6DQG WHFKQLFDOO\ FDOOHG DV &UXVKHG 6WRQH 6DQG DV DOWHUQDWH WR 5LYHU
sand.
7RHQVXUHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH06DQGDOOWKH¿UPVPDQXIDFWXULQJ06DQGDUH
KHUHE\LQVWUXFWHGWRSODFHWKHLUSURGXFWLQWKH3:'$VVHVVPHQW&RPPLWWHH
IRU DSSURYDO 7KH IROORZLQJ DUH WKH GHWDLOV RI WKH 3:' $VVHVVPHQW
Committee.
7KH *RYHUQPHQW LQ *2 0V 1R 'HSDUWPHQW RI +RXVLQJ GDWHG
FRQVWLWXWHG$VVHVVPHQW&RPPLWWHHWRHYDOXDWHWKHLQQRYDWLRQV
LQXVHRIPDWHULDOVDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQWHFKQLTXHVZLWKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP
various institutions. At now this committee meeting is convened twice in a
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used in PWD.
$W SUHVHQW WKH $VVHVVPHQW FRPPLWWHH IXQFWLRQV ZLWK (QJLQHHULQ&KLHI
%XLOGLQJV &KLHI(QJLQHHU%XLOGLQJV&KHQQDL5HJLRQDQG&KLHI(QJLQHHU
*HQHUDO 3:' DV &KDLUPDQ DQG WKH 6XSHULQWHQGLQJ (QJLQHHU 3:'
Planning and Design circle Chennai as Member Secretary.
108
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7KH PHPEHUV RI WKLV FRPPLWWHH DUH GUDZQ IURP$QQD 8QLYHUVLW\ ,QGLDQ
,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ
5HVHDUFK&HQWUH7DPLO1DGXKRXVLQJ%RDUG7DPLO1DGX6OXP&OHDUDQFH
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%RDUG 'LUHFWRUDWH RI 7HFKQLFDO (GXFDWLRQ 0LOLWDU\ (QJLQHHULQJ 6HUYLFH
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7KH $VVHVVPHQW FRPPLWWHH H[DPLQHV WKH SURGXFW GHWDLOV EDVHG RQ WKH
%XUHDXRI,QGLDQVWDQGDUGVOLFHQVHWKH7HVW5HSRUWVIURPWKH*RYHUQPHQW
laboratories such as National test house or MSME laboratories and
*RYHUQPHQW $FDGHPLF ,QVWLWXWLRQ VXFK DV ,,7 $QQD 8QLYHUVLW\ HWF DQG
LVVXHVSURGXFWDSSURYDOFHUWL¿FDWHVZLWKDYDOLGLW\RIWKUHH\HDUV$IWHUWKUHH
\HDUV¿UPVVKRXOGDSSO\IRUUHQHZDORIDSSURYDOZLWKQHFHVVDU\GHWDLOV
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KDYH WR DSSO\ IRU WKH DSSURYDO RI WKH 3:' $VVHVVPHQW &RPPLWWHH OLNH
RWKHUEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVWRTXDOLI\IRUXVHLQ3:'*RYHUQPHQWSURMHFWV
,Q WKLV FRQQHFWLRQ WKH IRUP RI DSSOLFDWLRQ FKHFNOLVW IRU DSSURYDO WR EH
submitted to the assessment committee is enclosed.
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$IWHUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLVUHFHLYHGE\WKH&KDLUPDQ$VVHVVPHQW&RPPLWWHH
WKHSURGXFWGHWDLOVVKDOOEHSODFHGLQWKH3:'$VVHVVPHQW&RPPLWWHHDQG
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,IUHTXLUHGDQ\QRPLQDWHG3:'(QJLQHHUVKDOOLQVSHFWWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJXQLW
WRYHULI\WKHGHWDLOVIXUQLVKHGLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDSSURYDO$IWHUDSSURYDO
LI DQ\ GHYLDWLRQ LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVV TXDOLW\ RI WKH SURGXFWV DUH
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Committee at any time.
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0 6DQG DUH UHTXHVWHG WR DSSO\ IRU DSSURYDO RI WKHLU SURGXFW LQ WKH 3:'
$VVHVVPHQW &RPPLWWHH WR TXDOLI\ IRU WKH XVH RI WKHLU 3URGXFW LQ WKH
*RYHUQPHQWZRUNV
109
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BUILDINGS

Technical Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 , dated 24.11.2017
Sub : Building –Crushed Stone Sand (CS-Sand) –Seive Field

Tests – Circular Instructions issued - Regarding
Ref : 1. Engineer-in-Chief (Buildings) & Chief Engineer

(Buildings) Chennai Region and Chief Engineer (General),
PWD., Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 / dated 24-09-
2017
PWD., Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 / dated 12.07.2017
PWD., Circular No. AEE / T10 / 57017 / 2012, dated
30.08.2012
,QWKLVRI¿FH&LUFXODUQGFLWHGDOUHDG\LVVXHGWRXVHWKH06DQGWHFKQLFDOO\

FDOOHGDV&UXVKHG6WRQH6DQGDVDOWHUQDWHWR5LYHUVDQGLWZDVLQVLVWHGWKDW&66DQG
VKRXOGDGKHUHWRWKHKLJKHVWVWDQGDUGVDQGPXVWXQGHUJRWKHUHTXLUHGTXDOLW\WHVWV
7KH06DQGXVHGLQRXUGHSDUWPHQWDOZRUNVKRXOGEHRIDSSURYHGTXDOLW\
7KH06DQGXVHGIRUFRQFUHWHZRUNVVKRXOGVDWLVI\WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVVWLSXODWHG
LQ ,67KH 06DQG XVHG IRU 0DVRQU\ ZRUNV VKRXOG VDWLVI\ WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV
VWLSXODWHG LQ ,6 7KH 06DQG XVHG IRU SODVWHULQJ ZRUNV VKRXOG VDWLVI\ WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWVVWLSXODWHGLQ,6UHI$QQH[XUH±,
,QWKLVFLUFXODULWLVLQVLVWHGWRFDUU\RXW6LHYH$QDO\VLVRQHDFKDQGHYHU\ORW
RI06DQGEURXJKWWRWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVLWHEHIRUHXVLQJLWLQDQ\FRQVWUXFWLRQ:RUNV
3DUWLFOHVOHVVWKDQPLFURQ0LFUR¿QHV
7KLVWHVWLVGRQHE\³:HW6LHYLQJ´&66DQGVDPSOHWKURXJKPLFURQ
VLHYHWKURXJKZKLFKWKHSUHVHQFHRI0LFUR¿QHVFDQEHPHDVXUHG7KRXJK,6
DFFHSWVDVXSSHUOLPLWIRUSUHVHQFHRI0LFUR¿QHVDFFRUGLQJWR,QGXVWU\H[SHUWVLWLV
DGYLVDEOHWROLPLWWKLVXSSHUYDOXHWR
110
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Sieve for Grain size Analysis of CS Sand
Annexure I
7DEOH*UDGDWLRQRI&66DQGWREHXVHGIRUFRQFUHWHZRUNV
,6
111
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7DEOH*UDGLQJRI&66DQGIRUXVHLQ0DVRQU\0RUWDUV,6
7DEOH*UDGDWLRQRI06DQGWREHXVHGIRU,QWHUQDO:DOORU([WHUQDO:DOORU
&HLOLQJ3ODVWHU,6
112
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CHAPTER – VIII
QUALITY CONTROL ASPECTS
4XDOLW\&RQWURO$VSHFWVFRQVLVWLQJRI&RQFUHWH±&XEH7HVW$FFHSWDQFH
&ULWHULD DV SHU ,6 :RUNDELOLW\ 2I &RQFUHWH &RUH 7HVW IRU &RQFUHWH
6WUXFWXUHV1RQ'HVWUXFWLYH7HVWV1'7HWFDUHGHVFULEHGDVIROORZHV
(i)CONCRETE – CUBE TEST

&RQFUHWHZRUN6\VWHPDWLFWHVWLQJRIWKHUDZPDWHULDOVWKHIUHVKFRQFUHWHDQG
WKHKDUGHQHGFRQFUHWHLVDQLQVHSDUDEOHSDUWRIDQ\TXDOLW\FRQWUROSURJUDPPH
IRU FRQFUHWH ZKLFK KHOSV WR DFKLHYH KLJKHU HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH PDWHULDOV
XVHGDQGJUHDWHUDVVXUDQFHRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHFRQFUHWHLQUHJDUG
WRERWKVWUHQJWKDQGGXUDELOLW\7KHWHVWPHWKRGVXVHGVKRXOGEHVLPSOH
GLUHFWDQGFRQYHQLHQWWRDSSO\
(ii) ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA IN IS 456-2000
7KH SUHYDLOLQJ FODXVHV RQ DFFHSWDQFH FULWHULD RQ ,6 WR
HQVXUH WKH TXDOLW\ RI FRQFUHWH VWLSXODWH FRQGLWLRQV WR EH VDWLV¿HG LQ
RUGHUWRFRPSO\ZLWKWKHVWUHQJWKUHTXLUHPHQW
(iii) WORK ABILITY OF CONCRETE
7KH FRQFUHWH PL[ SURSRUWLRQV FKRVHQ VKRXOG EH VXFK WKDW WKH
FRQFUHWH LV RI DGHTXDWH ZRUNDELOLW\ IRU WKH SODFLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH
FRQFUHWHDQGFDQSURSHUO\EHFRPSDFWHGZLWKWKHPHDQVDYDLODEOH
(iv) CORE TEST FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
,QFDVHRIGRXEWUHJDUGLQJWKHJUDGHRIFRQFUHWHXVHGHLWKHU
GXH WR SRRU ZRUNPDQVKLS RU EDVHG RQ UHVXOWV RI FXEH VWUHQJWK WHVWV
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKWHVWRIFRQFUHWHPD\EHFDUULHGRXWE\FRUHWHVW
(v)NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS (NDT)
1RQ GHVWUXFWLYH WHVW SURYLGH DOWHUQDWLYHV WR FRUH WHVWV IRU
HVWLPDWLQJ WKH VWUHQJWK RI FRQFUHWH LQ D VWUXFWXUH RU FDQ VXSSOHPHQWV
WKH GDWD REWDLQHG IURP D OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI FRUHV7KHVH PHWKRGV DUH
EDVHGRQPHDVXULQJDFRQFUHWHSURSHUW\WKDWEHDUVVRPHUHODWLRQVKLSWR
strength.
113
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8.1 CONCRETE – CUBE TEST :
PROCEDURE FOR CASTING OF CUBES
6L]HRIWHVWVSHFLPHQPP[PP[PP&8%(
&OHDQ WKH VWDQGDUG FXEH PRXOGV 1RV WKRURXJKO\ DQG WLJKW DOO QXWVEROWV
SURSHUO\
$SSO\RLOWRDOOFRQWUDFWVXUIDFHRIPRXOG
6L]HRIPRXOGLVQRUPDOO\PP[PP[PP
7DNHWKHUDQGRPVDPSOHIURPWKHPL[LQJVSRWZKLOHFRQFUHWLQJ
)LOOWKHFRQFUHWHLQFXEHVLQOD\HUV
&RPSDFWHDFKOD\HUZLWK1RVRIVWURNHE\WDPSLQJURG
114
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)LQLVKWKHWRSVXUIDFHE\WURZHODIWHUFRPSOHWLRQRIODVWOD\HU
&RYHUWKHPRXOGE\GDPSKHVLDQFORWKLPPHGLDWHO\WRSUHYHQWORVVRIZDWHU
(DFKVSHFLPHQVKRXOGEHWDNHQIURPYDULRXVORFDWLRQVRISURSRVHGFRQFUHWLQJ
$IWHUKRXUVUHPRYHVSHFLPHQRXWRIPRXOG
:KLOHUHPRYLQJWDNHFDUHWRDYRLGEUHDNLQJRIHGJHV
3XW FRGLQJ RQ FXEHV E\ SDLQWV RU PDUNHU FRGLQJ VKRXOG EH VHOI H[SODQDWRU\
VKRZLQJVLWHQDPHFRQFUHWHORFDWLRQEXLOGLQJQXPEHUDQGGDWHRIFDVWLQJ
6XEPHUJHWKHVSHFLPHQLQFOHDQIUHVKZDWHUWLOOWKHWLPHRIWHVWLQJ
7HVWVSHFLPHQVIRUGD\VDQGVSHFLPHQVIRUGD\VFXULQJ
$YHUDJHVWUHQJWKRIFXEHVUHSUHVHQWVWKHVWUHQJWKVRIFRQFUHWHRISDUWLFXODU
SRUWLRQRIWhe structure.
Strength of concrete for various periods

(Table 5.1 - p298 - Properties of Concrete by Adam Neville)
Period Strength
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115
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8.2 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA IN IS 456-2000
( Code for Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete)
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Extracts from IS 456-2000
I. Sampling And Strength Of Designed Concrete Mix
Sampling frequency of Concrete(Clause 15.2.2-IS 456)
47<2):25.0 122)6$03/(6

$%29( )25($&+P25
3$577+(5(2)
II. Characteristics compressive strength - compliance requirements

Condition 1 (Preliminary Condition)
TEST RESULTS OF SAMPLE (Clause 15.4)
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The individual variation should not be more than ± 15 % of the average.
116
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Condition 2 (Main Condition)
Acceptance Criteria
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: (Clause 16.1)
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Table 11 (IS 456-2000)
Characteristics compressive strength compliance requirements
Specified Mean of the group of 4 non - Individual test

grade overlaping consecutive test results in N/mm2
results in N/mm2
M15 > fck + 0.825 x established > fck - 3 N/mm2
standard deviation (rounded off
to nearest 0.5N/mm2) Or
2
fck + 3 N/mm whichever is
greater
M20 or above > fck + 0.825 x established > *fck - 3 N/mm2
standard deviation (rounded off
to nearest 0.5N/mm2) Or
2
*fck + 3 N/mm whichever is
greater
In the absence of established value of standard deviation the

following value may be assumed in the first instance and there after
established values based on the requisite number of test results.
117
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Grade of concrete Assumed standard devotion
(Table 8)
M10 and M15 3.5N/mm2
M20 and M25 4.0N/mm2
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of 150mm cube at 28 days in

N/mm2.
For M15 & M20 grades, fck is 15N/mm2 and 20N/mm2 respectively.
Note: * Originally for M 20 or above, * fck+4 N/mm2 & > *fck - 4 N/mm2
were mentioned in the code; but later corrected as , *fck+3 N/mm2
& > *fck - 3N/mm2 in the amendment
Illustrative Example
Illustrative Examples
Case 1 (When Quantity of Concrete is large i.e., more than 30 m3)
Say (M 20) concrete work of quantity 40 m3 has been done for a large
work. Hence as recommended by the clause 15.2.2 of the code four
samples (i.e., 12 cubes) has been casted.
After conducting cube tests (M20),three values Obtained are say

x1, x2, x3
Say x1 : 18 N/mm2
X2 : 22 N/mm2
X3 : 23 N/mm2
p1= Average: (18+22+23)/ 3 = 21 N/mm2
(± 15% of 21) => ( 1.15 x 21 = 24.15)
& ( 0 .85x21 = 17.85 )
Condition 1 (Preliminary Condition)
TEST RESULTS OF SAMPLE (Clause 15.4)

The test results of the samples shall be the average of the
strength of THREE specimens. The individual variation should not be
more than ± 15 % of the average.
Here, individual variation is within 15%

Hence Individual Results are valid.
118
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Condition 2 (Main Condition)
Acceptance Criteria(Clause 16.1)
Find out p1, p2, p3, p4 Where, p1 = Average i.e.,(x1+x2+x3) / 3
p2 = Average i.e.,(y1+y2+y3) / 3 .......
p1=21 p2=27 p3 =29 p4=19
(p1+ p2 + p3 +p4) /4 =[(21+27+29+19)/4] = 24.0 N/mm2 - (A)
Characteristics compressive strength compliance requirements (Table 11)
(i) fck + 3 = 20 + 3 =23 N/mm2

(or)
(ii) fck+ (0.825 x 4 =20 + .825 x 4.0)=23.3 say 23.50 N/mm2 )
whichever is greater.
Here it is 23.50 N/mm2 - (B)
(A) should be greater than (B)as per main condition,
In this case (A) > (B). (i.e., 24.0 > 23.50 )
Hence it can be easily concluded that the above cubes comply with
the strength requirement and hence O.K.
119
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8.3 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
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the means available.
DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE (BY SLUMP TEST)
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Apparatus
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Test Procedure
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120
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concrete and the concrete is allowed to settle and the vertical settlement is known as
³6OXPS´
Workability and Slump

Workability Slump
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Placing Conditions Degree of Workability Slump (mm)

(1) (2) (3)
Blinding Concrete; Shallow sections; Very low See 7.1.1
Pavements using pavers
Mass concrete; Lightly reinforced Low 25-75
sections in slabs, beams, walls,
columns; Floors; Hand placed
pavements; Canal lining; Strip
footings
Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, Medium 50-100
beams, walls, columns; Slip form
work; Pumped concrete 75-100
Trench fill; In-situ pilling High 100-150
Tremie concrete
Very High See 7.1.2
(IS 456-2000)
121
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122
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8.4 Core Test for Concrete Structures
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concrete maybe carried out by core test.
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Core Cutting Core
123
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Core tests are carried out to ascertain segregation, honey-combing,
thickness of concreting and the compressive strength of concrete in
any concrete structure.
Shape of Specimen – Cylindrical
Specimen to be tested on the 28th day for comparison with casted

cube.
Minimum no. of cores to be tested - 3
Specimen to be submerged in water for 48 hours
The specimen is tested for Compressive strength after surface -

levelling and capping
124
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Shape of Specimen – Cylindrical
Dia > 3 x (max. nominal size of C.A.)
Length = 2 x dia
125
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As per IS 516 -1959 (Cl. 5.6.1)
Equivalent Cube Strength of Core =
1.25 x Cylinder Strength
Acceptance of Core Test (IS 456-2000-Cl. 17.4)
Condition 1
Equivalent Cube Strength of Individual Core >
75% of Cube Strength of Grade of Concrete
Condition 2
Average Equivalent Cube Strength of Core >
85% of Cube Strength of Grade of Concrete
Say Concrete Grade: 20N/mm2
eg: If, Cylinder Strengths (P) in N/mm2 = 1)13 2) 14 3) 15
Equivalent Cube Strength of Cores = 1) 16.25 2)17.50 3) 18.75
(= 1.25 x P)
Condition 1
Equivalent Cube Strength of Individual Core (i.e.,) 1) 16.25 2)17.50

3) 18.75
>75% of Cube Strength of Grade of Concrete (0.75x20=15 N/mm2)
Condition 2
Average Equivalent Cube Strength of Core = (16.25+17.5+18.75)/3 =
17.50 N/mm2
85% of Cube Strength of Grade of Concrete =.85 x 20 =17
Average Equivalent Cube Strength of Core (17.50 N/mm2)
> 85% of Cube Strength of Grade ofConcrete(17 N/mm2)
Core Test O.K
126
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8.5 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS (NDT)
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destructive tests.
Rebound Hammer Test UPV Test
127
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8. 5.1 CONCRETE REBOUND HAMMER
,63$57
APPRATUS
5(%281'+$00(5
CHECKING OF APPARATUS
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CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS
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number on concrete cubes.
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128
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avoided.
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discontinuity.
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129
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130
Hand Book_03.indd 130 8/20/2018 8:29:47 AM

GUIDELINES FOR QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF
REBOUND HAMMER TESTS **
AVERAGE REBOND NUMBER QUALITY OF CONCRETE

> 40 VERY GOOD HARD LAYER
30 to 40 GOOD LAYER
20 to 30 FAIR
< 20 POOR CONCRETE
0 DELAMINATED
180%(52)+$00(55($',1*65(485,('$63(563(&,),&$7,216
Specification Specification No. Required readings
Indian Standard IS : 13311 (Part 2) : 1992 6
British Standard BS : 4408; Part 4 : 1971 9 valid readings ; NMT 25
CPWD CPWD - 2002 12
ASTM C805 10
IS THE REBOUND HAMMER TEST CAN BE CONSIDRED AS A

STANDARD TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF
THE CONCRETE ?
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131
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8. 5.2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF
CONCRETE ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY
IS : 13311 (PART- I) : 1992
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concrete.
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concrete which may occur with time.
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STANDARDS SPECIFICATION FOR UPV TEST

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132
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changes with time.
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RIFRQFUHWHLQD1'7ZD\
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,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWHDFDOLEUDWLRQFKDUWVKRXOGEHHVWDEOLVKHGRQ
laboratory tests.
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WKHIROORZLQJ
(OHFWULFDOSXOVHJHQHUDWRU
7UDQVGXFHU
$PSOL¿HUDQG
(OHFWURQLFWLPLQJGHYLFH
TRANSDUCER :
$Q\VXLWDEOHW\SHRIWUDQVGXFHURSHUDWLQJZLWKLQWKHIUHTXHQF\UDQJHRI.+]WR.+]
may be used.
3LH]RHOHFWULFDQGPDJQHWRVWULFWLYHW\SHVRIWUDQVGXFHUVPD\EHXVHGDQGWKHPDJQHWR
VWULFWLYHW\SHVRIWUDQVGXFHUVDUHPRUHVXLWDEOHIRUWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKHIUHTXHQF\UDQJH
133
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ELECTRONIC TIMING DEVICE
,W VKDOO EH FDSDEOH RI PHDVXULQJ WKH WLPH LQWHUYDO HODSVLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH RQVHW RI SXOVH
JHQHUDWHG DW WKH WUDQVPLWWLQJ WUDQVGXFHU DQG WKH RQVHW RI LWV DUULYDO DW WKH UHFHLYLQJ
transducer.
PERFOMANCE OF THE ASSEMBLY OF APPARATUS
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RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH E\ PDNLQJ PHDVXUHPHQWV RQ WZR VWDQGDUG UHIHUHQFH VSHFLPHQ LQ
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7ZR UHIHUHQFH VSHFLPHQV XVXDOO\ VWHHO EDUV VKRXOG KDYH SXOVH WUDQVLW WLPHV RI DERXW
PLFURVHFRQGVWRPLFURVHFRQGVUHVSHFWLYHO\WKHVHWLPHVEHLQJVSHFL¿HGE\WKH
VXSSOLHVRIWKHHTXLSPHQWWRDQDFFXUDF\RIPLFURVHFRQG
7KHVKRUWHURIWKHUHIHUHQFHVSHFLPHQVLVXVHGWRVHWWKH]HURIRUWKHDSSDUDWXVDQGWKH
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7KH PHDVXUHPHQW REWDLQHG VKRXOG QRW GLIIHU IURP WKH NQRZQ YDOXH IRU WKH UHIHUHQFH
VSHFLPHQE\PRUHWKDQ
PROCEDURE
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PHDVXUHWKHSDWKOHQJWK/
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6WHS $SSO\WKHFRXSODQWDQGKROGWKHWUDQVGXFHULQFRQWDFWZLWKWKHRWKHUVXUIDFH
RIWKHFRQFUHWHPHPEHU
6WHS 0HDVXUHWKHWUDQVLWWLPH7IURPWKHHOHFWURQLFWLPLQJGHYLFH
6WHS 7KH3XOVH9HORFLW\9LVJLYHQ9 /7E\
134
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Sl. No Pulse Velocity by Cross Probing Concrete quality grading
(km/sec)
1. Above 4.5 Excellent
2. 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3. 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4. Below 3.0 Doubtful
Note :,QFDVHRI³GRXEWIXO´TXDOLW\LWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\WRFDUU\RXWIXUWKHUWHVWV
'LIIHUHQWW\SHRIPHWKRGVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUXVLQJWKH839WHVWHU
'LUHFWPHWKRG&URVV3URELQJ

6HPLGLUHFWPHWKRGDQG
,QGLUHFWPHWKRG6XUIDFH3URELQJ
135
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6XUIDFH3URELQJLVQRWVRHI¿FLHQWDVFURVVSURELQJEHFDXVHWKHVLJQDOSURGXFHG
DWWKHUHFHLYLQJWUDQVGXFHUKDVDQDPSOLWXGHRIRQHWRSHUFHQWRIWKDWSURGXFHGE\
FURVVSURELQJDQGWKHWHVWUHVXOWVDUHJUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHGLIIHUHQWSURSHUWLHVIURP
WKDWRIFRQFUHWHLQVLGHWKHVWUXFWXUDOPHPEHU
The indirect velocity is invariably lower than the direct velocity on the same concrete
HOHPHQW7KLVGLIIHUHQFHPD\YDU\IURPWRSHUFHQWGHSHQGLQJODUJHO\RQWKHTXDOLW\
RIWKHFRQFUHWHXQGHUWHVW
$ PLQLPXP SDWK OHQJWK RI PP LV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU WKH GLUHFW WUDQVPLVVLRQ
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UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKHPLQLPXPSDWKOHQJWKVKRXOGEHPPIRUFRQFUHWHLQZKLFKWKH
QRPLQDOPD[LPXPVL]HRIDJJUHJDWHLVPPRUOHVVDQGPPIRUFRQFUHWHLQZKLFK
WKHQRPLQDOPD[LPXPVL]HRIDJJUHJDWHLQEHWZHHQWRPP
7KHQDWXUDOIUHTXHQF\RIWUDQVGXFHUVVKRXOGSUHIHUDEO\EHZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRI
WR.+]*HQHUDOO\KLJKIUHTXHQF\WUDQVGXFHUVDUHSUHIHUDEO\IRUVKRUWSDWKOHQJWKV
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,QYLHZRIWKHLQKHUHQWYDULDELOLW\LQWKHWHVWUHVXOWVVXI¿FLHQWQXPEHURIUHDGLQJV
DUHWDNHQE\GLYLGLQJWKHHQWLUHVWUXFWXUHLQVXLWDEOHJULGPDUNLQJVDW[FPRUHYHQ
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SDWK OHQJWK VKDSH DQG VL]H RI WKH FRQFUHWH PHPEHU WHPSHUDWXUH RI FRQFUHWH DQG
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136
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Combined use of Rebound hammer and
Ultrasonic pulse Velocity Method
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VWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWHERWKXOWUDVRQLFSXOVHYHORFLW\839DQGUHERXQGKDPPHUPHWKRGV
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RI FRQFUHWH DUH DYDLODEOH EDVHG RQ ODERUDWRU\ WHVW VSHFLPHQ %HWWHU DFFXUDF\ RQ WKH
HVWLPDWLRQRIFRQFUHWHVWUHQJWKLVDFKLHYHGE\XVHRIVXFKFRPELQHGPHWKRGV
+RZHYHUWKLVDSSURDFKDOVRKDVWKHOLPLWDWLRQWKDWWKHHVWDEOLVKHGFRUUHODWLRQVDUH
YDOLGRQO\IRUPDWHULDOVDQGPL[KDYLQJVDPHSURSRUWLRQDVXVHGLQWKHWULDOV7KHLQWULQVLF
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHODERUDWRUWHVWVSHFLPHQDQGLQVLWXFRQFUHWHHJVXUIDFHWH[WXUH
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&RPELQDWLRQ RI 839 DQG UHERXQG KDPPHU PHWKRGV FDQ EH XVHG IRU WKH
DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHTXDOLW\DQGOLNHO\FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWHLVPDGHIURPWKH
UHERXQGLQGLFHVDQGWKLVLVWDNHQWREHLQGLFDWLYHRIWKHHQWLUHPDVVRQO\ZKHQWKHRYHUDOO
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:KHQ WKH TXDOLW\ DVVHVVHG LQ µPHGLXP¶ WKH HVWLPDWLRQ RI FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK
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PHDVXUHPHQW HJ 6WUHQJWK RI FRQWUROOHG FXEH VSHFLPHQ FHPHQW FRQWHQW RI KDUGHQHG
concrete by chemical analysis or concrete core testing.
:KHQWKHTXDOLW\RIFRQFUHWHLVµSRRU¶QRDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWH
LVPDGHIURPUHERXQGLQGLFHV
137
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8. 5.3 DETERMINING THE LOCATION / DIAMETER OF
REINFORCEMENT BARS AND COVER THICKNESS IN CONCRETE
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RIUHLQIRUFHPHQWEDUVDQGFRYHUWKLFNQHVVLQEXLOGLQJV
D3URIRPHWHUE0LFURFRYHUPHWHU
PROFOMETER:
3URIRPHWHULVDVPDOOYHUVDWLOHLQVWUXPHQWIRUGHWHFWLQJORFDWLRQVL]HRIUHLQIRUFHPHQW
and concrete cover. This instrument is also known as rebar locator.
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UHLQIRUFHPHQWRQ/&'GLVSOD\7KLVLQVWUXPHQWLVDYDLODEOHZLWKVXI¿FLHQWPHPRU\WRVWRUH
PHDVXUHGGDWD,QWHJUDWHGVRIWZDUHLVORDGHGLQWKHHTXLSPHQWIRUFDUU\LQJRXWDQGSULQWLQJ
statistical values.
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Object:
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FRQFUHWHFRYHU7KLVHTXLSPHQWFDQEHXVHGHIIHFWLYHO\IRUHYDOXDWLRQRIQHZDVZHOODVROG
VWUXFWXUHV7KHPHWKRGFDQEHXVHGERWKIRUTXDOLW\FRQWURODVZHOODVTXDOLW\DVVXUDQFH
Principle:
7KHLQVWUXPHQWLVEDVHGXSRQPHDVXUHPHQWRIFKDQJHRIDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLF¿HOG
caused by steel embedded in the concrete.
Methodology:
7RHQVXUHVDWLVIDFWRU\ZRUNLQJRISURIRPHWHUDQGWRJHWDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVLWVKRXOG
EHFDOLEUDWHGEHIRUHVWDUWLQJWKHRSHUDWLRQVDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHWHVW)RUWKLVSXUSRVH
WHVWEORFNSURYLGHGZLWKWKHLQVWUXPHQWVKRXOGEHXVHG7RFKHFNWKHFDOLEUDWLRQDFFXUDF\
WKHVL]HDQGFRYHURIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIWKHWHVWEORFNLVPHDVXUHGDWGLIIHUHQWORFDWLRQV
RQWHVWEORFNDQGWKHUHFRUGHGGDWDVKRXOGPDWFKZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGYDOXHVSUHVFULEHGRQ
the test block.
3DWKPHDVXULQJGHYLFHDQGVSRWSUREHVDUHWRJHWKHUXVHGIRUSDWKPHDVXUHPHQWV
DQGVFDQQLQJRIUHEDUV7KHVHDUHFRQQHFWHGZLWKSURIRPHWHUZLWKFDEOHVDQGDUHPRYHG
138
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RQWKHFRQFUHWHVXUIDFHIRUVFDQQLQJWKHUHEDUVDQGPHDVXULQJWKHVSDFLQJ$VVRRQDV
WKHEDULVORFDWHGLWLVGLVSOD\HGRQWKHVFUHHQ2QFHWKHEDULVORFDWHGLWLVPDUNHGRQ
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SURIRPHWHUE\RQHFDEOH$IWHU¿QGLQJRXWWKHORFDWLRQRIUHEDUWKHGLDSUREHLVSODFHGRQ
WKHEDUSDUDOOHOWREDUD[LV)RXUUHDGLQJVDUHGLVSOD\HGDQGPHDQYDOXHRIWKHVHUHDGLQJV
LVWDNHQDVGLDPHWHURIEDU
'HSWKSUREHRIWKHSURIRPHWHULVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHFRYHU,WLVDOVRFRQQHFWHG
ZLWKSURIRPHWHUE\FDEOHDQGLVSODFHGH[DFWO\RQWKHEDU$VVRRQDVWKHGHSWKSUREH
LVDERYHDUHEDURUQHDUHVWWRLWLWJLYHVDQDXGLRVLJQDOWKURXJKDVKRUWEHHSDQGYLVXDO
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)RUFDUU\LQJRXWWKLVWHVWWKHSURSHUDVVHVVLVHVVHQWLDO)RUWKLVSXUSRVHSURSHU
VWDJLQJ ODGGHU RU D VXVSHQGHG SODWIRUPV PD\ EH SURYLGHG %HIRUH DFWXDO VFDQQLQJ
PDUNLQJLVGRQHZLWKFKDONRQWKHFRQFUHWHVXUIDFHE\GLYLGLQJLWLQWRSDQHOVRIHTXDODUHDV
Advantages and Limitations:
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ROGVWUXFWXUHV7KHPHWKRGVLVYHU\IDVWDQGJLYHVTXLWHDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVLIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQW
LVQRWKHDYLO\FRQJHVWHG7KHHTXLSPHQWLVYHU\OLJKWDQGHYHQRQHSHUVRQFDQSHUIRUP
the test without any assistance.
8. 5.4 Micro covermeter:
7KLVLVDSRUWDEOHDQGKDQG\LQVWUXPHQWZHLJKLQJDERXWNJ7KLVLVQRUPDOO\
SURYLGHGZLWKWZRW\SHVRIVHDUFKKHDGVRQHIRUSDUDOOHOEDUVKDYLQJUDQJHDSSUR[PP
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RYHUWKHWHPSUDQJHRI&WR&2QHRIWKHPLFURFRYHUPHWHUFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH
in the market is shown in Fig.
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LVDYDLODEOHZLWKYRODWLOHPHPRU\WKDWKHOSVLQVWRULQJGDWDZKLOHWDNLQJPHDVXUHPHQWV
139
Hand Book_03.indd 139 8/20/2018 8:29:48 AM

Object:
7KHWHVWLVDLPHGPDLQO\WRGHWHFWWKHORFDWLRQDQGFRYHURIUHLQIRUFHPHQW7KH
WHVWPD\EHXVHGIRUDQDO\]LQJWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHVWUXFWXUHVDVWKHFRYHUWKLFNQHVVLVDQ
LPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ,QWKHFRDVWDODUHDVWKHWHVWFDQEHXVHGIRUGHFLGLQJ
WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIFRYHUDVZHOODVUHKDELOLWDWLRQPHDVXUHVUHTXLUHG
Principle:
7KHHTXLSPHQWFRQVLVWVRIDKLJKO\SHUPHDEOH8VKDSHPDJQHWLFFRUHRQZKLFK
WZRFRLOVDUHPRXQWHG:KHQDQDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWLVSDVVHGWKURXJKRQHRIWKHVHFRLOV
WKHFXUUHQWLQGXFHGLQWKHRWKHUFRLOFDQEHPHDVXUHG7KHSUHVHQFHRIVWHHODIIHFWVWKH
HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ¿HOG7KH LQGXFHG FXUUHQW GHSHQGV XSRQ WKH PXWXDO LQGXFWDQFH RI WKH
FRLOVDQGWKHQHDUQHVVRIWKHVWHHOEDUV$PRYLQJFRLOPHWHUPHDVXUHVWKHFXUUHQW)RU
PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH FRYHU WKH SUREH LV SODFHG GLUHFWO\ RYHU WKH FRQFUHWH PHPEHU DQG
PRYHGVORZO\XQWLOUHDGLQJLVREWDLQHGRQWKHGLDO7KHSUREHVKRXOGEHNHSWSDUDOOHOWRWKH
OHQJWKRIUHEDU'HSHQGLQJXSRQWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHEDUWKHGLDOUHDGLQJVJLYHVGLUHFWO\
WKHFRYHUWRWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQW
Methodology:
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JHWDFFXUDWHUHVXOWV)RUWKLVSXUSRVHRQHVSDFHULVSURYLGHGZLWKHDFKHTXLSPHQW)RU
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SODFLQJWKHVSDFHUEHWZHHQWKHFRQFUHWHVXUIDFHDQGSUREH7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWZR
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)RUORFDWLQJWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWEDUWKHVHDUFKKHDGVKRXOGEHSODFHGRQWKHVXUIDFH
RIFRQFUHWHLQVXFKDZD\VRWKDWWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVHDUFKKHDGVKRXOGEHSDUDOOHOWRWKH
UHLQIRUFHPHQWSURYLGHGLQWKHVWUXFWXUH7KHORFDWLRQRIWKHPDLQUHLQIRUFHPHQWVKRXOGEH
GHFLGHGEDVHGXSRQWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKHVWUXFWXUH7KHVHDUFKKHDGVKRXOGEHPRYHG
IURP RQH HQG WR RWKHU HQG LQ D GLUHFWLRQ SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH PDLQ UHLQIRUFHPHQW7KH
VRXQGRIWKHEX]]HUEHHSZLOOEHVWURQJHVWZKHQWKHEDUZLOOFRPHMXVWDERYHRUEHORZ
WKHSUREH
)RUPHDVXUHPHQWRIFRYHUWKHVHDUFKKHDGLVPRYHGRQWKHVXUIDFH:KLOHPRYLQJ
WKHFRYHUGLVSOD\HGRQWKHVFUHHQUHGXFHVDQGVRXQGRIWKHEX]]HUEHHSLQFUHDVHVZKHQ
SUREHFRPHVQHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWEDUV7KHPLQLPXPUHDGLQJGLVSOD\HGZLOOEHWKHFRYHU
DQG WKH VRXQG RI WKH EX]]HU LV VWURQJHVW ZKHQ WKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW EDU LV MXVW EHORZ WKH
search head.
Advantages and Limitations:
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LQVWUXPHQWZRUNRQEDWWHULHVDQGGRHVQRWUHTXLUHDQ\HOHFWULFVXSSO\6LQFHWKHHTXLSPHQW
LVYHU\VPDOODQGSRUWDEOHWKHWHVWFDQEHFRQGXFWHGE\VLQJOHSHUVRQ
140
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CHAPTER - IX
CRACKS IN BUILDINGS
(Causes and prevention)
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FUDFNV ZKHQHYHU VWUHVV LQ WKH FRPSRQHQW H[FHHGV LWV VWUHQJWK 6WUHVV LQ D EXLOGLQJ
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movements, moisture changes, chemical action, etc.
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PD\HQGDQJHUWKHVDIHW\RIDEXLOGLQJ
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structural cracks are mostly due to internally induced stresses in building materials and
these generally do not directly result in structural weakening.
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9.2 REPAIR OF CRACKS IN BRICKWORK IN BUILDINGS

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VHWWOHPHQW RI IRXQGDWLRQ VKULQNDJH HWF )URP WKH QDWXUH RI WKH FUDFNV ZH FDQ LQIHU
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RUPRYHPHQWVFDQEHWKHFDXVHRIWKHVHFUDFNV
141
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Fig 9.1 Cracks in Masonry due to various causes
1 =Crack due to settlement of corner
2= Crack under RC Slab due to lifting up of corners in two way slabs
3=Cracks due to settlement of column C
4 = Cracks below slab as a result of the movement due to temperature
effect
5 =Crack with larger width at top due to heaving of centre as occurs in
Black Cotton Soil
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WR UHPHG\ WKH FDXVH )RU H[DPSOH LI WKH FDXVH LV GXH WR IRXQGDWLRQ PRYHPHQW LW LV
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The cracks in brick walls can be repaired by the following methods:-
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142
Hand Book_03.indd 142 8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM

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GUNITE AND SHOTCRETE WORK FOR REPAIR OF CONCRETE
Gunite and Shotcrete
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contact with the bricks.
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Fig. 9.2 Repair of cracks in masonry by stitching with steel rods.
143
Hand Book_03.indd 143 8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM

REPAIRS OF RC WORKS DUE TO CORROSION OF STEEL
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144
Hand Book_03.indd 144 8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM

CRACKS ON BEAMS
SHEAR CRACKS:
Shear
145
Fig no.1 Shear Crack
Member Crack Important Characteristics Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution

Type
RC Beam Shear This type of cracks occurs Shear capacity of the Provide lateral ties / Chip the concrete and
near to the supports of the beam is inadequate. stirrups with place the new stirrups
beam. Generally the cracks Cross-section or adequate nos. and with required spacing and
occur in 45º or diagonal in stirrups are spacing. apply expoy and then
manner. It is a serious insufficient. apply fresh concrete.
structural active crack. After concrete gets harden
apply epoxy and paste
carbon fiber sheets.
8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM
Flexure cracks:
Member Crack Important Characteristics Cause /Reasons Prevention Solution

Type
R C Beam Flexure These cracks form at the The Tension Provide Chip the concrete and
bottom near the midspan occurs at the adequate place the new
and propagate upwards. bottom of the reinforcement reinforcement with
May be single or in groups beam. at tension zone. required nos. at the
of cracks. bottom and apply expoy
146
and then apply fresh
concrete. After hardening
paste carbon fiber sheets.
Fig no.2 Flexure Crack
Fig no.3 Cracks On Beam
8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM
Combination of flexural and shear cracks
Fig no.4 Combination of Flexure-Shear Cracks
Member Crack Important Characteristics Cause /Reasons Prevention Solution
147
Type
R C Beam Flexure- This crack occurs at the Inadequate Provide adequate Chip the concrete
shear bottom due to flexure zone shear capacity tensile and place the new
cracks and propagates on both and tension bars reinforcement at reinforcement and
flexure and shear areas. in the beam. In tension zone and stirrups with
this zone Provide adequate required nos. at the
deflection curve stirrups to resist the bottom and apply
takes place. flexure-shear expoy and then
cracks. apply fresh concrete.
if possible apply
epoxy and paste
carbon fiber sheets
8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM
TORSION CRACKS
Fig no.5 Torsion Cracks
Member Crack Important Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution

Type Characteristics
R C Beam Torsion Originates nearer to Torsional strength Provide After removing the concrete
maximum torsion region. of the beam is torsional, shear use extended U-jacket or steel
Generally uniform inadequate. and side plates, CFRP, GFRP laminates
148
width. Appears over the reinforcement . around the cross section to a
whole periphery of depth equals to one-sixth of the
beam. beam width along the whole
span and then replaced with
new concrete
Fig no.6 Torsion on Beam
8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM
CORROSION CRACKS
149
Fig no.7 Corrosion Cracks

R C Beam Corrosion Runs above the line of Bond between Use corrosion Remove the
crack reinforcement or parallel reinforcing bars and resistant bars. concrete and clean
to the reinforcement. concrete not (OR) the corroded rod
satisfactory, due to Epoxy coated bars and attach new rods
corrosion of bars. (OR) and apply expoy
Use good grade of and fresh concrete.
steel.
8/20/2018 8:29:49 AM
Corrosion cracks
150
Fig no.8 Corrosion Cracks on beams
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
SHRINKAGE CRACKS
151
Fig no.9 Shrinkage Cracks
Member Crack Type Important Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution

Characteristics
Slab, Shrinkage No regular pattern or Curing is inadequate or Do proper Do cement
beam, thickness and in no control over water- curing with plastering or
column general. cement ratio. Usage of equal intervals. petty on the
excessively rich mix. Use proper W/C members.
ratio.
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
CRACKS IN COLUMNS
1
2
152
3
Fig no.10 Cracks On Column
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
Fig. Member Crack Important Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution
No. 10 Type Characteristics
1 RC Splitting Short parallel Load carrying capacity Provide
Column vertical cracks. of the column sufficient
Varying widths. inadequate. Inferior reinforcement
Bulging in that quality concrete. in the column Remove the surface
region. and right mix concrete and clean
of concrete. the corroded rod and
2 RC Diagonal Runs diagonally Load carrying capacity Provide attach new rods
Column across the section. of the column is sufficient (extra rods) and
Can occur inadequate, main reinforcement apply expoy to the
anywhere in the reinforcement is in the column. rods and then apply
height. Uniform insufficient. fresh concrete.
153
thickness.
3 RC Horizontal Occurs near beam- Moment resistance Provide After concrete
Column column junction. capacity of column sufficient hardens, apply
inadequate in the reinforcement epoxy paste and
corresponding region in the column Then wrap the
inadequate quantum of and close column with carbon
reinforcement or spacing fiber sheets
disposition of stirrups.
reinforcement not
satisfactory
Note: One can use other fiber sheets for wrapping on column, with good stiffness and tensile strength property.
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
154
Fig no.11 retrofitting of column jacketing followed by using carbon fiber sheets
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
Vegetation cracks
155
Fig no.12 Vegetation Cracks on beams
Member Crack Important Characteristics Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution

Type
Footing vegetation Fast growing trees near the Expansive action of Remove the trees or Remove the tree
cracks footing can sometimes cause roots causes the sapling which is and replant the
cracks in walls due to cracks on the walls near the footings. trees in some other
Expansive action of roots location.
growing under the foundation.
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
Fig no.13 Tree Replanting
156
Hand Book_03.indd 156 8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM

Crack on walls :
157
Fig no.14 Cracks On Walls

Wall Step Crack occurs step by Foundation settling Provide proper Place mortar in the gaps
crack step from upward or And soil settling at compaction and layers of and rework the wall.
downward. Crack the centre of wall, sand filling followed by Place vibrator and settle
occurs in the mortar differential P.C.C and Provide the soil equally.
and continues from settlement. sufficient mortar thickness In some cases
one layer to another in brick joints. reconstruction of wall has
mortar joints. to be done.
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
Fig no.15 Horizontal Crack
158
Wall Horizontal Crack run in Crack means Provide proper Place mortar in the
crack horizontal direction serious problem compaction and gaps and rework the
through the mortar such as severe layers of sandfilling wall.
foundation followed by p.c.c Place vibrator and
shifting/settling or and Provide settle the soil equally.
poor water drainage. sufficient mortar In some cases
thickness in brick reconstruction of
joints. wall has to be done .
8/20/2018 8:29:50 AM
159
Fig no.16 Sill Level Crack

Wall Sill level Cracks occurs at Due to tension at At the sill level, in Apply Crack
crack the corners of the the window window opening’s by 1 filler/Stitching
windows opening’s at feet on each side provide with steel rods
corners. If it is the mini. Size steel rods
wood , swell with wire mesh or
during rainy chicken mesh and apply
season. concrete on it
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
Horizontal Crack On Parapet Wall
160
Fig no.17 Horizontal Crack On Parapet Wall
Member Crack Type Important Cause -Reasons Prevention Solution

Characteristics
parapet wall horizontal crack Crack run in cracking due to Roof Slab conc Apply Crack
horizontal direction thermal may be bent for filler/Stitching
of parapet wall. movement in about 230 mm with steel rods
buildings vertically
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
Efflorescence on walls:
161
Fig no.18 Efflorescence On Walls
Member Type Important Cause / Reasons Prevention Solution

Characteristics
Wall Efflorescence White patch on the walls Presence of salts is Use good quality of Clean the
white patch due to bricks and water Efflorescence with
dampness , poor of proofing spray on wire brush and apply
quality bricks wall. water repellant
coating on them or
paint the walls.
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
Efflorescence on concrete:
Fig no.19 Efflorescence On Roof Slab
162
Characteristics
Slabs Efflorescence White patch on the slabs Presence of salts is Provide right mix Clean the
white patch due to of concrete and Efflorescence with
water leakage from water repellant wire brush and
the terrace, poor coating on the top apply water
quality of weathering surface of terrace repellant coating
floor.(permeable in slab, to prevent on the top surface
nature) below roof slabs of terrace floor.
from dampness/
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
METHODS TO MONITOR & MEASURE THE CRACKS :
Fig no.20 Measuring Cracks
163
PLACING HOW IT WORKS RESULT
A commonly used method of doing so i) If the crack widens, the tell- i. Active crack
is to fix tell-tales consisting of strips tale will crack.
of glass about 2 to 3 cm in width an
10 to 12cm in length across a crack ii) In case the crack closes ii. Settlement and movement of
with some quick setting, mortar or instead of widening out, the soil leads, close the crack.
adhesive. glass strip will either get
disjointed at one end or will
crack by buckling.
iii. Dead crack
iii) If NO changes occur ,
appears as it is.
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
164
Fig no.21 Measuring Cracks Device
Used for monitoring measuring and recording the crack width of a building structure. Internal or external use, material is vand
resistant polycarbonate. They are suitable for vertical, horizontal and vertical movement measurements.
The high precision calipers are used to measure the width of cracks.
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
Cracks on wall joints
165
Fig no.22 Cracks On Wall Joints Of RC Members
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
Characteristics
Brick Joint Crack in the junction of No joint connection / At the bottom of the On the cracked
Wall-RC crack Brick Wall- RC Beam bonding between beam , make surface , chip the
Beam them chipping marks on brick wall and place
them. Place mortar 6mm rod of 1m of
on the each bricks required interval
and lay them. spans and place
mortar with rich
mix.
Brick Joint Crack in the junction of No joint connection/ At the side of the On the cracked
Wall- RC crack Brick Wall- RC column bonding between column , make surface, chip the
column them chipping marks on brick wall and place
166
them. Place mortar 6mm rod of 1m of
on the each bricks required interval
and lay them . spans and place
mortar with rich
mix.
8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM
CHAPTER - X
FOUNDATION IN BUILDINGS
- Tid bits for Field Engineers
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167
Hand Book_03.indd 167 8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM

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168
Hand Book_03.indd 168 8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM

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WKHKHLJKWRIEXLOGLQJ,WLVFXVWRPDU\SUDFWLFHWRSODFHWKHIRXQGDWLRQRID³VLPSOHIRRWLQJ³
DWDPLQLPXPGHSWKRIPIURPJURXQGOHYHORUDWOHDVWWLPHVWKHZLGWKRIIRRWLQJ
,QFROGFOLPDWHVWKHGHSWKLVNHSWDWDPLQLPXPRIPEHORZVXUIDFHEHFDXVH
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)RUVWLOOWDOOHUEXLOGLQJVVKDOORZIRXQGDWLRQPD\QRWEHVXLWDEOH,QWKHVHFDVHKLJKHU
FDSDFLW\SLOHIRXQGDWLRQVKDOOEHDGRSWHGWRVXLWWKHVXSHUVWUXFWXUHRIORDGDQGQDWXUHRI
soil condition.
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$ IHZ SUDFWLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV DOVR PD\ KDYH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG ZKLOH GHFLGLQJ
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LQÀXHQFHRIIXWXUHH[SDQVLRQHWF,IWKHKHLJKWRIEXLOGLQJLVPRUHWKHKRUL]RQWDOIRUFHV
DFWLQJRQWKHEXLOGLQJVXFKDVZLQGIRUFHDUHODUJH$VDWKXPEUXOHPLQLPXPGHSWKRI
IRXQGDWLRQPD\EHVHOHFWHGDVWRRIWKHKHLJKWRIEXLOGLQJ
169
Hand Book_03.indd 169 8/20/2018 8:29:51 AM

:KHUH WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW PD\ YDU\ DQG FDXVH VKULQNDJH WKH GHSWK PXVW EH
FRQVLGHUHGZLWKWKHPLQLPXPPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWYDULDWLRQPWRP,QFDVHRIEODFN
FRWWRQVRLOVRIH[SDQVLYHQDWXUHWKH]RQHRIPRYHPHQWPD\EHDVGHHSDVPWR
P7KLVLVZK\WKHXQGHUUHDPHGSLOHVLQH[SDQVLYHFOD\VDUHWDNHQWRPLQLPXP
GHSWKRIP
CHOICE OF FOUNDATION
:KHQWKHDGMRLQLQJLVRODWHGVTXDUHIRRWLQJVRYHUODSUHFWDQJXODUIRRWLQJVZLOOEH
WKHQH[WFKRLFH,ILWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSURYLGHVTXDUHIRRWLQJWU\WRSURYLGHUHFWDQJXODU
IRRWLQJ5HFWDQJXODUIRRWLQJPD\EHSURYLGHGXSWR/%UDWLRLVOHVVWKDQ,ILWLVQRW
SRVVLEOHWKHQFRPELQHGIRRWLQJLVWREHDGRSWHG
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$VWULSIRXQGDWLRQLVWKHH[WHQVLRQRIFRPELQHGIRRWLQJIRUDURZRIFROXPQV7KH
FHQWUDOEHDPLVWREHSURYLGHGZLWKFDQWLOHYHUVODERQHLWKHUVLGHRILW
:KHQWKHVWULSIRRWLQJRYHUODSLWOHDGVWRDUDIWIRXQGDWLRQ,QLWLDOO\RQHWULHVWR
SURYLGHDIHZVPDOODUHDUDIWVDVWKLVOHDGVWRHFRQRP\%XWDVLWXDWLRQPD\DULVHZKHQ
RQHVLQJOHUDUWFRYHULQJDOOWKHFROXPQVRIEXLOGLQJPD\KDYHWREHSURYLGHG7KLVLVD
FRVWO\SURSRVLWLRQEXWLWKDVWREHDGRSWHGDVRWKHUOHVVFRVWO\DOWHPDWLYHVKDYHDOUHDG\
EHHQ H[DPLQHG DQG UHMHFWHG IRU WKH YDULRXV GLI¿FXOWLHV $ VODE W\SH UDIW LV FRPPRQO\
DGRSWHGIRUHDVHLQGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQEXWLWFRQVXPHVPRUHVWHHO%HDPVODEW\SH
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170
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171
Hand Book_03.indd 171 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

172
Hand Book_03.indd 172 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

173
Hand Book_03.indd 173 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

Mat foundation
The is provided
1)when the soil is having very low bearing capacity and /or
2) when columns loads are heavy, the required footing area becomes very
large and uneconomical.
Mat foundation
174
Hand Book_03.indd 174 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

PILE FOUNDATION
3LOHIRXQGDWLRQVDUHWKHSDUWRIDVWUXFWXUHXVHGWRFDUU\DQGWUDQVIHUWKHORDGRI
WKH VWUXFWXUH WR WKH EHDULQJ JURXQG ORFDWHG DW VRPH GHSWK EHORZ JURXQG VXUIDFH3LOHV
DUH ORQJ DQG VOHQGHU PHPEHUV ZKLFK WUDQVIHU WKH ORDG WR GHHSHU VRLO RU URFN RI KLJK
EHDULQJFDSDFLW\DYRLGLQJVKDOORZVRLORIORZEHDULQJFDSDFLW\7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRI
WKHIRXQGDWLRQDUHWKHSLOHFDSDQGWKHSLOHV7KHPDLQW\SHVRIPDWHULDOVXVHGIRUSLOHV
are steel and concrete.
Fundamental Concept of Pile Foundation
&ODVVL¿FDWLRQV RI SLOHV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR ORDG WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG IXQFWLRQDO
behaviours :-
(QG%HDULQJ3LOHVSRLQWEHDULQJSLOHV
)ULFWLRQSLOHVFRKHVLRQSLOHV
&ODVVL¿FDWLRQVRISLOHVEDVHGRQPHWKRGRIHUHFWLRQ
GULYHQFDVWLQVLWXFRQFUHWHSLOH
ERUHGFDVWLQVLWXFRQFUHWHSLOH
DFDVHGSLOH
EXQFDVHGSLOH
GULYHQSUHFDVWFRQFUHWHSLOH
175
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END BEARING PLIE
7KH ORDG RI VWUXFWXUH LV
transmitted to that hard
OD\HURIVRLOURFN
+DUG VWUDWD DYDLODEOH DW
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FRICTION PILE
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is transmitted by skin
IULFWLRQ RU E\ DGKHVLRQ
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+DUG VWUDWXP QRW
available at reasonable
GHSWK
176
Hand Book_03.indd 176 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

FOUNDATION FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
If the soil is expansive in nature, lot of care is to be taken.
How to identify Expansive Soil ???
$UHWKHVRLOVQHDUE\WKHSURMHFWDUHDNQRZQWREHH[SDQVLYH"
$UHWKHUHHYLGHQFHVRIFUDFNVLQZDOOVFXUEVVLGHZDOOVSDYHPHQWVHWFLQ
QHDUE\FRQVWUXFWLRQ"
$UHWKHUHVKULQNDJHFUDFNVLQWKHVRLOLQGU\VHDVRQ"
'RHV WKH VRLOV EHKDYH DV D YHU\ VWLFN\ VRLO VWLFNLQJ WR VKRHV W\UHV HWF
ZKHQZHW"
,I\RXWDNHDOXPSRIGU\VRLODQGWU\WREUHDNLWEHWZHHQ¿QJHUVGR\RX¿QG
WKHVRLOKDUGDQGGLI¿FXOWWREUHDN"
,I\RXVHOHFWDODUJHOXPSRIGU\VRLOVD\DERXWRQHNJDQGUDLVHLWFKHVW
KLJKDQGGURSLWRQKDUGVXUIDFHSDYHPHQWGRHVWKHVRLOVWD\DVOXPSV
ZLWKRXWEUHDNLQJXSLQWRDQXPEHURIVPDOOSLHFHV"%UHDNLQJRIWKLQHGJHV
RUVKDUSFRUQHUVRUEUHDNLQJLQWRRUPDMRUSLHFHVEHFDXVHRIH[LVWHQFH
RIVKULQNDJHFUDFNVVKDOOEHGLVFDUGHG
,I\RXWDNHRUPDNHDZHWVRLOZLWKPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWWKDWZRXOGSHUPLW
HDV\ PRXOGLQJ ZLWK OLJKW ¿QJHU SUHVVXUH DQG WKHQ UHPRXOG DQG UROO LW WR
WKUHDGV RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\PP LQ GLDPHWHU FDQ D WKUHDG D IHZ FP ORQJ
VWDQGRQLWVRZQZHLJKWZKHQKHOGGRZQDWRQHHQG"
,I \RX PDNH D XQLIRUP SDVWH RI VRLO DQG ZDWHU ZDWHU FRQWHQW VKRXOG EH
DOPRVWVDPHDVLWHPDERYHRQWKHSDOPRI\RXUKDQGDQGVWULNHWKHORZHU
SDUWRI\RXUKDQGDJDLQVWWKHRWKHUKDQGLQUDSLGEXWVKRUWVWURNHVWR
FPORQJIRUWRWLPHVGRHVWKHVRLOORRNDOPRVWWKHVDPHDVZKHQ\RX
VWDUWHGZLWKRXWVKLQ\VXUIDFH"
,I\RXWDNHDEDOORIZHWVRLOVLPLODUWRWKDWLQLWHPDERYHDQGGURSLWRQ
DSLHFHRIVPRRWKGU\JODVVSODWHIURPDKHLJKWRIDERXWFPDQGWXUQ
WKHJODVVXSVLGHGRZQVRLOWRZDUGVJURXQGVOLJKWO\WLOWHGDQGWDSWKHWRS
RIWKHJODVVZLWK\RXU¿QJHUWLSVGRHVWKHVRLOUHPDLQVWXFN,IWKHRULJLQDO
SRVLWLRQRQWKHJODVVLQVWHDGRIIDOOLQJRIIRUVOLGLQJ"
Note: A yes answer to any of the above question may indicate an expansive
soil and need for further testing and study.
177
Hand Book_03.indd 177 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

UNDER REAMED PILE:
:KHQWKHVRLOLVH[SDQVLYHLQQDWXUHOLNHEODFNFRWWRQVRLOXQGHUUHDPHGSLOHVDUH
DGRSWHG
)RUWKHSDVW\HDUVXQGHUUHDPHGSLOHVDUHEHLQJXVHGIRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJV
7KLVW\SHRIIRXQGDWLRQVKDYHDOVRIDLOHGLQPDQ\FDVHVGXHWRIDLOXUHRIJUDGHEHDPV
7KHJUDGHEHDPVKRXOGQRWKDYHFRQWDFWZLWKVRLODQGWKLVFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\SURYLGLQJ
ZHGJHRQRQHVLGHDQGEULFNRQHGJHLQRWKHUVLGH%XWDFRPSOH[QDWXUHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
UHTXLUHVPRUHVNLOODQGDWWHQWLRQ7KHÀRRUPD\VLQNDQGWKHUHLVDSRVVLELOLW\RIVPDOO
FUHDWXUHVWRHQWHULQWRWKHEXLOGLQJWKURXJKWKHJDSEHORZVXFKJUDGHEHDP7KLVLV
DOVRFRVWO\0RUHRYHUWKHJUDGHEHDPVDUHGHVLJQHGIRUYHU\YHU\OHVVEHQGLQJPRPHQWV
RIZORUZODVJLYHQLQXQGUHDPHGSLOHFRGH
+RZHYHU LI WKH JUDGH EHDP LV GHVLJQHG IRU XSOLIW VZHOOLQJ SUHVVXUH WKLV W\SH RI
IRXQGDWLRQPD\EHXVHGVLQFHWKHXSOLIWSUHVVXUHVKLJKLQWKHRUGHURIN16TP
RESTRICTIONS:
7KLVW\SHRIIRXQGDWLRQLVVXLWDEOHRQO\IRUUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJV)RURWKHUW\SHRI
EXLOGLQJWKLVLVFRVWO\VLQFHSLOHFDSVDUHWREHSURYLGHGWRWUDQVIHUORDGWRJURXSRISLOHV
,QVRPHVRLOVIRUPLQJRIXQGHUUHDPLVQRWSRVVLEOH
,IZDWHUOHYHOLVXSGULOOLQJDQGFRQFUHWLQJLVQRWHDV\
,WLVQRWVXUHRISHUIHFWFRQFUHWLQJ1HFNLQJPD\EHIRUPHGLQWKHSLOH
and strength taken is less.
Capacity of Under Reamed Piles (3.50m)

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Dia Capacity
t NN 5
L/
t NN 5
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t NN 5
L/
t NN 5
L/
t NN 5
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178
Hand Book_03.indd 178 8/20/2018 8:29:52 AM

STUB COLUMN ARRANGEMENTS:
For ordinary small buildings, Stub column arrangement with strong grade beams
LVZHOOVXLWHGIRUH[SDQVLYHFOD\+HUHORDGLVFRQFHQWUDWHGRQWKHFROXPQIRRWLQJDQGWKH
XSOLIWZLOOEHOHVV
PRECAUTIONS:
,IIRXQGDWLRQLVGHVLJQHGIRUWKUHHVWRUH\DQGSUHVHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQLVRQHVWRUH\
WKHQPRUHFRQWDFWLVDYDLODEOHIRUXSOLIW7KHQFUDFNVZLOOGHYHORS+HQFHRQO\
RQHVWRUH\PD\EHSURYLGHGIXWXUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
&RUUHFW6%&LVWREHDVFHUWDLQHGIRUWKLVW\SHRIVRLO2XWRIIHDURURWKHUZLVHLI
very less SBC is assumed then, large contact area is made available and cracks
ZLOOGHYHORS
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WRUVLRQDOHIIHFWZLOOEHDYRLGHG
PRECAUTIONS FOR THE FOUNDATION IN EXPANSIVE SOIL:
3DYHPHQWRIPLQLPXPPZLGWKPD\EHSURYLGHGDOURXQGWKHEXLOGLQJ3DYHPHQW
PD\EHRIEULFNMHOO\FRQFUHWHRYHUDQ\W\SHRILPSHUYLRXVOD\HU
7UHHVVKRXOGQRWEHZLWKLQPHWUHVIURPWKHEXLOGLQJ
,IWKHVRLOLVRIKLJKO\H[SDQVLYHVWUXFWXUDOVODEPD\EHSURYLGHGIRUÀRRULQJDQG
UHLQIRUFHPHQWPD\EHSURYLGHGDWWKHPLGGHSWKRIWKHVODE
$VIRUDVSRVVLEOHWU\WRDYRLOGOLJKWORDGVWUXFWXUHVLIOLJKWHUVWUXFWXUHLVFRQVWUXFWHG
PRUHSUHFDXWLRQVDUHWREHWDNHQ
)RU EDVHPHQW ¿OOLQJ H[SDQVLYH FOD\ VKRXOG QRW EH XVHG 7RS VRLO RI PLQLPXP
FPLWWREHUHPRYHGDQGUH¿OOHGZLWKJRRGHDUWK%HORZIRRWLQJPLQLPXPFP
QRQFRKHVLYHVRLOPD\EHSURYLGHG
GRADE BEAMS FOR FRAMED STRUCTURE IN EXPANSIVE SOILS

7KH *UDGH %HDP LV WKH PRVW YXOQHUDEOH PHPEHU LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH +HUH
DOVR WKH *UDGH %HDP VKRXOG QRW KDYH FRQWDFW ZLWK VRLO *HQHUDOO\ XSZDUG VRLO VHOOLQJ
SUHVVXUHLVWRN1P,ILWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSURYLGH*UDGH%HDPQRWLQFRQWDFW
ZLWKVRLOWKHJUDGHEHDPVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGZLWKDYHUDJHXSOLIWSUHVVXUHRIN1P.
8SZDUG3UHVVXUH [ N1P
7KH%HQGLQJ0RPHQWLVFDOFXODWHGEHXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD
%0 ZO
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,I WKHUH LV D IXOO EULFN ZDOO ZLWK ORDG RI N1P WKH JUDGH EHDP PD\ EH
GHVLJQHGIRUWKHXSZDUGSUHVVXUHRIN1P RQO\
179
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Grade Beams For Framed Structure In Expansive Soils
LAYING FOUNDATION CONCRETE BELOW WATER TABLE:

,QSUDFWLFHTXLWHRIWHQIRXQGDWLRQSLWVDUHH[FDYDWHGDQGNHSWRSHQIRUORQJ
IRUYDULRXVUHDVRQVZKLFKLVKLJKO\XQGHVLUDEOH7KHIRXQGDWLRQSLWVPD\EHH[FDYDWHG
DERXWFPOHVVWKDQGHVLUHGGHSWKDQGWKLVOD\HUPD\EHUHPRYHGDWWKHWLPHRIOD\LQJ
IRXQGDWLRQV,QFDVHJURXQGZDWHULVPXFKDERYHWKHEDVHRIIRXQGDWLRQDQGSHUPHDELOLW\
RIWKHVWUDWDLVYHU\KLJKGHZDWHULQJVKRXOGEHGRQHEHIRUHOD\LQJIRXQGDWLRQFRQFUHWH
DQGGHZDWHULQJVKRXOGEHFRQWLQXHGWLOOWKHLQLWLDOVHWWLQJRIFRQFUHWHWDNHVSODFH
,WLVTXLWHRIWHQREVHUYHGLQSUDFWLFHWKDWVRPHSODFHGU\PL[RIFHPHQWDQG
DJJUHJDWHLQWKHIRXQGDWLRQSLWZLWKRXWPL[LQJZDWHUWKLQNLQJWKDWWKHUHLVDOUHDG\ZDWHU
LQWKHSLWZKLFKLVDJDLQVWWKHSULQFLSOHRIFRQFUHWHPDNLQJ&RQFUHWHGULYHVVWUHQJWKE\
FKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQRIFHPHQWFRDWRYHUWKHDJJUHJDWHVFHPHQWDJJUHJDWHPL[WXUHZLWKD
GH¿QLWHZDWHUFHPHQWUDWLRVKRXOGEHPL[HGIRUSUHVFULEHGSHULRG,QVRPHFDVHVVRRQ
DIWHUGU\PL[LVSODFHGLQWKHIRXQGDWLRQSLWZDWHULVSXPSHGZKLFKQDWXUDOO\FDUULHGFHPHQW
DORQJZLWKLW%DFN¿ULQJRIIRXQGDWLRQSLWVDIWHUOD\LQJWKHIRXQGDWLRQVVKRXOGEHGRQHZLWK
HDUWKZHOOFRPSDFWHG
180
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CHAPTER XI
MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS
Introduction
%XLOGLQJPDLQWHQDQFHLVZRUNXQGHUWDNHQWRNHHSUHVWRUHRULPSURYHHYHU\IDFLOLW\
LHHYHU\SDUWRIDEXLOGLQJLWVVHUYLFHVWRDFXUUHQWO\DFFHSWDEOHVWDQGDUGDQGWRVXVWDLQ
WKHXWLOLW\DQGYDOXHRIWKHIDFLOLW\
7KHREMHFWLYHRIPDLQWHQDQFHLV
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LL7RUHVWRUHLWEDFNWRLWVRULJLQDOVWDQGDUGVDQG
LLL7RLPSURYHWKHIDFLOLWLHVGHSHQGLQJXSRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWWKDWLVWDNLQJ
SODFHLQWKHEXLOGLQJHQJLQHHULQJ
,QVSLWHRIUHFHQWLPSURYHPHQWVLQEXLOGLQJWHFKQRORJ\DOOWKHEXLOGLQJV
GHWHULRUDWHIURPWKHWLPHWKH\DUHFRPSOHWHG7KHUDWHRIGHWHULRUDWLRQGHSHQGV
XSRQDQXPEHURIIDFWRUV
'XULQJWKHGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDJHVWKHIROORZLQJEHFRPHHVVHQWLDO
L5LJKWFKRLFHRIPDWHULDO
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LLL$GHTXDWHVSHFL¿FDWLRQVIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLQVWDOODWLRQZRUN
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:KHUH WKHUH DUH LQKHUHQW GHIHFWV ERWK LQ GHVLJQ DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH
PDLQWHQDQFH FRVW ULVHV GLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ WR D KLJKHU OHYHO DQG WKH DQWLFLSDWHG OLIH RI
building is reduced.
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VHUYLFHVIXOO\XWLOLVDEOH,WLQYROYHVQXPHURXVVNLOOVDVLQÀXHQFHGE\RFFXSDQF\DQGWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHOHYHOH[SHFWHGRIDEXLOGLQJ
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(i)Day to Day Repairs

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WKHLUPDLQWHQDQFHRQWKHEDVLVRIGD\WRGD\REVHUYDWLRQDQGFRPSODLQWV
(ii)Annual Repairs
7RPDLQWDLQWKHDHVWKHWLFVRIEXLOGLQJVDQGVHUYLFHVDVZHOODVWRSUHVHUYHWKHLUOLIH
VRPH ZRUNV OLNH ZKLWH ZDVKLQJ GLVWHPSHULQJ SDLQWLQJ FOHDQLQJ RI OLQHV WDQNVHWF DUH
FDUULHGRXWSHULRGLFDOO\7KHVHZRUNVDUHSODQQHGRQ\HDUWR\HDUEDVLV
181
Hand Book_03.indd 181 8/20/2018 8:29:54 AM

(iii) Special Repairs
6XFKZRUNVDUHXQGHUWDNHQWRUHSODFHWKHH[LVWLQJSDUWVRIEXLOGLQJVDQG
VHUYLFHVZKLFKJHWGHWHULRUDWHGRQDJHLQJRIEXLOGLQJV,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRSUHYHQW
WKHVWUXFWXUH VHUYLFHVIURPGHWHULRUDWLRQDQGUHVWRUHLWEDFNWRLWVRULJLQDOFRQGLWLRQVWR
WKHH[WHQWSRVVLEOH
Preventive maintenance
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RXWGXULQJWKHPRQWKVRI0DUFK$SULODQG6HSWHPEHU2FWREHU
7ZR0RQVRRQZLQGVEULQJUDLQIDOOWR7DPLO1DGX
L6RXWK:HVW0RQVRRQ-XQH2FWREHU
LL1RUWK(DVW0RQVRRQ1RYHPEHU)HEUXDU\
([SHULHQFHKDVWDXJKWWKDWPRQVRRQUDLQVZLQGVDQGF\FORQHFDXVHFRQVLGHUDEOH
GDPDJHWREXLOGLQJVWDOOVWUXFWXUHVXSURRWWUHHVDQGODPSSRVWVFDXVHÀRRGVURRIOHDNDJH
LQWREXLOGLQJVEORZZDWHUWKURXJKEURNHQZLQGRZSDQHOVEORZRIIWKDWFKHGURRIVKXWPHQWVDQG
EXVVKHOWHUVFDPHGLVUXSWLRQVLQSRZHUVXSSO\ZDWHUVXSSO\DQGVHZHUDJHV\VWHPVUHVXOWLQJ
LQXQWROGVXIIHULQJVWRSHRSOHEHVLGHVFDXVLQJKXJH¿QDQFLDOORVVHVDQGDOVRHQGDQJHULQJ
OLYHV 7R PLQLPL]H VXFK ORVVHV DQG DYRLGGDQJHU WR OLIH LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR XQGHUWDNH VRPH
VSHFL¿FSUHPRQVRRQSUHYHQWLYHPHDVXUHVZKLFKDUHEULHÀ\GLVFXVVHGEHORZ
Attending to services before Monsoon Rains/Cyclones.

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EHIRUHPRQVRRQ,QFRDVWDODUHDVWKHVDPHDUHFKHFNHGEHIRUHF\FORQHV
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b) Door Window glazing :
$OO EURNHQ JOD]LQJV VKRXOG EH UHSODFHG DQG VXI¿FLHQW QXPEHU RI JODVV ZLQGRZ
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c) Checking buildings against seepage
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LQ-XQHDQG'HFHPEHUDQGQHFHVVDU\UHSDLUVFDUULHGRXW7KHURRIVVKRXOGEHFOHDQHG
182
Hand Book_03.indd 182 8/20/2018 8:29:54 AM

DQGGHEULVUHPRYHGIURPWKHURRIWRDYRLGEORFNDJHVLQURRIJXWWHUVDQGUDLQZDWHUSLSHV
5DLQZDWHULQOHWVVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGDQGHQVXUHGWKDWWKHUHDUHQRGDPDJHVDURXQGWKHVH
9HUWLFDOUDLQZDWHUSLSHVVKRXOGEHSURSHUO\FODPSHGWRWKHZDOOV6HHSDJHWKURXJK
FUDFNV GHYHORSHG RYHU VXQVKDGHV LV YHU\ FRPPRQ ,W VKRXOG EH HQVXUHG WKDW UHTXLUHG
UHSDLUVDUHFDUULHGRXWWRWKHMXQFWLRQRIVXQVKDGHVZLWKWKHZDOOV
d) Checking of external areas
2SHQDUHDVDQGODZQVVKRXOGEHLQVSHFWHGDQGPHDVXUHVWDNHQWRHQVXUHWKDW
UDLQZDWHUGRHVQRWDFFXPXODWHWKHUHLQ6WRUPZDWHUGUDLQVDUHXQGHUVKRXOGEHGHVLOWHG
DQGSDYHGVXUIDFHVRUEXQGVUHSDLUHG3UHFDXWLRQVKRXOGEHWDNHQDJDLQVWHURVLRQRIODQG
and embankments.
e) Checking of sewers and sewage installations
$OOLQVSHFWLRQFKDPEHUVPDQKROHVDQGVHZHUOLQHVVKRXOGEHFOHDQHGDQGÀXVKHG
WRHVWDEOLVKIUHHÀRZRIVHZDJH6HZDJHVXPSVVKRXOGEHFOHDQHGRIDFFXPXODWHGJULW
VDQGDQGVOXGJH%XQGVRIR[LGDWLRQSRQGVVKRXOGEHVWUHQJWKHQHGZKHUHYHUQHFHVVDU\
(f) Checking of electrical installations
%HFDXVHRIULVHLQJURXQGZDWHUWDEOHDWSODFHVLWPD\EHQHFHVVDU\URUHPRYH
HOHFWULF SXPSLQJ VHWV LQVWDOOHG LQ ZHOOV DQG VXPS EHORZ JURXQG ZDWHU OHYHO DQG UDLVH
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WRWDNHFDUHRIEUHDNGRZQLQSRZHUVXSSO\LQPRQVRRQ
RUDWWKHWLPHRIF\FORQHV7KH'LHVHO*HQHUDWLQJVHWVVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGDQGNHSW
LQZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQDQGZLULQJVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGIRUORRVHFRQQHFWLRQV
(g) Checking of Air-conditioning installations
:KHUHYHU&HQWUDO$&SODQWVRUSDFNDJHXQLWVDUHSURYLGHGWKHGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ
V\VWHPFRQVLVWLQJRIVWULSKHDWHUVKXPLGLVWDWHWFVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGIRUWKHLUIXQFWLRQLQJ
Post monsoon/cyclone measures
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WKHVHDUHDIIHFWHGGXULQJWKHPRQVRRQDQGF\FORQHV
,QFRDVWDORUF\FORQHSURQHDUHDVWKHVHUYLFHVDUHDIIHFWHGPRUH,PPHGLDWHO\DIWHU
PRQVRRQDOOLPSRUWDQWVWUXFWXUHVVHUYLFHVVKRXOGEHLQVSHFWHGE\DWHDPRIHQJLQHHUV
IURPDOOGLVFLSOLQHVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHPDLQWHQDQFHDQGZRUNVKRXOGEHSODQQHGWRSXW
the services in order immediately.
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RI ZDWHU VXSSO\ OLQHVLQVWDOODWLRQV HQVXULQJ QRUPDO ZDWHU VXSSO\UHVWRUDWLRQ RI VHZDJH
SXPSLQJ RSHUDWLRQV ÀRRG UHOLHI ZRUNV UHSDLU WR EUHDFKHV WR HPEDQNPHQWV RI URDGV
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PRQVRRQF\FORQH
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IDOVHFHLOLQJEURNHQJODVVSDQHVEORZQRII*,$&VKHHWURRIFODGGLQJGRRUVDQGUROOLQJ
shutters etc, are attended immediately.
183
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REPAIR OF RAINWATER LEAKAGE IN BUILDINGS
5RRIGUDLQDJHVRIÀDWDQGVORSHGURRIVDUHFDUULHGRXWGLIIHUHQWO\'UDLQDJHRID
ÀDWURRIUHTXLUHVPRUHDWWHQWLRQWKDQWKDWRIDVORSHGURRIDVDQ\IDFXOW\FRQVWUXFWLRQFDQ
ÀRRGWKHÀDWURRIDQGOHDGWROHDNDJHDQGFRUURVLRQRIVWHHOLQWKHURRIVODEVLQWKHURRI
VODEVLQWKHORQJUXQ+HQFHDWWHQWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQWRSURSHUGUDLQDJHRIWKHVHURRIV
6LPLODUO\GUDLQDJHRIODUJHVORSHGDUHDVDVLQLQGXVWULDOVKHGVVKRXOGEHSURSHUO\
GHWDLOHG7KHUHDUHPDQ\FDVHKLVWRULHVRIYHU\ODUJHGDPDJHVRFFXUULQJLQIDFWRULHVGXULQJ
KHDY\UDLQVGXHWRIDXOW\GHVLJQDQGEORFNLQJRIGUDLQDJHSLSHVGXHWREDGPDLQWHQDQFH
RIURRIGUDLQDJHV\VWHPV:KHQUHSDLULQJIRUDUDLQZDWHUOHDNDJHLWLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW
FRQVLGHUDWLRQWR¿QGWKHH[DFWVRXUFHRIWKHOHDNDJHDQGWKHQWUHDWLWHI¿FLHQWO\XVLQJWKH
ULJKWPDWHULDOV5HEXLOGLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHLQWKHV\VWHPWRSUHYHQWOHDNDJHLVUDWKHUFRVWO\
and in many cases, unnecessary.
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PDWHULDOVDQGHTXLSPHQWVVWRUHGLQWKHURRPV(OHFWULFDOFLUFXLWVZLWKHDUWKOHDNDJHFLUFXLW
EUDNHUV(/&%ZLOOWULSZLWKZHWZDOOV2WKHUZLVHWKHHOHFWULFOHDNDJHLQZHWZDOOVFDQ
JLYHVKRFNVDQGLVGDQJHURXVWRWKHRFFXSDQWV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQUHSDLURI
ZDWHUOHDNDJHDUHWKHIROORZLQJ
7KHPDWHULDOWKDWLVXVHGIRUUHSDLULVVXLWDEOHIRUWKHUHSDLU
7KHVRXUFHRIOHDNDJHVKRXOGEHFDUHIXOO\LGHQWL¿HGDQGUHFWL¿HG
0DWHULDO8VHGIRU:DWHUSURR¿QJ
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:DWHUSURRI FRDWLQJV RQ FRQFUHWH ZLWK VSHFLDO FRDWLQJV ZKLFK ZLWK FDSLOODU\
DFWLRQIRUPVFRPSRXQGVLQVLGHWKHFDSLOODULHVLQFRQFUHWH
:DWHUSURRIFRDWLQJVVXFKDVKRWEORZQDVSKDOW
0HPEUDQHVZLWKEORZQDVSKDOWDVLQWDUIHOW
(ODVWRPHULFFRDWLQJVZLWKHODVWRPHULFSDLQWV
(ODVWRPHULFFRDWLQJVZLWKUHLQIRUFHG¿EUHRISRO\HVWHURUJODVV¿EUHIDEULFV
IRUFUDFNEULGJLQJ
(SR[\FRPSRXQGVVXFKDVDUDOGLWH
Rainwater Leakages and Their Treatment

7KHFRPPRQO\VHHQOHDNDJHVDQGWKHLUWUHDWPHQWVDUHGLVFXVVHGIXUWKHU
/HDNDJHLQÀDWWHUUDFHURRIV
7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKHLPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
D $OOFRQFUHWHÀRDWURRIVGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEHWKRURXJKO\FXUHGE\
SRXQGLQJZDWHURYHULW$Q\OHDNDJHQRWLFHGDWWKLVVWDJHFDQEHUHFWL¿HG
HDVLO\E\FHPHQWJURXWLQJE\SRXULQJJURXWRIFRQVHFXWLYHKLJKHUFHPHQW
WLOOWKHOHDNDJHVWRSV$OWHUQDWHO\DOOWKHVXUIDFHVFDQEHJLYHQDFRDWRIKRW
EORZQDVSKDOWDIWHUFXULQJ
184
Hand Book_03.indd 184 8/20/2018 8:29:54 AM

E 7KHQHFHVVDU\VORSHIRUGUDLQDJHVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGWRWKHGUDLQSLSHSRLQWV
DQGZDWHUVKRXOGQRWVWDJQDWHDWDQ\SODFHRQWKHURRIGXULQJUDLQV
F 7KHQHFHVVDU\¿OOHWVDWFRUQHUVZKHUHWKHKRUL]RQWDOVXUIDFHQXWVDYHUWLFDO
RULQFOLQHGIDFHVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDQGZDWHUSURRIHG7KLVLWHPLVYHU\
LPSRUWDQWDQGPDQ\OHDNDJHVDORQJZDOOVDUHGXHWRGHIHDWVDWWKLVMXQFWLRQ
G $OO WKH HQWU\ SRLQWV RI UDLQZDWHU GUDLQDJH SLSHV VKRXOG SDVV WKURXJK WKH
SDUDSHW ZDOOV LI WKH\ DUH ODLG EHVLGH SDUDSHW ZDOOV DQG WKH\ VKRXOG EH
SURSHUO\GHWDLOHG(QWU\SRLQWVVKRXOGQRWEHEORFNHGZLWKOHDYHVHWF
H 7KHZDWHUSURR¿QJRIWKHURRIVKRXOGEHLQWDFWDQGDQ\FUDFNVRIH[SRVHG
VXUIDFHV RI WLOHV MRLQWV LQ WLOHV MRLQWV ZLWK RWKHU VXUIDFHV VXFK DV URRI
DQGSDUDSHWVKRXOGEHSURSHUO\JURXWHG,IQHFHVVDU\EORZQELWXPHQRU
HODVWRPHULFSDLQWVZLWK¿EUHJODVVSRO\HVWHURURWKHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWWRJLYH
JDSWRWKHFUDFNEULGJLQJVWUHQJWKWRWKHFRDWLQJV
I 9HU\ SRURXV FRQFUHWH VODEV PD\ KDYH WR EH JURXWHG XQGHU PRGHUDWH
SUHVVXUHWRPDNHLWIUHHRIYRLGV
Leakage in sloped roofs and shells:
,WLVTXLWHFRPPRQWKDWWKHVHVORSHGVXUIDFHVDUHQRWFRPSDFWHGSURSHUO\
GXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQGXHWRGLI¿FXOW\LQFRPSDFWLRQ$VWKHVXUIDFHVDUHVORSHGDQGWKH
FRQFUHWHLVGHQVHWKH\WHQGWRGUDLQZHOOGXULQJQRUPDOUDLQV+RZHYHULIWKHFRQFUHWH
LV SRURXV ZDWHU FDQ VHHS WKURXJK GXULQJ KHDY\ UDLQV DQG WKH\ WHQG WR OHDN 7KLV LV
HVSHFLDOO\ WUXH RI YDOOH\V RI VORSLQJ URRIV ZKHUH XQOHVV FRQFUHWH LV ZHOO SODFHG LW FDQ
EHFRPHSRURXV
+HQFHDOOSDUWVRIWKHVORSLQJURRIDQGLQDQ\FDVHDOOWKHYDOOH\VVKRXOGEH
FKHFNHGIRUOHDNDJHDQGJURXWHGDWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDJHLWVHOI$VWKHURRIVDUHXVXDOO\
FRYHUHGZLWKWLOHVLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRUHSDLUWKHURRIDIWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ
,WLVDGYLVDEOHDWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVWDJHLWVHOIWRDSSO\DZDWHUSURR¿QJFRDWLQJLQ
WKHIRUPRISODVWRPHULFELWXPLQRXVFRDWRUVSHFLDOFRDWLQJZKLFKZRUNRQFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHRUHODVWRPHULFSDLQWFRDWZLWK¿EUHUHLQIRUFHPHQWLIQHFHVVDU\GHSHQGLQJRQ
WKHVWDWHRIWKHFRQFUHWH$ODUJHQXPEHURIVORSHURRIHGEXLOGLQJVKDYHEHHQIRXQGWR
OHDNLQKHDY\UDLQVGXHWRODFNRIWKLVSUHFDXWLRQ
,QFDVHVZKHUHWKHURRILVYHU\SRURXVJURXWLQJZLWKFHPHQWJURXWXQGHUORZ
SUHVVXUHPD\EHQHFHVVDU\+RZHYHUWKHVHDUHH[WUHPHFDVHV
Leakage through junctions of walls and sunshades:

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D &KHFNZKHWKHUSURSHUVORSHDQGGUDLQDJHKDYHEHHQJLYHQDWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
VWDJH:DWHUVKRXOGGUDLQDZD\IURPZDOOVDQGVKRXOGQRWEHFRPHVWDJQDQW
LQWKHVXQVKDGH,QDQ\FDVHWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRYHUVXQVKDGHV
VKRXOGQRWFDXVHEORFNLQJ RIUDLQZDWHUÀRZIURPWKHVXQVKDGH7KLVLV
FRPPRQPLVWDNHPDGHLQPDQ\EXLOGLQJV$WKURDWLQJRUGULSFRXUVHDW
WKHERWWRPHQGRIVXQVKDGHVZLOOPDNHWKHGUDLQLQJZDWHUWRGULSSURSHUO\
185
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E &RQWLQXRXVORQJVXQVKDGHVZLWKRXWMRLQWVWHQGWRFUDFNDWLQWHUYDOV:DWHU
FDQÀRZWKURXJKWKHVHFUDFNVDQGWRWKHZDOOV)LOOWKHFUDFNVZLWKFUDFN
¿OOLQJELWXPLQRXVRUHODVWRPHULFFRPSRXQGV$OOOHDYHVHWFFROOHFWHGRYHU
WKH VXQVKDGHV VKRXOG EH UHPRYHG DQG VXQVKDGHV VKRXOG EH NHSW FOHDQ
EHIRUHWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQ
Leakage through wall cracks:
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$OOH[WHUQDOFUDFNVLQZDOOVVKRXOGEHGHHSHQHGWRPPDQG¿OOHGZLWKSDLQWDEOH
VHDODQW,WLVDOVRJRRGWRSDLQWH[WHUQDOZDOOVZLWKVSHFLDOZDWHUSURRIFHPHQWRUH[WHUQDO
SDLQWZKLFKFDQNHHSWKHZDOOVZDWHUSURRI6LOLFRQSDLQWVLQZDOOVFRQWDLQLQJDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ
RURWKHUHOHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQVZLOOVSUHYHQWZHWWLQJRIZDOOVGXULQJUDLQV
6HHSDJHWKURXJKMXQFWLRQRIZDOODQGURRIÀRRUVODE
:H KDYH GHDOW ZLWK WKH WRS RI URRI VODE XQGHU µOHDNDJH LQ ÀDW WHUUDFH URRIV¶
$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWSODFHWRFKHFNIRUOHDNDJHLVEHDULQJRQWKHMXQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHURRI
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7KHUHLVDSRVVLELOLW\RIFUDFNGXHWRH[SDQVLRQRIFRQFUHWHDQGPRYHPHQWRYHUWKHZDOO
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DW WKH H[WHUQDO IDFH WKH ZDWHU WKDW ÀRZV GRZQ WKH ZDOO WHQGV WR ÀRZ LQWR WKH EXLOGLQJ
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RIDEDQGDWWKDWMXQFWLRQ
7KHROGSUDFWLFHRISURYLGLQJELWXPLQRXVFUDIWSDSHUXQGHUWKHVODERQZDOOV
LVWRDYRLGWKLVWURXEOH,IVXFKOHDNDJHRFFXUVLQDQH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJWKHMRLQWKDVWREH
VHDOHGZLWKDZDWHUSURR¿QJVHDODQWRUE\DSSOLFDWLRQRIHODVWRPHULFSDLQWZLWKJODVV¿EUH
RUSRO\HVWHUIDEULFUHLQIRUFHPHQW
Leakage from external electric points. 7KHFRQGXLWVODLGIRUZLULQJIRUH[WHUQDO
OLJKW¿[WXUHVFDQDOVRIRUPVRXUFHRIOHDNDJHRIUDLQZDWHULIWKH\DUHQRWVHDOHGSURSHUO\
7KRXJKOHDNDJHWKURXJKWKHVHFRQGXLWVFDQKDSSHQLQPDQ\XQH[SHFWHGSODFHVRIWKH
EXLOGLQJ LI WKH\ DUH FRQQHFWHG WRJHWKHU $OO H[WHUQDO OLJKW SRLQWV DQG ¿WWLQJV VKRXOG EH
VHDOHGZLWKJRRGVHDODQWVDQGPDGHZDWHUSURRI
Joints of slabs and beams. -RLQWVSURYLGHGE\WKHGHVLJQHULQVODEVDQGEHDPV
VKRXOGEHSURSHUO\¿OOHGZLWKDSSURYHGMRLQW¿OOHUVDQGVKRXOGEHSURSHUO\LQVWDOOHGWRDOORZ
H[SDQVLRQDQGFRQWUDFWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUH-RLQW¿OOHUVDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPVHDODQWV
186
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CHAPTER XII
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS
Structural Audit of Old Structures:
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and whose strength might have reduced due to material deterioration. Based on the
yearly tests of each public building to be carried out, the weaker buildings which are
PRUHWKDQ\HDUVROGEHLGHQWL¿HGDQGWKH$VVLVWDQW([HFXWLYH(QJLQHHUOHYHO2I¿FHU
RIWKHGHSDUWPHQWFRQFHUQHGVKRXOGIRUZDUGWKHOLVWWRWKHVXSHULRURI¿FHURIWKHOHYHORI
((6(7KHUHDIWHUDQLQVSHFWLRQDWWKHOHYHORI6XSHULQWHQGLQJ(QJLQHHU((VKRXOGEH
FDUULHGRXWIRUDOOVXFKEXLOGLQJVDQGDWKRURXJKVWUXFWXUDODXGLWVKRXOGEHXQGHUWDNHQ
7KHGHSDUWPHQWFRQFHUQHGVKRXOGFRQVLGHUHQWUXVWLQJWKH6WUXFWXUDO$XGLWWREH
DOVRFDUULHGRXWWKURXJKDVXLWDEOH$SSURYHG,QVWLWXWLRQDJHQF\DQGWKHGHWDLOVRIZKLFK
DUHVXJJHVWHGDVXQGHU
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6WUXFWXUDO$XGLWLQJDUHDVXQGHU
STEP 1:
,WLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDW$UFKLWHFWXUDODQG6WUXFWXUDOSODQVRIWKHEXLOGLQJDUHHVVHQWLDO
,WZLOOEHKHOSIXOLIGHWDLOHGVWUXFWXUDOFDOFXODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJDVVXPSWLRQVIRUWKHVWUXFWXUDO
design are made available.
STEP 2:
,IWKH$UFKLWHFWXUDOSODQVDQG6WUXFWXUDOSODQVDUHQRWDYDLODEOHWKHVDPHFDQEH
SUHSDUHGEDVHGRQWKHVLWHREVHUYDWLRQV
STEP 3:
,QVSHFWLRQRIWKH%XLOGLQJ±$GHWDLOHGLQVSHFWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJFDQUHYHDO
WKHIROORZLQJ
$Q\VHWWOHPHQWLQWKHIRXQGDWLRQV
&UDFNVLQFROXPQVEHDPVDQGVODEV
&RQFUHWHGLVLQWHJUDWLRQDQGH[SRVHGVWHHOUHLQIRUFHPHQWVSKRWRJUDSKVFDQ
EHKHOSIXO
4. Slight tapping using hammer can reveal deterioration in concrete and
wooden beams in Madras Terrace roofs.
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6WDWXVRI%DOFRQLHV±VDJJLQJGHÀHFWLRQFUDFNV
6WDWXVRI$UFKLWHFWXUDOIHDWXUHV
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corrosion.
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187
Hand Book_03.indd 187 8/20/2018 8:29:54 AM

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STEP 4:
Preparation of Audit Report:
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STEP 5:
Tests Recommended:
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWYDULRXVWHVWVDUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHROGEXLOGLQJV7KLVZLOO
JLYHDQLGHDDERXWWKHH[WHQWRIFRUURVLRQGLVWUHVVDQGORVVRIVWUHQJWKLQFRQFUHWH VWHHO
STEP 6:
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METHODOLOGY
1. Destructive Testing:
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WKURXJKWKHFRPSRQHQWVDQGH[DPLQHWKHH[SRVHGVXUIDFHV&RPSRQHQWVFDQEHSXOOHG
RU VWUHVVHG DQG SUHVVXUL]HG XQWLO IDLOXUH WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU SURSHUWLHV RI VWUHQJWK DQG
WRXJKQHVV0DWHULDOVFDQEHFKHPLFDOO\WUHDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLUFRPSRVLWLRQ7KHVH
DUHVRPHIRUPVRIGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJ8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKLVDSSURDFKRIGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJ
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ZKLFKFDQEHSHUIRUPHGRQWKHFRPSRQHQWVDQGPDFKLQHVZLWKRXWDIIHFWLQJWKHLUVHUYLFH
SHUIRUPDQFH
2. Non Destructive Testing:
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VFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\LQGXVWU\WRHYDOXDWHWKHSURSHUWLHVRIDPDWHULDOFRPSRQHQWRU
V\VWHPZLWKRXWFDXVLQJGDPDJH7KHWHUPV1RQGHVWUXFWLYHH[DPLQDWLRQ1RQGHVWUXFWLYH
LQVSHFWLRQ DQG 1RQGHVWUXFWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ DUH DOVR FRPPRQO\ XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKLV
WHFKQRORJ\EHFDXVH1'7GRHVQRWSHUPDQHQWO\DOWHUWKHFRPSRQHQWEHLQJLQVSHFWHGLW
LVDKLJKO\YDOXDEOHWHFKQLTXHWKDWFDQVDYHERWKPRQH\DQGWLPHLQSURGXFWHYDOXDWLRQ
WURXEOHVKRRWLQJDQGUHVHDUFK&RPPRQ1'7PHWKRGVWKHIROORZLQJ
5HERXQG+DPPHU7HVW
8OWUDVRQLFSXOVH9HORFLW\8397HVWV
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WHVWVRQWKHFRUHVDPSOHV
188
Hand Book_03.indd 188 8/20/2018 8:29:54 AM

&DUERQDWLRQ7HVW
+DOIFHOOSRWHQWLDO7HVW
(YDOXDWLRQRI&KORULGHVDQG3+WKURXJKFRQFUHWHSRZGHUVDPSOHV
3URIRVFRSH6XUYH\
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FDUULHGRXWRIVXFKEXLOGLQJVWKDWDUHRYHU\HDUVRIDJHDQGDOVRIRXQGWREHVWUXFWXUDOO\
ZHDNLQWKHLQVSHFWLRQDQGVXFKRWKHUVSHFLDOFDVHVZKHUHWKHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHFHVVLW\
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may be taken by the administrative agency concerned to strengthen the building to ensure
VDIHW\RULQVWHDGgo for its demolition.
Disposal of Buildings / Survey Report
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189
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190
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CHAPTER XIII
Guidelines for Fire and Life safety Measures
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1. General Exit Requirement:
a. Every buiOGLQJPHDQWIRUKXPDQRFFXSDQF\VKDOOEHSURYLGHGZLWKH[LWVVXI¿FLHQW
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LQFDVHRIHPHUJHQFLHVDQGVKDOOOHDGWRWKHH[WHULRURIDEXLOGLQJRUWRDVWUHHW
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F $OOEXLOGLQJVVKDOOKDYHDPLQLPXPRIWZRVWDLUFDVHV7KHDFWXDOQXPEHURIH[LWV
VKDOOFRQIRUPWRWKHDFFHSWHGVWDQGDUGVRQWKHEDVLVRIRFFXSDQWORDGRIEXLOGLQJ
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institutional, business and other buildings. The treads shall be constructed and
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191
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i. The internal staircases shall be constructed with non combustible materials and
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192
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CHAPTER-XIV
PREFAB TECHONOLOGY – CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
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construction methodology etc., with a case study
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1. General:
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2. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS:
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193
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Single Tier Column Two Tier Column
b) Precast Beams
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Precast Beam (at Perimeter)
194
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c) Precast Slabs
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Precast Slab
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e) Precast Staircase
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Precast Staircase
195
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3. Assembly and Erection
a) Precast Column erection

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Precast Column Assembling Sequence
b) Precast Beam erection
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196
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Precast Beam Assembling Sequence
c) Precast Slab erection
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Precast Slab Assembling Sequence
197
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d) Structural topping concrete
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198
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4. Safety in Installation of Precast Element
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element.
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engaging a crane.
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elements
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and the signal man
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199
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200
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CHAPTER-XV
GUIDE LINES IN CONSTRUCTION FOR FIELD ENGINEERS
FOUNDATION / MAT CONCRETE
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and edges truly.
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PREPARATION OF MORTAR
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necessary cover overhead.
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weathered stones.
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ensure the verticality during construction.
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should be done.
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BRICK MASONRY
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8QEXUQWKDOIEXUQWDQGEULFNEDWVVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
+ROHVLQWKHPDVRQU\VKRXOGEH¿OOHGZLWKFRQFUHWHRQO\DQGSURSHUFDUH
VKRXOGEHWDNHQIRUFXULQJWKH¿OOHGFRQFUHWH
BASEMENT FILLING
)LOOLQJWKHEDVHPHQWZLWKH[FDYDWHGHDUWKVKRXOGEHGRQHLQOD\HUVRI
FPWKLFNZLWKSURSHUFRQVROLGDWLRQ
202
Hand Book_03.indd 202 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

%HIRUH¿OOLQJWKHEDVHPHQWWKHÀRRUDQGVLGHVRIWKHLQQHUURRPVVKRXOGEH
DSSOLHGZLWKDQWLWHUPLWHWUHDWPHQW
(QVXUHSURSHUFRQVROLGDWLRQRIEDVHPHQW¿OOLQJE\ÀRRGLQJZLWKZDWHU
$IWHUVDQG¿OOLQJIRUÀRRULQJFRQFUHWHKROHVVKRXOGEHPDGHDWHYHU\P
LQWHUYDOVIRUDSSO\LQJDQWLWHUPLWHWUHDWPHQW
FLOORING
=HUR OHYHO VKRXOG EH PDLQWDLQHG IRU ÀRRULQJ FRQFUHWH 7KH WRS VXUIDFH
VKRXOGEHOHWURXJKWRUHFHLYHÀRRU¿QLVK
8QLIRUPWKLFNQHVVRIÀRRULQJFRQFUHWHVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGE\XVLQJJDXJH
at regular intervals.
7KH FHUDPLF 9LWUL¿HG *UDQLWH ÀRRULQJ VKRXOG EH RI VSHFL¿HG WKLFNQHVV
DQGWKHPRUWDUVKRXOGEHPL[HGSURSHUO\ZLWKZDWHU'U\PRUWDUVKRXOGEH
avoided.
FORM WORKS
&DQWLOHYHUFHQWHULQJVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGIRUVXQVKDGHV
6XUIDFHRIWKHFHQWHULQJVKHHWVVKRXOGEHSODLQZLWKRXWXQGXODWLRQV
7KHUXQQHUXVHGIRUFHQWHULQJVKRXOGEHRIUHTXLUHGVL]HDQGVHWLRQ
$YRLGXVLQJZRRGHQSODQNVLQEHWZHHQFHQWHULQJVKHHWVLQVWHDGRIDGMXVWDEOH
MS sheets.
7KHMRLQWVRIWKHFHQWHULQJVKHHWVVKRXOGEHOHDGSURRI
7KHWRSVXUIDFHRIWKHFHQWHULQJVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGIRUWUXHOHYHO
&DVXDULQDSRVWVRISURSHUGLDPHWHUDWUHTXLUHGLQWHUYDOVVKRXOGEHXVHGIRU
strutting.
1REULFNVVKRXOGEHXVHGXQGHUQHDWKWKHSURSV
&URVVEUDFLQJVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDGHTXDWHO\
,QVSHFLDOFDVHVZKHUHKHDGURRPLVKLJKDFURVSDQVDQGMDFNVPD\EH
used.
,QFDVHRIFROXPQVFHQWHULQJYHUWLFDOLW\VKRXOGEHHQVXUHGZLWKVLGHVXSSRUW
on all sides.
5RXQGFRYHUEORFNVVKRXOGEHXVHGIRUFROXPQV
)RUEHDPVJDXJHVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOVDQGWKHMRLQWV
VKRXOGEHPDGHOHDNSURRI
203
Hand Book_03.indd 203 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

REINFORCEMENT
Chair rod should be used wherever necessary and should not rest directly
over the centering.
3URSHUFRYHUVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGXVLQJFRYHUEORFNVDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOV
,QFDVHRIVWLUUXSVIRUFROXPQVDQGEHDPVWKHIUHHHQGVVKRXOGEHEHQW
towards inside.
7KH IUHH HQG RI WKH VWLUUXSV VKRXOG EH SODFHG VWDJJHUHG WR KDYH PRUH
stability.
7KHFROXPQURGODSSLQJVKRXOGEHGRQHLQDVWDJJHUHGPDQQHU
CHECK LIST (REINFORCEMENTS)

:KHWKHUWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWZHUHWHVWHGIRUVWUHQJWK
:KHWKHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWVZHUHYHUL¿HGZLWKGUDZLQJ
1HFHVVDU\FRYHUEORFNVZHUHSURYLGHGRUQRW
/DSVZHUHSURYLGHGDQGGHWDLOVRIWKHQXPEHURIODSV
:KHWKHUWKHODSVZHUHVWDJJHUHG
:KHWKHUWKHODSOHQJWKZHUHDGHTXDWH
$OOWKHURGVZHUHWLHGSURSHUO\ZLWKELQGLQJZLUHDVOLNHWKHVFLVVRUVW\SH
tying method.
:KHWKHUWKHURGVZHUHEHQGDVSHUGHWDLOVLQWKH&ROXPQEHDPMXQFWLRQ
3URSHUFKDLUURGVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGVRDVWRNHHSWKHWRSOD\HURIURGVLQ
SRVLWLRQ
:KHWKHUWKHFUDGOHKRRNVDQGIDQERRNVZHUHSURYLGHGDWSURSHUORFDWLRQV
1HFHVVDU\FUDQNVZHUHSURYLGHGRUQRW
,ISRVLWLRQLQJRIURGVLVGLI¿FXOWIRUHDV\ÀRZRIFRQFUHWHQHFHVVDU\EXQGOLQJ
PWKRGVKRXOGEHDGRSWHG
)RUIXWXUHH[SDQVLRQQHFHVVDU\GRZHOURGVZHUHSURYLGHGRUQRW
'HWDLOVPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWVVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
1HFHVVDU\H[WUDURGVZHUHSURYLGHGLQWKHRSHQLQJDQGLUUHJXODUSRUWLRQ
etc.
1HFHVVDU\GRZHOURGVSURYLGHGIRUGURSVDQGOLQWHOVHWF
1HFHVVDU\VSDFHUURGVZHUHSURYLGHGIRUZDOOVGURSSRUWLRQHWF
,IDWDQ\SODFHLIWKHVSDFLQJRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWVORRNVFRPSOH[DQGGLI¿FXOW
WKHLVVXHVKRXOGEHGLVFXVVHGZLWKWKH6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHU9HUL¿HGZLWK
the detailing books.
204
Hand Book_03.indd 204 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

'RZHOURGVVKRXOGEHSURSHUO\SURWHFWHGIURPDQ\NLQGRIDFFLGHQW
:KHWKHUWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU(DUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQFHZHUHPDGH
:KHWKHUSURSHUWLHVULQJVZHUHSURYLGHGLQWKH&ROXPQEHDPMXQFWLRQ
:KHWKHU PRYHPHQW EHQFKHV ZHUH SURYLGHG WR DYRLG GLVWXUEDQFH RI WKH
steel rods.
:KHWKHUSURSHUKRRNVZHUHSURYLGHGIRUPLOGVWHHOURGV
:KHWKHUWKHURGLVIUHHIURPRLORUJUHDVH
,QWKH&ROXPQEHDPMXQFWLRQLILWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRLQVHUWWKHVWHHOULQJVWKH
URGVKRXOGEHPDGHWRµ8¶VKDSHDQGLWVKRXOGEHWLHGSURSHUO\
7KH([FHVVOHQJWKURGVKRXOGQRWH[SRVHRYHUFRQFUHWHLQVWHDGLWVKRXOG
EHFXWE\OHDYLQJSURSHUFRYHU
7KHGHYHORSPHQWOHQJWKRIWKHURGSURYLGHGIRUIXWXUHH[SDQVLRQVVKRXOG
EHFRYHUHGZLWKGHQVHPDWHULDOWRDYRLGVHHSDJHRIZDWHUDQGRWKHUZLVHLW
ZLOODIIHFWWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKHVWUXFWXUH
3ODFLQJRIURGVVKRXOGEHGRQHRQO\DIWHUSURSHUOHYHOOLQJIRUURRI
7KHH[WUDURGVSURYLGHGVKRXOGQRWFURVVWKHH[SDQVLRQMRLQW
$OOWKHURGVVKRXOGEHZHOOSODFHGLQWKHLUSRVLWLRQ
CONCRETING
&KHFNWKHPHDVXULQJER[IRUGLPHQVLRQ
7KHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVKRXOGEHDQJXODUDQGURXJKW\FXELFDO
7KHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVKRXOGEHVWDFNHGLQFOHDQSODWIRUPDQGLWVKRXOGEH
PDGHFOHDQKDUGQRQSRURXVIUHHIURPFOD\RUJDQLFPDWWHUHWF
7KHVOXPSFRQHWHVWVKRXOGEHGRQHWRHQVXUHWKHZRUNDELOLW\RIWKHFRQFUHWH
%HIRUHSODFLQJWKHFRQFUHWHWKHVXUIDFHVKRXOGEHWKRURXJKO\FOHDQHGDQG
wetted.
0HFKDQLFDOYLEUDWRURIVSHFL¿HGGLDPHWHUVKRXOGEHXVHGIRUFRPSDFWLQJ
the concrete.
$YRLGRYHUYLEUDWLRQ
7KHEHDPPHPEHUVDQGKHDY\FRQFUHWHVVKRXOGEHODLGLQOD\HUV
&RQFUHWHFXEHVVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHGIRUDOO5&&ZRUNVDVSHUWKHTXDOLW\
SODQ
7R PDLQWDLQ WKH FRQVLVWHQF\ RI WKH FRQFUHWH ODLG XVLQJ KRLVW SODVWLFL]HU
may be used.
205
Hand Book_03.indd 205 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

&XULQJRIFRQFUHWHVKRXOGEHGRQHLQDGKHUHQFHZLWKWKHFRGDOUXOHV
'RQRWVWDFNDQ\PDWHULDOVRYHUWKHJUHHQFRQFUHWH
*XQQ\EDJFXULQJPD\EHGRQHIRUJUHHQFRQFUHWHWRDYRLGGHK\GUDWLRQ
CHECKLIST FOR PLACING OF CONCRETE

3ODQ DQG GHVLJQ IRUPZRUN DQG UHLQIRUFHPHQW OD\RXW WR VXLW WKH VSHHG RI
SODFHPHQWDQGHTXLSPHQWSURSRVHGWREHXVHG
3ODQ VHTXHQFH RI HDFK OD\HU DQG ZLGWK RI WKH OD\HU DYRLGLQJ FROG MRLQWV
0DVVLYHSRXU
&RQFUHWHSODFHGDWRUDVQHDUDVSRVVLEOHWRLWV¿QDOSRVLWLRQZLWKRXWORVVRI
workability or causing segregation.
$YRLGDQFHRIKHDSLQJRIFRQFUHWH
&RQFUHWHSODFHGLQOD\HUVZLWKRXWRFFXUUHQFHRIFROGMRLQWV
&RQFUHWH GXPSHG YHUWLFDOO\ ZLWKRXW KLWWLQJ DQ\ REVWUXFWLRQ )RUP ZRUN
UHLQIRUFHPHQWHWF
9HUWLFDOGXPSLQJIUHHIDOOPD[LPXPPRIKHLJKW
$GHTXDWHGURSFKXWHVZLWKURXQGHGFURVVVHFWLRQDYDLODEOHDWVLWH
6ORSHVRILQFOLQHGFKXWHVQRWOHVVWKDQYHUWLFDOWRKRUL]RQWDO
&KXWHVRUFRQYH\RUEHOWVPRELOHHQRXJKIRUHDV\SODFHPHQW
$YDLODELOLW\RIWUHPLHSLHRUIXQQHOIRUODUJHGURSV
3ODFLQJLQOD\HUVRIXQLIRUPWKLFNQHVVEHWZHHQWRPPKRZHYHUQRW
PRUHWKDQPPLQDQ\FDVH
3ODFLQJVSHHGPDWFKHVFRPSDFWLRQVSHHG
3ODFLQJRIFRQFUHWHLQZDOOVFROXPQVDQGGHHSPHPEHUVDWDUDWHJUHDWHU
WKDQPSHUKRXU,PSURYHG¿QLVK
$YRLGDQFHRIGHOD\VLQWHUUXSWLRQDQGVWRSSDJHV
3ODFHPHQWRIXSSHUOD\HURQO\DIWHUORZHUOD\HULVZHOOFRPSDFWHG
3ODFHPHQWRIXSSHUOD\HUEHIRUHWKHORZHUOD\HUFRPPHQFHVWRKDUGHQ
)ORZRIFRQFUHWHRUFRQFUHWHSODFLQJWRFRPPHQFHIURPFRUQHUDQGHQGV
&RQFUHWHLQVODESODFHGDJDLQVWKDUGHQHGFRQFUHWHRIWKHSUHYLRXVO\FDVH
concrete slab.
)LUVWOD\HUSODFHGRUKDUGHQHGFRQFUHWHRISUHYLRXVSRXURURQURFNVXUIDFH
QRWPRUHWKDQPP
/HYHORIWRSOD\HUPDLQWDLQHGXQLIRUPO\GXULQJSODFHPHQW
206
Hand Book_03.indd 206 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

&RQFUHWHRIWRSOD\HUVOLJKWO\GULHULQFRQVLVWHQF\
3UHYHQWLRQRIEOHHGLQJE\DWWHQGLQJWRGH¿FLHQFLHVOLNHOHVV¿QHQHVVRUKLJK
VOXPS
$YDLODELOLW\ RI SURWHFWLYH FRYHUV IRU IUHVKO\ SODFHG FRQFUHWH LQ FDVH RI
XQIRUHVHHQVWRSSDJH
&OHDU YLVLELOLW\ RI GHHS DUHDV IRU LQVSHFWLRQ GXULQJ SODFLQJ 3URYLVLRQV RI
ZLQGRZVOLJKWLQJHWF
:LGWKRIZRUNLQJSODWIRUPWREHDGHTXDWH
:RUNHUVZLWKPXGG\ERRWVRUEDUHIRRWNHSWRXWRIIUHVKO\SODFHGFRQFUHWH
(QJLQHHUVVXSHUYLVRUVZRUNHUVDYDLODEOHWRFRQWLQXRXVO\LQVSHFWIRUPV
EUDFLQJVSURSVDQGRWKHUVXSSRUWV
$YDLODELOLW\ RI WHPSHUDWXUH PRQLWRULQJ GHYLFHV IRU FRQFUHWH WHPSHUDWXUH
PHDVXUHPHQW,IQHFHVVDU\RUVSHFL¿HG
,QKRWZHDWKHUDOOSODFLQJHTXLSPHQWXVHGWREHZKLWHRUOLJKWFRORXUHGDQG
covered with wet hessian.
6XLWDEOHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVGXULQJWKHSODFLQJ
:KHWKHUWDUSDXOLQRUSODVWLFFRYHUVVKRXOGEHPDGHUHDG\EHIRUHVWDUWLQJ
FRQFUHWHWRFRYHUGXULQJWKHLQWHUUXSWLRQE\UDLQ
CURING
$Q\ FRQFUHWH K\GUDWLRQ SURFHVV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW SURFHVV KDUGHQLQJ RI
FRQFUHWH
,WZLOOKDSSHQLQDFRRODWPRVSKHUHKHQFHWKHFRQFUHWHVKRXOGEHZHWWHG
SURSHUO\
,IDFRQFUHWHLVODLGLWLVOLNHDMXVWERUQFKLOG$MXVWERUQFKLOGLVQRWSURSHUO\
IHGLWZLOOGLHVRWKHFKLOGVKRXOGEHIHGSURSHUO\WRJDLQVWUHQJWKDQGJURZ
with great stamina.
/LNHWKDWLIDFRQFUHWHLVQRWSURSHUO\FXUHGLQWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHLWZLOOOHDGWR
ORVHLQLWVVWUHQJWKDQGOLIHRIWKHVWUXFWXUHZLOOJHWDIIHFWHG
WEATHERING COURSE
7KHQDPHLWVHOIGH¿QHVWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZHDWKHULQJDFWLRQWRWKHVWUXFWXUH+HQFH
WKHKDLULQWKHKXPDQERG\FDQEHFRPSDUHGWRWKLV,IWKHZHDWKHULQJFRXUVHLVQRWSURSHUO\
ODLGWKHZDWHUZLOOSHQHWUDWHLQWRWKHFRQFUHWHZKLFKFRQVHTXHQWO\ZLOOZHDNHQWKHURRI
+HQFHWKHEXLOGLQJZLWKRXWSURSHUZHDWKHULQJFRXUVHZLOODIIHFWWKHURRIRIWKHVWUXFWXUH
207
Hand Book_03.indd 207 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

7KHURRIVODEVKRXOGEHFOHDQHGIURPFXULQJSRQGPRUWDUGXVWDQGORRVHPDWHULDOV
DQGWKRURXJKO\ZHWWHGEHIRUHSODFLQJWKHZHDWKHULQJFRXUVH
7KHEULFNMHOO\WREHXVHGVKRXOGEHRIVSHFL¿HGVL]HDQGIUHHIURPGXVW7KHHIIHFW
RIOLPHVKRXOGEHWHVWHGEHIRUHXVLQJ
PRESSED TILES
The tiles laid over the weathering course can be matched with the hat on the head.
7RDYRLGGLUHFWLPSDFWWKHKDWLVSXWRQWKHKHDG/LNHZLVHWKHWLOHVDUHODLGRYHUWKH
weathering course.
8QLIRUPÀDWVXUIDFHRIWKHSUHVVHGWLOHVVKRXOGEHHQVXUHG
3UHVVHGWLOHVVKRXOGEHVRDNHGLQZDWHUIRUKRXUVEHIRUHOD\LQJ
7KHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHMRLQWVKRXOGEHXQLIRUPDQGNHSWWRDPD[LPXPRIò
inch.
7KHMRLQWRIWKHWLOHVVKRXOGEHSDFNHGLQGLYLGXDOO\LQVWHDGRIVSUHDGLQJWKH
PRUWDUDOORYHUWKHVXUIDFH
:DWHUVKRXOGEHVWDFNHGRYHUWKHSUHVVHGWLOHVDIWHUZHWWLQJWRHQVXUHWKH
water tightness.
7KHPRUWDUXVHGIRUSDFNLQJWKHMRLQWRIWKHWLOHVVKRXOGEHPL[HGZLWKZDWHU
SURR¿QJDGPL[WXUHVRUFUXGHRLO8QGXODWLRQVVKDOOEHFKHFNHGDQGDOLJQHG
GXULQJH[HFXWLRQ
$OOWKHHGJHWLOHVQHDUWKHSDUDSHWZDOOVKRXOGEXWWLQWRSDUDSHWZDOO
)ODVKLQJWLOHVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGZLWKFXUYHGERUGHUVDWWKHWRS
3URSHUEHOOPRXWKVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGIRUUDLQZDWHUSLSHVDQGIUHHÀRZRI
water.
7KHUDLQZDWHUSLSHVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGWRIXOOZLGWKRIWKHSDUDSHWZDOOIRU
IUHHÀRZRIZDWHU
$IWHUOD\LQJSUHVVHGWLOHVGRQRWPL[PRUWDUFRQFUHWHRYHUWKHWLOHV
PLASTERING
%HIRUHSODVWHULQJHQVXUHWKDWWKHHQWLUHURRPLV¿WIRUSODVWHULQJLH¿[LQJ
RIMRLQHULHVFRQFHDOLQJHOHFWULFDOOLQHVHWF
$OOFRQFUHWHVXUIDFHVVKRXOGEHKDFNHGDWFORVHGLQWHUYDOV
7KHEULFNZDOOVKRXOGEHWKRURXJKO\FOHDQHGDQGZHWWHUEHIRUHSODVWHULQJ
7RPDLQWDLQXQLIRUPWKLFNQHVVRISODVWHULQJEXWWRQVDWUHJXODULQWHUYDOVPD\
EHSURYLGHG
208
Hand Book_03.indd 208 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

7KH LQQHU ZDOO SODVWHULQJ VKRXOG EH ¿QLVKLQJ VPRRWKO\ ZKLOH WKH RXWHU
VXUIDFHDQGFHLOLQJVKRXOGEH¿QLVKHGZLWKPHGLXPURXJKQHVV
$OOFRUQHUVRIWKHZDOOVDQGHGJHVVKRXOGEH¿QLVKHGZLWKULFKPRUWDU
$EHQGPD\EH¿[HGLQSRVLWLRQDWÀRRUOHYHOIRUUDLQZDWHU(QVXUHSURSHU
SDFNLQJRIVRLODQGZDVWHZDWHUSLSHKROHVLQZDOOEHIRUHSODVWHULQJ
$YRLGFKLSSLQJRISODVWHUHGVXUIDFH
7KHWRSVXUIDFHRIWKHSDUDSHWZDOOVKRXOGEH¿QLVKHGZLWKLQZDUGVORSHIRU
main water.
FLOOR FINISHING
7KHÀRRUVKRXOGEHPDGHIUHHIURPGXVWORRVHSDUWLFXODUVDQGGHDGPRUWDUV
EHIRUHOD\LQJWKHÀRRU¿QLVK
5HTXLUHGOHYHORIWKHÀRRU¿QLVKVKRXOGEHHQVXUHGE\SURYLGLQJEXWWRQV
,QEDWKURRPVDQGWRLOHWWKHÀRRUWLOHVVKRXOGEHEXWWLQWRWKHZDOODQGWKH
ZDOOGDGRLQJWLOHVVKRXOGUHVWRYHUWKHÀRRUWLOHV
ELECTRICAL WORKS
7KHGHWDLOHGHOHFWULFDOOD\RXWVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHGDQGJRWDSSURYHGEHIRUH
H[HFXWLRQ
:DOO FXWWLQJ IRU FRQFHDOLQJ WKH HOHFWULFDO FRQGXLW SLSHV VKRXOG EH GRQH
SHUSHQGLFXODUO\DQGFRQGXLWSLSHVVKRXOGEHWLHVZLWKQDLODQGELQGLQJZLUH
EHIRUHSODVWHULQJ
7KHJDSVLQZDOODIWHUFXWWLQJDQGSODFLQJRIFRQGXLWSLSHVVKRXOGEH¿OOHG
ZLWKPRUWDUPL[HGZLWKFKLSV&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRFXUHWKH¿OOHGXS
SRUWLRQV
7KH39&FRQGXLWSLSHVXVHGIRUHOHFWULFDOZLULQJVKRXOGEHRIKHDY\GXW\
with ISI mark.
7KHPHWDOVZLWFKER[HVWREHXVHGVKRXOGEHRIJDXJHWKLFNQHVV7KHUH
VKRXOGQRWEHDQ\KROHDWWKHUHDUVLGHRIWKHVZLWFKER[WRDYRLGORRSLQJLQ
wiring.
&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQZKLOH¿[LQJWKHVZLWFKER[WKDWDOOWKHLQQHUVLGHVDUH
SURSHUO\ SDFNHG ZLWK PRUWDU ZLWKRXW DQ\ JDS LQVLGH %HIRUH ¿[LQJ PHWDO
ER[HVHQVXUHWKDWDOOWKHER[HVDUHSDLQWHGZLWKSULPHUFRDW
7KHERWWRPRIWKHVZLWFKER[HVVKRXOGEH¿[HGDWPDERYHWKHÀRRU
OHYHO)RUFRQYHQLHQWSOXJV79SOXJV$&SRLQWVWKHWRSRIWKHER[VKRXOG
EHWDNHQWKDWVZLWFKER[HVDUH¿[HGLQFRUUHFWSRVLWLRQ
:KLOHOD\LQJURRIFRQFUHWHEURNHQ39&FRQGXLWSLSHVVKRXOGEHUHSODFHG
WKHQ DQG WKHUH DQG WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH HOHFWULFLDQV GXULQJ FRQFUHWLQJ LV
FRPSXOVRU\WRDWWHQGWKHDERYHZRUNV
209
Hand Book_03.indd 209 8/20/2018 8:29:56 AM

&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQZKLOHSRVLWLRQLQJRIIDQKRRNVER[HVFUDGOHKRRNV
7KHIDQKRRNVVKRXOGEH¿[HGDWWKHFHQWUHRIURRPGHGXFWLQJWKHORIWDUHD
LIDQ\ZLWKDFOHDQVZHHSRIPDQGIRUFUDGOHKRRNLWVKRXOGEH¿[HG
PLQLPXPFPVDZD\IURPWKHZDOOV
3HULRGLFDO FKHFN VKRXOG EH PDGH WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH DSSURYHG FDEOH KDV
EHHQXVHGIRUHQWLUHOHQJWKRIHDFKSRLQWWRDYRLGORRSLQJZLWKVXEVWDQGDUG
cables.
7KUHHSLQFHLOLQJURVHVKRXOGEHXVHGWRHQVXUHWKDWDOOWKHSRLQWVVKRXOG
KDYHZLUHVIRUSKDVHQHXWUDODQGHDUWK
/RRSLQJRIFDEOHVVKRXOGEHVWULFWO\DYRLGHGDQGWKHUXQRIIZLUHIRUHDFK
ER[ VKRXOG EH WDNHQ IURPWKH QHDUHVW MXQFWLRQ ER[ )RU DPSV SRZHU
SOXJ$&SOXJUXQRIIVKRXOGEHWDNHQVHSDUDWHO\IURPWKHPDLQERDUG
ELCB.
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WKRURXJKO\FOHDQHGDQGLIUHTXLUHGRQHPRUHSULPHUFRDWVKRXOGEHDSSOLHG
8WPRVW FDUH VKRXOG EH WDNHQ IRU FRQVWUXFWLQJ HDUWKLQJ VWDWLRQ DV SHU WKH
standards.
8*FDEOHVVKRXOGEHODLGDWDPLQLPXPGHSWKRIFPIURPJURXQGOHYHO
ZLWKUHTXLUHGVDQG¿OOLQJDQGEULFNEDWV-RLQWVLQ8*FDEOHDWDQ\SRLQW
should not be allowed.
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IXQFWLRQLQJ
PLUMBING
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PDLQOLQHVVKXOGEHGHVLJQHGZHOOLQDGYDQFHEHIRUHVWDUWLQJWKHZRUN$
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,QDQ\FDVHLIKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVFRXOGQRWEHDYRLGHGLWVKRXOGEHFRQFHDOHG
$GHTXDWHFODPSVVKRXOGEHSURYLGHGDWFORVHULQWHUYDOV
%HIRUH¿[LQJRIYHUWLFDODGKRUL]RQWDOSLSHOLQHVWKHYHUWLFDOLW\DQGVWUDLJKWQHVV
RIWKHSLSHVVKRXOGEHHQVXUHGE\PDNLQJYHUWLFDODQGKRUL]RQWDOPDUNLQJ
OLQHVRQWKHSODVWHUHGVXUIDFH
0DNLQJKROHVLQWKHZDOOVIRUWDNLQJSLSHOLQHVLQVLGHVKRXOGEHGRQHIURP
RXWVLGHDQGDQDSSUR[LPDWHFLUFXODUPDUNPD\EHPDGHDWWKHLQQHUZDOOV
XVLQJFKLVHOVWRDYRLGH[FHVVLYHGDPDJHLQSODVWHUHGZDOODQGVSUHDGLQJRI
SODVWHULQJFUDFNV
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210
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211
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214
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CHAPTER-XVI
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL POINTS
16. 1 Concrete grades for Coastal & Non-Coastal areas –Instructions

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Exposure For Reinforced Concrete
Sl. No
condition Minimum Grade of Concrete
1 Mild M20
2 Moderate M25
3 Severe M30
4 Very severe M35
5 Extreme M40
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SI.No Environment Exposure conditions
(1) (2) (3)
i) Mild Concrete surfaces protected against
weather or aggressive condition, except
those situated in coastal area
ii) Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe
rain or freezing whilst wet.
Concrete exposed to condensation and
rain.
Concrete continuously under water.
Concrete in contact or buried under non-
aggressive soil / ground water.
Concrete surfaces sheltered from
saturated salt air in coastal area
iii) Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain,
alternate wetting and drying or occasional
freezing whilst wet or severe condensation
Concrete completely immersed in sea
water.
Concrete exposed to coastal environment.
iv) Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water
spray, correction fumes or severe freezing
condition whilst wet.
Concrete in contact with or buried under
aggressive sub-oil / ground water.
v) Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone.
Members in direct contact with liquid /
solid aggressive chemicals.
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Sl. No Exposure condition Grade of Concrete Distance from Sea Water Front
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216
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16. 2 Condition Assessment of Concrete in the RC Structural Elements of
the Working Women’s Hostel Building of the SWD at Adyar, Chennai
- CASE STUDY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
M/s Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC), Chennai intended to assess the condition of
concrete in the Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structural Elements of the Working Women’s
Hostel Building of the Social Welfare Department (SWD) at Adyar, Chennai. A consultancy
project proposal on “Condition Assessment of Concrete in the RC Structural Elements of
the Working Women’s Hostel Building of the SWD at Adyar, Chennai” was submitted by
M/s Hitech Concrete Solutions Chennai Private Limited, Chennai. M/s GCC, Chennai
confirmed the scope of work and entrusted the work to M/s Hitech Concrete Solutions
Chennai Private Limited, Chennai. The site investigation to assess the condition of
concrete in the RC Structural Elements of the Working Women’s Hostel Building of SWD at
Adyar was carried out by M/s Hitech Concrete Solutions Chennai Private Limited, Chennai
on 19-04-2018. This report outlines the details of the site investigation carried out to
assess the quality of concrete and the Rehabilitation Methodology to be adopted for the
distressed structural elements.
2.0 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK
The following is the scope of work:
x Core test to evaluate the equivalent cube compressive strength of the concrete -
– 6 Nos.
x Carbonation test on 6 core samples
x Half-cell Potential Test – 7 locations
x Evaluation of chlorides & pH through concrete powder samples – 6 locations
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE
The structure is a Reinforced Concrete framed structure with Ground + 2 floors. Photo 1
shows a view of the Working Women’s Hostel Building of the SWD at Adyar. Fig. 1 gives
the typical lay out of the Women’s Hostel Building at Adyar.
Photo 1 A View of the Women’s Hostel Building at Adyar, Chennai

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4.0 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
The following are the distresses noticed during the visual inspection of the Working
Women’s Hostel Building.
x Spalling of concrete and exposure of rebars was noticed in the RC roof slab in the
second floor near the staircase (Photo 2).
x Spalling of concrete and exposure of rebars was noticed in the RC roof slab &
RC Beams in one of the rooms in the second floor of the building (Photo 3).
x Minor spalling of concrete and exposure of rebars was noticed in the RC roof slab
of one of the rooms in the second floor of the building (Photo 4).
x Cracks were noticed in the parent RC slab after removal of weathering course in
the terrace.
x Minor cracks were noticed in a RC Column of staircase in the ground floor.
x It was observed that the distress was mostly confined to the second floor roof slab
probably due to damaged weathering course and consequent water seepage from
the terrace of the building. At the time of the inspection, the damaged weathering
course is being removed (Photo 5) and action has been initiated for the
waterproofing.
Photo 2 A view of the spalling of concrete & exposure of rebars noticed in the RC Roof
slab near staircase at second floor
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Photo 3 A view of the spalling of concrete & exposure of rebars noticed in the RC Roof
slab & RC Beam in one of the rooms at second floor
Photo 4 A view of the minor spalling of concrete & exposure of rebars noticed in the
RC Roof slab in one of the rooms at second floor
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Photo 5 A view of the weathring course being removed
5.0 INVESTIGATION AT SITE
5.1 Choice of Test Method
The following test methods were employed to assess the quality of concrete in the
RC Structural Elements of the Working Women’s Hostel Building at Adyar:
1. Core Drilling Test

2. Carbonation Test
3. Half Cell Potential test
4. Determination of chlorides and pH
5.2 Core Sampling of Concrete
Concrete core samples were extracted from the selected RC structural elements in the
various floors (Photo 6). The diameter of the core samples that were extracted was
69 mm. A Profometer was used to identify the locations of the reinforcement in the
RC structural elements that were chosen for the core test. Concrete core samples were
drilled from 2 RC columns, 2 RC beams and 2 locations in the RC slab of the various
floors. In all, 6 concrete core samples were extracted from the RC structural elements of
the Working Women’s Hostel Building.
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Photo 6 A view of the core drilling test in progress in a RC beam at the Ground floor
Immediately after the extraction of the concrete core samples, they were tested to
check for carbonation. The cylindrical concrete core samples were sprayed with 1%
solution of phenolphthalein in alcohol indicator. If the sprayed portion results in
colourless surface, it indicates the extent of carbonation (Photo 7). Table 1 gives the
results of test for presence of carbonation in the concrete core samples.
Photo 7 A view of the carbonation test in the extracted core sample
The ends of the concrete core samples were dressed by cutting the edges suitably in the
laboratory and the cylindrical test specimens of size 69 mm diameter and of sufficient
length were cut from the core samples for testing them to obtain the compressive
strength of concrete. UPV tests were conducted on the 6 core samples. The cylindrical
test specimens were then capped with a sulphur compound and tested in a 1000 kN
Universal testing machine to obtain their compressive strength.
221
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The equivalent cube compressive strength was calculated after applying the correction
factor for l/d ratio, cylinder to cube conversion factor of 1.25, and an additional factor of
1.08, which is suggested by SP-24 to account for the size effect in case cores of diameter
smaller than 95 mm are extracted. It should be noted that SP-24 was used in conjunction
with IS 456:1978 and is not in use today because of the change in the concrete code to
the new IS 456:2000. Nevertheless, the factor of 1.08 is legitimate from the point of view
of accounting for the size effect. The equivalent cube compressive strength of concrete
core samples is given in Table 1.
Table 1 Detailed Results of the Core and Carbonation Test
Equivalent
Dia. of the Length of
UPV Carbonatio cube
SI. core the core
Member Identification in n depth in compressive
No. sample in sample in
km/s mm strength
mm mm
(N/mm2)
RC Column – Ground
1 69 85 3.96 70 25.9
Floor – Near Staircase
70 mm on
one face
and 80 mm
3 RC beam – Ground Floor 69 138 3.91 7.3
on the
other face
of the core
240 mm
for the
RC Column – 1st Floor –
2 69 138 3.87 entire 8.6
Near Staircase
depth of
the core
RC slab – 1st Floor Roof
5 69 105 3.74 70mm 24.0
Slab
80 mm on
both the
4 RC beam – 2nd Floor 69 138 3.81 10.1
faces of
the core
RC slab – 2nd Floor Roof
6 69 100 3.83 20 mm 14.8
Slab
5.3 Half-cell Potential Test
This method covers the estimation of electrical half cell potential of reinforcing steel in
concrete for the purpose of determining the corrosion activity of the reinforcing steel.
A copper-copper sulphate (Cu-CuSo4) electrode (reference electrode) was used to
measure the half cell potential. It consists of a rigid tube that is non-reactive with copper
or copper sulphate, a porous sponge placed at the conduct end that remains wet by
capillary reaction and a copper rod that is immersed within the tube in a saturated
solution of copper sulphate. The solution was prepared with reagent grade copper
sulphate crystals dissolved in distilled water. The solution was considered super saturated
when an excess of crystal (undissolved) lies at the bottom of the solution.
ϲ
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Half-cell potentiometer works on the principle of measuring voltage in the circuit of
reinforcement and cover concrete using Copper Sulphate Half-Cell. This method
essentially consists of measurement of the absolute potential of the concrete with
reference to the reference electrode. The reference guidelines for the probability of
corrosion ASTM C-876 [1] is presented in the Table 2.
Table 2 Reference guidelines for probability of corrosion (ASTM C-876)
Sl. No Measured Potential Difference Probability for Corrosion

There is a greater than 90 % probability that
1 More negative than (-) 350 mV reinforcing steel corrosion is occurring in that
area at the time of measurement.
Corrosion activity of the reinforcing steel in the
2 Between (-) 200 mV to (-) 350 mV
area is uncertain.
Greater than 90 % probability that no
3 More positive than (-) 200 mV reinforcing steel corrosion is occurring in that
area at the time of measurement.
The half-cell potential test was conducted in 7 selected RC structural elements of the
various floors of the Hostel Building. It is a pre-requisite that the structural elements that
are to be subjected to half cell measurements have to be fully saturated during the
measurements and hence the structural elements were pre-wetted before taking the
readings (Photo 8). Even though this method has limitations, it is still widely used and is
being recognized to be a useful tool for assessing the probability of corrosion. Table 3
gives the results of the half-cell potentials.
Photo 8 Half-cell potential test in progress in a RC column of the Ground floor
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Table 3 Half Cell Potential Test Results
Sl. No Location Half Cell Potential Readings in mV

Ground Floor
1 RC column - Room No 1 -259, -286, -310, -285, -290, -315, -318, -340, -219, -262
RC beam - Room No 1 –
2 -276, -282, -225, -296, -275, -252, -260, -284, -285, -305
Ground Floor
First Floor
3 RC column - Room No 29 -186, -172, -215, -184, -224, -269, -211, -192, -205, -154
4 RC beam - Room No 27 -225, -220, -262, -254, -264, -250, -214, -228, -232, -280
Second Floor
RC column – Near
5 -350, -321, -386, -255, -290, -386, -399, -316, -350, -300
Bathroom
6 RC slab – Good location -277, -205, -256, -222, -290, -200, -224, -250, -184, -199
RC slab – Room No 46 –
7 -350, -306, -388, -390, -324, -379, -300, -301, -290, -300
Damaged
5.4 Evaluation of Chlorides and pH
Concrete samples in powder form were drawn from 6 selected RC structural elements of
the various floors using a masonry drilling machine (Photo 9). These samples were
collected for chemical analysis to check for the presence of aggressive chemical agents,
such as, chlorides and pH. Table 4 gives the results of chloride and pH levels in concrete
for the 6 locations of the RC structural elements of the various floors.
Photo 9 A view of the powder sample was extracted from a RC column
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Table 4 Results of Chloride Test & pH
Sl. Member Chloride Content

pH Stipulation
No. Identification in (kg/m3)
RC column - Room No 1 –
1 0.5 11.93
Ground Floor
RC beam - Room No 1 –
2 0.3 12.20
Ground Floor Maximum Chloride
RC column - Room No 29 content in concrete shall
3 0.9 11.18
– 1st Floor not exceed 0.6 kg/m3 by
RC beam - Room No 27 – weight of concrete at the
4 0.8 11.52
1st Floor time of placing as per
RC column – 2nd Floor – IS: 456-2000.
5 0.6 11.71
Near Bathroom
RC slab – Room No 46 -
6 0.4 12.12
2nd Floor
6.0 EVALUATION OF THE TEST RESULTS
The results of the NDT tests conducted in the RC structural elements of the various floors
of the Working Women’s Hostel Building are discussed in the following sections.
6.1 Tests on the Concrete Core Samples
6.1.1 Assessment of carbonation
The concrete core samples, immediately after extraction were tested for carbonation.
It is seen from Table 1 that the carbonation depth of the concrete core samples
extracted from the 6 RC structural elements varies between 20 mm and 240 mm.
6.1.2 Compressive strength test
The concrete core samples were subjected to compressive strength test in a Universal
Testing Machine of 1000 kN capacity. Results of the compressive strength tests of core
samples are given in Table 1.
The equivalent cube compressive strength of concrete in the 6 RC structural elements are
25.9 MPa, 7.3 MPa, 8.6 MPa, 24.0 MPa, 10.1 MPa and 14.8 MPa respectively. This may be
submitted to the designer/consultant for his comments.
6.2 Half Cell Potential Test
It is seen from Table 3 that the half-cell potentials in a majority of the locations of the
selected RC structural elements of the ground floor and 1st floor as well as the good
location of the RC slab in the second floor are between -200 mV and – 350 mV indicating
that the corrosion activity of the reinforcing steel in the area is uncertain at the time of
measurement as per the reference guidelines of ASTM C-876.
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It is seen from Table 3 that the half-cell potentials in the remaining locations of the
structural elements of the second floor are above – 350 mV indicating that there is a
greater than 90 % probability that reinforcing steel corrosion is occurring in that area at
the time of measurement as per the reference guidelines of ASTM C-876.
6.3 Chemical Analysis of Concrete Powder Samples
It is found from Table 4 that the chloride contents of the samples drawn from the
6 selected RC structural elements of the various floors are in the range of 0.3 to
0.9 kg/m3 compared to a permissible value of 0.6 kg/m3 at the time of placing as
specified in IS: 456-2000 [2].
The pH of the concrete samples extracted from the 6 selected RC structural elements of
the various floors is between 11.18 and 12.20 and this indicates a marginal reduction in
alkalinity.
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
It was observed from the visual observations that the distress was mostly confined to the
second floor roof slab probably due to damaged weathering course and consequent water
seepage from the terrace of the building. At the time of the inspection, the damaged
weathering course is being removed and action has been initiated for the waterproofing.
The half-cell potentials in most of the RC Structural elements in the second floor are
above –350 mV indicating that there is a greater than 90 % probability that reinforcing
steel corrosion is occurring in that area at the time of measurement as per the reference
guidelines of ASTM C-876. The chloride contents in the RC structural elements are in the
range of 0.3 to 0.9 kg/m3 compared to a permissible value of 0.6 kg/m3 at the time of
placing as specified in IS: 456-2000. The pH of the concrete samples in the RC structural
elements indicates a significant reduction in the alkalinity.
The corrosion of the rebars may be attributed to the ingress of both chlorides and carbon
di oxide. The carbonation test also revealed that diffusion of carbon di oxide front has
reached the rebars.
Hence, it is recommended to rehabilitate the minor distress noticed in the RC Structural

Elements in the various floors using Polymer Modified Mortar as per the Methodology A
given in Annexure I.
It is also recommended to rehabilitate the severely distressed RC Slab in the second floor
using Micro Concrete Jacketing as per the Methodology B given in Annexure I.
In view of the low equivalent cube compressive strengths of the concrete obtained in the
RC columns and RC beams, the opinion of the Designer/consultant may be obtained to
increase the load carrying capacity of the RC columns and RC beams through Micro
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Concrete Jacketing or Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) Wrapping. The
rehabilitation methodology for the Micro concrete jacketing is given in Methodology C &
D in Annexure I. The rehabilitation methodology for CFRP wrapping is given in
Methodology E in Annexure I.
8.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Based on the results of the core drilling test, carbonation test, Half-cell potential test
and powder sample test carried out on the RC structural elements of the various floors of
the Working Women’s Hostel Building of the SWD at Adyar, Chennai and the following
conclusions are made:
x The carbonation depth of the concrete core samples extracted from the 6 RC
structural elements varies between 20 mm and 240 mm.
x The equivalent cube compressive strength of concrete in the 6 RC structural

elements are 25.9 MPa, 7.3 MPa, 8.6 MPa, 24.0 MPa, 10.1 MPa and 14.8 MPa
respectively. This may be submitted to the designer/consultant for his comments.
x The half-cell potentials in a majority of the locations of the selected RC structural

elements of the ground floor and 1st floor as well as the good location of the RC
slab in the second floor are between -200 mV and – 350 mV indicating that the
corrosion activity of the reinforcing steel in the area is uncertain at the time of
x The half-cell potentials in the remaining locations of the structural elements of the
second floor are above – 350 mV indicating that there is a greater than 90 %
probability that reinforcing steel corrosion is occurring in that area at the time of
x The chloride contents of the samples drawn from the 6 selected RC structural
elements of the various floors are in the range of 0.3 to 0.9 kg/m3 compared to a
permissible value of 0.6 kg/m3 at the time of placing as specified in IS: 456-2000.
x The pH of the concrete samples extracted from the 6 selected RC structural

elements of the various floors is between 11.18 and 12.20 and this indicates a
marginal reduction in alkalinity.
x It is recommended to rehabilitate the minor distress noticed in the RC Structural

Elements in the various floors using Polymer Modified Mortar as per the
Methodology A given in Annexure I.
x It is also recommended to rehabilitate the severely distressed RC Slab in the

second floor using Micro Concrete Jacketing as per the Methodology B given in
Annexure I.
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x In view of the low equivalent cube compressive strengths of the concrete obtained
in the RC columns and RC beams, the opinion of the Designer/consultant may be
obtained to increase the load carrying capacity of the RC columns and RC beams
through Micro Concrete Jacketing or Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)
Wrapping. The rehabilitation methodology for the Micro concrete jacketing is given
in Methodology C & D in Annexure I. The rehabilitation methodology for CFRP
wrapping is given in Methodology E in Annexure I.
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Annexure I
Rehabilitation Methodology
Methodology A
Isolated Patch Repair using Polymer Modified Mortar
Stage 1
Remove the damaged concrete portions in the RC elements completely till the
reinforcement is exposed from the member carefully with mechanical
arrangements and hand chiselling. Clean the surface to remove loose
dust/particles.
Stage 2
Application of anti-corrosive coating
Clean the reinforcement and apply the anticorrosive coating like Nitozinc primer
(manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent). In case the existing rods
have undergone 30% loss in diameter, provide additional reinforcement and
suitably connect it to the core concrete through shear connectors.
Stage 3
Provision of epoxy jointing compound
Prepare the surface suitably using an epoxy-based bond coat like Nitobond EP
(manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent) so that the repair material
may bond well with existing /old concrete. Manufacturer’s instructions/
specifications are to be followed for the epoxy bond coat.
Stage 4
After the application of the bond coat, Polymer Modified Mortar (Nitobond SBR
manufactured by M/s Fosroc chemicals or equivalent) may be prepared as follows:
x Cement and sand (sieved) shall be mixed in the ratio of 1:3 and 1 litre of
Nitobond SBR per bag of cement (or any equivalent product) shall be added to
the above mortar mix and applied to the primed concrete surface using a
trowel. The dosage of SBR shall be 1 litre per bag of cement.
Stage 5
x The surface shall be finished neatly to the required line and length and cured.
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Methodology B
Rehabilitation of corroded slab using micro-concrete jacketing
Concrete jacketing for the slab
1. Strengthening is to be done using micro concrete.

2. Provide cores from the slab of about 77 mm diameter to facilitate the pouring of
micro concrete.
Stages of repair
Stage 1
Remove the damaged concrete portions completely till the reinforcement is

exposed from the member carefully with mechanical arrangements and hand
chiselling. Clean the surface to remove loose dust/particles.
Stage 2
Anchoring shear connectors into existing slab
1. Shear connectors in the form of ‘L-shaped’ bars has to be anchored into the
existing concrete to ensure integral action of the reinforced concrete jacket
portion with the hardened core concrete of the existing beam.
2. Drill holes not less than 75 mm depth (long) into the members from the surface
(Perpendicular to the surface) taking care not to damage the existing steel
reinforcements in the column. The positioning of the holes has to be staggered
along the perimeter and length of the beam.
3. Clean the holes with a jet of compressed air and remove the loose dust particles
thoroughly.
4. Use chemical resin type capsules (Lokfix S manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals
(I) Pvt. Ltd or equivalent) for anchoring/fixing dowel bars into the holes to serve as
shear connectors.
5. Adopt at least 10-mm dia. HSD bars as shear connectors for which 12 mm dia holes
may be needed.
6. Provide additional reinforcement in case the existing rods have undergone 30% loss
in diameter.
7. The additional reinforcement will be connected to the shear connectors already
provided
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Stage 3
Apply the metallic based (preferably zinc based) anticorrosive coating like Nitozinc
primer (manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent) to the old and new
reinforcement after cleaning them.
Stage 4
Provision of Galvanic protection
Provide Galvanic protection system like Galvashield XPI or equivalent as per the
design spacing based on the percentage of reinforcement available in the
RC elements.
Stage 5
Prepare the slab surface suitably using an epoxy based bond coat like Nitobond EP
(manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent), so that the jacketed
concrete may bond well with existing/old concrete. Manufacturer’s
instructions/specifications are to be followed for the epoxy bond coat.
Stage 6
Provision of water tight shuttering
Suitable shuttering (leak proof) system has to be placed in position for the jacket
portion of the member in stages and micro concrete as per specifications has to be
placed into the form work of the jacket portion. Care has to be taken so that the
micro-concrete used does not flow out of the shuttering.
Stage 7
The preparation of the micro concrete (Rendroc RG manufactured by M/s Fosroc

Chemicals or equivalent), placing, compaction and curing for the same should be
as per manufacturers specification. The micro concrete may be placed using the
77 mm diameter cores already provided in the RC slab. The micro concrete used
for jacketing should have a minimum characteristic compressive strength of 45 MPa
at 28 days. Cure the same after removal of the shutter.
Stage 8
After the concrete in the jacket portion of the slab in the particular stage has
attained its strength, the props placed for supporting the corresponding beams are
to be removed.
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Methodology C (to be decided by the Designer/Consultant)
Rehabilitation of RC Column by Micro Concrete Jacketing
Micro concrete jacketing for RC columns
1. Strengthening is to be done using micro concrete

2. Support the slab & beam which is contributing the load for the column under
rehabilitation.
Stages of repair
Stage 1
x Remove the damaged concrete portions completely till the reinforcement is
Stage 2
Anchoring shear connectors into existing column
x Shear connectors in the form of ‘L-shaped’ bars has to be anchored into the
portion with the hardened core concrete of the existing column.
x Drill holes not less than 75 mm depth (long) into the members from the surface
along the perimeter and height of the column. The vertical spacing of shear
connectors should be less than 300 mm for all the sides of the member.
x Clean the holes with a jet of compressed air and remove the loose dust particles
thoroughly.
x Use chemical resin type capsules marketed by reputed firms. (E.g. Fosroc
Chemicals (I) Pvt. Ltd. or equivalent) for anchoring/fixing dowel bars into the
holes to serve as shear connectors.
x Adopt at least 10-mm dia. HSD bars as shear connectors for which 12-mm dia holes
may be needed.
x Provide additional main and shear stirrup reinforcement in case the existing rods
have undergone 30% loss in diameter.
x The additional reinforcement may be connected to the shear connectors already
provided
Stage 3
x Clean the reinforcement and apply the anticorrosive coating like Nitozinc primer
manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent as per the standard
manufacturer’s specification.
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Stage 4
x Prepare the columns surface suitably using an epoxy-based bond coat, so that the
jacketed concrete may bond well with existing/old concrete. Manufacturer’s
instructions/specifications are to be followed for the epoxy bond coat like
Nitobond EP manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent.
Stage 5
x Suitable shuttering (leak proof) system has to be placed in position for the jacket
portion of the members in stages and micro concrete as per specifications has to
be placed into the form work of the jacket portion. Care has to be taken so that
the micro-concrete used does not flow out of the shuttering.
Stage 6
x The preparation of the micro concrete (Rendroc RG manufactured by M/s Fosroc
as per manufacturers specification. The micro concrete used for jacketing should
have a minimum characteristic compressive strength of 45 MPa at 28 days.
Stage 7
x After the concrete in the jacket portion of the columns in the particular stage has
to be removed.
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Methodology D (to be decided by the Designer/Consultant)
Rehabilitation Methodology for Beam using Micro Concrete Jacketing
Concrete jacketing for the beams
1. Strengthening is to be done using micro concrete

2. Support the slab which is contributing the load for the beam under rehabilitation.
3. Provide cores from the slab of about 77 mm diameter to facilitate the pouring of
micro concrete.
Stages of repair
Stage 1
Remove the damaged concrete portions completely till the reinforcement is
Stage 2
Anchoring shear connectors into existing beam
1. Shear connectors in the form of ‘L-shaped’ bars has to be anchored into the
portion with the hardened core concrete of the existing beam.
2. Drill holes not less than 75 mm depth (long) into the members from the surface
along the perimeter and length of the beam.
3. Clean the holes with a jet of compressed air and remove the loose dust particles
thoroughly.
4. Use chemical resin type capsules (Lokfix S manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals
(I) Pvt. Ltd or Equivalent) for anchoring/fixing dowel bars into the holes to serve as
shear connectors.
5.Adopt at least 8-mm dia. HSD bars as shear connectors for which 12-mm dia holes
may be needed.
6. Provide additional main and shear stirrup reinforcement in case the existing rods
have undergone 30% loss in diameter.
7. The additional reinforcement may be connected to the shear connectors already
provided
Stage 3
Clean the reinforcement and apply the anticorrosive coating like Nitozinc primer
(manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent) to the old and new
reinforcement.
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Stage 4
Prepare the beam surface suitably using an epoxy based bond coat like
Nitobond EP (manufactured by M/s Fosroc Chemicals or equivalent), so that the
jacketed concrete may bond well with existing/old concrete. Manufacturer’s
instructions/specifications are to be followed for the epoxy bond coat.
Stage 5
Suitable shuttering (leak proof) system has to be placed in position for the jacket
portion of the members in stages and micro concrete as per specifications has to
be placed into the form work of the jacket portion. Care has to be taken so that
the micro-concrete used does not flow out of the shuttering.
Stage 6
The preparation of the Micro concrete (Rendroc RG manufactured by M/s Fosroc

as per manufacturers specification. The micro concrete used for jacketing should
have a minimum characteristic compressive strength of 45 MPa at 28 days. Cure
the same after removal of the shutter.
Stage 7
After the concrete in the jacket portion of the beam in the particular stage has
to be removed.
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Methodology E
Strengthening of RC Columns/RC Beams using CFRP Wrapping (to be decided by the

Designer/Consultant)
Stage - 1
x Carry out surface preparation by grinding the surface to get an even surface.
All projections are to be grounded off. All the corners should be grounded to a
radius of min 25 mm to 50 mm to have proper effect of wrapping .
Stage - 2
x Apply epoxy primer like Nitowrap 30 manufactured by M/s Fosroc chemicals or

equivalent to the prepared concrete surface. Apply Nitocote VF manufactured
by M/s Fosroc chemicals or equivalent to fill all pin/blow holes and inner radius
to be made curve and on all concave areas in order to have full contact of wrap
with concrete surface. Apply 1st coat of saturant Nitowrap 410 manufactured by
M/s Fosroc chemicals or equivalent by roller or brush. Based on design
recommendation, type and orientation required, cut the fiber into required size
and place on saturant and press by rollers to squeeze out the saturant through
the fabric. Apply 2nd coat of saturant to saturate the fabric fully. The
Manufacturers specifications shall be followed strictly.
x Further, more layers of wrapping, if required, can be carried out in similar

manner as above except surface preparation.
Stage - 3
x Final coat of saturant should be sprinkled with quartz sand to have a

mechanical bond with further protective plaster or should be coated with
protective coating directly.
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237
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238
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CHAPTER-XVII
REPORT OF THE ONE MAN COMMITTEE ON THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROOF
OF BUS STAND LOCATED IN SOMANUR HAMELT OF KARUMATHAMPATTI
TOWN PANCHAYAT, COIMBATORE DISTRICT ON 07-09-2017
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240
Hand Book_03.indd 240 8/20/2018 8:29:59 AM

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DQGRI5RDGVDQG%ULGJHVZKHUHLQWKHGHVLJQVIRUYDULRXVEXLOGLQJVVXFKDV3DVVHQJHU
6KHOWHUV &RPPXQLW\ +DOOV 6FKRRO %XLOGLQJV 9LOODJH $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 2I¿FH EXLOGLQJV
6FKRRO 7RLOHWV &RPELQHG 6HOI+HOS *URXS DQG 3DQFKD\DW /HYHO )HGHUDWLRQ %XLOGLQJV
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&ROXPQ GHWDLOV %HDP5HLQIRUFHPHQW GHWDLOV &DQWLOHYHU %HDP 5HLQIRUFHPHQW GHWDLOV
2QH :D\ 6ODE5HLQIRUFHPHQW GHWDLOV 7ZR :D\ 6ODE 5HLQIRUFHPHQW GHWDLOV 6WDLUFDVH
5HLQIRUFHPHQWGHWDLOVHWF
7KH7HFKQLFDO+DQG%RRNRI5RDGVDQG%ULGJHVRI'LUHFWRUDWHRI5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW
KDVDOVRVWDQGDUGL]HGWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQVDQGJHRPHWULFGHVLJQVRISXEOLFVWUXFWXUHVVXFK
DV&DXVHZD\DQG6XEPHUVLEOH%ULGJHV&XOYHUWVHPEDQNPHQWVSDYHPHQWVURDGDQG
EULGJHV 9DULRXV TXDOLW\ FRQWURO SDUDPHWHUV KDYH DOVR EHHQ VWLSXODWHG LQ WKH DERYH
Technical Hand Books. The tests that are to be carried out during the construction and
SRVWFRQVWUXFWLRQDUHDOVRVSHFL¿HG7KHDERYHV\VWHPRIVWDQGDUGL]LQJWKHEDVLFW\SHRI
GHVLJQVDQGVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQVIRUYDULRXVSXEOLFEXLOGLQJVDQGVWUXFWXUHVLVHVVHQWLDOIRU
DOOORFDOERGLHVDVZHOODVWHFKQLFDOGHSDUWPHQWVVXFKDV3XEOLF:RUNV'HSDUWPHQWDQG
+LJKZD\V'HSDUWPHQW
Summary of Recommendations 1 :
,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWKDWHDFKGHSDUWPHQWFRQVWUXFWLQJEXLOGLQJVIRUSXEOLFXVDJH
VXFKDV0XQLFLSDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQDQG:DWHU6XSSO\'HSDUWPHQW5XUDO'HYHORSPHQWDQG
3DQFKD\DW 5DM 3XEOLF :RUNV 'HSDUWPHQW +LJKZD\V 'HSDUWPHQW +RXVLQJ DQG 8UEDQ
'HYHORSPHQW'HSDUWPHQW+HDOWK'HSDUWPHQW6FKRRO(GXFDWLRQDQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ
'HSDUWPHQWVKRXOGEULQJRXW7HFKQLFDOKDQGERRNVWREHGLVWULEXWHGWRWKH¿HOGRI¿FHUV
ZKLFKVKRXOGEHDOVRSHULRGLFDOO\XSGDWHGZKLFKVWLSXODWHWKHEDVLFW\SHGHVLJQVDQG
VWUXFWXUDO GHWDLOV DQG PLQLPXP VDIHW\ VWLSXODWLRQV RI VWDQGDUG EXLOGLQJV DQG VWUXFWXUHV
VXFKDV%XV6WDQGV3XEOLF6KHOWHUV6FKRROVDQG&ROOHJHEXLOGLQJV7DOXN2I¿FHV%ORFN
2I¿FHV /RFDO %RG\ 2I¿FHV EULGJHV DQG FXOYHUWV VR WKDW WKH EDVLF VDIHW\ VWLSXODWLRQV
DUHHQVXUHGZLWKLQWKHVWDQGDUGW\SHRIGHVLJQVDQGEDVHGRQWKHORFDOVLWHFRQGLWLRQV
DGGLWLRQDOVDIHW\IHDWXUHVFDQEHLQFRUSRUDWHGE\WKH)LHOG2I¿FHUV
Recommendation 2 :-
Structural Design of buildings of public usage especially with Cantilevers to
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7KH 6WUXFWXUDO 'HVLJQ RI EXLOGLQJV RI PDVV SXEOLF XVDJH VKRXOG QRW RQO\
FRQIRUPWRWKHPLQLPXPVWLSXODWLRQVDVVSHFL¿HGIRUWKHW\SHRIEXLOGLQJE\WKHGHSDUWPHQW
FRQFHUQHG LQ LWV VWDQGDUG WHFKQLFDO PDQXDOV EXW DOVR VDWLVI\ WKH WKUHH IXQGDPHQWDO
UHTXLUHPHQWV RI 6WDELOLW\ 6WUHQJWK DQG 6HUYLFHDELOLW\ L 7KH GHVLJQV SDUDPHWHUV OLNH
JUDGHRIFRQFUHWHDQGVWHHODVVXPHGLQWKHGHVLJQVKRXOGFRQIRUPWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWV
H[DFWO\DWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVWLHLL)XUWKHUWKHVHLVPLFIDFWRUVVKRXOGDOVREHWDNHQLQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGVHLVPLFGLVDVWHUUHVLVWDQWFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVLJQVVKRXOGEHHQVXUHGE\
FRPSHWHQW7HFKQLFDO2I¿FHUVRIVXI¿FLHQWVHQLRULW\OHYHORUE\UHSXWHGLQVWLWXWLRQVDVPD\
EHVWLSXODWHGE\WKHGHSDUWPHQWFRQFHUQHGLLL$VIDUDVWKH&DQWLOHYHUVWUXFWXUHVDUH
241
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FRQFHUQHGLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHW\SHGHVLJQDQGVWUXFWXUDOSDUDPHWHUVRIEXLOGLQJVRI
FDQWLOHYHUVWUXFWXUHVVKRXOGEHDSSURYHGRQO\E\VHQLRUDQGFRPSHWHQWWHFKQLFDORI¿FHUV
DWOHDVWRIWKH6(/HYHOLUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHFRVWRIWKHEXLOGLQJLIWKHEXLOGLQJLVWREHXVHG
E\WKHSXEOLFHQPDVVH,QRWKHUZRUGVHYHQLIWKHVWUXFWXUHWREHEXLOWLVRIDYDOXHWKDW
FDQEHDSSURYHGE\VD\DQ$VVLVWDQW([HFXWLYH(QJLQHHU$((OHYHORI¿FHULWLVEHWWHU
WRJHWWKHDSSURYDOE\DVHQLRUVD\6XSHULQWHQGLQJ/HYHORI¿FHULQYLHZRIWKHFDQWLOHYHU
structure being there in the design.
Summary of Recommendation 2:
(DFK 7HFKQLFDO GHSDUWPHQW VKRXOG WKURXJK D IRUPDO RUGHU HQVXUH WKDW WKH
VWUXFWXUHVRIPDVVSXEOLFXVDJHKDYHVHLVPLFGLVDWHUUHVLVWDQWIDFWRUVRIFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
)XUWKHULIWKHVWUXFWXUHFRQFHUQHGKDVORQJFDQWLOHYHUSRUWLRQVRYHUPOHQJWKRUIHHW
LQWKHGHVLJQRWKHUWKDQZLQGRZYHQWLODWRUVKDGHVZKLFKLQDQ\FDVHDUHVKRUWHUWKDQ
PWKHGHSDUWPHQWFRQFHUQHGVKRXOGIRUPDOO\GHVLJQDWHWKHVHQLRULW\RIWKHWHFKQLFDO
RI¿FHUDWOHDVW6(OHYHOVXJJHVWHGRUWKH&DWHJRU\RILQVWLWXWLRQZKRWKDWZLOOYHWDQG
DSSURYHWKHVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVRWKDWDQ\VRUWRIGH¿FLHQFLHVRUHUURUVLQ
WKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDUHWRWDOO\DYRLGHG7KLVWHFKQLFDODSSURYDOVKRXOGEHLUUHVSHFWLYHRI
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Recommendations 3:-
Need to formally stipulate the minimum technical tests to carry out while
constructing the structures:-
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VXFKEXLOGLQJVDUHXVHGE\FRPPRQSXEOLFHQPDVVRQGD\WRGD\EDVLVLWLVH[WUHPHO\
LPSRUWDQWIRUHDFKGHSDUWPHQWWRVWLSXODWHPLQLPXPWHVWVWKDWDUHWREHFRQGXFWHGWRYHULI\
WKHTXDOLW\RID&HPHQWXVHGE6DQGXVHGIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQF&RDUVH$JJUHJDWH
XWLOL]HG G EULFNV H 6WHHO 5HLQIRUFHPHQW DQG I ZDWHU XWLOL]HG HWF $OVR &RQFUHWH
&XEH7HVWEHGRQHZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\WRDVFHUWDLQWKHTXDOLW\DQGVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWH
,QVXPPDU\HDFKGHSDUWPHQWVKRXOGDOVRIRUPDOO\UHFRPPHQGFHUWDLQVWLSXODWHG
WHVWVWREHFRPSXOVRULO\FDUULHGRXWIRUHDFKSXEOLFEXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHWRWHVWWKHTXDOLW\
RI 6DQG &HPHQW :DWHU 6WHHO DQG 5HLQIRUFHG &HPHQW &RQFUHWH ZKLFK VKRXOG EH
FRPSXOVRULO\ EH FRQGXFWHG WKH WHVW UHVXOWV JRW DQG VXFK UHVXOWV VKRXOG EH ZLWKLQ WKH
SUHVFULEHGWHFKQLFDOSDUDPHWHUVEHIRUHWKHFRQWUDFWRULVSDLGWKHPRQH\IRUWKHZRUN
Recommendation 4:-
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7KH&DQWLOHYHU6WUXFWXUHVDUHRQHRIWKHZHDNHVWOLQNVLQDQ\SXEOLFEXLOGLQJ
7KHFDQWLOHYHUVWUXFWXUHLQWKH6RPDQXUEXVVWDQGRI.DUXPDWKDPSDWWL7RZQ3DQFKD\DW
IHOOGRZQZKLFKFDXVHGDFFLGHQWUHVXOWLQJWKHLQMXULHVDQGGHDWKWRWKHFRPPRQSXEOLF
/RQJ &DQWLOHYHU VWUXFWXUHV H[FHSW :LQGRZV 6XQVKDGHV DQG 9HQWLODWRU HWF PDGH E\
5HLQIRUFHG &HPHQW &RQFUHWH VKRXOG EH DYRLGHG DV IDU DV SRVVLEOH VLQFH WKLV EHFRPH
ZHDNZLWKWKHSDVVDJHRIWLPH,ILQDQ\FDVHORQJFDQWLOHYHUVWUXFWXUHVDQGFRQVWUXFWHG
242
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EDVHGRQWKHQHFHVVLW\DWVLWHVXFKVWUXFWXUHVVKRXOGQRWEHORDGHGZLWKH[WUDZHLJKWVR
as to cause accidents.
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LQWKHSXEOLFEXLOGLQJVDQGVWUXFWXUHVVLWXDWLRQVOLNHWKHIROORZLQJEHDYRLGHG
, &RQVWUXFWLRQRISDUDSHWZDOORQWKHIUHHHQGRIFDQRS\
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Recommendation 5:-
Need for stipulating periodical maintenance of the buildings:-
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NHSWXSZHOODQGPDLQWDLQHGSURSHUO\WRVHUYHWKHSXUSRVHIRUZKLFKLWZDVSXWXS7KH
HQYLURQPHQWGRHVKDYHSURIRXQGHIIHFWRQEXLOGLQJV+HQFHSUREOHPVDULVLQJRXWRIWKLV
DQGRWKHURSHUDWLRQ PDLQWHQDQFHSUREOHPVQHHGWREHWDNHQFDUHWRSUHYHQWGHFD\DQG
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WKHURRIIRUHIIHFWLYHGUDLQLQJRIUDLQZDWHU
243
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intended use, misuse which can result in overloading.
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Recommendation 6:-
Structural Audit of Old Structures:
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and whose strength might have reduced due to material deterioration. Based on the yearly
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concerned should consider entrusting the Structural Audit to be also carried out through a
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245
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structural design are made available.
STEP 2:
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corrosion.
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246
Hand Book_03.indd 246 8/20/2018 8:29:59 AM

STEP 5:
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STEP 6:
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METHODOLOGY
3. Destructive Testing:
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Recommendation 9:-
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249
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250
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CHAPTER-XVIII
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Relevant IS codes
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Technical Hand Book On Building Construction For Field Engineers-1 PDF

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Hand Book_03.

indd 1 8/20/2018 8:29:18 AM

First Edition: 2018

COMPILED BY PWD COMMITTEE

For Government Departments use only

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Sl Details of members of the Department/Head of

Engineer-in-Chief (Buildings) and Public Works

Tamil Nadu Housing

Tamil Nadu Slum

Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar

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1. SLABS: How to calculate Thickness of slab?

(One way, Two way Slabs) (Cantilever Slabs)

3.60 to 4.0 m 130 mm

Slabs in a Typical Building Typical Floor Plan of a Building

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EVOLVING SIZE OF BEAM

Concrete of Grade = M20

[7 (to) 8 cm depth per meter of span is assumed ]

Depth of beam for 6.0m span =

Hence adopt depth of Beam as 45 cm (i.e.,450 mm)

Assume size of Beam as

(300x450) / (230x450) Beam –Cross Section

Typical Beam – Column Junction

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Load influence area on column B2 (i.e.tributory area)

= (3.70/2 + 3.70/2) ( 6.0/2+ 6.0/2 ) = 22m²

Load on column B2 due to single storey

( Area)x (Coef. as per table-1 of previous page )

Total load on column B2 = 792 kN say 800 kN

[Due to 3 storeys (264 x 3)]

ii) DESIGN OF COLUMN

Load on Column = 800 kN

Concrete grade = M20(say)

As per table-3 ( next page), for 230 mm 450mm size,

If 1.40% of steel is provided,

It’s load carrying capacity = 813 KN (>800 KN)

Steel area = (1.4/ 100) x 230x450=1449 mm²

Hence provide 8 nos of 16 mm dia bars ( ref. table-2 also )

Lateral ties (rings).

Provide 8 mm dia rings @ 8”c/c

Design of Column without Table in Hand

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Safe load carrying capacity of column based on % of steel and known

M20 P=(2.7005 p+ 8) bD/1500 P=(3.27p + 8) bD/1500

M25 P=(2.6805 p+ 10) bD/1500 P=(3.25p +10) bD/1500

M30. P=(2.6605 p+ 12) bD/1500 P=(3.23p + 12) bD/1500

M35 P=(2.6405 p+ 14) bD/1500 P=(3.21p + 14) bD/1500

M40 P=(2.6205 p+ 16) bD/1500 P=(3.19p + 16) bD/1500

Where P is Axial Load carrying capacity of column in KN.

p = % of steel reinforcement ( say 2% is 2)

D = Depth of Column in mm.

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