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Coefficient of friction = 0.7
3
Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m
3
Density of Soil g = 20 kN/m
3
Density of Water = 10 kN/m
Grade of Concrete = M 25 N/mm2
2
Grade of Steel Fe = 500 N/mm
Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure. Ka = 0.30
Retaining wall DATA
Overall Height of Wall = 8400 mm
Width of Stem Portion at Top = 500 mm
Width of Stem portion at Base = 1100 mm
Width of Heel Portion = 3000 mm
Width of Toe Portion = 2200 mm
Depth of Heel Portion = 1000 mm
Depth of Toe Portion = 1000 mm
Total Width at Base 500 = 6300 mm
6400 a 1
7400
8400 F2
F1
1000
2000 1100
1000 2 1000
Ka Ƴ H
50.64
Lever arms
L1 @ the base of slab = 0.42 x h
(IRC: 6 ‐ 2000, Cl 217.1,Page 40) = 0.42 x 8.40 = 3.53 m
L2 @ the base of slab = 0.5 x h
(IRC: 6 ‐ 2000, Cl 217.1,Page 40) = 0.5 x 8.40 = 4.20 m
L1 @ the base of wall = 0.42 x 7.40 = 3.11 m
L2 @ the base of wall = 0.5 x 7.40 = 3.70 m
Longitudinal Moment
M1 @ the base of slab = 975.1408 kN ‐ m
M1 @ the base of wall = 737.8067 kN ‐ m
SUMMARY OF FORCES DUE TO EARTH PRESSURE
Longitudinal Force Longitudinal Moment
Sl. No Description
kN kN ‐ m
1 @ the base of wall 225.82 737.81
2 @ the base of slab 266.20 975.14
Lever arm Moment abt
Sl.no. Length (m) Breadth (m) Force (kN)
(mm) toe (kN‐m)
Concrete Weight
1 0.50 7.40 92.50 2.45 226.625
0.60 7.40 55.50 2.70 149.861
2 1.00 6.30 157.50 3.15 496.125
0.00 1.10 0.00 2.75 0.000
0.00 2.20 0.00 1.47 0.000
Earth fill weight
a 3.00 7.40 444.00 4.80 2131.20
0.60 7.40 44.40 3.10 137.64
3.00 0.00 0.00 5.30 0.00
793.90 3141.45
Total weight , W = 793.90 kN/m
Total Resisting Moment , MR = 3141.451 kN‐m
Total Earth pressue force , P = 266.20 kN/m
Overturning Moment , MO = 975.14 kN‐m
3000 2200
1100.00
1000
6300.00
Forces and Moments
ULTIMATE CONDITION
FOR FULL HEIGHT
clear cover = 50 mm
dia of bar = 25 mm
dia of stirups = 12 mm
Fc
X = 100.38 λX = 80.31
d d = 1038
Z = 997.35
d‐x = 937
As
Fs
εs 0.0022
Limiting depth of neutral axis, for grade of concrete M 25 As per (IRC :112‐2011, Table 6.5 ,Page 38)
εcu2 = 0.0035
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
Strain in steel εs = σs /Es
εs = 0.002
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = εcu2 x d
εcu2 + εs
Xlim = 0.0035 x d
0.0035 + 0.00217
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = 0.617 d
Xlim = 639.9904215 mm
2
Limiting lever arm Zlim = 1038 ‐ 639.99
X = 1 ‐ 0.815853231
d
X = 0.0968
d
X = 0.0968 x d
X = 0.0968 x 1037.5
X = 100.38 mm
Actual Lever arm distance Z = d ‐ X / 2
Z = 1038 ‐ 100.38
2
Z = 987 mm
Xlim > X
639.990 > 100.382
UNDER REINFORCED SECTION ‐ STEEL WILL YIELD
Area of the stress diagram Fc = ηfcd x λXlim
Fc = 1 x 0.67 fck x 0.8 Xlim
1.5
Fc = 0.35733 fck Xlim
Fc = 0.35733 x 25 x Xlim
Fc = 8.93 x 639.99
3
Fc = 5717.25 N/mm
2
MR = 0.1660 fck b d
CHECK FOR DEPTH :
We know that, MR = 0.1660 x fck b d2
MR = Mu
Mu = 0.1660 x fck b d2
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = Mu
0.1660 x fck b
d(reqd) = 1106.7 x 10^6
0.1660 x 25 x 1000
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = 516.35 mm
Effective Depth provided d(provd) = 1037.50 mm
d(reqd) < d(provd)
516.35 < 1037.50 SAFE
MAIN REINFORCEMENT :
Ultimate /Design Bending moment Mu = Ast fyd z
Area of steel required Ast = Mu
fyd z
Area of steel required Ast = 1106.7 x 10 ^6
434.78 x 987.31
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT :
Minimum area of steel reinforcement for crack
C. control Ast. Min = kc k fct,eff Act
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 , Eq : σs
12.1 ,Pg.no :122)
2
Absolute value of max. stress permitted in the reinf. σs = 500 N/mm
Immediately after formation of the crack = fyk
Area of concrete within tensile zone Act = 1000 x 937
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 ,Pg.no :123) Act = 937118 mm2
Coeff. for reduction of restraint forces k = 0.65
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 ,Pg.no :124)
Ast. Min = 2412.141 mm
2
Minimum area of steel reinforcement for crack control
Area of steel required Ast (required) = 2578.153 mm2
Spacing required = 190.40 mm
Spacing Provided = 150 mm SAFE
2
Area of steel provided Ast (provided) = 3272.49 mm
Ast (required) ≤ Ast (provided)
If area of vertical reinforcement in two faces exceeds 0.02 Ac Transverse reinforcement to hold longitudinal reinforcement is provided
NO NEED TO PROVIDE TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
CALCULATION OF DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT :
20% OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED AS DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Spacing required = 172.80 mm
Spacing Provided = 125 mm
Ast (required) ≤ Ast (provided)
Check for Shear
(IRC :112 ‐2011, Cl 12.3.6, Page 129)
c = Clear cover to the longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm
k1 = Co‐efficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
k2 = Co‐efficient which takes account of the distribution of strain
ρ p.eff = As / Ac.eff
As / Ac.ef = Effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement, of depth hc,eff ,
where hc,eff is the lesser of 2.5 (h‐d); (h ‐ x/3); or h/2
W(max) = Maximum crack width as per Table : 12.1 of IRC:112‐2011 of Pg.no: 122
σsc = Maximum allowable value from table: 12.2 of IRC:112 ‐ 2011 of Pg.no : 162
x(actual) = 100.38 mm (IRC :112‐2011, Page 71 )
h = 1100
d = 1025
hc,eff , = minimum of
= 2.5 x (h‐d) or (h‐x) /3 or (h/2)
= 187.5 or 333.21 or 550
hc,eff , = 187.5 mm (In Tension Zone)
912.5
1100
187.5
1000
ρ p.eff = As / Ac.eff
2.STRESS CONTROL CHECK
Hence Section is Cracked
If Section is cracked, Stresses need to be calculated ignoring concrete in tension.
The relevent modular ratio, αeff, depends on the proportion of long and short‐term loading
A) CHECK FOR STRESSES ASSUMING SHORT TERM CREEP AND ELASTIC MODULUS.
dc = ‐3272.49x 2E+05 + (3272.49x 2E+05 )^2 + 2 x 1000 x 3272.49 x 2E+05 x 31000 x 1038
1000 x 31000
dc = 189.3 mm
The cracked second moment of area in steel units from following equation is:
,
+
ZC = 2704851663
189.3
3
ZC = 14292049.34 mm
The concrete stress at the top of the section from following equation is :
,
RARE COMBINATION :
σc = 738 x 10^6 3.10E+04
x
14292049.34 2E+05
From Clause 12.2.1, the compression limit in rare combination = 0.48fck
Rare combination 0.48 x 25 = 12 Mpa
0.48fck > σ
12 > 8.00 SAFE
QUASSI PERMANENT COMBINATION :
From Clause 12.2.1, the compression limit in quassi permanent combination = 0.36fck
Quasi permanent combination 0.36 x 25 = 9 Mpa
0.36fck > σ
9 > 8.00 SAFE
CHECK FOR TENSILE STRESSES :
The reinforcement stress from following equation is :
RARE COMBINATION :
3
Zs = I = 2704851663 = 3188764.878 mm
(d‐dc) ( 1037.5 ‐ 189.3 )
From Clause 12.2.2, the Tensile stress limit in Rare combination = 0.8fyk
Rare combination 0.8 x 500 = 400 Mpa
0.8fyk > σs
400 > 231.377 SAFE
CHECK FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS :
If the tensile stress in the reinforcement doesnot exceed 300Mpa under rare combination of servicibility limit state check for fatigue is not reqd.
σs < 300 Mpa
(IRC:SP:105‐2015, Pg.no:145, CL:10.2.2 ) 231.377 < 300 Mpa FATIGUE CHECK IS NOT REQUIRED
TOE SLAB
CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT
Clear Cover = 75 mm
Bar Dia = 20 mm
Check for Bending in TOE Direction
TOE SLAB
2200
1000
75.45
141.27
176.58
101.13
4100
6300 35.31
TOE REINFORCEMENT
clear cover = 75 mm
dia of bar = 20 mm
M = 430.848 KN ‐ M
ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT MU = 581.645 KN ‐ M
DEPTH AT SECTION D = 1000 mm
Effective depth of the section
Effective depth of the section d = 1000 ‐ 75 ‐ 10
d = 915 mm
Partial safety factor for CONCRETE γm = 1.5
( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , CL : A2.10, Pg.no : 242)
Partial safety factor for STEEL γm = 1.15
Design Value of Concrete compression strength f cd = (0.67*fck)
(Page 87,Cl 10.3.1,IRC 112‐2011) γm
2
f cd = 11.17 N/mm
Design Value of the strength of Steel in Flexure f yd = (fSy)
(Page 87,Cl 10.3.1,IRC 112‐2011) γm
2
f yd = 434.78 N/mm
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete fct,eff or fctm = 2.20 N/mm2
(As per IRC : 112‐2011 , Pg.no : 38 , Table : 6.5)
Effective strength η = 1
For fck < 60 Mpa ( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , Eq.A2‐35 , Pg.no : 242)
Effective height of the compression zone λ = 0.8
For fck < 60 Mpa ( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , Eq.A2‐33 , Pg.no : 242)
εcu2 ηfcd
b 0.0035 11.17
Fc
X = 58.82 λX = 47.05
d d = 915
Z = 891.47
d‐x = 914
As
Fs
εs 0.0022
Limiting depth of neutral axis, for grade of concrete M 25 As per (IRC :112‐2011, Table 6.5 ,Page 38)
εcu2 = 0.0035
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
Strain in steel εs = σs /Es
εs = 0.002
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = εcu2 x d
εcu2 + εs
Xlim = 0.0035 x d
0.0035 + 0.00217
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = 0.617 d
Xlim = 564.425 mm
Limiting lever arm Zlim = d ‐ Xlim
2
Limiting lever arm Zlim = 915 ‐ 564.43
2
Limiting lever arm Zlim = 633 mm
X = 1 ‐ 0.875570868
d
X = 0.0643
d
X = 0.0643 x d
X = 0.0643 x 915.0
X = 58.82 mm
Actual Lever arm distance Z = d ‐ X / 2
Z = 915 ‐ 58.82
2
Z = 886 mm
Xlim > X
564.425 > 58.817
UNDER REINFORCED SECTION ‐ STEEL WILL YIELD
2
MR = 0.1660 fck b d
MR = 0.1660 x 25 x 1000 x 915 x 915
MR = 3475234398 N‐mm
MR = 3475.23 kN‐m
Ultimate / Design moment Mu = 581.645 kN‐m
Check Mu < MR
581.645 < 3475.23
Mu < MR Design the Section as Singly Reinforced Section
CHECK FOR DEPTH :
2
We know that, MR = 0.1660 x fck b d
MR = Mu
2
Mu = 0.1660 x fck b d
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = Mu
0.1660 x fck b
d(reqd) = 581.6 x 10^6
0.1660 x 25 x 1000
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = 374.33 mm
Effective Depth provided d(provd) = = mm
d(reqd) < d(provd)
374.33 < 915.00 SAFE
MAIN REINFORCEMENT :
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT :
Ast. Min = 1046.8 mm
2
Ast. Min = 1189.500 mm
2
Coeff. for reduction of restraint forces k = 0.65
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 ,Pg.no :124)
Spacing required = 142.55 mm
Spacing Provided = 125 mm SAFE
2
Area of steel provided Ast (provided) = 2513.27 mm
Ast (required) ≤ Ast (provided)
2
Area of steel provided Ast(provided) = 1340.41 mm
Ast(required) = Ast(provided)
1189.50 = 1340.41 SAFE
Distribution reinforcement
20% OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED AS DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
HEEL SLAB
3000
1000
75.45
128.42
176.58
52.97
101.13
3000
6300
clear cover = 75 mm
dia of bar = 20 mm
M = 426.106 KN ‐ M
ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENT MU = 639.159 KN ‐ M
DEPTH AT SECTION D = 1000 mm
Effective depth of the section
Effective depth of the section d = 1000 ‐ 75 ‐ 10
d = 915 mm
Partial safety factor for CONCRETE γm = 1.5
( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , CL : A2.10, Pg.no : 242)
Partial safety factor for STEEL γm = 1.15
Design Value of Concrete compression strength f cd = (0.67*fck)
(Page 87,Cl 10.3.1,IRC 112‐2011) γm
2
f cd = 11.17 N/mm
Design Value of the strength of Steel in Flexure f yd = (fSy)
(Page 87,Cl 10.3.1,IRC 112‐2011) γm
2
f yd = 434.78 N/mm
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete fct,eff or fctm = 2.20 N/mm2
(As per IRC : 112‐2011 , Pg.no : 38 , Table : 6.5)
Effective strength η = 1
For fck < 60 Mpa ( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , Eq.A2‐35 , Pg.no : 242)
Effective height of the compression zone λ = 0.8
For fck < 60 Mpa ( IRC:112 ‐ 2011 , Eq.A2‐33 , Pg.no : 242)
εcu2 ηfcd
b 0.0035 11.17
Fc
X = 64.85 λX = 51.88
d d = 915
Z = 889.06
d‐x = 914
As
Fs
εs 0.0022
Limiting depth of neutral axis, for grade of concrete M 25 As per (IRC :112‐2011, Table 6.5 ,Page 38)
εcu2 = 0.0035
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es = 200000 N/mm2
Strain in steel εs = σs /Es
εs = 0.002
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = εcu2 x d
εcu2 + εs
Xlim = 0.0035 x d
0.0035 + 0.00217
Depth of neutral axis Xlim = 0.617 d
Xlim = 564.425 mm
Limiting lever arm Zlim = d ‐ Xlim
2
Limiting lever arm Zlim = 915 ‐ 564.43
2
Limiting lever arm Zlim = 633 mm
X = 1 ‐ 0.863267012
d
X = 0.0709
d
X = 0.0709 x d
X = 0.0709 x 915.0
X = 64.85 mm
Actual Lever arm distance Z = d ‐ X / 2
Z = 915 ‐ 64.85
2
Z = 883 mm
Xlim > X
564.425 > 64.854
UNDER REINFORCED SECTION ‐ STEEL WILL YIELD
Area of the stress diagram Fc = ηfcd x λXlim
Fc = 1 x 0.67 fck x 0.8 Xlim
1.5
Fc = 0.35733 fck Xlim
Fc = 0.35733 x 25 x Xlim
Fc = 8.93 x 564.43
3
Fc = 5042.20 N/mm
2
MR = 0.1660 fck b d
CHECK FOR DEPTH :
We know that, MR = 0.1660 x fck b d2
MR = Mu
Mu = 0.1660 x fck b d2
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = Mu
0.1660 x fck b
d(reqd) = 639.2 x 10^6
0.1660 x 25 x 1000
Effective Depth required d(reqd) = 392.40 mm
Effective Depth provided d(provd) = 915.00 mm
d(reqd) < d(provd)
392.40 < 915.00 SAFE
MAIN REINFORCEMENT :
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT :
Ast. Min = 1046.8 mm
2
Ast. Min = 1189.500 mm
2
Immediately after formation of the crack = fyk
Coeff. for reduction of restraint forces k = 0.65
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 ,Pg.no :124)
Coeff. of stress distribution kc = 0.9 Fcr > 0.5
(As per IRC:112‐2011 , CL : 12.3.3 ,Eq:12.3,Pg.no :124) Act fct,eff
But , Fcr = Act fct,eff
Ast. Min = 2188.277 mm
2
Minimum area of steel reinforcement for crack control
Area of steel required Ast (required) = 2188.277 mm
2
Spacing required = 143.56 mm
Spacing Provided = 125 mm SAFE
Ast (required) ≤ Ast (provided)
SAFE
Provide 16mm dia bars @ 150mm C/C
SERVICIBILITY CHECK
1. CRACK WIDTH OF FOOTING :
2
Φeq = n1 Φ1 + n2 Φ22
n1 Φ1 + n2 Φ2
(IRC :112 ‐2011, Cl 12.3.6, Page 129)
c = Clear cover to the longitudinal reinforcement = 75 mm
k1 = Co‐efficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
k2 = Co‐efficient which takes account of the distribution of strain
ρ p.eff = As / Ac.eff
As / Ac.ef = Effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement, of depth hc,eff ,
where hc,eff is the lesser of 2.5 (h‐d); (h ‐ x/3); or h/2
W(max) = Maximum crack width as per Table : 12.1 of IRC:112‐2011 of Pg.no: 122
σsc = Maximum allowable value from table: 12.2 of IRC:112 ‐ 2011 of Pg.no : 162
x(actual) = 64.85 mm (IRC :112‐2011, Page 71 )
h = 1000
d = 950
hc,eff , = minimum of
= 2.5 x (h‐d) or (h‐x) /3 or (h/2)
= 125 or 311.7154318 or 500
hc,eff , = 125 mm (In Tension Zone)
875
1000
125
1000
ρ p.eff = As / Ac.eff
Es
c mm 75
k1 0.8
k2 0.5
fck N/mm2 25
As 2
mm 2513.3
Ac.eff 2
mm 125000
ρ p.eff = As / Ac.eff 2.0106
Φ1 mm 20
Φ2 mm 12
n1 No 8
n2 No 5
Φeq mm 18
Sr,max mm 128.3
σsc 2
N/mm 240
kt 0.5
fct,eff N/mm2 2.2
Es N/mm2 2.0E+05
Ecm N/mm2 30000
αe 6.7
(εsm ‐ εcm) 0.0012
0.6 (σsc / Es) 0.0007
SAFE
Wk mm 0.15
Limiting crack width W(max) mm 0.30
SAFE
2.STRESS CONTROL CHECK
A) CHECK FOR STRESSES ASSUMING SHORT TERM CREEP AND ELASTIC MODULUS.
dc = ‐2513.27x 2E+05 + (2513.27x 2E+05 )^2 + 2 x 1000 x 2513.27 x 2E+05 x 31000 x 915
1000 x 31000
dc = 156.8 mm
The cracked second moment of area in steel units from following equation is:
,
+
ZC = 1643980283
156.8
3
ZC = 10484241.91 mm
The concrete stress at the top of the section from following equation is :
,
RARE COMBINATION :
σc = 426 x 10^6 3.10E+04
x
10484241.91 2E+05
From Clause 12.2.1, the compression limit in rare combination = 0.48fck
Rare combination 0.48 x 25 = 12 Mpa
0.48fck > σ
12 > 6.30 SAFE
QUASSI PERMANENT COMBINATION :
From Clause 12.2.1, the compression limit in quassi permanent combination = 0.36fck
Quasi permanent combination 0.36 x 25 = 9 Mpa
0.36fck > σ
9 > 6.30 SAFE
CHECK FOR TENSILE STRESSES :
The reinforcement stress from following equation is :
RARE COMBINATION :
3
Zs = I = 1643980283 = 2168281.274 mm
(d‐dc) ( 915.0 ‐ 156.8 )
σS = 426 x 10^6
2168281.274
σS = 196.518 Mpa
From Clause 12.2.2, the Tensile stress limit in Rare combination = 0.8fyk
Rare combination 0.8 x 500 = 400 Mpa
0.8fyk > σs
400 > 196.518 SAFE
CHECK FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS :
If the tensile stress in the reinforcement doesnot exceed 300Mpa under rare combination of servicibility limit state check for fatigue is not reqd.
σs < 300 Mpa
(IRC:SP:105‐2015, Pg.no:145, CL:10.2.2 ) 196.518 < 300 Mpa FATIGUE CHECK IS NOT REQUIRED