LABORATORY MATERIAL

EE0211 – ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY, Kattankulathur – 603 203

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 CONTENTS

Sl.No. Name of the Experiments Page No.

1 Verification of Kirchoff’s laws 3

2 Verification of Superposition theorem 6

3 Verification of Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem 9

4 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem 15

5 Power measurement in 3 phase unbalanced circuits 19

6 Power measurement in 3 phase balanced circuits 20

7 Power measurement using 3 voltmeter & 3 ammeter 22

method

8 Circuit analysis using CRO 26

9 Circuit transients by digital simulation 28

10 Study of resonance 30

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Experiment No. 1 VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
Date :

Aim:
To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Resistance 330, 220 1k 6
3 Ammeter (0-30mA)MC 3
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 3
5 Bread Board & Wires -- Required

Statement:

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero.
KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of all the voltages is zero.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure for KCL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the same for different voltages

Procedure for KVL:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note all the voltage reading
4. Repeat the same for different voltages

Circuit - KCL

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Circuit - KVL

KCL - Theoretical Values:

Sl. Voltage Current I1 = I2 + I3
No. E I1 I2 I3
Volts mA mA mA mA
1 5 5.68 3.12 2.56 5.68
2 10 11.3 6.18 5.12 11.3
3 15 17.05 9.37 7.68 17.05
4 20 22.73 12.49 10.24 22.075
5 25 28.42 15.62 12.68 28.42

KCL - Practical Values:

Sl. Voltage Current I1 = I2 + I3
No. E I1 I2 I3
Volts mA mA mA mA
1 5 5.6 3.1 2.2 5.3
2 15 17.2 9.4 7.6 17
3 25 28 15.6 12.7 28.3

KVL – Theoretical Values

Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL
E1 E2 V1 V2 V3 E1 = V1 + V2
V V V V V V
1 5 5 0.58 4.41 0.583 4.99
2 10 10 1.16 8.83 1.17 9.99
3 15 15 1.75 13.2 1.75 14.95
4 20 20 2.33 17.67 2.33 20
5 25 25 2.913 22.08 2.915 24.993

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KVL - Practical Values
Sl.No. RPS Voltage KVL
E1 E2 V1 V2 V3 E1 = V1 + V2
V V V V V V
1 5 5 0.6 4.4 0.56 5
2 10 10 1.13 8.83 1.19 9.96
3 15 15 1.72 13.20 1.78 14.92

Model Calculations:

Result:
Thus Kirchoff’s voltage load and Kirchoff’s current law verified both theoretically
and practically.

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Experiment No. 2 VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Date :

Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1
3 Resistors 1k, 330, 220 3
4 Bread Board -- --
5 Wires -- Required

Statement:

Superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral network containing more than
one source, the current flowing through the branch is the algebraic sum of the current flowing
through that branch when sources are considered one at a time and replacing other sources by
their respective internal resistances.

Precautions:

1. Voltage control knob should be kept at manimum position

2. current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the diagram.
2. Set a particular voltage value using RPS1 and RPS2 & note down the ammeter
reading
3. Set the same voltage in circuit I using RPS1 alone and short circuit the terminals
and note the ammeter reading.
4. Set the same voltage in RPS2 alone as in circuit I and note down the ammeter
reading.
5. Verify superposition theorem.

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 CIRCUIT - 1

CIRCUIT - 2

CIRCUIT - 3

TABULAR COLUMN
Theoretical Values
RPS Ammeter Reading (I)
1 2 mA
Circuit – 1 10 V 10 V I = 8.83

Circuit – 2 10 V 0V I’= 3.5

Circuit – 3 0V 10 V I”= 5.3

I = I’  I” = 8.83
Practical Values
RPS Ammeter Reading (I)
1 2 mA
Circuit – 1 10 V 10 V I = 8.5

Circuit – 2 10 V 0V I’= 3.5

Circuit – 3 0V 10 V I”= 5

I = I’  I” = 8.5 mA
= 3.5 + 5 = 8.5 mA

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Model Calculations:

Result:
Superposition theorem have been verified theoretically and practically.

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Experiment No. 3 VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Date :

Aim:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Ammeter (0-10mA) 1
3 Resistors 1K, 330 3,1
4 Bread Board -- Required
5 DRB -- 1

Statement:
Any linear bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by a equivalent
voltage source (VTH). Thevenin’s voltage or VOC in series with looking pack resistance RTH.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.

To find VTH
3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter
(VTH).

To find RTH
4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the
RTH using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTH and RTH and note the
corresponding ammeter reading.
6. Verify Thevenins theorem.

Theoretical and Practical Values

E(V) VTH(V) RTH() IL (mA)
Circuit - I Equivalent
Circuit
Theoretical 10 5 495 3.34 3.34

Practical 10 4.99 484 3.3 3.36

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Circuit - 1 : To find load current

To find VTH

To find RTH

Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit:

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Model Calculations:

Result:
Hence the Thevenin’s theorem is verified both practically and theoretically

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Experiment No. 4 VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
Date :

Aim:
To verify Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-10mA) MC 1
(0-30mA) MC 1
2 Resistors 330, 1K 3,1
3 RPS (0-30V) 2
4 Bread Board -- 1
5 Wires -- Required

Statement:
Any linear, bilateral, active two terminal network can be replaced by an equivalent
current source (IN) in parallel with Norton’s resistance (RN)

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original
circuit.

To Find IN:
3. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.
4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.

To Find RN:
5. Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down
the resistance across the two terminals.

Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Norton’s theorem.

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To find load current in circuit 1:

To find IN

To find RN

Norton’s equivalent circuit

Constant current source

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Theoretical and Practical Values
E IN RN IL (mA)
(volts) (mA) ()
Circuit - I Equivalent
Circuit
Theoretical 10 10.10 495 334 3.34
Values
Practical 10 10.4 485 3.4 4
Values

Model Calculations:

Result:
Norton’s was verified practically and theoretically

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Experiment No. 5 VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Date : THEOREM

Aim:
To verify maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 RPS (0-30V) 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1
3 Resistor 1K, 1.3K, 3 3
4 DRB -- 1
5 Bread Board & wires -- Required

Statement:
In a linear, bilateral circuit the maximum power will be transferred to the load when
load resistance is equal to source resistance.

Precautions:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.

Procedure:
Circuit – I
1. Connections are given as per the diagram and set a particular voltage in RPS.
2. Vary RL and note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3. Repeat the procedure for different values of RL & Tabulate it.
4. Calculate the power for each value of RL.

To find VTH:
5. Remove the load, and determine the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH)

To find RTH:
6. Remove the load and short circuit the voltage source (RPS).
7. Find the looking back resistance (RTH) using multimeter.

Equivalent Circuit:
8. Set VTH using RPS and RTH using DRB and note down the ammeter reading.
9. Calculate the power delivered to the load (RL = RTH)
10. Verify maximum transfer theorem.

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Circuit - 1

To find VTH

To find RTH

Thevenin’s Equation Circuit

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Power VS RL

Circuit – I

Sl.No. RL () I (mA) V(V) P=VI (watts)

1 200 1.3 0.27 0.26

2 400 1.2 0.481 0.53

3 600 1.1 0.638 0.707

4 800 1 0.771 0.771

5 1200 0.80 1.083 0.866

6 1300 0.77 1.024 0.788

7 1400 0.74 0.998 0.738

8 1500 0.71 0.968 0.687

To find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

VTH (V) RTH () IL (mA) P (milli watts)
Theoretical 2002 1320 0.758 0.759
Value

2 1306 0.77 0.77

Practical Value

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Model Calculations:

Result:
Thus maximum power theorem was verified both practically and theoretically

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Experiment No. 6 THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT
Date : (TWO WATTMETER METHOD)

Aim:
To measure the 3-phase active and reactive power by 2 – wattmeter method for (i)
resistance load (ii) inductive load

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-20A) MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V, 10A, UPF 2
4 Wattmeter 600V, 10A, LPF 2

Precautions:
 THE TPST switch must be kept open initially.
 Load must not be applied while starting.
Procedure:
(i) – Resistive load

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give the supply by closing TPST switch.
3. Vary the resistance load and note down the corresponding readings.

(ii) Inductive load

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give the supply by closing the TPST switch
3. Vary the inductive load and note down the corresponding readings.

for inductive load

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 for resistive load

Formulae Used:

1. Real power = w1 + w2

2. Reactive power = 3 (w1  w2 )

3 ( w1  w2 )
3. Tan  =
w1  w2

4. Power factor = cos 

Two Wattmeter Method : Resistive Load

MF = MF = Power
V I Wattmeter Wattmeter
(volt) (A) Reading (W1) Reading (W2) Cos 
OBS ACT = OBS ACT=OBS Real Reactive
(watt) OBS X (watt) x MF Power power
MF (watt) (watt) (watt)
(watt)
460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
460 1.8 70 560 90 720 1280 -277.12 0.977
460 3.7 160 1280 180 1440 2720 -277.12 0.9949
460 4.6 200 1600 210 1680 3280 -138.56 0.999
460 5.5 240 1920 250 2000 3920 -138.56 0.9
460 6.3 280 2240 290 2320 4560 -138.56 0.993
460 7.2 320 2560 330 2640 5200 -138.56 0.996
460 8.1 350 2800 370 2960 5760 -277.12 0.9988
460 9 390 3120 410 3280 6400 -277.12 0.990

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 Two Wattmeter Method : Inductive Load

MF = MF = Power
Wattmeter Wattmeter
V I Reading (W1) Reading (W2) Cos 
(volt) (A) OBS ACT = OBS ACT=OBS Real Reactive
(watt) OBS x (watt) x MF Power power
MF (watt) (watt) (watt)
(watt)
410 1 11 89 26 208 296 -554.26 0.351
410 2 15 120 32 256 376 -443.41 0.647
410 3 28 140 53 424 564 -734.39 0.609
410 4 43 344 80 640 984 -1108.51 0.664
410 5 78 624 106 848 1472 -1461.78 0.708
410 6 95 760 132 1056 1816 -1829.05 0.705

Model Calculations:

Result:
Thus power for three phase power supply was measured using 2 wattmeter method.

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Experiment No. 7 POWER MEASUREMENT BY 3 - VOLTMETER
Date :

Aim:
To measure the power in an inductive circuit, Eg: transformer, by 3- voltmeter
method.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI 2
(0-300V) MI 1
3 Transformer 230V/115V, 1KVA 1
4 Auto Transformer - -
5 Auto Transformer - 1
6 Rheostat 100 1

Precaution:
1. The DPST switch must be kept open initially.
2. The auto transformer must be kept at minimum potential position
3. The rheostat must be kept at maximum resistance position.

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the auto transformer, to bring the rated voltage of the transformer
3. Note down the transformer and voltmeter readings.
4. Vary the rheostat for different values and note down the corresponding meter
readings.

3 – Voltmeter Method
Sl. I Vs VR VL P Cos 
No. (amp) (volts) (volts) (volts) (watts)
1 0.2 150 15 136 25.193 0.82
2 0.6 150 54 120 21.99 0.293
3 0.8 150 73 120 15.18 0.158
4 1 150 86 110 17.46 0.158
5 1.1 150 90 105 20.625 0.178
6 1.2 150 95 100 21.99 0.182

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Formulae Used:

VS2  VR2  VL2

1. Power (P) = watts
2R
R = VR / I

VS2  VR2  VL2

2. Cos  =
2 Ve VL

Model Calculations:

Result:
The power was measured for given circuit using 3 voltmeter method

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Experiment No. 8 POWER MEASUREMENT BY 3 - AMMETER
Date :

Aim:
To measure the power in an inductive circuit, Eg: transformer, by 3- ammeter method.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-2A) MI 2
(0-5A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI 1
3 Auto transformer - 1
4 Transformer 230V/115V 1
1KVA, 1
5 Rheostat 100 / 4A 1

Precaution
1. The DPST switch must be kept open initially
2. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum potential position
3. The rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position

Procedure:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Adjust the auto transformer, to bring the rated voltage of the transformer
3. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Vary the rheostat for different values and note

3 – Voltmeter Method

Sl. V Is IR IL R P Cos 
No. (volts) (amp) (amp) (amp) (ohm) (watts)
1 115 0.75 0.54 0.48 213 4.31 0.07
2 115 0.85 0.6 0.48 191.67 912.6 0.22
6 115 0.95 0.7 0.48 164.3 14.9 0.57
4 115 1.05 0.8 0.48 143.7 16.6 0.3
5 115 1.15 0.9 0.48 127.7 18 0.32
6 115 1.25 1 0.46 0.46 20.1 0.37

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Formulae Used:

Power (P) = R
2
I 2
S  I R2  I L2 
R = V / IR

I S2  I R2  I L2
Power factor cos  =
2 IR IL

Model Calculations:

Result:
Thus power was measured using 3 ammeter method

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Experiment No. 9 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING CRO
Date :

Aim:
To measure voltage and current and also to study the phase relationship between
supply voltage and current in series RC circuit.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Function generator 1
2 DMM 1
3 Resistor 200  1
4 Capacitor 1 F 1
5 CRO 1

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. In the function generator, select “SINE WAVE” as the output and set the
frequency to 200 Hz.
3. Adjust the amplitude knob of the function generator until the waveform on the
oscilloscope shows 2 Vp.
4. Record the peak voltage across the resistor using CRO.
5. Calculate  from t.
6. Draw the waveform for VS, VR.

Circuit Diagram:

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 Sl.No. Frequency VR T t 
(Hz) V (ms) (ms) deg
1 200 0.4 5 0.3 21.6
(leading

Sl.No. Frequency VR T t 
(Hz) V (ms) (ms) deg
1 0.32 1.6mA 1.2 750 7.95

Result:
The phase relationship between supply voltage and current in series RC circuit is
studied and also the voltage and current are increased practically.

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Experiment No. 10 CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS BY SIMULATION IN RL
Date : CIRCUIT

Aim:
To simulate the RL circuit using Pspice software and to study the transient response

Circuit Diagram:

Simulation Parameter:
Vdc = 10 volts, R1 = 50 ohms, L = 100mH

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Simulation Output:

1. Transient L wave form

2. Transient R wave form

Result:
Simulation of the RL transient circuit was done

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Experiment No. 11 STUDY OF RESOURCE
Date :

Aim:
To study series and parallel resource in AC circuit

Series Resource:
An RLC circuit is said to be at re source when voltage and current are in phase with
each other and power factor is unity.

Z  R  j( X L  X C ) z

At series resource XL = XC
Z=R
XL = XC
1
L 
C
1
2 
LC
1
(2 n fr ) 2 
LC
1
fr 
2 LC
R
Power factor cos  
Z
VC VL
Q - factor = 
V V

Parallel Resonance:
Parallel AC circuit is said to be at resource when voltage and current are in phase with
each other and power factor is unity.

1
(i) ideal parallel circuit f 0 
2 u LC

1 1 R2
(ii) Practical circuit - I f 0  
2u LC L2

1  (R ) 2  L / C 
(iii) Practical circuit – II f 0   L 
2u 
IC  ( R L)  L/C
2 


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