A study on sustainable development with special

reference to water and sanitation.

A
Seminar Programme
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
For the award of the degree of
B.A. (Honours) Economics
To
Amity School of Economics

Faculty guide:-
Name: Mr Suraj Kumar Sharma

Submitted by:-
Name: Vernika Jain

Enrolment No: A6018217121

Department: Amity School of Economics
Programme: B.A. (H) Economics
Semester: 1st
Batch: 2017-2020
 Amity School of Economics

Amity University, Noida Uttar Pradesh

October, 2017-10-20

Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the major Project/ Seminar/ Term
Paper, entitled “A study on water and sanitation under sustainable development” in partial
fulfilment for the award of degree of B.A. (Honours) Economics submitted to the Amity School of
Economics, Amity university, Noida Uttar Pradesh is a record of my own investigations carried
under the guidance of Mr. Suraj Kumar Sharma, of Amity School of Economics

I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other
degree

Vernika Jain

A6018217121
B.A. (H) ECO – 1ST Semester
2017-2020
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Vernika Jain of B.A. (Honours) Economics 2017-2020, 1 st
semester, has presented a study on water and sanitation under sustainable
development in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B.A.(Honours)
Economics under Amity University, Noida Uttar Pradesh

Date- 20.10.2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Mr. Suraj Kumar Sharma for guiding and helping me in
completing this project. Also the constant support and guidance of my parents
helped me in collecting the data efficiently and analyzing it too.

Date- 20.10.2017
Table of Contents

Candidate’s Declaration ....................................................................................................................ii

Certificate...........................................................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................................iv

INTRODUCTION........

........................................................................................................................................1

NEED FOR THE STUDY.......

........................................................................................................................................2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE......

.........................................................................................................................................3

1ST REVIEW PAPER

2ND REVIEW PAPER

3RD REVIEW PAPER

4TH REVIEW PAPER

5TH REVIEW PAPER

RESULTS.......

........................................................................................................................................4

CONCLUSION.......

........................................................................................................................................5

BIBLIOGRAPHY......
........................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION
A region’s sanitation facilities, death rates are very much related to infectious,
life- threatening diseases which ultimately depend on the quality of water of that
particular area. During natural disasters like floods, tsunami, droughts, etc
special care should be taken of the water consumed and of the sanitation because
during this time these problems are uncontrollable.
Inadequate treatment of human excreta affects the health and growth of the
population. It becomes the dumping ground for harmful bacteria and insects
which affect our health. The dirt and bacteria carried by the insects get
transferred on our hands and other parts due to which we get unhealthy.
If appropriate actions are not taken for proper sanitation facilities then not only
it will affect our health but also is a threat but also is a threat to different
ecosystems. There are four main factors on which a system depends:-

 Geographic location

 Its maintenance

 Quality of construction

 Architecture of the building

Water and sanitation facilities require proper maintenance over time otherwise
more and more disasters will take place. In other words a good maintenance
require the hard work , effective organization, plans of many people to restore a
damage quickly at a low cost.
Need for the study
Adequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene all these factors are important to
ensure a mental and physical wellness of a person. Also there should be proper
treatment of wastewater which is utmost important for our mother earth. Improving
these factors will bring more profit to the country as there will be no disease.

In many developing countries like India the population is growing at a very high
speed, development is going on in many sectors but still many people do not know
the importance of clean drinking water and proper treatment of human waste. In
fact, in 2012, a US Intelligence Community Assessment identified many problems
arising from poor hygiene and unsafe and unclean drinking water.

In fact, a recent study commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) and
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimated that around 1.8 billion people
drink focally contaminated drinking water. Sanitation problems need urgent
attention. Today 2.5 billion people still lack access to proper sanitation facilities. In
many parts of sub. Saharan Africa, less than half of the population uses a toilet fit for
human beings. One billion people are not using toilets at all, they defecates in the
open. Worldwide, there is no track of wastewater management. It is true that poor
sanitation and inadequate water supply play a role in keeping the country poor.

Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities must be given utmost importance by all the
people worldwide. This is why there is a need for study of this topic in order to
spread awareness about water and sanitation.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

1ST REVIEW PAPER

(BY – CLARISSA BROCKELHUST, JAMIE BARTRAM)
This paper considers what needs to be done to ensure the proper sanitation and
water facilities. It highlights the important role of health sector in facing the
challenges that come ahead. Improved sanitation facilities, access to safe
drinking water are some of the essential steps of every country’s journey to gain
a good health.

Poor performance
The WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) recently reported that the world is
far behind providing the proper sanitation facilities. Countries like UK just give
1.5% of their budget to these sectors. These facilities are not been provided to
those who strongly need it

The key actors and their role

Household
If the rural sectors try to invest in their own wells at affordable prices these can make
a great difference.

Local government
Effective delivery of water and other services is done at a local level. In rural area the
main problem that occurs is the maintenance. The biggest challenge for them is to
work with previous providers on further developments.
Central government
Better outcomes will come only if the central government supports the local government. This
can be in the form of finance and funding. For example in Myanmar, in the 1980s a district
needed some fund to submit a plan of action to the health ministry. This fund was provided by
the central government for the district to work strategically.

2ND REVIEW PAPER

(BY- PAUL R. HUNTER, RICHARD C. CARTER)
Safe, clean water is important for good health. It is estimated that 7.5 litre of
water is required for household needs and personal requirements. We will argue
for the supply of adequate water to enhance public health. An inadequate supply
of water prevents good sanitation.
Constraints and challenges
The availability of water resources
Most of the wealthier countries get adequate rains that fills the rivers, lakes, etc
which helps to store the water for further use.
Water, diarrhoea and infant mortality rate
Poor drinking water is one of the contributors of diarrhoea disease in children.
Almost 17% of young children die due to diarrhoea.
Disassociation of the health and water sectors
The disassociation of responsibilities of people for water and sanitation services
affect the general public’s health.
Strategies to achieve and improved water supply
Access to safe, clean and healthy water to all for household and personal use and
for drinking is very important. Mostly the poor countries face the health risks. A
good supply of water is necessary for sanitation and health. Often due to poor
finance, adequate water supply and management is a big failure. More and better
research is needed to make an improvement in the water section. But it is also
clear that the government should not wait for the outcomes of the search instead
should implement some for the betterment of the people.

3RD REVIEW PAPER

The sanitation crisis and the recent evidence on lack of toilets
Recent evidences show that India is moving towards a Sanitation Crisis. It seems
that it has forgotten the importance of adequate toilet facilities. It is estimated
that 18.6% of the population do not have a toilet in urban areas whereas 69.3%
for the same in rural areas.59% Indians still defecate in the open.
Lack of access to water supply and drainage facilities and implications for sanitation
Most of the Indian home do not have toilets, access to water supply and drainage
facilities. It has a noticing impact on the health of women and men. During floods
and droughts the situation gets worse.
Introduction of a new act on manual scavenging
The government will introduce a new act on the shameful practice of manual
scavenging. In which people who were involved in scavenging will be included in
other economic activities.
Factors affecting toilets use
There are a number of factors which affect the use of toilets. These are:

 Absence of mechanisms to maintain the toilets.

 Lack of plumbing and drainage facilities.

 Lack of water, lack of adequate and systematically designed sewage

systems.

 Inadequate mechanisms to maintain these sewage pipelines.

  Absence of grievance redressal mechanisms.

It is utmost important to understand that without these factors the use of toilets
is wrong. There is a strong need to focus on these factors.
The new rural policy and beyond
The target for becoming Open Defecation Free (ODF) India has been set as 2022.
It is important that people understand the importance of toilets. It is important
that we understand the needs of the people rather than counting the number of
toilets established.

4TH REVIEW PAPER

Our Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi says that building toilets is a preference
over building temples. There will be many benefits if people stop defecating in
the open.
Many harmful germs spread diseases among children and adults. UNICEF, UN’s
Agency states that around one-half of Indian children remain malnourished.
Hindu text encourages people to defecate in the open to avoid ritual impurity.
India must change these traditional practices otherwise each second a child will
be sick. Mortality rates are constantly increasing at a very high rate.
A survey shows that 67% of all Hindus practice open defecation as compared to
42% of Muslims. In a family having working latrine, at least one member prefers
to defecate in the open.
Thousands of people die every year because of poor sanitation facilities. Faeces
spread among the crops and in the groundwater give birth to germs and bacteria.
In spite of good nutritional value in the human body, many people still suffer
from malnourishment. Men living in the villages think that toilets are made for
women and elders and not for them. If they change this kind of thinking the
worldwide problem of sanitation can improve a lot.
Media should encourage people and tell them about the demerits and harmful
effects of open defecation. The government should provide proper financial help
in order to build public toilets in rural areas.

5TH REVIEW PAPER

(BY- CATHERINE PADDOCK)

Thankfully, access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities are provided to
people. Not all but at least some are taking an initiative to improve the health
status of the country. However, still there are serious issues regarding this
problem. Many deaths are occurring in young children because of diarrhoea.
Moreover, according to WHO Report, millions of people still don’t have clean
water to drink or wash their hands. Lack of clean drinking water increases the
risk of many harmful diseases such as cholera, typhoid, etc.
There are many challenges that we are going through:-

 2.5 billion People are still deprived of the facility of improved sanitation.
 Open defecation is still practiced by 1 billion people in India.
 748 million people lack access to clean drinking water.
On a positive note, many things are changing. People and their mindset are
changing about the usage of toilets.
Children in rural areas are being educated about the merits and demerits of
unsafe water. They are also being encouraged to drink clean water and to keep
themselves and their surrounding clean.
The WHO reports also show that poor sanitation facilities and unclean drinking
water have also fallen down from 1.5 billion in 1990 to just about 60,000 in
2012.

RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Many people in the country still don’t have access to clean water and sanitation
facilities. In urban areas the condition of sanitation facility is very poor however
the same in rural area is worse. As the drinking water is not clean and safe it
contains many harmful bacteria that have a negative effect on our health.
The main purpose of this project is to create self awareness among people about
sanitation and advantages of drinking clean and safe drinking water. As it is
correctly said that self awareness is the best awareness.
Despite of our being advanced in technology, have the entire knowledge still
billions of children are dying each day as we are not spreading awareness in
them. Health sector plays a crucial role in solving many problems in the
sanitation and water facilities. Sanitation, Water may seem like a burden but
actually is a very important health issue. Disposal of human waste without
treatment is not justified, especially in the slum area where the waste is exposed
openly.

Conclusions drawn from the results are as follows:

 Still 7.1% of people in urban areas and 6.2% in the slum area use pit latrines. Also
12.6% of people in urban areas and 18.9 % in slum area defecate in the open.

 According to the Baseline Survey of 2013 there is only 40.35% of sanitation coverage
in India.

 2.6 billion People still don’t have adequate sanitation facilities.

 The withdrawals in supply of water is very low approximately less than 10% in
countries like Greenland, Argentina, Sudan, Peru, Chad, Angola.

 In states like Telangana, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, whole north-western region,

faces very extreme water stress.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/sanitation-crisis-india-urgent-need-look-
beyond-toilet-provision

https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21607837-fixing-dreadful-sanitation-india-
requires-not-just-building-lavatories-also-changing

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/285848.php

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000365#s9

http://collections.plos.org/water-and-sanitation

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000361

http://water.jhu.edu/index.php/magazine/climate-change-and-health-why-the-link-
to-water-is-critical/