Term Paper

On

NOISE REDUCTION METHOD IN MOTORCYCLE

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Guided by: Submitted by:

MR SHUBHAM SHARMA Name:Deepak Yadav
Department of mechanical
Engineering Enrolment No.: A2399816165
ASET, Noida Section:2ME3 X
 Acknowledgement

I acknowledge, with gratitude, my debt of thanks to Professor Shubham Sharma

for his valuable advice and encouragement in preparing this research paper.
At the time of preparing this term paper, I had gone through different books and
websites which helped me to get acquainted with lots of information.
Apart from me, this term paper will certainly be immense importance for those
who are interested in this topic. I hope they will find it comprehensible.
Furthermore I don’t claim all the information in this term paper is included
correctly. There may be shortcoming, factual error, mistaken opinion which are all
mine and I alone am responsible for those but I will try to give a better volume in
future.

Thank you
DEEPAK YADAV
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.DEEPAK YADAV, student of B.Tech. in Mechanical

Department has carried out the work presented in the project of the Term paper
entitle "NOISE REDUCTION METHOD IN MOTORCYCLES" as a part of First
year programme of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from
Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh under my supervision.

Name & signature of the faculty Guide

Department OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING ASET, Noida.

CONTENT
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Classification by noise characterstics
4. Acoustic modelling for engine noise reduction
5. Investigating motorcycle engine noise using acoustic modelling for
anylising the motorcycle engine
6. Mechanical method for ruducing noise in motorcycle
6.1 Muffler
6.2 Exhaust system
7. Exhaust qieiting method
 7.1 Choose stock parts
7.2 Install better muffler
7.3 Install full case muffler
7.4 Improve the baffle
7.5 Install a resonator muffler
7.6 Change the pipes and tips
7.7 Use exhaust wrAP
8. Replace the catalytic convertor
9. Conclusion
10. Refrence

Abstract
With an increasing number of vehicles, the reduction of traffic noise
emissions becomes a greater social requirement. On the other hand, as
users' tastes for motorcycles have diversified, it becomes important to
develop and supply products to meet customers' requests within a short
period. Therefore, it is a key factor to efficiently develop motorcycles
which conform to the noise regulations. This paper describes concrete
examples of currently utilized noise-source proving methods and noise
reduction methods for motorcycles.

Introduction
Noise control is becoming increasingly important for a wide variety of
OEM designers. Examples of products that take noise control
considerations into account during their design cycles include equipment
such as computer hard drives, house appliances, material handling and
transportation equipment etc,. In the transportation market, which
includes aircraft, ground and marine segments, the demand is for low
noise level goals. Achieving these goals is of primary importance for
OEM to be continue to be competitive or to keep a given supremacy in
the market. The automotive industry has been a leader in the adsorption
of noise control technologies. Methods in use for several years for the
prediction of interior noise levels include : finite element method(FEM),
statistical energy analysis (SEA) boundary element analysis (BEA) etc.
The internal combustion engine has mechanized the world. Since the
early 1900s it has been our prime source of mechanical power. The vast
number of internal combustion engines in the world today has resulted in
air pollution, noise pollution etc.

Classification by noise characteristics

One typical engine noise classification technique separates the
aerodynamic noise, combustion noise and mechanical noise.
1. AERODYNAMIC NOISE
2. COMBUSTION NOISE
3. MECHANICAL NOISE

AERODYNAMIC NOISE:
Aerodynamic noise includes exhaust gas and intake air noise as well as
noise generated by cooling fans, auxillary fans or any other air flow.
COMBUSTION NOISE:
Combustion noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surfaces of
the engine structure, engine components and engine accessories after
excitation by combustion forces.

MECHANICAL NOISE:
Mechanical noise refers to noise generated by the vibrating surfaces of
the engine components and engine accessories after excitation by
reciprocating or rotating engine components.

EXHAUST SYSTEM NOISE

Exhaust system noise includes the noise from exhaust gas pulses leaves
the muffler or tail pipe and noise emitted from the vibrating surfaces of
the exhaust system components. Noise emitted from the surfaces of
exhaust system components results from two different types of
excitation forces: those generated by the pulsating exhaust gas flow and
those transmitted from the vibrating engine to exhaust system
components. Additional considerations in the reduction of exhaust
system noise include proper selection of piping lengths and diameters,
proper mounting of exhaust system components and proper positioning
of the exhaust outlet.

Intake system noise:

Intake system noise includes noise generated by the flow of air through
the systems air inlet and noise emitted from the vibrating surface
components. As with exhaust systems surface radiated noise results from
two different types of excitation process: those generated by the
pulsating intake air flow and those transmitted from the vibrating engine
to intake system components. In many instances, an engines air cleaner
will provide significant attenuation of intake air noise. If additional
attenuation is required, an intake air silencer can be added to the system.
To minimize intake system surface radiated noise, proper design,
selection and mounting of intake system components are essential.

Cooling System Noise:

Water cooled engines are typically cooled by using a radiator as a heat

exchanger – with an axial flow fan is used to draw cooling air through
the radiator. Air-cooled engines generally use a centrifugal fan in
conjunction with shrouding to direct cooling air across the engine. Fan
noise consists of both discrete frequency tones and broadband noise. The
broadband components of fan noise are caused by the shedding of
vortices from the rotating fan blades and by turbulence in the fans air
stream

Reducing Motorcycle Engine Noise with Acoustics Modeling:

When designing motorcycles, noise reduction is a primary area of
concern. Loud, poorly designed motorcycles may not meet noise
regulations or satisfy customers. As such, there is a need to reduce
motorcycle noise by identifying and eliminating its sources. To do so,
researchers at Mahindra Two Wheelers, Ltd. turned to acoustics
simulation.

Investigating Motorcycle Engine Noise

Before a new motorcycle design is ready to hit the road, it must be
optimized for many different factors, one of which is noise reduction.
Not only do individual states have specific regulations on motorcycle
noise, but many potential customers also prefer quieter motorcycles.
The first step toward designing a quieter product is finding the major
contributors to noise generation. In motorcycles, this is the engine,
which lacks the enclosed chamber found in cars to help contain engine
noise. Furthermore, a motorcycle engine consists of many individual
parts that generate noise, including the intake, exhaust, piston slap, gear
whine, valve train, and combustion chamber.
One specific cause of noise in a motorcycle engine is the combustion
chamber. A quick rise of combustion pressure in a motorcycle’s
combustion chamber causes structural vibrations. Such combustion-
induced vibrations radiate noise. In certain frequency ranges, an engine’s
radiated noise under combustion excitations is dominant when compared
to other sources of engine noise. As such, this is an important element to
study when aiming to reduce the noise generated by motorcycle engines.
Instead of solely physical testing, which can be costly and time-
intensive, a team from Mahindra Two Wheelers, Ltd. turned to acoustics
modeling to investigate how an engine’s structure contributes to noise
radiation. Using the Acoustics Module, these researchers performed an
acoustic-radiation analysis of a single-cylinder internal combustion (IC)
engine under combustion load. Their goal was to identify which areas of
the engine create the most noise, and to implement structural changes to
reduce the noise produced in these location.

Using Acoustics Modeling to Analyze Motorcycle Engine

To begin their acoustic analysis, the researchers enclosed the engine skin
(the outer surface of the engine) in a computational domain enclosed by
a Cartesian perfectly matched layer (PML), which dampens all outgoing
waves with little or no reflections. They also applied a Normal
Acceleration boundary condition to the boundaries of the engine skin, as
seen in the image below and to the right.
Additionally, to map on the engine skin mesh, the researchers used nodal
accelerations that were interpolated with the Interpolation function
feature in COMSOL Multiphysics® software. Since this acoustics model
must be solved for each of its 40 frequency steps, the researchers carried
out process automation with Java® code in order to substantially reduce
the solution time. They also performed their acoustic analysis in a Batch
mode.
 surface acceleration plot

During these tests, they placed a microphone in front of the engine’s side
cover, as shown in the picture below.
Physical experiments carried out to measure motorcycle engine noise
and sound pressure level in a quiet room.
The setup of the physical noise experiment. Image by Ulhas Mohite and
Niket Bhatia and taken from their COMSOL Conference presentation
submission.
The microphone was located outside of their computational domain
boundaries. This led the researchers to use far-field calculations and the
Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (H-K) integral to compute the pressure and
acoustic fields outside of the computational domain. To ensure that their
far-field study was accurate, they used a thin-layer boundary mesh.
For their SPL simulations, the researchers noted that the motorcycle
engine’s noise radiation under combustion load is dominant in a
frequency range of 800 Hz to 2000 Hz. Due to this, they analyzed the
one-third octave band data of the engine noise signal from the same
range. Additionally, the research team generated a sound intensity plot
of their engine to better understand what areas radiate the most noise.
These acoustic analyses successfully highlighted engine areas with a
high noise level, as we can see in the SPL plot below.

Mechanical Method for Noise Reduction in

Motorcycle

MUFFLERS
A motorcycle’s sound is controlled by the muffler and the
exhaust system. The exhaust system is responsible for the loud
rumbling noise that can be heard as a bike is in fast approach.
The muffler, however, is the main component that reduces
sound. The challenge in dampening sound is that mufflers can
cause back pressure, which results in a power loss. The solution
is to take advantage of aftermarket, high-performance mufflers.
The other advantage to a sound-reducing, high-performance
muffler is that the engine is cooled better, which increases
engine life. In addition to upgrading the muffler, riders can
consider some other ways to reduce sound.
Motorcycle and scooter owners that wish to quiet their exhaust
system should evaluate the effectiveness of their muffler first
and consider other methods to dampen sound. To find
equipment and supplies that can help quiet the motorcycle
exhaust system, people can visit their motorcycle dealership,
motorcycle supply and repair shops, or online merchants like
eBay Motors. When searching, consumers should understand the
motorcycle exhaust system, the way sound is transmitted
through the system, and ways to dampen the sound.

Overview of the Motorcycle’s Exhaust System

A motorcycle’s internal combustion engine dispels gaseous fumes from
the exhaust valve and the gas molecules form into high-pressure waves.
These waves meet a low-pressure area in the pipe and create sound
pulses. Inside the motorcycle muffler, the sound waves are funneled into
chambers and dissipated through holes in a pipe, called baffles. The
chambers and holes allow the muffler to harness the sound, reflect it,
and dampen it as it travels out of the muffler and down the tailpipes.
Many states in the U.S. actually have maximum noise limits for
motorcycles, which means that older motorcycles or bikes that have
been previously equipped with loud exhaust systems for racing require
additional mufflers.
Two-cylinder motorcycles have two pipes joined into one that enters the
muffler. Four-cylinder motorcycles have two pipes that join one muffler
on each side of the bike, called twin exhaust. Bike owners need to
consider the number of cylinders and whether the bike has one or two
mufflers in order to make a purchasing decision on mufflers and exhaust
components. When buying parts for the motorcycle, like any other motor
vehicle, you should search by the year, make, and model of bike.

Exhaust Quieting Methods

To quiet the noise of a motorcycle exhaust, you have several avenues to
consider. Depending on the budget, degree of difficulty, and the look of
the modifications, some people may prefer one method over the other.
Trial and error is also a valid method, as every bike’s sound varies.
While sound can be quantified according to decibels, it also has a
subjective nature, which only the bike’s owner can determine. To quiet
the sound, bike owners can consider several methods.

Method 1: Choose Stock Parts

Many riders purchase used bikes and these bikes are often modified by
their previous owners. Since many riders want a louder or more
distinctive sound, they install loud mufflers and pipes. A modified
Harley-Davidson bike, for example, may come with a lot of upgrades
that are desired by the biker, but also with a loud exhaust system that the
owner wants to replace. The simplest way to quiet the bike is to reinstall
the factory mufflers and pipes. These parts are widely available,
inexpensive, and in new or good condition, as bike owners have
removed them and sold them in favor of loud exhaust parts.

Method 2: Install a Better Bullet Muffler

Bikes with loud sound often have standard bullet mufflers, a muffler
with an oval shape that is only slightly larger than the pipes. You can
purchase bullet mufflers that reduce decibels without affecting the look.
To reduce sound without changing the look of the bike, you can
purchase perforated bullet mufflers, louvered bullet mufflers, or
chambered bullet mufflers. Perforated bullet mufflers have holes, hollow
spaces, or glass packing to deaden sound. Louvered bullet mufflers are
better at reducing noise than the perforated one, because they feature
louvers, fiberglass packing, and empty spaces that trap sound. The
chambered bullet muffler produces a deeper tone than the others,
because sound blocking chambers trap sound. Another way to improve
the standard bullet muffler is to choose a glasspack muffler because it
features sound deadening material.
Method 3: Install a Full Case Muffler

To keep sound levels low and improve performance over

factory-installed mufflers, consider installing a full case muffler.
They come in two varieties, single and dual chambered. The
single chamber has one chamber wrapping around the walls and
may contain some baffles. A baffle is a metal tube with holes,
and some are packed with fiberglass or stainless steel. Dual-
chambered mufflers separate the muffler into two sections to
cancel noise.

Method 4: Improve the Baffle

Inside the muffler chambers, the baffle is a perforated tube that acts to
deaden sound waves. Over time, the baffle’s performance declines and
sound increases. To improve this situation without replacing the muffler,
you can take the muffler apart and replace the baffle with the same kind
or choose an upgraded baffle. While the muffler is apart, you can also
pack it with sound deadening materials, like steel wool and fiberglass.
For convenience, look for baffle repack kits. If taking apart the muffler
is inconvenient, you can look for slip-in baffles that insert through the
mouth of the muffler. These are easy to fit to a motorcycle because they
simply slip on the bike. This also makes them more removable if that is
desired.

Method 5: Install a Resonator Muffler

Luxury cars often speed by with just a minimal purring because they
have a resonator muffler. The resonator is a chamber that treats the
sound before it gets to the muffler chambers and baffles. This makes for
a very quiet sound coming from the exhaust system. The size of the
resonator is precisely calculated so that the sound waves exiting to the
main chamber bounce off the waves coming back from the far wall of
the main chamber, thus minimizing the noise. Exhaust pipes with
resonators are also available.

Method 6: Change the Pipes and Tips

Install cross pipes in a dual exhaust system, as they mix the exhaust and
sound from the two systems, resulting in sound reduction. Buyers should
look for cross pipe designs like h-pipe, x-pipe, and y-pipe, or look for
custom designs. Putting a cap on the muffler with a circumference
smaller than the pipe will dampen sound slightly. You can also find
resonating exhaust tips with extra insulation and sound dampening
materials like fiberglass.

Method 7: Use Exhaust Wrap

For an inexpensive and easy way to quiet the bike’s exhaust, you can
find materials to dampen sound. Acoustic wrap comes in a roll like tape
and it is specially formulated to withstand the high heat of the exhaust
system. Exhaust wrap can be installed on the outside and inside of the
muffler and around the pipes. It can reduce vibrations and decibel level.
If it does not suit, it can be easily removed. The wrap can be used with
other materials, like fiberglass, to increase sound deadening.

Method 8: Replace the Catalytic Converter

The catalytic converter is not necessary for motorcycle operation but it is
required by law in many countries in order to limit toxic emissions.
When the engine mixes fuel and air to provide the explosion that moves
the crankshaft, waste gas is expelled through the valve to the catalytic
converter. The catalytic converter transforms the carbon monoxide into a
less harmful state before it passes into the exhaust system. To dampen
sound on the motorcycle, you can upgrade the catalytic converter to the
latest generation for your bike’s year, make, and model, as a newer one
may provide better insulation and less vibration. It is best to check for
the same make and model. For example, if the bike is a BMW, the
upgraded catalytic converter should be meant for a BMW. You may also
be able to purchase one with glass packing or similar sound-deadening
material.
 COUNCLUSION
Motorcyle are becoming more and more popular way of transportation.
people are now prefering two wheeler over four wheeler vehicle.today
there are more wehiclethan the road .nowdays road are more
coungusted.two wheeler are best mode of transportation today.as
number or two wheeler are increasing day by day it is necssesry for the
vehicle to be more fuel sufficient and enviromently friendly.noise
pollution is increasing at very fast rate in the citties nowdays. the two
wheeler should be more silent .two wheeler industr are investing more
and more money in their r&d program to find more and more ways to
make the vehicle silent.there are various method now which are used to
make vehicle more enviromental friendlly.
One of the most easiest way to quite the bike's exhaust is to switch back
to the factory-installed mufflerand pipes
other method involves purchasing muffler with speacial feature like
baffle, resonator or material like carbon fiber
motorcycle straight from factory are most likelly to be quite,as
manufacture comply with sound restriction in different countries

Refrence
I. https://www.wikipedia.org/
II. http://papers.sae.org/1999-01-3257/

III. http://www.seminarsonly.com/forum/noise-reduction-method-on-motorcycles-t4142.html

IV. http://www.seminarsonly.com/forum/noise-reduction-method-on-motorcycles-t4142.html