Ba 11 Report PDF

(A Unit of Nitte Education Trust(R), Mangalore)
An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University

Approved by UGC/AICTE/Govt of Karnataka, Accredited by NAAC (A Grade)
Govindapura, Gollahalli, P.B. No. 6429, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560-064, Karnataka, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Accredited by NBA (Tier-I)
Project Report
On
INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS ON

GAS TURBINE BLADE
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of BE Degree

“MECHANICAL ENGINEERING”
SUBMITTED BY
STUDENT NAME USN SEMESTER & SECTION
Siddharth Dutta 1NT15ME161 VIII-C
Shahid Saleem Ansari 1NT15ME154 VIII-C
Sagar Shetty 1NT15ME143 VIII-B
Sachin T V 1NT15ME140 VIII-B
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Arun kumar G L
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
2018-19
(A Unit of Nitte Education Trust(R), Mangalore)
An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University
Approved by UGC/AICTE/Govt of Karnataka, Accredited by NAAC (A Grade)
Govindapura, Gollahalli, P.B. No. 6429, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560-064, Karnataka, INDIA

Accredited by NBA (Tier-I)
Certificate
This is to Certify that the project entitled “INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS ON GAS TURBINE BLADE” submitted by Siddharth Dutta
(1NT15ME161), Shahid Saleem Ansari (1NT15ME154), Sagar Shetty (1NT15ME143),
Sachin T V (1NT15ME140) bonafide students of Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru in partial fulfilment for the award of B.E Degree in Mechanical Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2018-19 is an
authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated by me have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
department library. The project work report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.
Mr. Arun Kumar G L Dr. Sudheer Reddy

Project Guide Professor & Head
Asst Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engg, NMIT
Dept of Mechanical Engg, NMIT
Dr. H C Nagaraj
Principal, NMIT
SINO. Examiner’s Name Signature with Date
2
NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION UNDER VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM)
YELAHANKA, BANGALORE – 560 064
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the presented report of the final year project titled
“INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS ON GAS
TURBINE BLADE” is uniquely prepared by us as a part in the effort of completion of the
Bachelors of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. We also confirm that, the report is
only prepared for our academic requirement not for any other purpose.
Mr. SIDDHARTH DUTTA Mr. SHAHID SALEEM ANSARI

USN: 1NT15ME0161 USN: 1NT15ME154
Mr. SAGAR SHETTY Mr. SACHIN T V

USN: 1NT15ME143 USN: 1NT15ME140
ABSTRACT
Cooling of Gas Turbine blades is a major consideration in the design of gas turbine blades due
to high operating temperature working conditions for greater thermal efficiency for the stage.
Several methods of cooling of gas turbine blades coupled with innovative geometry for cooling
passages are in existence. This work essentially incorporates an important modification to the
geometry of the cooling passage. These are innovative twisted tape inserts incorporated to the
leading edge of the geometry. And hence an overall enhancement in the cooling effect with this
geometry is compared with a configuration with no cooling geometry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, we are thankful to the Management of Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology for
providing me an opportunity to work on this project. This report would not have been possible
without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed
and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study
First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to our beloved Guide, Mr. Arun Kumar G L, Asst.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his invaluable support, suggestion
precious advice and patient guidance, helped me to complete our project.
We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. SUDHEER REDDY J, Professor and Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, who stood by
us in all our endeavours and willingly permitted us to work on this project in college
We also express our sincere thanks to Dr. HC NAGARAJ, Principal, Nitte Meenakshi Institute
of Technology, whose words of advice have always been a constant source of inspiration for me
and others
We would like to thank Prof. RANGANATH SETTY, Dean of academic, Nitte Meenakshi
Institute of Technology, for his support throughout
We would also like to thank Dr. NR SHETTY, Director, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of
Technology for his valuable support for completing our project without any obstacles.
A special thanks to all teaching and non-leaching staff members of the Department of
Mechanical of Mechanical Engineering for their support. We also express our sincere gratitude
to all those who were involved with me directly or indirectly during our project work
This Bachelor of Engineering report will stay with us for the rest of my life and we are glad to
have accomplished it with all the great people of Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bangalore.
Bangalore SIDDHARTH DUTTA

April, 2018 SHAHID SALEEM ANSARI
SAGAR SHETTY
SACHIN T V
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................1
1. INRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF COOLING IN GAS turbine………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1.2 BROAD CONCEPTS OF COOLING OF TURBINE BLADES……………………………………………………………. 2
1.2 TURBINE BLADE COOLING METHODOLOGIES…………………………………………………..…………………….… 3
1.3 TURBINE BLADE COOLING DESIGN ................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................10
2. LITERATURE SURVEY ......................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................12
3. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................13
GEOMETRIC MODELLING ....................................................................................................13
4.1 DESIGN OF A GAS TURBINE BLADE……………..……………………………………………………………………………13
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................18
5. MESH GENERATION ..........................................................................................................18
5.1 MESH WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY…………………………………… 20
5.2 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPE INSERTS………………………………………… 21
CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................................................22
6. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................................................23
7. RESULTS...............................................................................................................................23
7.1 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY CONTOUR……………………………………………... 23
7.2 ANALYSIS FOR TURBINE BLADE…………………………………………………….25
7.2.1 BLADE WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY..……………………………………………………………………….25
7.2.2 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPE INSERTS…………………………………………………………………………………….27
7.3 FLOW THROUGH A SINGLE HOLE WITH TWISTED TAPE INSERTS…………….30
7.3.1 0.01 KG/SEC MASS FLOW RATE…………………………………………………..30

7.3.2 0.02 KG/SEC MASS FLOW RATE……………………………………………………33
CHAPTER 8 .................................................................................................................................41
8.1 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 41
8.2 FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………41
CHAPTER 9 .................................................................................................................................42
9. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................42
APPENDIX…………………………………….………………………………………………………………….……………………………..43
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO
1.1 BRAYTON CYCLE 1
1.2 BLADE COOLING METHOD 3
1.3 VARIOUS COOLING METHODOLOGIES 4
1.4 STRUT INSERT BLADE 5
1.5 FILM AND CONVECTION COOLED BLADE 6
1.6 TRANSPIRATION COOLED BLADE 7
1.7 MULTIPLE SMALL HOLE TRANSPIRATION COOLED 7

HOLE
1.8 WATER COOLED TURBINE BLADE 8
1.9 TWISTED TAPE 9
4.1 CO-ORDINATES OF NASA C3X 14
4.2 BLADE WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY 14
4.3 BLADE WITH DEFENITE HOLES 15
4.4 MODEL OF TWISTED TAPE 16
4.5 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPE GEOMETRY 17
5.1 3D DOMAIN 19
5.2 SECTIONAL VIEW OF MESH 20
5.3 BLADE WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY 20
5.4 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPES 21
5.5 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPES 21
7.1 PRESSURE CONTOUR OF BLADE WITHOUT COOLING 23

GEOMETRY
7.2 VELOCITY VECTOR OF BLADE WITHOUT COOLING 24
GEOMETRY
7.3 PRESSURE CONTOUR OF BLADE WITH TWISTED 24
TAPES
7.4 VELOCITY VECTOR OF TURBINE BLADE WITH 25
TWISTED TAPE
7.5 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 25
7.13 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE FLUID DOMAIN 30
7.14 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 30
7.15 SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 31
7.16 STATIC TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 31
7.17 NUSSELT NUMBER VS POSITION 32
7.18 TOTAL TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 32
7.19 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFCIENT VS POSITION 33


INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS ON GAS TURBINE BLADE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of Cooling In Gas Turbine Blades
Gas turbines have turned out to be a standout amongst the most imperative prime movers
particularly in air ship impetus, land-based power generation, and modern applications. The best
advantage.of gas turbines is that it produces (comparatively) higher vitality per unit size and
weight. Its minimization, low.weight and numerous fuel capacity settle on it a characteristic
decision for power plants. for some various applications.
The gas turbine inlet temperatures (TET) have risen extensively from the earliest starting point of
the 1970's from around 1500 K to.more than 2000 K for present day turbines. By and by the
requirement for an expansion in warm proficiency of gas.turbine plant, both in mechanical and
aviation divisions, still requests higher estimations of TET without settling on the
auxiliary.uprightness of the turbine segments. Warm effectiveness.and power yield of gas turbines
increments with expanding turbine section temperature. It.is clear from Brayton cycle (Figure 1.1)
that the real target is to expand the turbine pressure (ratio which increases) the gas turbine warm
productivity.
Fig 1.1 Brayton Cycle
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, NMIT Page 1

This requires a relook in the structure of turbine motor and different related segments to
accomplish the above target. The present TET level in dynamic gas turbines is far over the
liquefying purpose of the sharp edge material. Further the variety in the temperature inside the
sharp edge material (which causes warm burdens) must be constrained to accomplish sensible
strength points. In this manner it is depending to cool the turbine cutting edges so edge metal is
inside passable metallurgical points of confinement. The high weight gas turbine organize cutting
edges need to persevere through the most serious blend of temperature, stress, and condition; it is
commonly viewed as the constraining segment in the machine. Hence, along with (high)
temperature material improvement, a refined cooling plan must be produced for consistent safe
task of gas turbines with incredible execution.
A few cooling procedures have begun into utilization with the point of diminishing the metal
temperature to protect the uprightness of the segments, for a satisfactory motor life. In gas turbine
with higher working temperature, cooling frameworks should be planned for turbine (sharp edges)
yet in addition to cool end dividers, cover and different parts to meet as far as possible. There are
many types of cooling techniques with regards to turbine blade cooling. The methodologies
underlying the turbine blade cooling are briefly described in the following section.
1.1.2 Broad Concepts of cooling of turbine blades
So as to utilize high gas temperatures in gas turbine stages it is important to cool the packaging,
spouts, rotor.sharp edges and plate. Because of high rotational speeds and related anxieties,
cooling.of the rotor cutting edges is increasingly basic. Cooling of these parts can be accomplished
either by.inward or outer cooling or both.
Inward cooling of edges can be accomplished by passing cooling air (from the air blower) through
inner cooling sections from the center point towards the cutting-edge tips. The inner cooling
sections are circulated inside the cutting edge. The idea of cooling of these cutting edges is by
conduction and convection modes as shown in Figure 1.2.

Fig. 1.2 Blade cooling methods
In external cooling, the air inside the cooling sections is permitted to stream over the sharp edge
surfaces through various little openings slanted to the surfaces. An arrangement of such holes are
given at different segments of the edges along their lengths. The cooling air in this way streaming
out of these little openings frames a slim film over the sharp edge surfaces. The meager film other
than cooling the edge surface by convection diminishes the warmth exchange from hot gases to
the edge metal by giving a warm hindrance.
1.2 Turbine Blade Cooling Methodologies
1.2.1 Convection Cooling
This type of cooling is accomplished by planning the cooling air to stream inside the turbine sharp
edge or(vane, and evacuate)heat through the dividers as appeared in Figure 1.3. For the most part,
the wind current is spiral, making different goes through a serpentine entry from the center point
to the)cutting edge tip. Convection cooling is most broadly utilized cooling idea in present day gas
turbines.
1.2.2 Impingement Cooling

In this high-power type of convection cooling, the cooling air is impacted on the internal surface
of the edge by high speed air planes, allowing an expanded measure of warmth to be exchanged
to the cooling air from the metal surface. This cooling strategy can be confined to wanted area of
the sharp edge to keep up an even temperature over the whole surface.

1.2.3 Transpiration Cooling

Cooling by this strategy requires the cooling air to go through the permeable mass of the sharp
edge material. The warmth exchange is straightforwardly between the coolant and hot gas.
Transpiration cooling is compelling at high.temperatures, since it covers whole sharp edge with
coolant stream.
1.2.4 Film Cooling

This sort of cooling is an outside cooling in which the cooling air shapes a protecting layer between
the hot gas steam and the sharp edge surface. This sort of film cooling secures the edge similarly
as combustor lining does.
Fig. 1.3 Various cooling methodologies

1.2.5 Water/ Steam Cooling

Water is gone through various cylinders implanted in the edge. The water is transmitted from the
cutting-edge tips as steam to give astounding cooling. This strategy keeps the cutting-edge
temperature underneath 900 K. In steam cooling, steam is gone through a number of tubes
implanted in the spout or sharp edges of the turbine. This is a very effective cooling plan and holds
the cutting-edge metal temperature underneath 1000 K. Fluid or water cooling has all the earmarks
of being all the more striking because of the higher explicit warmth and possibility of evaporative
cooling. Be that as it may, the issues of hole, consumption, scale development and gagging
alleviate utilizing this strategy in gas turbine sharp edge cooling.
1.3 Turbine Blade Cooling Design

There are five different blade cooling designs commonly used in modern gas turbine blades.
1.3.1 Convection and impingement cooling/ strut insert design

The strut configuration appeared in Figure 1.4 has a mid-harmony segment that is convection-
cooled (through even balances, and) a main edge that is impingement cooled. The coolant is
released through a split trailing edge. The wind streams up the focal hole shaped by the
swagger.addition and through openings at.the main edge. The air at that point flows through even
blades.between the shell and swagger, and releases through the spaces in the trailing edge.
Fig. 1.4 Strut insert blade

1.3.2 Film and convection cooling design
Fig. 1.5 Film and convection-cooled blade
In this type of blade design as shown in Figure 1.5 the midchord region is convection-cooled, and
the leading edges are both convection and film-cooled. The cooling air is injected(through the
blade)base into two central and one leading edge cavity. The air then circulates.up and down a
series of vertical passages. At the leading edge, the air passes through a series of small holes in the
wall.adjacent to the vertical passages, and then impinges on the inside surface of the leading edge
and then passes through the film cooling holes. However)the trailing edge is convection-cooled by
the air discharging through the slots.
1.3.3 Transpiration cooling design

This design has a strut-supported porous shell. The shell attached to the strut is of a wire made
from a porous material as shown in Figure 1.6. Cooling air flows up the central plenum of the strut,
(which is a hollow structure. with various-size metered holes on the strut surface. The metered.air
then passes through.the porous shell. The shell material is cooled by a.combination of convection
and film cooling. This process is effective due to an infinite number of pores on the blade surface.

Fig.1.6 Transpiration-cooled blade
1.3.4 Multiple small-hole design
Fig. 1.7 Multiple small hole transpiration-cooled hole
With this specific design, primary cooling is achieved by film cooling with cold air injected
through a series of small holes over the blade surface. These holes are considerably larger than the
holes formed with porous mesh for transpiration cooling. Also, because of their larger size, they
are less susceptible to clogging by oxidation. The shell is supported by the cross ribs and is capable
of supporting itself without a strut, under engine operating conditions (Figure 1.7)

1.3.5 Water-cooled turbine blades

This design has a number of tubes(embedded)inside the turbine blade to provide channels for water
as shown in Figure 1.8. In most cases, these tubes are constructed from copper for good heat
transfer conditions. The water, which is converted to steam by the time it reaches the blade tips, is
then injected into the flow stream. The cooling occurs due to the phase change (evaporative
cooling).
Fig. 1.8 Water cooled turbine blades
1.3.6 Steam-cooled turbine blades

This design has a number of tubes embedded inside the turbine blade to provide channels for steam.
In most(cases)these tubes are constructed from copper for decent heat transfer conditions. Steam
inoculation)is becoming the prime basis of cooling for gas turbines in combined cycle application.
The steam, which is extracted from the exit of HP turbine, is sent through the nozzle blades, where
the steam is heated, and the blade metal temperature decreases.

1.3.7 Twisted Tape Configuration
Fig 1.9 Twisted tape
Twisted tape inserts have often been used to enhance the performance of tube cooling
assemblies.in applications where heat fluxes in excess of 106 W/m2 are expected. The twisted tape
insert rotates the internal liquid flow, and adds to the wetted area in the tube. The flow rotation
adds a radial pressure.gradient to the stream, and induces secondary flows. The twisted tape inserts
improve the nominal heat transfer, and increase the critical heat flux (CHF) over that in an open
tube with identical mass flow. The twisted tape insert also rises the.pressure gradient in the tube,
as do most other heat transfer performance enhancement approaches. However, the twisted tape
insert can provide improved heat transfer and better burnout heat flux.over that of anopentube with
identical inlet sub cooling and applied pressure drop. This makes the tube with twisted tape insert
the most efficient solution for many high heat flux cooling applications.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Web et al. (1971) developed heat exchange and friction connection for tempestuous stream in
cylinders having a rehashed rib roughness pattern. The contact connection depended on the law of
the divider similitude and was a similar technique as utilized by Nikuradse (1933) for sand-grain
unpleasantness. The heat exchange relationship was based on an utilization of a heat-momentum
exchange similarity to flow over a harsh surface, which was first utilized by Dipprey and Sabersky
(1963) for sand-grain roughness. The connection were checked with trial information taken with
0.01<e/D<0.04 and 10<p/e<40 and covering the range 0.71<Prandlt<37.6. the relationship could
be reached.out to a more extensive scope of e/D by excellence of the law of the divider. The good
outcomes acquired in this investigation, upheld by the earlier work with sand-grain roughness, of
a solid. contention for use of the associating techniques to different roughness geometry.
2. Han et al. (1978) examined the rib-roughened surface to decide the impact of rib shape, edge
of frequency and (pitch to stature proportion on grating component) and warmth exchange results
a parallel plate geometry was utilized. In light of the law of the divider comparability and use of
the warmth force similarity created by Dippery and Sabersky (1963), a general connection for
contact factor and warmth exchange. was created to represent rib shape, dispersing and amgle of
assault. Ribs at 45 degree edge of occurrence were found to have predominant. warmth exchange
execution at a given erosion control when contrasted with ribs at 90 level of frequency.
3. Gee and Webb (1980) introduced test data for single-stage constrained convection in a circular
tube containing a two-dimensional rib roughness. It broadened the past examinations by looking
at the impact of the rib helix angle. Although earlier examinations had recommended that helix
angles under 90 would give superior heat exchange per unit pumping power, no information had
been accounted for this work announced the information for heat exchange and friction attributes
for air flow with three helix angles (30". 49 and 70) all having a rib pitch-to-height proportion of
I5 (The preferred helix) angle was around 45 The information were associated in a structure to
allow execution expectation. with any relative unpleasantness measure (cD).

4. Sang Woo Lee et.al explored the streamlined execution of a turbine course with two various
types of winglets covering the tip hole bay of a plane tip, a. "weight side" (PS) winglet and a "main
edge and weight side" (LEPS) winglet, for a tip. hole height to-chord ratio of hc 2.0%. their width-
to-pitch ratio is changed to be w/p2.64. 5.28. also, 10.55%. The trial results. demonstrate that PS
winglet diminishes streamlined misfortune in the tip spillage vortex locale just as in a zone
downstream of the (winglet-weight surface corner, though it)increments streamlined misfortune
in the focal zone of the entry vortex area.
5. Chandrakant R. Kini In gas turbine(cutting edges, heat exchange can be upgraded by utilizing
turned tape embeds and stacks. In the present paper, we proposed)cooling impact of a gas turbine
blade can be improved by utilizing reasonable curved tape embeds and stack arrangements. A
Comparative report between this sort and the turned tape without stack arrangements was
performed. Strategies/Statistical Analysis: Simulations are completed for various width
proportions of curved tape with and without utilizing stack arrangements. Calculation results
demonstrated that(by utilizing bent tape additions of width proportion (W) = 0.3 with stack setups,
gives better cooling impact contrasted)with the others. Discoveries: Without utilizing the stack
Configurations, edge temperature is diminished by 34% at the main edge and 21.2% at the trailing
edge for W = 0.3. By utilizing stack arrangements, the sharp edge temperature is diminished by
50.7% at the main edge and 48% at the trailing edge for W = 0.3. Application/Improvements: All
these exhibited(that cooling impact of gas turbine cutting edge particularly at the trailing edge can
be)upgraded with reasonable turned tape and supplement and stack arrangements.
6. Rahul.H.Kumar, This examination goes for numerical examination of the impacts of gap
designs for the film cooling(on the main edge of a C3X nozzle)guide vane, under conjugate
conditions. The investigation is completed utilizing the business CFD code FLUENT, with
ANSYS Workbench 14.0. Since the study essentially centers around the impacts of hole.position
and geometry, the film cooling is completed in 2-D. An internal convective cooling numerical
investigation on the vane approves the utilization of disturbance display k-Ȧ SST for the picked
issue. An established level plate case is likewise completed for the film cooling numerical
examination approval.

CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
In consideration of the fairly extensive literature.review concerning(gas turbine blade cooling and
the identified research)gaps concerning the blade cooling the following specific research
objectives have been set for the present.research work
 To develop a novel.approach to enhance the gas turbine blade cooling by innovative
twisted tape geometry in the(leading edge)region.
 To make a comparative study(between the blade)without any cooling.geometry and with
twisted tape geometry.

CHAPTER 4
GEOMETRICAL MODELLING
4.1 Design of gas turbine blade
By taking NASA C3X co-ordinates (as reference turbine blade profile)profile has been
obtained. Utilizing CATIA V5, the required design of gas) turbine blade is made as
follows.

Fig 4.1 coordinates of NASA C3X
We are giving a thickness of 60mm and the 3-D model is obtained.
Fig 4.2 Blade without any cooling geometry

Below is the model of blade with four holes at the leading edge region. The diameter given are
15mm, 13mm, 8mm and 6mm respectively.
Fig 4.3 Blade with definite holes
SYMBOLS DIAMETER (mm)
D1 15
D2 13
D3 8
D4 6

Twisted tape geometry is modelled using CATIA V5 Software. These twisted tapes are to be
inserted to the holes provided above. This ensures better heat absorption by the air. The dimensions
of the twisted tape is provided below.
Fig 4.4 Model of twisted tape
QUANTITY DIMENSION (mm)
PITCH 45
HEIGHT 60
ORIENTATION CCW
THICKNESS 1

Fig 4.5 Blade with twisted tapes geometry

CHAPTER 5
MESH GENERATION
The process.of acquiring a fitting lattice (or matrix) is named work age (or network age), and has
for some time been. considered a bottleneck in the investigation procedure because of the absence
of a completely programmed work age methodology. Specialized(software) programs.have.been
produced with the end goal of work and network age, and access to a decent programming bundle
and aptitude in utilizing this product are critical to the accomplishment of a displaying exertion.
Age of polyhedral cross sections are simpler to mechanize. At the point when a surface framework
has been made, tetrahedral that have one base superficially are created above it and the procedure
is proceed towards the focal point of the volume along a walking front(Polyhedral cells are not
attractive) close dividers if the limit layers should be settled in light of the fact that the main matrix
point must be extremely near the divider while moderately huge lattice sizes can be utilized in the
ways parallel to divider.
Lattices are.utilized for rendering to a PC screen and for physical reproduction, for example,
limited component investigation or computational liquid elements. Cross sections are made out of
basic cells like triangles in light of the fact that, e.g., we realize(how to perform activities, for
example, limited component.counts (building) or beam following (PC illustrations) on triangles,
however we don't have a clue how to play out these tasks straightforwardly on entangled spaces
and shapes, for example, a roadway connect. We can reenact the quality of the scaffold, or draw
it.on.a(PC)screen, by performing computations on every triangle and ascertaining the associations
between triangles.
Cross sections are regularly made in sequential on workstations, notwithstanding when resulting
computations over the work will be done in parallel on super-PCs. This is both on account of the
impediment that most work(generators are intuitive, and on the (grounds that work) age runtime
is regularly inconsequential. contrasted with. solver time. In any case, if the work is too substantial
to even consider fitting in the memory of a solitary sequential machine, or the work must be
changed (adjusted) amid the recreation, coinciding is done in parallel.

Fig 5.1 3-D View Domain

O

Fig 5.2 Sectional view of mesh
5.1 Mesh without any cooling geometry
Fig 5.3 Blade without any cooling geometry
In this geometry approximately 90000 mesh counts were given. This is the simple geometry with
no cooling duct.

5.2 Blade with twisted tape inserts
Figure 5.4 Blade with twisted tapes
Fig 5.5 Blade with twisted tapes

In this geometry approximately 138000 mesh counts were given. This is the geometry with cooling
duct.

CHAPTER 6
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Boundary conditions were set to simulate the flow around turbine blade on the inlet boundary
velocity components of uniform(stream)with the given inflow speed were imposed on the exit
boundary the other variables were(extrapolated)on the outer boundary, the symmetry boundary
condition was imposed: on the blade and hub surface, the no-slip condition was imposed. The inlet
is specified as 'velocity inlet', with the velocity normal to the wall, the velocity and the rate of
revolution for various load condition.
• Inlet Velocity- 128m/s
• Inlet Temperature- 644K
• Wall Temperature- 1561K
• Pressure Outlet- Gauge Pressure
• Fluid- Air
• Material used- Iconel 625
• Density- 8.44g/cm^3
• Young’s Modulus- 20.4*10^4Mpa

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
From the pressure contour diagram, the variety of the speed of stream over the turbine cutting edge
is seen. At the main edge of the turbine cutting edge, stagnation condition is obviously caught.
Additionally, limit layer arrangement is seen close to the dividers. As the stream progresses over
the body, the speed builds steadily and after that decreases in the trailing district because of
curvilinear nature of the tail geometry from the speed vectors outline, the variety of the speed of
stream over the turbine sharp edge is seen. At the main edge of the turbine edge and in the camber
part distribution impact is gotten. Temperature circulation over the turbine sharp edge plainly
demonstrates the warmth exchange rate.
7.1 Pressure and velocity contour
Fig 7.1 Pressure contour of blade without cooling geometry

Fig 7.2 Velocity vector of blade without cooling geometry
Fig 7.3 Pressure contour of blade with twisted tapes

Fig 7.4 Velocity vector of turbine blade with twisted tape
7.2 Analysis for turbine blade

7.2.1 Blade without any cooling geometry
Fig 7.5 Temperature distribution of blade



In the resulting simulation, the temperature distribution varies between 1550K and 1563K.
7.2.2 Blade with twisted tape inserts


In the resulting simulation, the temperature distribution varies between 1550K and 1563K. Such a
variation was observed only after 2 minutes of simulation. This clearly is much faster than the
blade with no cooling geometry.

7.3 Flow through a single hole with twisted tape inserts

Separate analysis was also carried out for a flow through one of the holes with twisted tape inserts.
Fig 7.13 Temperature distribution in the fluid domain
7.3.1 0.01 kg/sec mass flow rate
Fig 7.14 Heat transfer coefficient VS position

Fig 7.15 Skin coefficient VS position
Fig 7.16 Static temp VS position

Fig 7.17 Nusselt number VS position
Figure 7.18 Total temp VS position

Figure 7.20 Skin friction coefficient VS Position

Figure 7.21 Static temperature VS Position
Figure 7.22 Nusselt number VS Position

Figure 7.23 Total temperature VS Position
Figure 7.24 Heat transfer coeff VS Position

Figure 7.25 Skin friction coeff VS Position
Figure 7.26 Static temp VS Position

Figure 7.28 Total temp VS Position

Figure 7.30 Skin friction VS Position

Figure 7.32 Nusselt VS Position


CHAPTER 8
8.1 CONCLUSION
The simulations are kept running for NASA C3X airfoil without holes with considering
Temperatures. simulaation is kept running for turbine sharp edges without holes in the combination
with and without considering Temperatures from the Pressure contour diagram. The variety of the
speed of low over the turbine is seen. At the leading edge of the turbine, stagnation condition is
plainly caught likewise limit layer arrangement is seen close to the dividers. As the stream propels
over the body, the speed builds bit by bit and after that lessens the trailing area because of
curvilinear nature of the tail geometry of without openings. In speed shape chart, the variety(of the
speed of stream)over the turbine is seen. At the leading edge of the turbine and in the camber part
recirculation effect is clearly shown for without holes. Temperature appropriation over the turbines
for without openings plainly demonstrates the warmth move rate in the middle of the cutting
edges.(Moreover thinks)about is required)for the headways of the turbine.
The simulation.demonstrate that the temperature.conveyance between turbine.edge with no
cooling geometry and with curved tape embeds. It demonstrates the.sharp edge with wound
supplements has preferable cooling impact over(cutting) edge with no openings. Time step was
given 0.001 seconds for turbine blade without holes. Angle of attack was assumed zero degree for
simulation. Simulation was carried out for 20mins. Time step was given 0.001 seconds for turbine
blade with twisted tapes. Angle of attack was assumed zero degree for simulation. Simulation was
carried for 2mins. From the analysis on twisted tape pipe for different mass flow rate we see that
temperature of the fluid at the outlet is increasing which indicates a decrease in the temperature of
the wall. Furthermore, it was also observed that the rise in temperature decreases with increase in
mass flow rate
8.2 FUTURE SCOPE
• Dynamic analysis of turbine blade can be carried out.
• Fluid structure interaction for the turbine blade can be done by considering different profile.

CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
[1]. Webb, R.L.et al., int.j.heat mass transfer, 14(4), 1971
[2]. Han, J.C.et al., int.j.heat mass transfer, 21, 1143, 1978
[3]. Gee, D.L. and Webb, R.L., int.j. heat mass transfer, 23, 1127, 1980
[4]. Sang Woo Lee, Seon Ung Kim, Kyoung Hoon, Aerodynamic performance of winglets
covering the tip gap inlet in a turbine cascade International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
34 (2012) 36-46
[5]. Heeyoon Chung, Jun Su Park, Ho-Seong Sohn, Dong Ho Rhee, Hyung Hee Cho. Trailing edge
cooling of a gas turbine blade with perforated blockages with inclined holes International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer 73 (2014) 9-20
[6]. M. Papa, R.J. Goldstein, F. Gori. Numerical heat transfer predictions and mass/heat transfer
measurements in a linear turbine cascade Applied Thermal Engineering 27(2007)771-778
[7]. Yao Yu, Zhang Jing-zhou, TanXiao-ming, Numerical study of film cooling from converging
slot-hole on a gas turbine blade suction side, International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer 52(2014) 61-72
[8]. HMohammad H. Albeirutty, Abdullah S Alghamdi, Yousef S. Najjar, Heat transfer analysis
for a multistage gas turbine using different blade cooling schemes, Applied Thermal Engineering
24(2004) 563-577

Appendix
1. Journal submission letter.
2. Journal Manuscript.
3. Plagiarism report.

4/28/2019 Gmail - Fwd: Your Paper is Accepted at IJNTR ( Paper ID:IJNTR05040046)
BCxShahid <shahid2ksaleem@gmail.com>
Fwd: Your Paper is Accepted at IJNTR ( Paper ID:IJNTR05040046)

1 message
IJNTR Journal <editor.ijntr@gmail.com> Sat, Apr 27, 2019 at 11:37 PM

To: shahid2ksaleem@gmail.com
Congratulation!!! Your manuscript with Paper ID: IJNTR05040046 has been

Accepted for publication in the IJNTR and the revised final paper after
revision and formatting will be published in the IJNTR. Your Review Report is
as follows:
Review Report
Paper ID: IJNTR05040046
Title of the Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas

Paper: Turbine Blade
Accepted or Not: Accepted
Criteria Points out of 10
Continuity 8
Text structure 7
References 9
Understanding and Illustrations 7
Explanatory power 8
Detailing 9
Relevance and practical advice 6
Overall Assessment (Comments.)
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/1?ik=bb47aae8ec&view=pt&search=all&permthid=thread-f%3A1631903011381703853&simpl=msg-f%3A1631991583… 1/19
Investigation of Heat Transfer
Characteristics on Gas Turbine Blade
Under the guidance of Mr. Arun Kumar GL Asst. Professor
Siddharth Dutta, Shahid Saleem Ansari, Sachin T V, Sagar Shetty
*Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Abstract: Cooling of Gas Turbine blades is a major integrity of the turbine components. Thermal
consideration in the design of gas turbine blades due to efficiency and power output of gas turbines
high operating temperature working conditions for increase with increasing turbine entry
greater thermal efficiency for the stage. Several temperature. It is clear from Brayton cycle (Figure
methods of cooling of gas turbine blades coupled with
1.1) that the major objective is to increase the
innovative geometry for cooling passages are in
existence. This work essentially incorporates an turbine pressure ratio which increases the gas
important modification to the geometry of the cooling turbine thermal efficiency, accompanied by an
passage. These are innovative twisted tape inserts increase in TET (Horlock et al. 2001).
incorporated to the leading edge of the geometry. And This calls for a relook in the design of turbine
hence an overall enhancement in the cooling effect with engine and various associated components to
this geometry is compared with a configuration with no
cooling geometry.
achieve the above objective. The current TET level
in advanced gas turbines is far above the melting
Introduction: Gas turbines have become point of the blade material. Further the variation in
one of the most important prime movers the temperature within the blade material (which
especially in aircraft propulsion, land-based causes thermal stresses) must be limited to achieve
power generation, and industrial applications. The reasonable durability goals. Thus it is contingent to
greatest advantage of gas turbines is that it cool the turbine blades so that blade metal is within
produces comparatively greater energy per unit permissible metallurgical limits.
size and weight. Its compactness, low weight and The high pressure gas turbine stage
multiple fuel capability make it a natural choice blades have to withstand the most severe
for power plants for many diverse applications. combination of temperature, stress, and
The gas turbine entry temperatures environment; it is generally considered to be the
(TET) have risen considerably from the beginning limiting component in the machine. Therefore,
of the 1970’s from around 1500 K to over 2000 K along with high temperature material
for modern turbines (Adami et al. 2003). development, a sophisticated cooling scheme
Nevertheless the need for an increase in thermal must be developed for continuous safe operation
efficiency of gas turbine plant, both in industrial of gas turbines with high performance.
and aerospace sectors, still demands higher values Several cooling techniques have come
of TET without compromising on the structural into use with the aim of reducing the metal
temperature to maintain the integrity of the
components, for an acceptable engine life. In gas
turbine with higher operating temperature,
cooling systems need to be designed not only for
turbine blades but also to cool end walls, shroud
and other components to meet the mechanical
limits. There are many types of cooling
techniques with regards to turbine blade cooling.
The methodologies underlying the turbine blade
cooling are briefly described in the following
section.
D2 13
Problem Statement: Due to high centrifugal forces D3 8

and high temperature working conditions the gas D4 6
turbine blades are experiencing high stresses. Due to
the high stresses in turbine blade there may be chance PITCH 45
of failure a change in the shape of turbine blade To HEIGHT 60
prevent the failure or change in the shape of the
turbine blade we should know the amount of stresses THICKNESS 1
and defamation acting on the blade. The main
intention of this work is to know the amount of heat
acting on the gas turbine blade and to come up with
an idea to minimize the temperature and increase the
life of gas turbine.
Objectives:
 To develop a novel approach to enhance the

gas turbine blade cooling by innovative
twisted tape geometry in the leading edge
region.
 To make a comparative study between the
blade without any cooling geometry and
with twisted tape geometry.
Methodology:
 The geometry was created using

commercially available CAD software
CATIA V5
 The geometry was imported to Design
modeler of ANSYS Blade without cooling geometry
Workbench R19.2
 The geometry was meshed using
Mechanical of Ansys Workbench R19.2
 The boundary conditions were applied to the
turbine blade which was obtained from
literature review
 Design of the turbine blade was optimized
and analyzed for twisted tape geometry with
same boundary conditions.
Geometry Details:
Design of gas turbine blade includes the insertion of

circular hole with twisted tapes in the turbine blade at
proper positions . By taking NASA C3X coordinates
as reference turbine blade profile has been obtained.
Using CATIA V5, the required design of turbine Blade with twisted tapes
blade is created as follows
For Twisted Tapes
SYMBOLS DIMENSIONS(mm)
D1 15
holes of definite dimension
3D domain
Modeling of twisted tapes
Meshing of blade with twisted tapes
Figure 1 Meshing of blade without cooling geometry

for simulation. Simulation was carried out for 20
minutes
In the resulting simulation , the temperature

distribution varies between 1550K and 1563K
Modeling of twisted tapes
Boundary Conditions:
Boundary conditions were set to simulate the flow

around turbine Blade: on the inlet boundary, velocity
components of uniform stream with the given inflow
speed were imposed, on the exit boundary the other
variables were extrapolated,on the outer boundary the
symmetry boundary condition was imposed in the
blade and hub surface. A 3D endosule was made of
dimensions x=1m, y=1m, z=1m The inlet is specified Figure 2 heat distribution of blade without cooling
as 'velocity inlet. with the velocity normal to the wall, geometry
the velocity and the rate of revolution for various
load condition
 Constant temperature throughout the blade

 Atmospheric pressure is assumed
 Inlet Velocity- 128m/s
 Inlet Temperature- 644K
 Wall Temperature- 1561K
 Pressure Outlet- Gauge Pressure
 Fluid- Air
 Material used- Iconel 625
 Density- 8.44g/cm^3
 Young’s Modulus- 20.4*10^4Mpa
 Laminar flow is assured
Magnified view
Results and discussions
Below figures clearly shows the temperature

distribution between turbine blade with twisted tape
inserts and blade without holes. It shows that blade
with twisted tape has better cooling effect than
turbine blade without holes.
Time step was given 0.001 seconds for turbine blade Time step was given 0.001 seconds for turbine blade
without holes. Angle of attack was assumed 0 degree with twisted tapes. Angle of attack was assumed 0
degree for simulation. Simulation was carried out for 7.4 Flow through single duct pipe
2 minutes. Separate analysis was also carried out for
a flow through one of the holes with
In the resulting simulation , temperature distribution
twisted tape inserts.
varies between 1550K and 1563K.
Temperature distribution in twisted tape duct.
Such a variation was a observed only after 2 minutes
of simulation. This clearly is much faster than the
blade with no cooling geometry in it.
Heat distribution of blade with twisted tapes
Fig 7.13 heat transfer coefficient VS

position
Fig 7.14 Skin coefficient VS position
Magnified view
Fig 7.15 Static temp VS position
Fig 7.16 Nusselt number VS position
Figure 7.19 Skin friction coefficient VS Position
Fig 7.17 Total temp VS position
Figure 7.20 Static temperature VS Position

Figure 7.24 Skin friction coeff VS Position
Figure 7.22 Total temperature VS Position


Figure 7.23 Heat transfer coef VS Position
Figure 7.31 Nusselt VS Position

Figure 7.29 Skin friction VS Position
Conclusion: [2]. Han, J.C.et al., int.j.heat mass transfer, 21, 1143,
1978
The simulations are ran for NASA C3X airfoil
without holes with considering Temperatures [3]. Gee, D.L. and Webb, R.L., int.j. Heat mass
Simulations are ran for turbine blades without holes transfer, 23, 1127, 1980
in the combination with and without considering
Temperatures. Temperature distribution over the [4]. Sang Woo Lee, Seon Ung Kim, Kyoung Hoon,
turbines for without holes clearly shows the heat Aerodynamic performance of winglets covering the
transfer rate in between the blades. Furthermore tip gap inlet in a turbine cascade International Journal
studies is required for the advancements of the of Heat and Fluid Flow 34 (2012) 36-46
turbine.
[5]. Heeyoon Chung, Jun Su Park, Ho-Seong Sohn,
From the 3D analysis the temperature distribution Dong Ho Rhee, Hyung Hee Cho. Trailing edge
between turbine blade without holes and with twisted cooling of a gas turbine blade with perforated
tape has been observed. It shows that blade with blockages with inclined holes International Journal of
twisted tape inserts has better cooling effect than Heat and Mass Transfer 73 (2014) 9-20
turbine blade without circular holes.
[6]. M. Papa, R.J. Goldstein, F. Gori. Numerical heat
From the analysis on twisted tape pipe for transfer predictions and mass/heat transfer
different mass flow rate we see that temperature measurements in a linear turbine cascade Applied
of the fluid at the outlet is increasing which Thermal Engineering 27(2007)771-778
indicates a decrease in the temperature of the
wall. [7]. Yao Yu, Zhang Jing-zhou, TanXiao-ming,
Numerical study of film cooling from converging
Furthermore, it was also observed that the rise in slot-hole on a gas turbine blade suction side,
temperature decreases with increase in mass flow International Communications in Heat and Mass
rate. Transfer 52(2014) 61-72
[8]. HMohammad H. Albeirutty, Abdullah S

Alghamdi, Yousef S. Najjar, Heat transfer analysis
Acknowledgement for a multistage gas turbine using different blade
cooling schemes, Applied Thermal Engineering
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the 24(2004) 563-577
successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made
it possible whose consistent guidance and
encouragement crowned our efforts with success
it has been a great fortune to have, Mr. Arun Kumar

G.L Asst. professor, department of mechanical
engineering NMIT, Bangalore as our project guide
s we would like to thank Dr. SC Nagaraj, principal,

NMIT and Dr. Sudheer reddy, Head of the
department, Mechanical engineering NMIT
Bangalore for their constant support and help
we would also like to take this opportunity to extend

my sincere thanks to all remaining staff our
department for their necessary help and cooperation.
We would like to thank our Parents and Friends for

their support towards our project
References
[1]. Webb, R.L.et al., int.j.heat mass transfer, 14(4),

1971
BCxShahid
ORIGINALITY REPORT
18 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
3%
INTERNET SOURCES
10%
PUBLICATIONS
5%
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Manipal University

1 Student Paper %
2 Meherwan P. Boyce. "Axial-Flow Turbines",

Elsevier BV, 2012
Publication
www.docstoc.com
3 Int ernet Source %
4 R.L Webb, E.R.G Eckert, R.J Goldstein. "Heat

transfer and friction in tubes with repeated-rib
roughness", International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer, 1971
Publication
5 Gee, D.L.. "Forced convection heat transfer in

helically rib-roughened tubes", International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 198008
Publication
6 Submitted to King Fahd University for

Petroleum and Minerals
Student Paper
7 Shin Hyung Rhee, Shitalkumar Joshi. "CFD

Validation for a Marine Propeller Using an
Unstructured Mesh Based RANS Method",
Volume 1: Fora, Parts A, B, C, and D, 2003
Publication
8 Sang Woo Lee, Seon Ung Kim, Kyoung Hoon

Kim. "Aerodynamic performance of winglets
covering the tip gap inlet in a turbine cascade",
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,
2012
Publication
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(A Unit of Nitte Education Trust(R), Mangalore)

An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS ON

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of BE Degree

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mr. Arun Kumar G L Dr. Sudheer Reddy

SINO. Examiner’s Name Signature with Date

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mr. SIDDHARTH DUTTA Mr. SHAHID SALEEM ANSARI

Mr. SAGAR SHETTY Mr. SACHIN T V

Bangalore SIDDHARTH DUTTA

1.3 TURBINE BLADE COOLING DESIGN ................................................................................................. 5

7.2.2 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPE INSERTS…………………………………………………………………………………….27

7.3 FLOW THROUGH A SINGLE HOLE WITH TWISTED TAPE INSERTS…………….30

7.3.1 0.01 KG/SEC MASS FLOW RATE…………………………………………………..30

7.3.3 0.03 KG/SEC MASS FLOW RATE……………………………………………………35

7.3.4 0.04 KG/SEC MASS FLOW RATE……………………………………………………38

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 BRAYTON CYCLE 1

1.2 BLADE COOLING METHOD 3

1.3 VARIOUS COOLING METHODOLOGIES 4

1.4 STRUT INSERT BLADE 5

1.5 FILM AND CONVECTION COOLED BLADE 6

1.6 TRANSPIRATION COOLED BLADE 7

1.7 MULTIPLE SMALL HOLE TRANSPIRATION COOLED 7

1.9 TWISTED TAPE 9

4.1 CO-ORDINATES OF NASA C3X 14

4.2 BLADE WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY 14

4.3 BLADE WITH DEFENITE HOLES 15

4.4 MODEL OF TWISTED TAPE 16

4.5 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPE GEOMETRY 17

5.2 SECTIONAL VIEW OF MESH 20

5.3 BLADE WITHOUT ANY COOLING GEOMETRY 20

5.4 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPES 21

5.5 BLADE WITH TWISTED TAPES 21

7.1 PRESSURE CONTOUR OF BLADE WITHOUT COOLING 23

7.6 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 26

7.7 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 26

7.8 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 27

7.9 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 27

7.10 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 28

7.11 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 28

7.12 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF BLADE 29

7.13 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE FLUID DOMAIN 30

7.14 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 30

7.15 SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 31

7.16 STATIC TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 31

7.17 NUSSELT NUMBER VS POSITION 32

7.18 TOTAL TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 32

7.19 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFCIENT VS POSITION 33

7.20 SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 33

7.21 STATIC TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 34

7.22 NUSSELT NUMBER VS POSITION 34

7.23 TOTAL TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 35

7.24 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 35

7.25 SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 36

7.26 STATIC TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 36

7.27 NUSSELT NUMBER VS POSITION 37

7.29 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 38

7.30 SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT VS POSITION 38

7.31 STATIC TEMPERATURE VS POSITION 39