Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Radiation laws
Blackbody radiation
Planck’s Law
C1
Monochromatic irradiance E * ,
5 C
exp 2 1
T
C1 = 3.74 10-16 W m2
C2 = 1.44 10-2 m k
1
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
7000 K
200
Irradiance
E* (M W m -2 m -1 )
6000 K
100
5000 K
4000 K
0
0 1.0 2.0
Wavelength ( m)
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The total amount of radiant energy emitted by a
blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the
absolute temperature such that,
E* T4 W m-2
2
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
E* E* d
0
2897
max m,
T
where T is the temperature in Kelvin.
2897
Solar (T 6000 K) max 0 .5 m
6000
2897
Terrestrial (T 300 K) max 10 m
300
It is instructive to plot the spectra of solar and
terrestrial radiation on the same diagram to show their
relative contributions at different wavelengths. Before
doing so, however, it is necessary to make the
following changes:
3
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
E2
E1
A2
A1
point source
r1
r2
2
A2 r2
A1 r1
2
E2 A1 r1
E1 A2 r2
4
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
r1
r3
E1 r2
E2 E3
sun
earth planet
E1 T4 (5.67 x 10 -8 ) (5784) 4 W m -2
2 2
r1 6.95 x 105
E2 E1 (5.67 x 10-8 ) (5784) 4
r2 149.6 x 106
S = E2 = 1370 W m-2
2
E3 r2
E2 r3
5
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
Emissivity
blackbody
E real object
Wavelength
E
Emissivity is defined as ( 1)
E*
E d E d
E 0 0
E* E* d T4
0
6
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
Kirchhoff’s law
a ,
* *
*
High reflection Warm, low cloud
7
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
IR IR
IR
IR
solar IR terrestrial IR
radiation radiation
= (1 - ) S r 2 ,
= T 4 (4 r 2 ) ,
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
8
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
(1 ) S r2 T 4 (4 r 2 )
Giving
1
(1 ) S 4
T
4
1
(1 0.3) 1370 4
-8
4 5.67 10
255 K (-18 o C)
9
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
Solar radiation
The attached diagram shows the spectral composition of
solar radiation. Based on the position of the peak of
the spectrum, the sun appears as a blackbody with
temperature near 6000 K but absorption by gasses in the
solar “atmosphere” reduces the overall emission, and
the sun appears as an object with an effective or
radiative temperature of 5784 K.
10
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
1
k 4
4
k (blue) 0.64
3 .5
k (red) 0.47
12
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
13
ATM60, Shu-Hua Chen
Earth surface
29 net gain
Atmosphere
14
This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.daneprairie.com.
The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only.