Scattering Matrix Package

3/4/2009 4_3 The Scattering Matrix 1/3
4.3 – The Scattering Matrix

Reading Assignment: pp. 174-183
Admittance and Impedance matrices use the quantities I (z),

V (z), and Z (z) (or Y (z)).
Q: Is there an equivalent matrix for transmission line

activity expressed in terms of V + ( z ) , V −( z ) , and Γ( z ) ?
A: Yes! Its called the scattering matrix.
HO: THE SCATTERING MATRIX
Q: Can we likewise determine something physical about our

device or network by simply looking at its scattering matrix?
A: HO: MATCHED, RECIPROCAL, LOSSLESS
EXAMPLE: A LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL DEVICE
Q: Isn’t all this linear algebra a bit academic? I mean, it

can’t help us design components, can it?
A: It sure can! An analysis of the scattering matrix can tell

us if a certain device is even possible to construct, and if so,
what the form of the device must be.
HO: THE MATCHED, LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL 3-PORT NETWORK
Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

HO: THE MATCHED, LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL 4-PORT NETWORK
Q: But how are scattering parameters useful? How do we

use them to solve or analyze real microwave circuit problems?
A: Study the examples provided below!
EXAMPLE: THE SCATTERING MATRIX
EXAMPLE: SCATTERING PARAMETERS
Q: OK, but how can we determine the scattering matrix of a

device?
A: We must carefully apply our transmission line theory!
EXAMPLE: DETERMINING THE SCATTERING MATRIX
Q: Determining the Scattering Matrix of a multi-port device

would seem to be particularly laborious. Is there any way to
simplify the process?
A: Many (if not most) of the useful devices made by us

humans exhibit a high degree of symmetry. This can greatly
simplify circuit analysis—if we know how to exploit it!
HO: CIRCUIT SYMMETRY
EXAMPLE: USING SYMMETRY TO DETERMINING A SCATTERING

MATRIX

Q: Is there any other way to use circuit symmetry to our

advantage?
A: Absolutely! One of the most powerful tools in circuit

analysis is Odd-Even Mode analysis.
HO: SYMMETRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
HO: ODD-EVEN MODE ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE: ODD-EVEN MODE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Q: Aren’t you finished with this section yet?
A: Just one more very important thing.
HO: GENERALIZED SCATTERING PARAMETERS
EXAMPLE: THE SCATTERING MATRIX OF A CONNECTOR

02/23/07 The Scattering Matrix 723 1/13
The Scattering Matrix

At “low” frequencies, we can completely characterize a linear
device or network using an impedance matrix, which relates the
currents and voltages at each device terminal to the currents
and voltages at all other terminals.
But, at microwave frequencies, it

is difficult to measure total
currents and voltages!
* Instead, we can measure the magnitude and phase of

each of the two transmission line waves V + (z ) and V − (z ) .
* In other words, we can determine the relationship

between the incident and reflected wave at each device
terminal to the incident and reflected waves at all other
terminals.
These relationships are completely represented by the

scattering matrix. It completely describes the behavior of a
linear, multi-port device at a given frequency ω , and a given line
impedance Z0.

Consider now the 4-port microwave device shown below:
V2− ( z 2 ) Z0 V2+ ( z 2 )
port
z 2 = z 2P
2
V1 + ( z1 ) port 1 port 3 V3− ( z 3 )
4-port
Z0 microwave Z0
device
V1 − ( z1 ) z1 = z1P z3 = z3P V3+ ( z 3 )
port
z 4 = z 4P
4
Z0
V4+ ( z 4 ) V4− ( z 4 )
Note that we have now characterized transmission line activity

in terms of incident and “reflected” waves. Note the negative
going “reflected” waves can be viewed as the waves exiting the
multi-port network or device.
Æ Viewing transmission line activity this way, we can fully

characterize a multi-port device by its scattering parameters!

Say there exists an incident wave on port 1 (i.e., V1 + ( z1 ) ≠ 0 ),

while the incident waves on all other ports are known to be zero
(i.e., V2+ ( z 2 ) =V3+ ( z 3 ) = V4+ ( z 4 ) = 0 ).
V1 + ( z1 ) port 1
Say we measure/determine the
+
voltage of the wave flowing into
Z0 V1
+
(z 1
= z1 p ) port 1, at the port 1 plane (i.e.,
− determine V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) ).
z 1 = z 1P
port 2 V2− ( z 2 )
Say we then measure/determine

+
the voltage of the wave flowing
out of port 2, at the port 2
V2
−
(z 2
= z2p ) Z0
plane (i.e., determine −
V2− ( z2 = z2P ) ).
z 2 = z 2P
The complex ratio between V1 + (z1 = z1P ) and V2 − (z 2 = z 2P ) is know

as the scattering parameter S21:
V2− (z 2 = z 2P ) V02− e + j β z P V02− + j β (z P +z P )

2
S21 = + = = e 2 1
V1 (z1 = z1P ) V01+ e − j β z P V01+ 1
Likewise, the scattering parameters S31 and S41 are:
V3− (z 3 = z 3P ) V4− (z 4 = z 4P )
S31 = + and S41 = +
V1 (z1 = z1P ) V1 (z1 = z1P )

We of course could also define, say, scattering parameter S34

as the ratio between the complex values V4+ (z 4 = z 4P ) (the wave
into port 4) and V3 − (z 3 = z 3P ) (the wave out of port 3), given
that the input to all other ports (1,2, and 3) are zero.
Thus, more generally, the ratio of the wave incident on port n to

the wave emerging from port m is:
Vm− (z m = z mP )
Smn = + (given that Vk + ( z k ) = 0 for all k ≠ n )
Vn (zn = znP )
Note that frequently the port positions are assigned a zero

value (e.g., z1P = 0, z 2P = 0 ). This of course simplifies the
scattering parameter calculation:
Vm− (z m = 0) V0−m e + j β 0 V0−m

Smn = + = =
Vn (zn = 0) V0n+ e − j β 0 V0n+
Microwave
lobe
We will generally assume that the port

locations are defined as znP = 0 , and thus use
the above notation. But remember where this
expression came from!

Q: But how do we ensure

that only one incident wave
is non-zero ?
A: Terminate all other ports with a matched load!
Γ2 L = 0
V2− ( z 2 ) Z0 V2+ ( z 2 ) = 0
V1 + ( z1 ) V3− ( z 3 )
4-port
Z0 microwave Z0 Γ 3L = 0
device
V1 − ( z1 ) V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0
V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0 Z0 V4− ( z 4 )
Γ 4L = 0

Note that if the ports are terminated in a matched load (i.e.,

Z L = Z 0 ), then ΓnL = 0 and therefore:
Vn+ ( zn ) = 0
In other words, terminating a port ensures

that there will be no signal incident on
that port!
Q: Just between you and me, I think you’ve messed this up! In all
previous handouts you said that if ΓL = 0 , the wave in the minus
direction would be zero:
V − (z ) = 0 if ΓL = 0
but just now you said that the wave in the positive direction would
be zero:
V + ( z ) = 0 if ΓL = 0
Of course, there is no way that both statements can be correct!
A: Actually, both statements are correct! You must be careful

to understand the physical definitions of the plus and minus
directions—in other words, the propagation directions of waves
Vn+ ( zn ) and Vn− ( zn )!

For example, we originally analyzed this case:
V + (z )
Z0 ΓL V − (z ) = 0 if ΓL = 0
V − (z )
In this original case, the wave incident on the load is V + ( z )

(plus direction), while the reflected wave is V − ( z ) (minus
direction).
Contrast this with the case we are now considering:
port n Vn − ( zn )
N-port
Microwave Z0 ΓnL
Network
Vn + ( zn )
For this current case, the situation is reversed. The wave

incident on the load is now denoted as Vn− ( zn ) (coming out of
port n), while the wave reflected off the load is now denoted as
Vn+ ( zn ) (going into port n ).
As a result, Vn+ ( zn ) = 0 when ΓnL = 0 !

Perhaps we could more generally state that for some load Γ L :
V reflected ( z = z L ) = ΓL V incident ( z = z L )
For each case, you must be able to

correctly identify the mathematical
statement describing the wave incident on,
and reflected from, some passive load.
Like most equations in engineering, the

variable names can change, but the physics
described by the mathematics will not!
Now, back to our discussion of S-parameters. We found that if

znP = 0 for all ports n, the scattering parameters could be
directly written in terms of wave amplitudes V0n+ and V0−m .
V0−m
Smn = + (when Vk + ( z k ) = 0 for all k ≠ n )
V0n
Which we can now equivalently state as:
V0−m
Smn = + (when all ports, except port n , are terminated in matched loads)
V0n

One more important note—notice that for the ports terminated

in matched loads (i.e., those ports with no incident wave), the
voltage of the exiting wave is also the total voltage!
Vm ( z m ) =V0+m e − j β zn +V0−m e + j β zn
= 0 +V0−m e + j β zm
=V0−m e + j β zm (for all terminated ports)
Thus, the value of the exiting wave at each terminated port is

likewise the value of the total voltage at those ports:
Vm ( 0 ) =V0+m +V0−m
= 0 +V0−m
= V0−m (for all terminated ports)
And so, we can express some of the scattering parameters

equivalently as:
Vm ( 0 )
Smn = (for terminated port m , i.e., for m ≠ n )
V0n+
You might find this result helpful if attempting to determine

scattering parameters where m ≠ n (e.g., S21, S43, S13), as we can
often use traditional circuit theory to easily determine the
total port voltage Vm ( 0 ) .

However, we cannot use the expression above to determine the

scattering parameters when m = n (e.g., S11, S22, S33).
Think about this! The scattering parameters for these

cases are:
V0n−
Snn = +
V0n
Therefore, port n is a port where there actually is some

incident wave V0n+ (port n is not terminated in a matched load!).
And thus, the total voltage is not simply the value of the exiting
wave, as both an incident wave and exiting wave exists at port n.
Γ2 L = 0
V1 ( 0 ) =V1 + ( 0 ) +V1 − ( 0 ) V3 ( 0 ) =V3− ( 0 )
V2− ( z 2 ) Z0 V2+ ( z 2 ) = 0
V1 + ( z1 ) ≠ 0 V3− ( z 3 )
4-port
Z0 microwave Z0 Γ3L = 0
device
V1 − ( z1 ) V3+ ( z 3 ) = 0
V4+ ( z 4 ) = 0 Z0 V4− ( z 4 )
Γ 4L = 0
Typically, it is much more difficult to determine/measure the

scattering parameters of the form Snn , as opposed to
scattering parameters of the form Smn (where m ≠ n ) where
there is only an exiting wave from port m !
We can use the scattering matrix to determine the

solution for a more general circuit—one where the ports
are not terminated in matched loads!
Q: I’m not understanding the importance

scattering parameters. How are they
useful to us microwave engineers?
A: Since the device is linear, we can apply superposition.

The output at any port due to all the incident waves is
simply the coherent sum of the output at that port due
to each wave!
For example, the output wave at port 3 can be

determined by (assuming znP = 0 ):
V03− = S34V04+ + S33V03+ + S32V02+ + S31V01+
More generally, the output at port m of an N-port device

is:
N
V0m = ∑ Smn V0n+
−
(znP = 0)
n =1

This expression can be written in matrix form as:
V− = S V+
Where V − is the vector:
T
V − = ⎡⎣V01− ,V02− ,V03− , … ,V0−N ⎤⎦
and V + is the vector:
T
V + = ⎡⎣V01+ ,V02+ ,V03+ , … ,V0+N ⎤⎦
Therefore S is the scattering matrix:
⎡ S11 … S1n ⎤
S = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥
⎢⎣Sm 1 Smn ⎥⎦
The scattering matrix is a N by N matrix that completely

characterizes a linear, N-port device. Effectively, the
scattering matrix describes a multi-port device the way that Γ L
describes a single-port device (e.g., a load)!

But beware! The values of the scattering matrix for a

particular device or network, just like Γ L , are
frequency dependent! Thus, it may be more
instructive to explicitly write:
⎡ S11 (ω ) … S1n (ω ) ⎤
S (ω ) = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥
⎢⎣Sm 1 (ω ) Smn (ω ) ⎥⎦
Also realize that—also just like ΓL—the scattering matrix

is dependent on both the device/network and the Z0
value of the transmission lines connected to it.
Thus, a device connected to transmission lines with

Z 0 = 50Ω will have a completely different scattering
matrix than that same device connected to transmission
lines with Z 0 = 100Ω !!!

02/23/07 Matched reciprocal lossless 723 1/9
Matched, Lossless,
Reciprocal Devices
As we discussed earlier, a device can be lossless or reciprocal.
In addition, we can likewise classify it as being matched.
Let’s examine each of these three characteristics, and how

they relate to the scattering matrix.
Matched
A matched device is another way of saying that the input

impedance at each port is equal to Z0 when all other ports are
terminated in matched loads. As a result, the reflection
coefficient of each port is zero—no signal will be come out of a
port if a signal is incident on that port (but only that port!).
In other words, we want:
Vm− = Smm Vm+ = 0 for all m
a result that occurs when:
Smm = 0 for all m if matched

We find therefore that a matched device will exhibit a

scattering matrix where all diagonal elements are zero.
Therefore:
⎡ 0 0.1 j 0.2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
S = ⎢ 0.1 0 0.3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ j 0.2 0.3 0 ⎥⎦
is an example of a scattering matrix for a matched, three port

device.
Lossless
For a lossless device, all of the power that delivered to each

device port must eventually find its way out!
In other words, power is not absorbed by the network—no

power to be converted to heat!
Recall the power incident on some port m is related to the

amplitude of the incident wave (V0+m ) as:
2
V0+m
Pm+ =
2Z 0
While power of the wave exiting the port is:
2
V0−m
Pm− =
2Z 0

Thus, the power delivered to (absorbed by) that port is the

difference of the two:
2 2
V0+m V0−m
∆Pm = Pm+ − Pm− = −
2Z 0 2Z 0
Thus, the total power incident on an N-port device is:
N N
1 2
P +
= ∑ Pm = +
2Z 0 ∑ V0+m
m =1 m =1
Note that:
N
2 H
∑ V0+m = ( V+ ) V +
m =1
where operator H indicates the conjugate transpose (i.e.,

H
Hermetian transpose) operation, so that ( V+ ) V+ is the inner
product (i.e., dot product, or scalar product) of complex vector
V+ with itself.
Thus, we can write the total power incident on the device as:
N H
1 2 ( V+ ) V+
2Z 0 m∑
P +
= V0+m =
=1 2Z 0
Similarly, we can express the total power of the waves exiting

our M-port network to be:
N H
1 2 ( V− ) V−
2Z 0 m∑
P −
= V0−m =
=1 2Z 0

Now, recalling that the incident and exiting wave amplitudes are
related by the scattering matrix of the device:
V− = S V+
Thus we find:
H H
( V− ) V− ( V+ ) S H S V+
P −
= =
2Z 0 2Z 0
Now, the total power delivered to the network is:
M
∆P = ∑ ∆P = P+ −P−
m =1
Or explicitly:
∆P = P + − P −
H H
( V+ ) V+ ( V+ ) S H S V+
= −
2Z 0 2Z 0
1 H
= ( V+ ) ( I − S H S ) V +
2Z 0
where I is the identity matrix.
Q: Is there actually some point to this long, rambling, complex

presentation?
A: Absolutely! If our M-port device is lossless then the total

power exiting the device must always be equal to the total
power incident on it.

If network is lossless, then P + = P − .
Or stated another way, the total power delivered to the device

(i.e., the power absorbed by the device) must always be zero if
the device is lossless!
If network is lossless, then ∆P = 0
Thus, we can conclude from our math that for a lossless device:
1 H
∆P = ( V+ ) ( I − S H S ) V + =0 for all V+
2Z 0
This is true only if:
I − SH S = 0 ⇒ SH S = I
Thus, we can conclude that the scattering matrix of a lossless

device has the characteristic:
If a network is lossless, then SH S = I
Q: Huh? What exactly is this supposed to tell us?
A: A matrix that satisfies S H S = I is a special kind of

matrix known as a unitary matrix.

If a network is lossless, then its scattering matrix S is unitary.
Q: How do I recognize a unitary matrix if I see one?
A: The columns of a unitary matrix form an orthonormal set!
⎡ S11 S12 S13 S14 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ S21 S22 S23 S22 ⎥
S=⎢
S31 S33 S33 S33 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣S41 S42 S43 S44 ⎥⎦
matrix
columns
In other words, each column of the scattering matrix will have

a magnitude equal to one:
∑ Smn
2
=1 for all n
m =1
while the inner product (i.e., dot product) of dissimilar columns

must be zero.
∑
n
Sni Snj
=1
∗
=S1i S1∗j + S2i S2∗j + " + SNi SN∗j = 0 for all i ≠ j
In other words, dissimilar columns are orthogonal.

Consider, for example, a lossless three-port device. Say a

signal is incident on port 1, and that all other ports are
terminated. The power incident on port 1 is therefore:
2
V01+
P1 + =
2Z 0
while the power exiting the device at each port is:
2 2
V0−m Sm 1V01− 2
Pm− = = = Sm 1 P1 +
2Z 0 2Z 0
The total power exiting the device is therefore:
P − = P1 − + P2− + P3−
2
= S11 P1 + + S21 2 P1 + + S31 2 P1 +
= ( S11 2
+ S21 2
+ S31 2
) P1 +
Since this device is lossless, then the incident power (only on

port 1) is equal to exiting power (i.e, P − = P1 + ). This is true only
if:
S11 2 + S21 2 + S31 2 = 1
Of course, this will likewise be true if the incident wave is

placed on any of the other ports of this lossless device:
2 2 2
S12 + S22 + S32 =1
2 2 2
S13 + S23 + S33 =1

We can state in general then that:
∑ Smn
2
=1 for all n
m =1
In other words, the columns of the scattering matrix must have

unit magnitude (a requirement of all unitary matrices). It is
apparent that this must be true for energy to be conserved.
An example of a (unitary) scattering matrix for a lossless

device is:
⎡ 0 1
2 j 3
2 0 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 j 3 2 ⎥⎥
0
S=⎢ 3
2
⎢j 2 0 0 1
2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 j 3
2
1
2 0 ⎦
Reciprocal
Recall reciprocity results when we build a passive (i.e.,

unpowered) device with simple materials.
For a reciprocal network, we find that the elements of the

scattering matrix are related as:
Smn = Snm

For example, a reciprocal device will have S21 = S12 or

S32 = S23 . We can write reciprocity in matrix form as:
ST = S if reciprocal
where T indicates (non-conjugate) transpose.
An example of a scattering matrix describing a reciprocal, but

lossy and non-matched device is:
⎡ 0.10 −0.40 − j 0.20 0.05 ⎤

⎢ −0.40 j 0.20 0 j 0.10 ⎥⎥
S=⎢
⎢ − j 0.20 0 0.10 − j 0.30 −0.12 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.05 j 0.10 −0.12 0 ⎦

2/23/2007 Example A Lossless Reciprocal Network 1/4
Example: A Lossless,
Reciprocal Network
A lossless, reciprocal 3-port device has S-parameters of
S11 = 1 2 , S31 = 1 2 , and S33 = 0 . It is likewise known that all
scattering parameters are real.
Æ Find the remaining 6 scattering parameters.
Q: This problem is clearly

impossible—you have not provided
us with sufficient information!
A: Yes I have! Note I said the device was lossless and

reciprocal!
Start with what we currently know:
⎡ 1 2 S12 S13 ⎤
S = ⎢⎢S21 S22 S23 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 S32 0 ⎥⎦
Because the device is reciprocal, we then also know:
S21 = S12 S13 = S31 = 1

2
S32 = S23

And therefore:
⎡ 1 2 S21 1 2 ⎤
S = ⎢⎢S21 S22 S32 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 S32 0 ⎥⎦
Now, since the device is lossless, we know that:
2 2 2
1 = S11 + S21 + S31
= ( 1 2 ) + S21 + ( 1 )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
Columns have 1 = S12 + S22 + S32
2 2 2
unit magnitude. = S21 + S22 + S32
2 2 2
1 = S13 + S23 + S33
= ( 1 2 ) + S32 + ( 1 )
2 2 2
2
and:
0 = S11S12∗ + S21S22∗ + S31S32∗

= 1
2 S21∗ + S21S22∗ + 1
2
S32∗
Columns are
0 = S11S13∗ + S21S23∗ + S31S33∗ orthogonal.
= 1
2 ( )+S
1
2 21S32∗ + 1
2 (0)
0 = S12S13∗ + S22S23∗ + S32S33∗

= S21 ( 1 2 )+S 22 S32∗ + S32 ( 0 )

These six expressions simplify to:
S21 = 1
2
2 2 2
1 = S21 + S22 + S32
S32 = 1
2
0= 1
2 S21 + S21S22 + 1
2
S32
0= (2 2 ) + S21S32
1
0 = S21 ( 1 2 )+S S32

22
where we have used the fact that since the elements are all
real, then S21∗ = S21 (etc.).
Q Q: I count the expressions and find 6 equations yet

only a paltry 3 unknowns. Your typical buffoonery
appears to have led to an over-constrained condition
for which there is no solution!
A: Actually, we have six real equations and six real

unknowns, since scattering element has a magnitude and
phase. In this case we know the values are real, and thus
the phase is either 0D or 180D (i.e., e j 0 = 1 or
e j π = −1 ); however, we do not know which one!
From the first three equations, we can find the magnitudes:

S21 = 1
2 S22 = 1
2 S32 = 1
2
and from the last three equations we find the phase:
S21 = 1
2 S22 = 1
2 S32 = − 1
2
Thus, the scattering matrix for this lossless, reciprocal device

is:
⎡ 12 1
2
1
2
⎤
S = ⎢⎢ 1 2 1 2 −1 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 −1 2 0 ⎥⎦

3/4/2009 MLR 3 port network 1/2
A Matched, Lossless
Reciprocal 3-Port Network
Consider a 3-port device. Such a device would have a scattering
matrix :
⎡S11 S12 S13 ⎤
S = ⎢⎢S21 S22 S23 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣S31 S32 S33 ⎥⎦
Assuming the device is passive and made of simple (isotropic)

materials, the device will be reciprocal, so that:
S21 = S12 S31 = S13 S23 = S32
Likewise, if it is matched, we know that:
S11 = S22 = S33 = 0
As a result, a lossless, reciprocal device would have a scattering

matrix of the form:
⎡ 0 S21 S31 ⎤
S = ⎢⎢S21 0 S32 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣S31 S32 0 ⎥⎦
Just 3 non-zero scattering parameters define the entire

matrix!

Likewise, if we wish for this network to be lossless, the

scattering matrix must be unitary, and therefore:
2 2
S21 + S31 = 1 S31∗ S32 = 0
2 2
S21 + S32 = 1 S21∗ S32 = 0
2 2
S31 + S32 = 1 S21∗ S31 = 0
Since each complex value S is represented by two real numbers

(i.e., real and imaginary parts), the equations above result in 9
real equations. The problem is, the 3 complex values S21, S31 and
S32 are represented by only 6 real unknowns.
We have over constrained our problem ! There are no solutions

to these equations !
As unlikely as it might seem, this means

that a matched, lossless, reciprocal 3-
port device of any kind is a physical
impossibility!
You can make a lossless reciprocal 3-

port device, or a matched reciprocal 3-
port device, or even a matched, lossless
(but non-reciprocal) 3-port network.
But try as you might, you cannot make a

lossless, matched, and reciprocal three
port component!

The Matched, Lossless,

Reciprocal 4-Port Network
Guess what! I have determined
that—unlike a 3-port device—a
matched, lossless, reciprocal 4-port
device is physically possible! In fact,
I’ve found two general solutions!
The first solution is referred to as the symmetric solution:
⎡0 α jβ 0 ⎤
⎢α 0 0 jβ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥
⎢j β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 jβ α 0 ⎦
Note for this symmetric solution, every row and every column of
the scattering matrix has the same four values (i.e., α, jβ, and
two zeros)!
The second solution is referred to as the anti-symmetric

solution:
⎡0 α β 0 ⎤
⎢α 0 0 − β ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥
⎢β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −β α 0 ⎦

Note that for this anti-symmetric solution, two rows and two
columns have the same four values (i.e., α, β, and two zeros),
while the other two row and columns have (slightly) different
values (α, -β, and two zeros)
It is quite evident that each of these solutions are matched and

reciprocal. However, to ensure that the solutions are indeed
lossless, we must place an additional constraint on the values of
α, β. Recall that a necessary condition for a lossless device is:
∑
2
Smn =1 for all n
m=1
Applying this to the symmetric case, we find:
α2+ β 2
=1
Likewise, for the anti-symmetric case, we also get
α2+ β 2
=1
It is evident that if the scattering matrix is unitary (i.e.,

lossless), the values α and β cannot be independent, but must
related as:
α2+ β 2
=1

Generally speaking, we will find that α ≥ β . Given the

constraint on these two values, we can thus conclude that:
0≤ β ≤ 1 and 1 ≤ α ≤1
2 2

2/23/2007 Example The Scattering Matrix 1/6
Example: The
Scattering Matrix
Say we have a 3-port network that is completely characterized
at some frequency ω by the scattering matrix:
⎡0.0 0.2 0.5 ⎤

S = ⎢⎢ 0.5 0.0 0.2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0.5 0.5 0.0 ⎥⎦
A matched load is attached to port 2, while a short circuit has

been placed at port 3:
Z = Z0
zP 2 = 0
Z0
V2− (z) V2+ (z)
port
2
z P 1 = 0 V + (z) V3− (z) z P 3 = 0
1
3-port
Z0 port 1 microwave port 3 Z0 Z =0
device
V1 − (z) V3+ (z)

Because of the matched load at port 2 (i.e., ΓL = 0 ), we know

that:
V2+ (z 2 = 0) V02+
= =0
V2− (z 2 = 0) V02−
and therefore:
V02+ = 0
You’ve made a terrible mistake!

Fortunately, I was here to
correct it for you—since ΓL = 0 ,
the constant V02− (not V02+ ) is
equal to zero.
NO!! Remember, the signal V2− (z ) is incident on the matched

load, and V2+ (z ) is the reflected wave from the load (i.e., V2+ (z )
is incident on port 2). Therefore, V02+ = 0 is correct!
Likewise, because of the short circuit at port 3 ( ΓL = −1 ):
V3+ (z 3 = 0) V03+
= = −1
V3− (z 3 = 0) V03−
and therefore:
V03+ = −V03−

Problem:
a) Find the reflection coefficient at port 1, i.e.:
V01−
Γ1 +
V01
b) Find the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2, i.e.,
V02−
T21 +
V01
I am amused by the trivial

problems that you apparently
find so difficult. I know that:
V01−
Γ1 = + = S11 = 0.0
V01
and
V02−
T21 = + = S21 = 0.5
V01
NO!!! The above statement is not correct!
Remember, V01− V01+ = S11 only if ports 2 and 3 are

terminated in matched loads! In this problem port 3
is terminated with a short circuit.

Therefore:
V01−
Γ1 = + ≠ S11
V01
and similarly:
V02−
T21 = + ≠ S21
V01
To determine the values T21 and Γ1 , we must start with the

three equations provided by the scattering matrix:
V01− = 0.2V02+ + 0.5V03+
V02− = 0.5V01+ + 0.2V03+
V03− = 0.5V01+ + 0.5V02+
and the two equations provided by the attached loads:
V02+ = 0
V03+ = −V03−

We can divide all of these equations by V01+ , resulting in:
V01− V02+ V03+

Γ1 = + = 0.2 + + 0.5 +
V01 V01 V01
V02− V03+
T21 = + = 0.5 + 0. 2 +
V01 V01
V03− V02+
= 0.5 + 0.5 +
V01+
V01
V02+
=0
V01+
V03+ V03−
=− +
V01+ V01
Look what we have—5 equations and 5 unknowns! Inserting

equations 4 and 5 into equations 1 through 3, we get:
V01− V03+
Γ1 = + = −0.5 +
V01 V01
V02− V03+
T21 = + = 0.5 − 0.2 +
V01 V01
V03−
= 0.5
V01+

Solving, we find:
Γ1 = −0.5 ( 0.5 ) = −0.25
T21 = 0.5 − 0.2 ( 0.5 ) = 0.4

2/23/2007 Example Scattering Parameters 1/4
Example: Scattering
Parameters
Consider a two-port device with a scattering matrix (at some
specific frequency ω0 ):
⎡ 0.1 j 0.7 ⎤
S ( ω = ω0 ) = ⎢
⎣ j 0.7 −0.2 ⎥⎦
and Z 0 = 50Ω .
Say that the transmission line connected to port 2 of this

device is terminated in a matched load, and that the wave
incident on port 1 is:
V1 + ( z1 ) = − j 2 e − j β z 1
where z1P = z 2P = 0 .
Determine:
1. the port voltages V1 ( z1 = z1P ) and V2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) .
2. the port currents I1 ( z1 = z1P ) and I2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) .
3. the net power flowing into port 1

1. Since the incident wave on port 1 is:
V1 + ( z1 ) = − j 2 e − j β z 1
we can conclude (since z1P = 0 ):
V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) = − j 2 e − j β z P 1
= − j 2 e − j β (0)
= −j 2
and since port 2 is matched (and only because its matched!),

we find:
V1 − ( z1 = z1P ) = S11 V1 + ( z1 = z1P )

= 0.1 ( − j 2 )
= − j 0.2
The voltage at port 1 is thus:
V1 ( z1 = z1P ) =V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) +V1 − ( z1 = z1P )

= − j 2.0 − j 0.2
= − j 2.2
−j π 2
= 2.2 e
Likewise, since port 2 is matched:
V2+ ( z 2 = z 2P ) = 0

And also:
V2− ( z 2 = z 2P ) = S21 V1 + ( z1 = z1P )

= j 0.7 ( − j 2 )
= 1.4
Therefore:
V2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) =V2+ ( z 2 = z 2P ) +V2− ( z2 = z2P )

= 0 + 1 .4
= 1.4
= 1.4 e − j 0
2. The port currents can be easily determined from the

results of the previous section.
I 1 ( z 1 = z 1 P ) = I 1+ ( z 1 = z 1 P ) − I 1− ( z 1 = z 1 P )
V1 + ( z1 = z1P ) V1 − ( z1 = z1P )
= −
Z0 Z0
2.0 0.2
= −j +j
50 50
1.8
= −j
50
= − j 0.036
−jπ 2
= 0.036 e
and:

I2 ( z 2 = z 2P ) = I2+ ( z2 = z2P ) − I2− ( z2 = z 2P )

V2+ ( z 2 = z2P ) V2− ( z2 = z2P )
= −
Z0 Z0
0 1. 4
= −
50 50
= −0.028
= 0.028 e + j π
3. The net power flowing into port 1 is:
∆P1 = P1 + − P1 −
2 2
V01+ V01−
= −
2Z 0 2Z 0
2 2
(2 ) − ( 0.2 )
=
2 ( 50 )
= 0.0396 Watts

2/23/2007 Example Determining the Scattering Matrix 1/5
Example: Determining the

Scattering Matrix
Let’s determine the scattering matrix of this two-port device:
Z0 2Z0 Z0
z1 z2
z 1P = 0 z 2P = 0
The first step is to terminate port 2 with a matched load, and

then determine the values:
V1 − ( z1 = z P 1 ) and V2− ( z 2 = z P 2 )
in terms of V1 + ( z1 = z P 1 ) .
+ +
Z0 V1 ( z 1 ) 2Z0 V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) Z0
− −
z1
z 1P = 0 z 2P = 0

Recall that since port 2 is matched, we know that:
V2+ ( z 2 = z 2P ) = 0
And thus:
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) = V2+ ( z2 = 0 ) +V2− ( z2 = 0 )
= 0 +V2− ( z 2 = 0 )
= V2− ( z 2 = 0 )
In other words, we simply need to determine V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) in order

to find V2− ( z 2 = 0 ) !
However, determining V1 − ( z1 = 0 ) is a bit trickier. Recall that:
V1 ( z1 ) =V1 + ( z1 ) +V1 − ( z1 )
Therefore we find V1 ( z1 = 0 ) ≠ V1 − ( z1 = 0 ) !
Now, we can simplify this circuit:
+
Z0 2
V1 ( z 1 ) Z0
3
−
z1
z 1P = 0
And we know from the telegraphers equations:

V1 ( z1 ) =V1 + ( z1 ) +V1 − ( z1 )
=V01+ e − j βz1 +V01− e + j βz1
Since the load 2Z 0 3 is located at z1 = 0 , we know that the

boundary condition leads to:
V1 ( z1 ) =V01+ (e − j βz + Γ L e + j βz
1 1
)
where:
( 23 ) Z 0 − Z 0
ΓL =
( 23 ) Z 0 + Z 0
( 23 ) − 1
=
( 23 ) + 1
− 13
=
5
3
= −0.2
Therefore:
V1 + ( z1 ) = V01+ e − j βz 1
and V1 − ( z1 ) = V01+ ( −0.2 ) e + j βz1
and thus:
V1 + ( z1 = 0 ) =V01+ e − j β( 0 ) = V01+
V1 − ( z1 = 0 ) = V01+ ( −0.2 ) e + j β( 0 ) = −0.2V01+
We can now determine S11 !
V1 − ( z1 = 0 ) −0.2V01+
S11 = + = = −0.2
V1 ( z1 = 0 ) V01+

Now its time to find V2− ( z 2 = 0 ) !
Again, since port 2 is terminated, the incident wave on port 2

must be zero, and thus the value of the exiting wave at port 2 is
equal to the total voltage at port 2:
V2− ( z 2 = 0 ) =V2 ( z 2 = 0 )
This total voltage is relatively easy to determine. Examining

the circuit, it is evident that V1 ( z1 = 0 ) = V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) .
+ +
Z0 V1 ( z 1 = 0 ) V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) Z0
2Z0
− −
z1
z 1P = 0 z 2P = 0
Therefore:
V2 ( z 2 = 0 ) =V1 ( z1 = 0 )
(
= V01+ e − j β( 0 ) − 0.2 e + j β( 0 ) )
= V01+ (1 − 0.2 )
= V01+ ( 0.8 )
And thus the scattering parameter S21 is:
V2− ( z 2 = 0 ) 0.8V01+
S21 = + = = 0.8
V1 ( z1 = 0 ) V01+

Now we just need to find S12 and S22 .
Q: Yikes! This has been an awful lot of work, and you mean that
we are only half-way done!?
A: Actually, we are nearly finished! Note that this circuit is

symmetric—there is really no difference between port 1 and
port 2. If we “flip” the circuit, it remains unchanged!
Z0 2Z0 Z0
z2 z1
z 2P = 0 z 1P = 0
Thus, we can conclude due to this symmetry that:
S11 = S22 = −0.2

and:
S21 = S12 = 0.8
Note this last equation is likewise a result of reciprocity.
Thus, the scattering matrix for this two port network is:
⎡ −0.2 0.8 ⎤
S=⎢
⎣ 0.8 −0.2⎥⎦

3/4/2009 Circuit Symmetry 1/14
Circuit Symmetry
One of the most powerful
concepts in for evaluating circuits
is that of symmetry. Normal
humans have a conceptual
understanding of symmetry, based
on an esthetic perception of
structures and figures.
On the other hand, mathematicians (as they

are wont to do) have defined symmetry in a
very precise and unambiguous way. Using a
branch of mathematics called Group
Theory, first developed by the young genius
Évariste Galois (1811-1832), symmetry is
defined by a set of operations (a group)
Évariste Galois
that leaves an object unchanged.
Initially, the symmetric “objects” under consideration by

Galois were polynomial functions, but group theory can
likewise be applied to evaluate the symmetry of structures.
For example, consider an ordinary

equilateral triangle; we find that it is a
highly symmetric object!

Q: Obviously this is true. We don’t need a mathematician to

tell us that!
A: Yes, but how symmetric is it? How does the symmetry of

an equilateral triangle compare to that of an isosceles
triangle, a rectangle, or a square?
To determine its level of symmetry, let’s first label each

corner as corner 1, corner 2, and corner 3.
1 3
First, we note that the triangle exhibits a plane of reflection

symmetry:
1 3

Thus, if we “reflect” the triangle across this plane we get:
3 1
Note that although corners 1 and 3 have changed places, the

triangle itself remains unchanged—that is, it has the same
shape, same size, and same orientation after reflecting across
the symmetric plane!
Mathematicians say that these two triangles are congruent.
Note that we can write this reflection operation as a

permutation (an exchange of position) of the corners, defined
as:
1→3
2→2
3→1
Q: But wait! Isn’t there is more than just one plane of

reflection symmetry?
A: Definitely! There are two more:

2 1
1→2
2→1
1 3 3→3 2 3
2 3
1 →1
2→3
1 3 3→2 1 2
In addition, an equilateral triangle exhibits rotation

symmetry!
Rotating the triangle 120D clockwise also results in a

congruent triangle:
2 1
1→2
2→3
3→1
1 3 3 2
Likewise, rotating the triangle 120D counter-clockwise results

in a congruent triangle:

2 1→3 3
2→1
3→2
1 3 2 1
Additionally, there is one more operation that will result in a

congruent triangle—do nothing!
2 2
1 →1
2→2
3→3
1 3 1 3
This seemingly trivial operation is known as the identity

operation, and is an element of every symmetry group.
These 6 operations form the dihedral symmetry group D3

which has order six (i.e., it consists of six operations). An
object that remains congruent when operated on by any and
all of these six operations is said to have D3 symmetry.
An equilateral triangle has D3 symmetry!
By applying a similar analysis to a isosceles triangle, rectangle,

and square, we find that:

An isosceles trapezoid has D1 symmetry, a

D1 dihedral group of order 2.
A rectangle has D2 symmetry, a dihedral group

D2
of order 4.
A square has D4 symmetry, a dihedral group of

D4
order 8.
Thus, a square is the most symmetric object of the four we

have discussed; the isosceles trapezoid is the least.
Q: Well that’s all just fascinating—but just what the heck

does this have to do with microwave circuits!?!
A: Plenty! Useful circuits often display high levels of

symmetry.
For example consider these D1 symmetric multi-port circuits:
Port 1 Port 2
1→2 50Ω
2→1 200Ω 200Ω
3→4
100Ω
4 →3
Port 3 Port 4

1→3 Port 1
50Ω Port 2
2→4 100Ω 200Ω
3→1
50 Ω
4 →2
Port 3 Port 4
Or this circuit with D2 symmetry:
Port 1 Port 2
50Ω
200Ω 200Ω
50 Ω
Port 3 Port 4
which is congruent under these permutations:
1→3 1→2 1→4

2→4 2→1 2→3
3→1 3→4 3→2
4 →2 4 →3 4 →1

Or this circuit with D4 symmetry:
Port 1 50Ω Port 2

50 Ω 50 Ω
50 Ω
Port 3 Port 4
which is congruent under these permutations:
1→3 1→2 1→4 1→4 1 →1

2→4 2→1 2→3 2→2 2→3
3→1 3→4 3→2 3→3 3→2
4 →2 4 →3 4 →1 4 →1 4→4
The importance of this can be seen when considering the

scattering matrix, impedance matrix, or admittance matrix of
these networks.
For example, consider again this symmetric circuit:
Port 1 Port 2
50Ω
200Ω 200Ω
100Ω
Port 3 Port 4

This four-port network has a single plane of reflection

symmetry (i.e., D1 symmetry), and thus is congruent under the
permutation:
1→2
2→1
3→4
4 →3
So, since (for example) 1 → 2 , we find that for this circuit:
S11 = S22 Z 11 = Z 22 Y11 = Y22
must be true!
Or, since 1 → 2 and 3 → 4 we find:
S13 = S24 Z 13 = Z 24 Y13 = Y24
S31 = S42 Z 31 = Z 42 Y31 = Y42
Continuing for all elements of the permutation, we find that

for this symmetric circuit, the scattering matrix must have
this form:
⎡ S11 S21 S13 S14 ⎤
⎢S S11 S14 S13 ⎥
S=⎢ 21
⎥
S
⎢ 31 S41 S33 S 43 ⎥
⎢S S S S ⎥
⎣ 41 31 43 33 ⎦

and the impedance and admittance matrices would likewise

have this same form.
Note there are just 8 independent elements in this matrix. If

we also consider reciprocity (a constraint independent of
symmetry) we find that S31 = S13 and S41 = S14 , and the matrix
reduces further to one with just 6 independent elements:
⎡ S11 S21 S31 S41 ⎤

⎢S S11 S41 S31 ⎥
S=⎢ 21
⎥
⎢S31 S41 S33 S43 ⎥
⎢S ⎥
⎣ 41 S31 S43 S33 ⎦
Or, for circuits with this D1 symmetry:
Port 1 Port 2
50Ω
1→3 100Ω 200Ω
2→4
3→1 50 Ω
4 →2
Port 3 Port 4
⎡ S11 S21 S31 S41 ⎤

⎢S S22 S41 S31 ⎥
S=⎢ 21
⎥
S
⎢ 31 S41 S 11 S 21 ⎥
⎢S S S S ⎥
⎣ 41 31 21 2 2 ⎦
Q: Interesting. But why do we care?

A: This will greatly simplify the analysis of this symmetric

circuit, as we need to determine only six matrix elements!
For a circuit with D2 symmetry:
Port 1 Port 2
50Ω
200Ω 200Ω
50 Ω
Port 3 Port 4
we find that the impedance (or scattering, or admittance)

matrix has the form:
⎡ Z 11 Z 21 Z 31 Z 41 ⎤
⎢Z Z 11 Z 41 Z 31 ⎥
Z = ⎢ 21 ⎥
⎢ Z 31 Z 41 Z 11 Z 21 ⎥
⎢
⎣Z 41 Z 31 Z 21 Z 11 ⎥⎦
Note here that there are just four independent values!

For a circuit with D4 symmetry:
Port 1 50Ω Port 2

50 Ω 50 Ω
50 Ω
Port 3 Port 4
we find that the admittance (or scattering, or impedance)

matrix has the form:
⎡Y11 Y21 Y21 Y41 ⎤

⎢Y Y11 Y41 Y21 ⎥
Y=⎢ ⎥
21
⎢Y21 Y41 Y11 Y21 ⎥

⎢
⎣Y41 Y21 Y21 Y11 ⎥⎦
Note here that there are just three independent values!
One more interesting thing (yet another one!); recall that we

earlier found that a matched, lossless, reciprocal 4-port
device must have a scattering matrix with one of two forms:

⎡0 α jβ 0 ⎤
⎢α 0 0 jβ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥ The “symmetric” solution
⎢j β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 jβ α 0 ⎦
⎡0 α β 0⎤
⎢α 0 0 −β ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥ The “anti-symmetric” solution
⎢β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢
⎣ 0 −β α 0 ⎥⎦
Compare these to the matrix forms above. The “symmetric

solution” has the same form as the scattering matrix of a
circuit with D2 symmetry!
⎡0 α jβ 0 ⎤
⎢α 0 0 jβ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥
⎢j β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 jβ α 0 ⎦
Q: Does this mean that a matched, lossless, reciprocal four-

port device with the “symmetric” scattering matrix must
exhibit D2 symmetry?
A: That’s exactly what it means!

Not only can we determine from the form of the scattering

matrix whether a particular design is possible (e.g., a matched,
lossless, reciprocal 3-port device is impossible), we can also
determine the general structure of a possible solutions (e.g.
the circuit must have D2 symmetry).
Likewise, the “anti-symmetric” matched, lossless, reciprocal

four-port network must exhibit D1 symmetry!
⎡0 α β 0⎤
⎢α 0 0 −β ⎥
S=⎢ ⎥
⎢β 0 0 α ⎥
⎢
⎣ 0 −β α 0 ⎥⎦
We’ll see just what these symmetric, matched, lossless,

reciprocal four-port circuits actually are later in the course!

3/6/2009 Example Using Symmetry to Determine S 1/3
Example: Using Symmetry

to Determine a
Scattering Matrix
Say we wish to determine the scattering matrix of the simple
two-port device shown below:
port port
Z0 , β Z0, β Z0 , β
1 2
z = −A z =0
We note that that attaching transmission lines of

characteristic impedance Z 0 to each port of our “circuit”
forms a continuous transmission line of characteristic
impedance Z 0 .
Thus, the voltage all along this transmission line thus has the
form:
V ( z ) =V0+e − j β z + V0−e + j β z

We begin by defining the location of port 1 as z1P = −A , and

the port location of port 2 as z 2P = 0 :
We can thus conclude:
V1 + ( z ) =V0+e − j β z ( z ≤ −A )
V1 −( z ) =V0−e + j β z ( z ≤ −A )
V2+ ( z ) =V0−e + j β z (z ≥ 0)
V2−( z ) =V0+e − j β z (z ≥ 0)
V1 +( z ) V0+e − j β z V2−( z )
+
V1 −( z ) V e− + j βz V2+( z )
V (z ) 0
z = −A z =0
Say the transmission line on port 2 is terminated in a matched
load. We know that the –z wave must be zero (V0 − = 0 ) , and so
the voltage along the transmission line becomes simply the +z
wave voltage:
V ( z ) =V0+e − j β z
and so:

V1 + ( z ) =V0+e − j β z V1 −( z ) = 0 ( z ≤ −A )
V2+ ( z ) = 0 V2−( z ) =V0+e − j β z (z ≥ 0)
Now, because port 2 is terminated in a matched load, we can

determine the scattering parameters S11 and S21 :
V1 − ( z = z1P ) V − ( z = −A ) 0
S11 = + = + = =0
V1 ( z = z1P ) V + V ( z = −A ) V + V0+ e − jβ ( − A )
2 =0 2 =0
V2− ( z = z2P ) V2− ( z = 0 ) V0+ e − jβ ( 0 ) 1

S21 = + = + = + − jβ ( − A ) = + jβ A = e − jβ A
V1 ( z = z1P ) V + V1 ( z = −A ) V + V0 e e
2 =0 2 =0
From the symmetry of the structure, we can conclude:
S22 = S11 = 0
And from both reciprocity and symmetry:
S12 = S21 = e − j β A
⎡ 0 e −j βA ⎤
Thus: S= ⎢ −j βA ⎥
⎢⎣e 0 ⎥⎦

3/6/2009 Symmetric Circuit Analysis 1/10
Symmetric Circuit
Analysis
Consider the following D1 symmetric two-port device:
200Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
50Ω V2
-
Q: Yikes! The plane of reflection symmetry slices through

two resistors. What can we do about that?
A: Resistors are easily split into two equal pieces: the 200Ω
resistor into two 100Ω resistors in series, and the 50Ω
resistor as two 100 Ω resistors in parallel.
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
V1 100Ω 100Ω V2
- -

Recall that the symmetry of this 2-port device leads to

simplified network matrices:
⎡S11 S21 ⎤ ⎡ Z 11 Z 21 ⎤ ⎡Y11 Y21 ⎤

S= ⎢ Z= ⎢ Y= ⎢
⎥
⎣S21 S11 ⎦ ⎣Z 21 Z 11 ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣Y21 Y11 ⎦
Q: Yes, but can circuit symmetry likewise simplify the

procedure of determining these elements? In other words,
can symmetry be used to simplify circuit analysis?
A: You bet!
First, consider the case where we attach sources to circuit in

a way that preserves the circuit symmetry:
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
+
Vs
+
V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -
Vs
-
- -
Or,

100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
Is V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 Is
- -
Or, 100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
Z0 Z0
+ +
+
Vs
+
V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -
Vs
-
- -
But remember! In order for symmetry to be preserved, the

source values on both sides (i.e, Is,Vs,Z0) must be identical!
Now, consider the voltages and currents within this circuit

under this symmetric configuration:

I1a I2a
+ V1a - - V2a +
I1 I2b I2
I1b I1d I2d
+ V1b - - V2b +
+ + + +
+
Vs
+
V1 V1c V2c V2 -
Vs
-
- - - -
I1c I2c
Since this circuit possesses bilateral (reflection) symmetry

( 1 → 2, 2 → 1 ), symmetric currents and voltages must be equal:
I1 = I 2
V1 = V2
I 1a = I 2a
V1a =V2a
I1b = I2b
V1b = V2b
I1c = I2c
V1c =V2c
I1d = I2d
Q: Wait! This can’t possibly be correct! Look at currents I1a

and I2a, as well as currents I1d and I2d. From KCL, this must be
true:
I1a = −I2a I1d = −I2d
Yet you say that this must be true:
I 1 a = I 2a I1d = I2d

There is an obvious contradiction here! There is no way that

both sets of equations can simultaneously be correct, is
there?
A: Actually there is! There is one solution that will satisfy

both sets of equations:
I 1a = I 2a = 0 I1d = I2d = 0
The currents are zero!
If you think about it, this makes perfect

sense! The result says that no current will
flow from one side of the symmetric
circuit into the other.
If current did flow across the symmetry

plane, then the circuit symmetry would be
destroyed—one side would effectively
become the “source side”, and the other
the “load side” (i.e., the source side
delivers current to the load side).
Thus, no current will flow across the reflection symmetry

plane of a symmetric circuit—the symmetry plane thus acts as
a open circuit!
The plane of symmetry thus becomes a virtual open!

+ V1a - - V2a +
I1 I2b I2
I1b
+ V1b - - V2b +
+ + + +
+
Vs
+
V1 V1c V2c V2 -
Vs
-
- - - -
I1c I2c
Virtual Open
I=0
Q: So what?
A: So what! This means that our circuit can be split apart

into two separate but identical circuits. Solve one half-
circuit, and you have solved the other!
V1 = V2 = Vs
I1a V1a = V2a = 0
V1b = V2b = Vs 2
+ V1a -
I1 V1c = V2c = Vs 2
I1b
+ V1b -
+ + I1 = I 2 = Vs 200
+
Vs - V1 V1c
-
I1a = I 2a = 0
- I1c
I1b = I 2b = Vs 200
I1c = I 2c = Vs 200
I 1 d = I 2d = 0

Now, consider another type of symmetry, where the sources

are equal but opposite (i.e., 180 degrees out of phase).
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
+
Vs
+
V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -
-Vs
-
- -
Or,
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
Is V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -Is
- -

Or, 100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
Z0 Z0
+ +
Vs
+
V1 100Ω 100Ω V2
+
-
-Vs
-
- -
This situation still preserves the symmetry of the circuit—

somewhat. The voltages and currents in the circuit will now
posses odd symmetry—they will be equal but opposite (180
degrees out of phase) at symmetric points across the
symmetry plane.
I1a I2a
+ V1a - - V2a +
I1 I2b I2
I1b I1d I2d
+ V1b - - V2b +
+ + + +
+
Vs
+
V1 V1c V2c V2 -
-Vs
-
- - - -
I1c I2c
I1 = −I2
V1 = −V2
I1a = −I2a
V1a = −V2a
I1b = −I2b
V1b = −V2b
I1c = −I2c
V1c = −V2c
I1d = −I2d

Perhaps it would be easier to redefine the circuit variables as:
I1a I2a
+ V1a - + V2a -
I1 I2b I2
I1b I1d I2d
+ V1b - + V2b -
+ + - -
+
Vs
+
V1 V1c V2c V2 -
-Vs
-
- - + +
I1c I2c
I1 = I 2
V1 = V2
I 1a = I 2a
V1a =V2a
I1b = I2b
V1b = V2b
I1c = I2c
V1c =V2c
I1d = I2d
Q: But wait! Again I see a problem. By KVL it is evident

that:
V1c = −V2c
Yet you say that V1c = V2c must be true!
A: Again, the solution to both equations is zero!
V1c =V2c = 0

For the case of odd symmetry, the symmetric plane must be a

plane of constant potential (i.e., constant voltage)—just like a
short circuit!
Thus, for odd symmetry, the symmetric plane forms a virtual

short.
I1a I2a
+ V1a - + V2a -
I1 I2b I2
I1b I1d I2d
+ V1b - + V2b -
+ + - -
+
Vs
+
V1 V1c V2c V2 -
-Vs
-
- - + +
I1c I2c
Virtual short
V=0
This greatly simplifies things, as we can again break the
circuit into two independent and (effectively) identical
circuits!
I1a
+ V1a - I1 =Vs 50
I1 V1 = Vs
I1b I1d I1a = Vs 100
V1a =Vs
I1b =Vs 100
+ V1b - V1b = Vs
+ + I1c = 0
+ V1c = 0
Vs - V1 V1c I1d =Vs 100
- -
I1c

3/6/2009 Odd Even Mode Analysis 1/10
Odd/Even Mode Analysis

Q: Although symmetric circuits appear to be plentiful in
microwave engineering, it seems unlikely that we would often
encounter symmetric sources . Do virtual shorts and opens
typically ever occur?
A: One word—superposition!
If the elements of our circuit are independent and linear, we

can apply superposition to analyze symmetric circuits when
non-symmetric sources are attached.
For example, say we wish to determine the admittance matrix

of this circuit. We would place a voltage source at port 1,
and a short circuit at port 2—a set of asymmetric sources if
there ever was one!
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
+
Vs1=Vs
+
- V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -
Vs2=0
- -

Here’s the really neat part. We find that the source on port
1 can be model as two equal voltage sources in series, whereas
the source at port 2 can be modeled as two equal but
opposite sources in series.
+ Vs
- 2
+
-
Vs
+ Vs
- 2
Vs +
2 -
+
- 0
+
− V2s -
Therefore an equivalent circuit is:

100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ Vs +
Vs 2
- -
2 100Ω 100Ω
+
+ Vs − V2s -
- 2

Now, the above circuit (due to the sources) is obviously

asymmetric—no virtual ground, nor virtual short is present.
But, let’s say we turn off (i.e., set to V =0) the bottom source
on each side of the circuit:
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ Vs +
Vs 2
- -
2 100Ω 100Ω
Our symmetry has been restored! The symmetry plane is a

virtual open.
This circuit is referred to as its even mode, and analysis of it

is known as the even mode analysis. The solutions are known
as the even mode currents and voltages!
Evaluating the resulting even mode half circuit we find:

100Ω
I1e 100Ω
Vs 1 V
I1e = = s = I2e
+
100Ω 2 200 400
Vs/2 -

Now, let’s turn the bottom sources back on—but turn off the
top two!
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
100Ω 100Ω
+
+
-
Vs
2
− V2s -
We now have a circuit with odd symmetry—the symmetry

plane is a virtual short!
This circuit is referred to as its odd mode, and analysis of it

is known as the odd mode analysis. The solutions are known
as the odd mode currents and voltages!
Evaluating the resulting odd mode half circuit we find:
100Ω
I1o
100Ω Vs 1 Vs
I1o = = = −I2o
Vs + 2 50 100
2 - 100Ω

Q: But what good is this “even mode” and “odd mode”

analysis? After all, the source on port 1 is Vs1 =Vs, and the
source on port 2 is Vs2 =0. What are the currents I1 and I2
for these sources?
A: Recall that these sources are the sum of the even and odd
mode sources:
Vs Vs Vs Vs
Vs 1 =Vs = + Vs 2 = 0 = −
2 2 2 2
and thus—since all the devices in the circuit are linear—we

know from superposition that the currents I1 and I2 are simply
the sum of the odd and even mode currents !
I1 = I1e + I1o I2 = I2e + I2o
100Ω 100Ω
I1 = I1o + I1e 100Ω I2 = I2o + I2e

100Ω
+ Vs +
Vs 2
- -
2 100Ω 100Ω
+
+ Vs
2
− V2s -
-
Thus, adding the odd and even mode analysis results together:

I1 = I1e + I1o I2 = I2e + I2o

Vs Vs Vs Vs
= + = −
400 100 400 100
Vs 3V
= =− s
80 400
And then the admittance parameters for this two port

network is:
I V 1 1
Y11 = 1 = s =
Vs 1 V = 0 80 Vs 80 s2
I2 3Vs 1 −3
Y21 = =− =
Vs 1 Vs 2 =0
400 Vs 400
And from the symmetry of the device we know:
1
Y22 = Y11 =
80
−3
Y12 = Y21 =
400
Thus, the full admittance matrix is:
−3
⎡ 1 80 400 ⎤
Y = ⎢ −3 1 ⎥
⎣ 400 80 ⎦
Q: What happens if both sources are non-zero? Can we use

symmetry then?

A: Absolutely! Consider the problem below, where neither

source is equal to zero:
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+ +
+
Vs1
+
- V1 100Ω 100Ω V2 -
Vs2
- -
In this case we can define an even mode and an odd mode

source as:
Vs 1 +Vs 2 Vs 1 −Vs 2
Vs e = Vs o =
2 2
+
- Vs e
+
-
Vs1 Vs 1 =Vs e +Vs o
+
-
Vs o
Vs e +
-
+
Vs 2 Vs 2 =Vs e −Vs o
-
−Vs o +
-

We then can analyze the even mode circuit:
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
+
Vs e Vs e +
-
-
100Ω 100Ω
And then the odd mode circuit:
100Ω 100Ω
I1 100Ω 100Ω I2
100Ω 100Ω
+
+
-
Vs o −Vs o -
And then combine these results in a linear superposition!

Q: What about current sources? Can I likewise consider

them to be a sum of an odd mode source and an even mode
source?
A: Yes, but be very careful! The current of two source will

add if they are placed in parallel—not in series! Therefore:
Is 1 + Is 2 Is 1 − Is 2
Ise = Iso =
2 2
Is1 Iso Ise Is 1 = Ise + Iso
Is2 −Iso Ise Is 2 = Ise − Iso

One final word (I promise!) about circuit symmetry and

even/odd mode analysis: precisely the same concept exits in
electronic circuit design!
Specifically, the differential (odd) and common

(even) mode analysis of bilaterally symmetric
electronic circuits, such as differential amplifiers!
Hi! You might remember differential

and common mode analysis from such
classes as “EECS 412- Electronics
II”, or handouts such as
“Differential Mode Small-Signal
Analysis of BJT Differential Pairs”
BJT Differential Pair
Differential Mode
Common Mode

3/6/2009 Example Odd Even Mode Circuit Analysis 1/5
Example: Odd-Even Mode

Circuit Analysis
Carefully (very carefully) consider the symmetric circuit
below.
-
+
4.0 V Z 0 = 50 Ω
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
+
50 Ω 50 Ω
v1
λ -
2
50 Ω Z 0 = 50 Ω 50 Ω
The two transmission lines each have a characteristic

impedance of .
Use odd-even mode analysis to determine the value of

voltage v1 .

Solution
To simplify the circuit schematic, we first remove the bottom

(i.e., ground) conductor of each transmission line:
Z 0 = 50 Ω 50 Ω
+
50 Ω λ
4.0 V - +
50 Ω 50 Ω
v1
λ -
2
50 Ω Z 0 = 50 Ω 50 Ω
Note that the circuit has one plane of bilateral symmetry:
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
+
50 Ω 50 Ω
v1
-
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
2
Thus, we can analyze the circuit using even/odd mode analysis

(Yeah!).

The even mode circuit is:
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
+ +
2.0 V 2.0 V
- + -
50 Ω 50 Ω v1e
-
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
2
I=0
Whereas the odd mode circuit is:
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
+ +
2.0 V - + -2.0 V -
50 Ω 50 Ω v1o
-
50 Ω λ 50 Ω
2
V =0
We split the modes into half-circuits from which we can
determine voltages v1e and v1o :

λ 50 Ω
2
Recall that a A = λ 2 transmission
line terminated in an open
+
+ 2.0 V - circuit has an input impedance
50 Ω
v 1
e
of Z in = ∞ —an open circuit!
-
Likewise, a transmission line A = λ 4
λ
4 50 Ω terminated in an open circuit has an
input impedance of Z in = 0 —a short
circuit! 50 Ω
Therefore, this half-circuit simplifies to: +

And therefore the voltage v1e is easily + - 2.0 V
50 Ω v1e
determined via voltage division:
-
⎛ 50 ⎞
v1e = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.0 V
⎝ 50 + 50 ⎠
50 Ω
Now, examine the right half-circuit of the odd mode:

λ
2 50 Ω
Recall that a A = λ 2 transmission
line terminated in a short
+
-2.0 V circuit has an input impedance
+ -
50 Ω of Z in = 0 — a short circuit!
v1o
-
Likewise, a transmission line A = λ 4
λ 50 Ω terminated in an short circuit has an
4
input impedance of Z in = ∞ — an open
circuit!

50 Ω
This half-circuit simplifies to Æ
+
It is apparent from the circuit - -2.0 V
+
that the voltage v1o = 0 ! 50 Ω
v1o
-
50 Ω
Thus, the superposition of the odd and even modes leads to

the result:
v1 = v1e + v1o = 1.0 + 0 = 1.0V

3/6/2009 Generalized Scattering Parameters 1/8
Generalized Scattering
Parameters
Consider now this microwave network:
V2− ( z 2 ) Z02 V2+ ( z 2 )
port
z 2 = z 2P
2
V1 + ( z1 ) port 1 port 3 V3− ( z 3 )
4-port
Z01 microwave Z03
device
V1 − ( z1 ) z1 = z1P z3 = z3P V3+ ( z 3 )
port
z 4 = z 4P
4
Z04
V4
+
(z 4 ) V4− ( z 4 )
Q: Boring! We studied this before; this will lead to the

definition of scattering parameters, right?
A: Not exactly. For this network, the characteristic

impedance of each transmission line is different (i.e.,
Z 01 ≠ Z 02 ≠ Z 03 ≠ Z 04 )!

Q: Yikes! You said scattering parameters are dependent on

transmission line characteristic impedance Z 0 . If these
values are different for each port, which Z 0 do we use?
A: For this general case, we must use generalized scattering

parameters! First, we define a slightly new form of complex
wave amplitudes:
V0n+ V0n−
an = bn =
Z 0n Z 0n
So for example:
V01+ V03−
a1 = b3 =
Z 01 Z 03
The key things to note are:
A variable a (e.g., a1 , a2 , " ) denotes the complex

a
amplitude of an incident (i.e., plus) wave.
A variable b (e.g., b1 , b2 , " ) denotes the complex

b
amplitude of an exiting (i.e., minus) wave.
We now get to rewrite all our transmission line knowledge

in terms of these generalized complex amplitudes!

First, our two propagating wave amplitudes (i.e., plus and

minus) are compactly written as:
V0n+ = an Z 0n V0n− = bn Z 0n
And so:
Vn + ( zn ) = an Z 0n e − j β zn
Vn −( zn ) = bn Z 0n e + j β zn
bn + j 2 β zn
Γ( zn ) = e
an
Likewise, the total voltage, current, and impedance are:
Vn ( zn ) = Z 0n ( an e − j β zn + bn e + j β zn )
an e − j β zn − bn e + j β zn
In ( zn ) =
Z 0n
an e − j β zn + bn e + j β zn
Z ( zn ) =
an e − j β zn − bn e + j β zn
Assuming that our port planes are defined with znP = 0 , we can
determine the total voltage, current, and impedance at port n
as:

an − bn
Vn Vn ( zn = 0 ) = Z 0n ( an + bn ) In In ( zn = 0 ) =
Z 0n
an + bn
Z n Z ( zn = 0 ) =
an − bn
Likewise, the power associated with each wave is:
2 2
V0n+ an
2
V0n− bn
2
Pn =
+
= Pn =
−
=
2Z 0n 2 2Z 0n 2
As such, the power delivered to port n (i.e., the power

absorbed by port n) is:
2 2
an − bn
Pn = Pn + − Pn − =
2
This result is also verified:
1
Pn = Re {Vn In∗ }
2
1
{
= Re ( an + bn ) ( an∗ − bn∗ )
2
}
1
= Re {an an∗ + bn an∗ − an bn∗ − bn bn∗ }
2
1
2
2
{
= Re an + bn an∗ − (bn an∗ ) − bn
∗ 2
}
1
2
2
{
= Re an + j Im {bn an∗ } − bn
2
}
2 2
an − bn
=
2

Q: So what’s the big deal? This is yet another way to

express transmission line activity. Do we really need to know
this, or is this simply a strategy for making the next exam
even harder?
a1 + b1
Z1 =
a1 − b1
A: You may have noticed that this notation

( an , bn ) provides descriptions that are a bit
“cleaner” and more symmetric between current
and voltage.
However, the main reason for this notation is for evaluating

the scattering parameters of a device with dissimilar
transmission line impedance (e.g., Z 01 ≠ Z 02 ≠ Z 03 ≠ Z 04 ).
For these cases we must use generalized scattering

parameters:
V0−m Z 0n
Smn = + (when Vk + ( z k ) = 0 for all k ≠ n )
V0n Z 0m

Note that if the transmission lines at each port are identical

( Z 0m = Z 0n ), the scattering parameter definition “reverts
back” to the original (i.e., Smn = V0−m V0n+ if Z 0m = Z 0n ). E.G.:
V02−
S21 = + when V02+ = 0
V01
V1 + ( z1 ) port 1 port 2 V2−( z 2 )

2-port
Z01 =50 Ω microwave Z02 = 50 Ω
device
V1 −( z1 ) V2+ ( z 2 )
But, if the transmission lines at each port are dissimilar

( Z 0m ≠ Z 0n ), our original scattering parameter definition is not
correct (i.e., Smn ≠ V0−m V0n+ if Z 0m ≠ Z 0n )! E.G.:
V02−
S21 ≠ + when V02+ = 0
V01
V1 + ( z1 ) port 1 port 2 V2−( z 2 )

2-port
Z01 =50 Ω microwave Z02 = 75 Ω
device
V1 −( z1 ) V2+ ( z 2 )
V02− 50
S21 = + when V02+ = 0
V01 75

Note that the generalized scattering parameters can be more

compactly written in terms of our new wave amplitude
notation:
V0−m Z 0n bm
Smn = + = (when ak = 0 for all k ≠ n )
V0n Z 0m an
Remember, this is the generalized form of scattering

parameter—it always provides the correct answer, regardless
of the values of Z 0m or Z 0n !
Q: But why can’t we define the scattering parameter as

Smn = V0−m V0n+ , regardless of Z 0m or Z 0n ?? Who says we must
define it with those awful Z 0n values in there?
A: Good question! Recall that a lossless device is will always

have a unitary scattering matrix. As a result, the scattering
parameters of a lossless device will always satisfy, for
example:
M
1 = ∑ Smn
2
m =1
This is true only if the scattering parameters are generalized!

The scattering parameters of a lossless device will form a

unitary matrix only if defined as Smn = bm an . If we use
Smn = V0−m V0n+ , the matrix will be unitary only if the connecting
transmission lines have the same characteristic impedance.
Q: Do we really care if the matrix of a lossless device is

unitary or not?
A: Absolutely we do! The:
lossless device ⇔ unitary scattering matrix
relationship is a very powerful one. It allows us to identify

lossless devices, and it allows us to determine if specific
lossless devices are even possible!

3/6/2009 The Scattering Matrix of a Connector 1/4
Example: The Scattering

Matrix of a Connector
First, let’s consider the scattering matrix of a perfect
connector—an electrically very small two-port device that
allows us to connect the ends of different transmission lines
together.
Port Port
I1( z 1 ) 1 2 I 2( z 2 )
+ +
V1( z1 ) Z0 Z0 V2( z 2 )
− −
z1 z2
z1 = 0 z2 = 0
If the connector is ideal, then it will exhibit no series

inductance nor shunt capacitance, and thus from KVL and KCL:
V1( z1 = 0 ) = V2( z2 = 0 ) I1( z1 = 0 ) = −I2( z 2 = 0 )
Terminating port 2 in a matched load, and then analyzing the

resulting circuit, we find that (not surprisingly!):
V01− = 0 and V02− = V01+

From this we conclude that (since V02+ = 0 ):
V01− 0 V02− V01+

S11 = + = + = 0. 0 S21 = + = + = 1. 0
V01 V01 V01 V01
This two-port device has D2 symmetry (a plane of bilateral

symmetry), meaning:
S22 = S11 = 0. 0 and S21 = S12 = 1. 0
The scattering matrix for such this ideal connector is

therefore:
⎡0 1 ⎤
S= ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0⎦
As a result, the perfect connector allows two transmission

lines of identical characteristic impedance to be connected
together into one “seamless” transmission line.
Z0 Z0

Now, however, consider the case where the transmission lines

connected together have dissimilar characteristic impedances
(i.e., Z 0 ≠ Z 1 ):
Z 01 Z 02
Port Port
1 2
Q: Won’t the scattering matrix of this ideal connector

remain the same? After all, the device itself has not
changed!
A: The impedance, admittance, and transmission matrix will

remained unchanged—these matrix quantities do not depend
on the characteristics of the transmission lines connected to
the device.
But remember, the scattering matrix depends on both the

device and the characteristic impedance of the transmission
lines attached to it.
After all, the incident and exiting waves are traveling on

these transmission lines!
The ideal connector in this case establishes a “seamless”

interface between two dissimilar transmission lines.

Z 01 Z 02
Remember, this is the same

structure that we evaluated
in an earlier handout!
In that analysis we found that—when V02+ = 0 :
V01− Z 02 − Z 01 V02− 2Z 02
= and =
V01+ Z 02 + Z 01 V01+ Z 02 + Z 01
And so the (generalized) scattering parameters S11 and S21

are:
V01− Z 01 Z 02 − Z 01 V02− Z 01 2 Z 01Z 02

S11 = + = and S21 = + =
V01 Z 01 Z 02 + Z 01 V01 Z 02 Z 02 + Z 01
As a result we can conclude that the scattering matrix of the

ideal connector (when connecting dissimilar transmission lines)
is:
⎡ Z 02 − Z 01 2 Z 01Z 02 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
Z + Z Z + Z
S= ⎢
02 01 01 02 ⎥
⎢2 Z Z ⎥
⎢ 01 02 Z 01 − Z 02 ⎥
⎢⎣ Z 01 + Z 02 Z 01 + Z 02 ⎥⎦

Scattering Matrix Package

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Scattering Matrix Package

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3/4/2009 4_3 The Scattering Matrix 1/3

4.3 – The Scattering Matrix

Admittance and Impedance matrices use the quantities I (z),

Q: Is there an equivalent matrix for transmission line

A: Yes! Its called the scattering matrix.

HO: THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Q: Can we likewise determine something physical about our

A: HO: MATCHED, RECIPROCAL, LOSSLESS

EXAMPLE: A LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL DEVICE

Q: Isn’t all this linear algebra a bit academic? I mean, it

A: It sure can! An analysis of the scattering matrix can tell

HO: THE MATCHED, LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL 3-PORT NETWORK

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

HO: THE MATCHED, LOSSLESS, RECIPROCAL 4-PORT NETWORK

Q: But how are scattering parameters useful? How do we

A: Study the examples provided below!

EXAMPLE: THE SCATTERING MATRIX

EXAMPLE: SCATTERING PARAMETERS

Q: OK, but how can we determine the scattering matrix of a

A: We must carefully apply our transmission line theory!

EXAMPLE: DETERMINING THE SCATTERING MATRIX

Q: Determining the Scattering Matrix of a multi-port device

A: Many (if not most) of the useful devices made by us

HO: CIRCUIT SYMMETRY

EXAMPLE: USING SYMMETRY TO DETERMINING A SCATTERING

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

Q: Is there any other way to use circuit symmetry to our

A: Absolutely! One of the most powerful tools in circuit

HO: SYMMETRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

HO: ODD-EVEN MODE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE: ODD-EVEN MODE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Q: Aren’t you finished with this section yet?

A: Just one more very important thing.

HO: GENERALIZED SCATTERING PARAMETERS

EXAMPLE: THE SCATTERING MATRIX OF A CONNECTOR

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

The Scattering Matrix

But, at microwave frequencies, it

* Instead, we can measure the magnitude and phase of

* In other words, we can determine the relationship

These relationships are completely represented by the

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

Consider now the 4-port microwave device shown below:

Note that we have now characterized transmission line activity

Æ Viewing transmission line activity this way, we can fully

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

Say there exists an incident wave on port 1 (i.e., V1 + ( z1 ) ≠ 0 ),

Say we then measure/determine

plane (i.e., determine −

The complex ratio between V1 + (z1 = z1P ) and V2 − (z 2 = z 2P ) is know

V2− (z 2 = z 2P ) V02− e + j β z P V02− + j β (z P +z P )

V1 (z1 = z1P ) V01+ e − j β z P V01+ 1

Likewise, the scattering parameters S31 and S41 are:

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

We of course could also define, say, scattering parameter S34

Thus, more generally, the ratio of the wave incident on port n to

Note that frequently the port positions are assigned a zero

Vm− (z m = 0) V0−m e + j β 0 V0−m

We will generally assume that the port

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

Q: But how do we ensure

A: Terminate all other ports with a matched load!

Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS

Note that if the ports are terminated in a matched load (i.e.,