Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ca 18if0005
Ca 18if0005
MARBLE 1
8 • GOOD INDUSTRY PRACTICES
1 AGGLOMERATED MARBLE
1.1 BACKGROUND
Marble is a metamorphic rock originating
from limestone or calcium carbonate
(CaCo3). Agglomerated marble, also
known as reconstituted or compressed
marble, is produced by binding selected
marble chips (93 to 95%) with specially
formulated resin (7 to 5%). It is one of
alternative choices to natural marble, as
a large part of agglomerated marble
consists of natural marble chips and
therefore possess similar characteristics
of marble. Fig. 1.1 – Raw material for agglomerated marble: Selected marble boulders.
In natural marble production, large rocks are acquired from quarries. After cutting
the selected rocks, the remaining boulders are classified as residue. In the past,
the excess material was treated as waste or used as substrate for roads. This is
not an efficient use of limited natural resources and does not contribute positively
to environmental sustainability. The need to make full use of the natural stone
substance to produce a product similar to natural marble led to agglomerated
marble as a natural stone substitute.
7
Cutting into required sizes by a laser
8
Final sorting, packing in cardboard
machine to ensure dimensional boxes and stacking on wooden
accuracy. pallets before dispatch.
Fig. 1.6 – Homogeneous body can be Fig. 1.7 – Polishing tools are similar to those for natural marble.
repeatedly polished and renewed.
11
Fig. 1.8 – Dry lay requires additional manpower and sufficient space for segregation and storage.
Fig. 1.9 – Direct installation (without dry lay) saves time and cost in construction.
Fig. 1.10 – Sorting stones by production “batch code” to minimize tone varitation.
Fig. 1.12 – Difficult to address inherent flaws in natural stones, especially after installation.
Etching: Calcite-based stone such as marble, limestone and travertine reacts with
acidic substances on contact, leaving dull marks or even deep furrows over time. This
is known as acid etching. The use of inappropriate materials for maintenance like acidic
or alkalis products can cause such etching. Even mild household acids, including cola,
wine, vinegar, lemon juice and milk, can damage these types of stone. The milder the
acid, the longer it takes to etch; stronger acids can damage the stone in seconds.
Fig. 1.13 – Liquid ingress and acid reactions are main reasons for stain and etching.
14 • GOOD INDUSTRY PRACTICES
IMPREGNATOR
MARBLE
ADHESIVE
SUBSTRATE
10 Diamond
9 Corundum
8 Topaz
7 Quartz (Granite)
6 Feldspar (Granite)
5 Apatite
Fig. 1.15 – Scratches and damage by other trades during construction.
4 Fluorite
2 Gypsum
1 Talc
Fig. 1.17 – Use of compatible adhesive and grout enhances the performance of agglomerated marble.
d. Maintenance
Agglomerated marble can react with acids and alkalis. Thus it is advisable to apply
compatible impregnator to prevent or minimize stain ingress and other reactions. Also,
it should be cleaned only with pH neutral detergents. Some other tips to maintain the
original surface finish are:
• Protect during construction
• Remove spillage immediately
• Avoid using cleaning agents containing soluble salts like sulphate or chloride
• Use neutral cleaner or plain water for regular maintenance
S NO TEST STANDARDS PURPOSE OF TEST As each site presents its own particular
requirements, it is important to understand
Determination of dimensional stability the characteristics of the materials and
1 BS EN 14617-12: 2005
(Manufacturing tolerance) match it to the conditions for its intended
use. For example, the stone used for
2 BS EN 14617-15: 2005 Determination of compressive strength
internal flooring of a house should be
4 BS EN 14617-10: 2005 Determination of chemical resistance more resistant to stains and scratches.
To achieve the desired results, the
Determination of apparent density and selection of stones, adhesives and other
5 BS EN 14617- 1:2005
water absorption supplementary products should be
chosen according to the specialist
6 BS EN 14617- 4:2005 Determination of abrasion resistance
recommendation, specific type of
7 EN 101:1991 Determination of scratch resistance application and the environment.