4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology

College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University

[2015]

Simulation of Plate heat exchanger using Nanofluids

for Refrigeration Applications
Sunil Kumar Jakhar1, Jahar Sarkar2
1
Mechanical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi
2
Mechanical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi
1
jakharsunil69@gmail.com
2
jsarkar.mec@itbhu.ac.in

Abstract - Simulation of the nanofluid cooled plate heat exchanger (gas cooler) in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle have been done
to study the performance improvement of plate heat exchanger as well as CO2 refrigeration cycle using water based Al2O3, TiO2, CuO
and Cu nanofluids. The effects of various design and operating parameters on the performance have been studied as well. Prior to the
simulation, the required thermophysical properties of nanofluids were calculated. Mathematical modelling has been based the
governing mass, momentum and energy equations. Simulation has been done by EES and code has been validated by experimental
data. The performance has been discussed in terms of overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness. Use
of nanofluid as coolant in plate heat exchanger of CO2 cycle improves the plate heat exchanger effectiveness without penalty
of pumping power. The CO2 cycle yields best performance using Al2O3 as coolant in plate heat exchanger followed by TiO2, CuO and
Cu. Study shows that the nanofluid may effectively use as coolant in plate heat exchanger (gas cooler) to improve the performance
of transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle.

Keywords - Plate heat exchanger, Nanofluids, Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle, Performance improvement.

1. INTRODUCTION
Nomenclature: 1.1 Plate Heat Exchanger:
A: Heat transfer area (m2) The plate heat exchanger is basically
b: Width of plate (m)
cp: Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg K) a series of individual plates pressed between two heavy end
k: Thermal conductivity(W/mK) covers. These plates are gasketed, welded or brazed together
Dh: Hydraulic diameter (m) depending on the application of the heat exchanger. The basic
G: Mass velocity (kg/m2s)
Lw: Effective channel width (m) geometry of plates used in plate heat exchanger is shown in
m: Mass flow rate (kg/sec) fig 2.Stainless steel is a commonly used metal for the plates
Ncp: Number of channel per pass because of its ability to withstand high temperatures, its
Re: Reynolds number
Pr: Prandtl number
strength, and its corrosion resistance.
U: Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) The entire assembly is held together by the tie bolts.
β: Chevron angle(˚) Individual plates are hung from the top carrying bar and are
φ: Concentration(in fraction) guided by the bottom carrying bar. For single-pass circuiting,
θ: Enlargement factor
μ: Viscosity (Ns/m2)
hot and cold side fluid connections are usually located on the
ρ: Density (kg/m3) fixed end cover. Multi-pass circuiting results in fluid
T: Temperature (K) connections on both fixed and moveable end covers. The
P: Pressure (bar) plates are pressed to form troughs at right angles to the
e: Effectiveness (in fraction)
direction of flow of the liquid which runs through the channels
Subscripts in the heat exchanger. These troughs are arranged so that they
r: refrigerant interlink with the other plates which forms the channel with
p: nanoparticle gaps of 1.3–1.5 mm between the plates. [1]
nf: nanofluid
w: water

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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
Fig.1.Various parts of plate heat exchanger [1]
Material required for plate heat exchanger parts:
Plate material - 316 stainless steel
Gasket material - Nitriale Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Nozzle material - 316 stainless steel
A Commercial PHE manufactured by Alfa Laval
India Limited (model M3 FG) has been used is
shown in given fig.2
Fig.2. Model M3 FG corrugated plate heat exchanger [1]
Standard Materials of plate heat exchanger (model M3 FG)
Frame plate - Mild steel, Epoxy painted
Nozzles - Carbon steel
Pipe: - Alloy 316, Titanium
Plates - Stainless steel: AISI 316 or Titanium
Gaskets
M3 - Nitrile, EPDM, HeatSealF™
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]
M3X - Nitrile, EPDM, Viton®
M3D Nitrile, EPDM
1.2 Plate Heat Exchanger for Refrigeration Applications:
The
Plate heat exchanger used for refrigeration application is
brazed plate heat exchanger. The brazed plate heat exchangers
are specially designed corrugated brazed plates that are used to
increase the heat transfer coefficient and lower potential
fouling. Standard plate arrangement forms two independent
circuits in alternate layers. The two fluids will flow
in opposite directions (counter flow) for further enhance the
exchange of heat.
Brazed plate heat exchanger specifications:
Brazing materials: Copper, Nickel, CuproNickle
Plate material: 316L Stainless Steel, 254 SMO Marine, Grade
Stainless steel
1.3 Nanofluids:
Nanotechnology provides new area of research
to process and produce materials with average crystallite sizes
below 100 nm called nanomaterials. The term nanomaterials
encompasses a wide range of materials including
nanocrystalline materials, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes
and quantum dots. Due to its nanostructural features,
nanomaterials exhibit enhanced properties (mechanical,
thermal, physical, chemical), phenomenon and processes than
conventional materials [2]. In general there are four types of
nanomaterials: carbon based nanomaterials (eg: carbon
nanotubes), metal based nanomaterials (metal oxides such as
aluminium oxides), dendrimers (nanosized polymers) and
composites (nanosized clays). When these nanoparticles are
suspended in conventional fluids (water, oil, ethylene glycol)
called nanofluids. The nanolayer works as a thermal bridge
between the liquid base fluid and the solid nanoparticles and a
nanofluid consists of the liquid base fluid, the solid
nanoparticles and the nanolayers. Nanofluid clearly exhibit
improved thermophysical properties such as thermal
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity and convective
heat transfer coefficient. The property change of nanofluids
depends on the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles, shape and
size of the nanomaterials.
The term nanofluid is coined by choi. The suspension of
nanoparticles into the fluids are known as nanfluids [3].
Nanomaterials have unique mechanical, optical, electrical,
magenetic and thermal properties with an average sizes below
100nm. A very small amount of nanoparticles when dispersed
in any host fluid (e.g. water, oil and ethylene glycol) can
improve the thermal properties of fluids dramatically.
The materials used for making nanoparticles are as follows:
1. Oxide Ceramics (Al2O3, CuO)
2. Nitride Ceramics (AlN, TiC)
3. Carbide Ceramics (SiC, TiC)
4. Metals (Cu, Ag, Au)
5. Semiconductors (TiO2, SiC)
6. Carbon Nanotubes
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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

7. Composite Materials (Al70Cu30) nanofluid (in water 2, 3 and 4 vol.%) as coolants on heat
transfer, frictional losses, and exergy loss in a counter flow
Nanoparticles can be manufactured by mainly the two corrugated PHE. Many theoretical as well as experimental
processes. studies e.g. Arani and Amani [11], Khedakar et al [12]
1. Physical Processes
and others on double tube heat exchangers using various oil,
2. Chemical Processes
water, and ethylene glycol – based nanofluids (nanoparticles
used are CuO, Al2O3, TiO2, carbon nanotubes, etc.)
Physical Processes include the Inert Gas Condensation (IGC)
and mechanical grinding. Chemical Process include the have been reported recently. Their studies on heat transfer
chemical vapour deposition (CVD), Chemical precipitation, and pressure characteristics for both laminar and turbulent
Thermal spray, Spray pyrolysis etc. flow conditions showed fair or significant heat transfer
For making Nanofluids, nanoparticles are suspended in enhancement. However, very few theoretical or experimental
conventional heat transfer fluids in two ways: investigations on the use of nanofluid as a secondary fluid
1. Two Step Method in double pipe heat exchangers of subcritical refrigeration
2. Single Step Method or heat pump system are reported in the open literature.
Through numerical study, Loaiza [13] showed size reduction
In Two Step method firstly, nanoparticles are fabricated and
of evaporators by using water based nanofluid as a
then the disperse nanoparticles into the base fluids where as in
Single Step method making and dispersion of nanoparticles secondary refrigerant in cooling circuits. Jaiswal and Mishra
happens simultaneously. The Two step methods are most [14] have also used nanofluid as a secondary refrigerant in the
widely used for preparing nanofluids. One step methods evaporator side, whereas Parise and Tiecher [15] used
cannot be used to synthesis nanofluids on a large scale and the nanofluid in the condenser side. The experimental study by
cost of production is also very high. The One step methods are Kumaresan et al. [16] on the convective heat transfer
more complex in operation. characteristics of a secondary refrigerant (water – ethylene
glycol mixture 70:30 by volume) based MWCNT
2. Literature Review:
(multiwalled carbon nanotube) nanofluids in a tubular heat
Literature reviews shows that, the
exchanger showed significant enhancement of convective heat
theoretical and experimental research on heat transfer and
transfer coefficient. Farajollahi et al. [17] measured heat
pressure drop characteristics of nanofluids in Plate heat
transfer characteristics of g-Al2O3/water and TiO2/water
exchanger and also in refrigeration applications. Pantzali et al.
nanofluids in a stainless steel shell and tube heat
[4] studied numerically and experimentally the effects of
exchanger under turbulent flow condition and showed
nanofluids (CuO in water,4 vol.%) on the performance of a
significant heat transfer enhancement. They also compared
miniature PHE with modulated surface and reported that, for a
the heat transfer characteristics of studied nanofluids at
given heat duty, the nanofluid volumetric flow rate required is
optimum nanoparticle concentrations. Khoddamrezaee et
lower than that of water causing lower pressure drop resulting in
al. [18] numerically investigated the heat transfer
less pumping power. Also, Pantzali et al. [5] investigated
characteristics of nanofluid in a shell and tube heat
experimentally the efficacy of nanofluids as coolants in a
exchanger with rectangular tube arrangement and showed
commercial herringbone-type PHE. Maré et al. [6] compare
that the effect of shear stress increase can be neglected in
experimentally the thermal performances of two types of
compare of unusual heat transfer improvement. However,
commercial nanofluids (oxides of alumina dispersed in water
any theoretical or experimental investigation on the use of
and aqueous suspensions of nanotubes of carbons) in two
nanofluid as secondary fluid in subcritical/transcritical
PHEs. Zamzamian et al. [7] prepared nanofluids of Al2O3 and
refrigeration or heat pump system is scarce in the open
CuO in ethylene glycol separately and reported that, the heat
literatures. But of today there is no study has been
transfer coefficient increases with temperature and
carried out in a plate heat exchanger for heat transfer
concentration. Experimental investigations on the heat transfer
from CO2 (refrigerant) to the nano fluid (cooling fluid) in a
characteristics and pressure drop of the ZnO and Al2O3
refrigeration cycle with wide range of concentrations to
nanofluids in a PHE have been reported by Kwon et al.
find the heat transfer characteristics for nanofluid varieties,
[8]. Their analysis concluded that the performance of the PHE
which motivated further investigations with other nanofluids.
at a given flow rate did not improve with the nanofluids. Fard et
al. [9] tested the plate and concentric tube heat exchangers
by using the ZnO/water nanofluid as the hot stream. Pandey and 3. Objective:
Nema [10] investigated experimentally the effect of Al2O3 The objective of the present work is to
find out heat transfer characteristics of variety of nanofluids

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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

in a PHE with CO2 (refrigerant). Prior to theoretical Table No. 1 - Plate geometrical parameters of plate heat
calculation of heat transfer characteristics, all the thermo exchanger [19]
physical properties of nanofluids have been calculated. Plate width inside gasket, Lw (mm) 100

Theoretical calculation has been carried out for a wide range Vertical distance between centers of ports, Lv 355
of concentrations (0.5, 1,2,3 and 4 vol.%) to find the heat (mm)
transfer characteristics of various nanofluids (Cu, Al2O3, CuO Horizontal distance between centers of ports, 60
and TiO2) in a PHE. Effects of operating pressure, mass flow Lh (mm)

rate, nanofluid variety and volume concentration on the Port diameter, Dp (mm) 30
performance have been studied as well. This study is first of Number of plates 10
its kind to study the effects of nanofluid using as a refrigerant in Heat exchanger area, A (m2) 0.3
plate heat exchanger (counter flow) with CO2 refrigerant in a Mean channel spacing, b (mm) 2.8
refrigeration cycle. Gap between two consecutive plate, (mm) 2.4
In the present work, a nanofluid cooled plate heat exchanger Corrugation pitch, Pc (mm) 14.2
has been modelled and simulated for transcritical CO 2
Plate thickness, t (mm) 0.5
refrigeration system. To take care of highly variable heat
Plate pitch, p (mm) 2.8
transfer characteristics (due to the sharp variation of CO2
Gasket width, (mm) 7.4
properties near pseudocritical region), the lengthwise
Gasket thickness, (mm) 0.37
discretization of plate heat exchanger has been incorporated in
the model. Effects of operating pressure, mass flow rate, Chevron angle, β 30˚
nanofluid variety and volume concentration on the Enlargement factor, θ 1.17
performance have been studied as well.
4.2 Property Calculation:
The thermophysical properties of
4. Theoretical modelling and simulation the nanofluids were calculated theoretically on the
4.1 Geometrical modelling: basis of given the properties of nanoparticles in
table 2.
In this the basic geometric
parameters of chevron plate of plate heat exchanger, which is Table No. 2 - Properties of nanoparticles. [17]
used for calculation is shown in the given Fig.3 Properties Cu Al2O3 CuO TiO2
Density (kg/m3) 8927 3880 6500 4156
Specific heat (J/kg K) 385 773 551 692
Thermal conductivity (W/m K) 401 40 32.9 8.4

The effective density and the effective specific heat of

the nanofluids is calculated from the following
relations [20]:
ρnf = (1-φ)ρw + φρp
(ρcp)nf = (1-φ)(ρcp)w + φ(ρcp)p
The viscosity of nanofluid has been calculated by
Einstein’s equation [20], given by:
μnf =(1+2.5φ)μw
The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid has
been calculated by Yu and Choi equation [20],
given by
knf ={ kp+2kw +2φ(kp-kw)}kw/{kp+2kw-φ(kp-kw)}

Fig.3 Basic geometric parameters of chevron plate [19]

The value of the geometrical parameters of chevron plate of

plate heat exchanger, which is taken for calculation purpose,
is shown in the given table

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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

Table No. 3 - calculated properties of water and nanofluids at Nur = 0.09 .Rer0.74. Prr0.35
30˚C Nunf = (0.26+0.02φ-0.0051φ2)Pe0.27
Fluid Thermal Viscos Densi Heat
(%concentrat conducti ity ty capaci Where the peclet,Nusselt and prandtl numbers are defined as
follows:
ion) vity (x10-3 (kg/m ty
(W/mK) kg/mse 3) (J/kg Pe = Renf.Prnf
c) K) Nur = hr.Dh/kr
Water 0.618 0.62 992 4182
Cu(0.5) 0.6273 0.6278 1040 4019 Prr = μrcp /kr
Cu(0.75) 0.6319 0.6316 1059 3942 Nunf = hnf.Dh/knf
Cu(1) 0.6366 0.6355 1079 3868 Prnf = μnfcpnf /knf
Al2 O3(0.5) 0.6269 0.6278 1014 4117
Al2 O3(0.75) 0.6314 0.6316 1022 4085 Employing LMTD expression, heat transfer in plate heat
Al2 O3(1) 0.6359 0.6355 1029 4053 exchanger is given by,
CuO(0.5) 0.6268 0.6278 1028 4067 Q = UA[(Tr1-Tnf1)- (Tr2-Tnf2)]/ln[(Tr1-Tnf1)/ (Tr2-Tnf2)]
CuO(0.75) 0.6312 0.6316 1041 4012
CuO(1) 0.6357 0.6355 1055 3958 The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined by the
following equation
TiO2(0.5) 0.6255 0.6278 1016 4111
1/U = 1/hr + 1/hnf + t/kh
TiO2(0.75) 0.6293 0.6316 1024 4076
Where hr and hnf are heat transfer coefficients of refrigerant
TiO2(1) 0.6331 0.6355 1032 4041 and nanofluid. The value of thermal conductivity of plate
4.3 Procedure: material (kh) is taken 17 W/mK.
The setup mainly includes two flow loops,
for the cold and hot fluids (nanofluid and CO2 as a Additionally, energy balance in plate heat exchanger for both
refrigerant loops). Hot refrigerant loop comprises the fluids yield:
with an evaporator, compressor and capillary valve.The mass Q = mr(hr1-hr2) = mnfcp,nf(Tnf1-Tnf2)
flow rate of refrigerant is 0.3kg/sec. The pressure and Where hr1 and hr2 are enthalpies of refrigerant at inlet and
temperature to the inlet of the plate heat exchanger have been
outlet of the heat exchanger.
taken as 90-110 bar and 100˚C. Nanofluid is stored in a Effectiveness of plate heat exchanger is determined by the
container and recirculated by means of a centrifugal following equation
pump. Before entering the PHE, the nanofluid is e = (Tnf1-Tnf2)/ (Tr1-Tnf2)
cooled so that the inlet temperature is maintained at a
constant value. The mass flow rate of the nanofluid
5. Validation:
have been taken as 0.4-1.0kg/sec. The temperature and
Plate heat exchanger performance is validated by
pressure have been taken as 30˚C and atmospheric pressure to various references used in the literature review. Performance
the inlet of plate heat exchanger. curve shows the same trends as in the journal of J. sarkar[20].
The nanofluid cooled plate heat exchanger considered in this
study. whereas the dimensions and configurations are given in 6. Result and Discussion:
Table 1. The heat exchanger is counter. As the effect of using The performances of the plate heat
nanofluid as a cooling medium in plate heat exchanger on the exchanger as well as the CO2 refrigeration cycle are presented
performance improvement is the main aim of the present
for various compressor discharge pressures (90-110 bar),
study
nanofluid mass flow rates (0.4-1.0 kg/s) and nanoparticle
The data were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients, volume fraction in nanofluid (0.5-4%). Unless otherwise
overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of plate heat stated the mean values are refrigerant pressure at gas cooler
exchanger. Reynolds number of refrigerant and nanofluid can inlet of 100 bar, nanofluid mass flow rate of 0.6 kg/s and
be calculated based on channel mass velocity and hydraulic nanoparticle volume concentration of 1%. The evaporator
diameter of the channel as follows: temperature, CO2 mass flow rate and nanofluid inlet
Rer = GrDh/μr temperature to gas cooler have been taken as 100˚C, 0.3 kg/s
Renf = GnfDh/μnf and 30˚C, respectively. The nanoparticle diameter is taken as
Where the hydraulic diameter Dh= 2b/θ, the channel mass
50 nm. The heat exchanger effectiveness are suitably plotted
velocity of refrigerant and cold nanofluid are:
to illustrate the various performance trends.
Gr= mr/Ncpr.b.Lw
Gnf= mnf/Ncp.b.Lw
The heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant and nano fluid can
be calculated by the following equation [21], [10]

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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]

0.195 1.058
Cu
Al22O33
0.19 CuO 1.056 Cu
TiO2 Al2O3
CuO
0.185 1.054 TiO2
Plate heat exchanger

Cooling COP
0.18
1.052
effectiveness

0.175
1.05

0.17
1.048

0.165
90 94 98 102 106 110 1.046
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Compressor discharge pressure (bar)
Fig.4. Variation of plate heat exchanger effectiveness with Nanofluid mass flow rate (kg/sec)
compressor discharge pressure. Fig.7. Variation of cooling COP with nanofluid mass flow rate.

The variations of plate heat exchanger effectiveness with

0.2 compressor discharge pressure are shown in Fig.4 using
Cu studied Cu, Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 nanofluids. The Co2 inlet
Plate heat exchanger effectiveness

0.195 Al22 O33

CuO
temperature increases with increase in compressor discharge
TiO2 pressure and hence, the heat rejection in plate heat exchanger
0.19
increases due to increase in effective heat transfer temperature
0.185 difference. Whereas, the Effectiveness of plate heat exchanger
decreases with increase in Co 2 pressure due to degradation of
0.18 heat transfer properties as go away from transcritical pressure.
As the compressor discharge pressure has no effect on
0.175 nanofluid heat transfer or flow properties, the performance
deviations with all four nanofluids are independent on the Co 2
0.17
inlet pressure to plate heat exchanger as shown in figure.
0.165

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

The variations of plate heat exchanger effectiveness and COP
Nanofluid mass flow rate (kg/s)
with nanofluid mass flow rate are shown in Figs.5 and
Fig.5. Variation of plate heat exchanger effectiveness with 7,respectively using studied Cu, Al 2O3, CuO and TiO2
nanofluid mass flow rate. nanofluids. The nanofluid heat transfer coefficient increases
with increase in nanofluid mass flow rate and hence overall
heat transfer coefficient increases resulting in increase in plate
0.186 heat exchanger effectiveness. The cooling capacity increases
Cu due to increase in plate heat exchanger effectiveness. The
Plate heat exchanger effectiveness

Al2 O3
0.185 Al2 O3 cooling COP of the cycle increases with increase in nanofluid
CuO
0.184 TiO2 mass flow rate. As nanofluid properties are independent on
nanofluid mass flow rate, the effect on performance deviations
0.183 with all four nanofluids is negligible.
0.182
The variations of plate heat exchanger effectiveness with
0.181
particle volume fraction are shown in Fig. 6 using studied Cu,
Al2O3, CuO and TiO2 nanofluids. The specific heat capacity
0.18 decreases and viscosity increases, whereas the thermal
conductivity increases. As a result, the effectiveness of plate
0.179

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 heat exchanger increases with increase in volume fraction.
0.04 The deviation of nanofluid properties increases and hence the
Particle volume deviation of plate heat exchanger effectiveness increases with
fraction increase in volume fraction.
Fig.6. Variation of plate heat exchanger effectiveness with
particle volume fraction.

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 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
7. Conclusion:
The nanofluid cooled plate heat exchanger has
been modeled and simulated for transcritical CO2 refrigeration
system to study the effects of various design and operating
parameters on system performance improvement. From the
results and discussion, the following conclusion can be made:
Use of nanofluid as coolant in plate heat exchanger
improves the heat exchanger effectiveness, cooling
capacity and COP.
The CO2 system yields best performance using
Al2O3 as coolant in plate heat exchanger followed by
TiO2, CuO and Cu.
The performance shows the similar trends with
respect to plate heat exchanger inlet pressure and
nanofluid mass flow rate, however, the performance
deviation increases with increase in particle volume
fraction.
Effectiveness increases with increase in compressor
discharge pressure, mass flow rate of nanofluid and
particle volume fraction.
The cooling COP increases with increase in
nanofluid mass flow rate
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4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
College Of Engineering ,Teerthanker Mahaveer University
[2015]