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Design of Column
Design of Column
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Classification of columns
Based on Type of Reinforcement
a) Tied Columns-where the main
longitudinal bars are enclosed within
closely spaced lateral ties( all cross
sectional shapes)
b) Spiral columns-where the main
longitudinal bars are enclosed within
closely spaced and continuously wound
spiral reinforcement (Circular, square,
octagonal sections)
c) Composite Columns-where the
reinforcement is in the form of structural
steel sections or pipes, with or without 3
longitudinal bars
Based on Type of Loading
a) Columns with axial loading (applied concentrically)
b) Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading
c) Columns with biaxial eccentric loading
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► The occurrence of ‘pure’ axial compression in a column (due to
concentric loads) is relatively rare.
► Generally, flexure accompanies axial compression — due to ‘rigid
frame’ action, lateral loading and/or actual(or even,
unintended/accidental) eccentricities in loading.
► The combination of axial compression (P) with bending moment (M) at
any column section is statically equivalent to a system consisting of the
load P applied with an eccentricity e = M/P with respect to the
longitudinal centroidal axis of the column section.
► In a more general loading situation, bending moments (Mx and My) are
applied simultaneously on the axially loaded column in two perpendicular
directions — about the major axis (XX) and minor axis (YY) of the column
section. This results in biaxial eccentricities ex= Mx /P and ey = My /P, as
shown in [Fig.(c)].
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► Columns in reinforced concrete framed buildings, in general, fall into
the third category, viz. columns with biaxial eccentricities.
► The biaxial eccentricities are particularly significant in the case of the
columns located in the building corners.
► In the case of columns located in the interior of symmetrical, simple
buildings, these eccentricities under gravity loads are generally of a low
order (in comparison with the lateral dimensions of the column), and
hence are sometimes neglected in design calculations.
► In such cases, the columns are assumed to fall in the first category,
viz. columns with axial loading.
► The Code, however, ensures that the design of such columns is
sufficiently conservative to enable them to be capable of resisting nominal
eccentricities in loading
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Based on Slenderness Ratio
Columns (i.e., compression members) may be classified into the following
two types, depending on whether slenderness effects are considered
insignificant or significant:
1. Short columns
2. Slender (or long) columns.
‘Slenderness’ is a geometrical property of a compression member
which is related to the ratio of its ‘effective length’ to its lateral
dimension. This ratio, called slenderness ratio, also provides a measure of
the vulnerability to failure of the column by elastic instability (buckling) —
in the plane in which the slenderness ratio is computed..
Columns with low slenderness ratios, i.e., relatively short and stocky
columns, invariably fail under ultimate loads with the material (concrete,
steel) reaching its ultimate strength, and not by buckling. 7
On the other hand, columns with very high slenderness ratios are in
danger of buckling (accompanied with large lateral deflection) under
relatively low compressive loads, and thereby failing suddenly.
Braced columns & unbraced column
In most of the cases, columns are also subjected to horizontal loads like
wind, earthquake etc. If lateral supports are provided at the ends of the
column, the lateral loads are borne entirely by the lateral supports. Such
columns are known as braced columns.(When relative transverse
displacement between the upper and lower ends of a column is prevented,
the frame is said to be braced (against sideway)).
Other columns, where the lateral loads have to be resisted by them, in
addition to axial loads and end moments, are considered as unbraced
columns. (When relative transverse displacement between the upper and
lower ends of a column is not prevented, the frame is said to be unbraced
(against sideway). 8
In such cases,
the effective
length ratio k
varies between
0.5 and 1.0
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In such cases,
the effective
length ratio k
varies between
1.0 and infinity
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Reinforcement in column
► Concrete is strong in compression.
► However, longitudinal steel rods are always provided to assist in
carrying the direct loads.
► A minimum area of longitudinal steel is provided in the column, whether
it is required from load point of view or not.
► This is done to resist tensile stresses caused by some eccentricity of
the vertical loads.
► There is also an upper limit of amount of reinforcement in RC columns,
because higher percentage of steel may cause difficulties in placing and
compacting the concrete.
► Longitudinal reinforcing bars are “tied” laterally by “ties” or “stirrups”
at suitable interval so that the bars do not buckle
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Codal Provisions(IS-456-2000)
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Clause 26.5.3.2 Page No:49–IS 456-2000
Cover to reinforcement
For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, the nominal cover shall not
be less than 40mm, nor less than the diameter of such bar.
In the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200mm or under, whose
reinforcing bars does not exceed 12mm, a cover of 25mm may be used.
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Clause 26.4.2.1 Page No:49–IS 456-2000
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SP 34- 1987 Page No:88
Assumptions in Limit State of Collapse -Compression
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Detailing of columns
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a) Termination of column bars inside slab 31
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► The occurrence of ‘pure’ axial compression in a column (due to
concentric loads) is relatively rare.
► Generally, flexure accompanies axial compression — due to ‘rigid
frame’ action, lateral loading and/or actual(or even,
unintended/accidental) eccentricities in loading.
► The combination of axial compression (P) with bending moment (M) at
any column section is statically equivalent to a system consisting of the
load P applied with an eccentricity e = M/P with respect to the
longitudinal centroidal axis of the column section.
► In a more general loading situation, bending moments (Mx and My) are
applied simultaneously on the axially loaded column in two perpendicular
directions — about the major axis (XX) and minor axis (YY) of the column
section. This results in biaxial eccentricities ex= Mx /P and ey = My /P, as
shown in [Fig.(c)].
3
► Columns in reinforced concrete framed buildings, in general, fall into
the third category, viz. columns with biaxial eccentricities.
► The biaxial eccentricities are particularly significant in the case of the
columns located in the building corners.
► In the case of columns located in the interior of symmetrical, simple
buildings, these eccentricities under gravity loads are generally of a low
order (in comparison with the lateral dimensions of the column), and
hence are sometimes neglected in design calculations.
► In such cases, the columns are assumed to fall in the first category,
viz. columns with axial loading.
► The Code, however, ensures that the design of such columns is
sufficiently conservative to enable them to be capable of resisting nominal
eccentricities in loading
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Column under axial compression and Uni-axial
Bending
► Let us now take a case of a column which is subjected to combined
action of axial load (Pu) and Uni-axial Bending moment (Mu).
► This case of loading can be reduced to a single resultant load Pu acting
at an eccentricity e such that e= Mu / Pu .
► The behavior of such column depends upon the relative magnitudes of
Mu and Pu , or indirectly on the value of eccentricity e.
► For a column subjected to load Pu at an eccentricity e, the location of
neutral axis (NA) will depend upon the value of eccentricity e.
► Depending upon the value of eccentricity and the resulting position (Xu)
of NA., We will consider the following cases.
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Case I : Concentric loading: Zero Eccentricity or nominal
eccentricity (Xu =∞)
Case II : Moderate eccentricity (Xu > D)
Case III : Moderate eccentricity (Xu = D)
Case IV : Moderate eccentricity (Xu < D)
Case I (e=0 and e<emin )
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Case II (Neutral axis outside the section)
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Case III (Neutral axis along the edge)
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Case IV (Neutral Axis lying within the section)
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Modes of Failure in Eccentric Compression
► The mode of failure depends upon the relative magnitudes of
eccentricity e. (e = Mu / Pu )
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Column Interaction Diagram
► A column subjected to varying magnitudes of P and M will act with its
neutral axis at varying points.
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Method of Design of Eccentrically loaded short column
The design of eccentrically loaded short column can be done by two
methods
I) Design of column using equations
II) Design of column using Interaction charts
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Design of column using equations
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Design of column using Interaction charts
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Design of Compression members-
Biaxial Bending
Introduction
►A column with axial load and biaxial bending is commonly found in
structures because of two major reasons:
Axial load may have natural eccentricities, though small, with
respect to both the axes.
Corner columns of a building may be subjected to bending
moments in both the directions along with axial load
Examples
1) External façade columns under combined vertical and horizontal
load
2) Beams supporting helical or free-standing stairs or oscillating
and rotary machinery are subjected to biaxial bending with or
without axial load of either compressive or tensile stress.
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Biaxial Eccentricities
► Every column should be treated as being
subjected to axial compression along with
biaxial bending by considering possible
eccentricities of the axial load with respect to
both the major axis(xx-axis) as well as minor
axis (yy-axis).
► These eccentricities, designated as ex and
ey with respect of x and y axes, may be
atleast emin though in majority of cases of
biaxial bending, these may be much more
then emin. 3
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Method Suggested by IS 456-2000
► The method set out in clause 39.6 of the code is based on an
assumed failure surface that extends the axial load-moment
diagram (Pu-Mu) for single axis bending in three dimensions.
Such an approach is also known as Breslar’s Load contour
method.
► According to the code, the left hand side of the equation
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Shall not exceed 1. Thus we have
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Simplified method as per BS8110
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Design of Slender Columns
Introduction
►A Compression member may be considered as slender or long when
the slenderness ratio lex/D and ley/b are more than 12.
► Thus, if lex/D > 12, the column is considered to be slender for bending
about x-x axis, while if ley/b > 12, the column is considered to be slender
for bending about y-y axis.
► When a short column is loaded even with an axial load, the lateral
deflection is either zero or very small.
► Similarly when a slender column is loaded even with axial load, the
lateral deflection ∆, measured from the original centre line along its
length, becomes appreciable.
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Methods of Design of Slender Columns
The design of a slender column can be carried out by following
simplified methods
1) The Strength Reduction Coefficient method
2) The Additional moment Method
3) The Moment Magnification Method
The reduction coefficient method, given by IS 456-2000 is
recommended for working stress design for service load and is based on
allowable stresses in steel and concrete.
The additional moment method is recommended by Indian and British
codes.
The ACI Code recommends the use of moment magnification method.
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Bending of columns in frames
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(b) Compute total moment (Mut ) in each direction from using equation
without considering reduction factor (ka)
(c) Make Preliminary design for Pu and Mut and find area of steel. Thus p is
known.
Step-4- (a) Obtain Puz. Also obtain Pb in each direction, for reinforcement
ration p determined above.
(b) Determine the value of ka in each direction.
(c) Determine the Modified design value of moment in each
direction
Mut = Mui + ka Ma
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Step-5- Redesign the column for Pu and Mut . If the column is slender
about both the axes, design the column for biaxial bending, for (Pu , Muxt)
about x-axis and (Pu , Muyt) about y-axis.
Note-When external moments are absent, bending moment due to
minimum eccentricity should be added to additional moment about the
corresponding axes.
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