1.

2 Calculate the transmission distance over which the optical power will attenuate by a factor
of 10 for three fibers with losses of 0.2, 20, and 2000 dB/km. Assuming that the optical power
decreases as exp(−αL), calculate α (in cm−1) for the three fibers.

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃0 exp⁡(−∝ 𝐿)
𝑃𝑇
= exp⁡(−∝ 𝐿)
𝑃0
𝑃
10 (log ( 𝑃𝑇 ))
0
𝐿=−
∝
𝑃𝑇
= 10%
𝑃0
𝑃𝑇
⁡⁡⁡ = 0.1
𝑃0
a)
10(log(0.1))
𝐿=− = 50⁡𝐾𝑚
0.2
𝑃𝑇
= exp⁡(−∝ 𝐿)
𝑃0
0.1 = exp⁡(−∝ 𝑥50)

b)
10(log(0.1))
𝐿=− = 0.5⁡𝐾𝑚
20
c)
10(log(0.1))
𝐿=− = 0.005⁡𝐾𝑚
2000
1.3 Assume that a digital communication system can be operated at a bit rate of up to 1% of
the carrier frequency. How many audio channels at 64 kb/s can be transmitted over a
microwave carrier at 5 GHz and an optical carrier at 1.55 µm?

𝑚 ∗ 𝑓𝑐
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
𝑅
0.01 ∗ 5𝑥109
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = 781.25
64𝑥103
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 782
𝑐
𝑓𝑐 =
𝜆
 3𝑥108
𝑓𝑐 = ⁡
1.55𝑥10−6
𝑓𝑐 = 1.935𝑥1014 𝐻𝑧
𝑚 ∗ 𝑓𝑐
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
𝑅
0.01 ∗ 1.935𝑥1014
𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = 30234375
64𝑥103
1.4 A 1-hour lecture script is stored on the computer hard disk in the ASCII format. Estimate
the total number of bits assuming a delivery rate of 200 words per minute and on average 5
letters per word. How long will it take to transmit the script at a bit rate of 1 Gb/s?

𝐴𝑆𝐶𝐼𝐼⁡−> ⁡8⁡𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎
60𝑚𝑖𝑛 200𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑠 5𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 8⁡𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠
(1ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎) ( )( )( )( )
1ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1⁡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 1𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎
= (480𝐾𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠)

480𝐾𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑡=( ) = 480⁡𝜇⁡𝑠𝑒𝑔⁡
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
1𝐺 𝑠𝑒𝑔

1.5 A 1.55-µm digital communication system operating at 1 Gb/s receives an average power of
−40 dBm at the detector. Assuming that 1 and 0 bits are equally likely to occur, calculate the
number of photons received within each 1 bit
𝑃
𝑃(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 10𝐿𝑜𝑔 ( )
1𝑚𝑊
𝑃(𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑃(𝑚𝑊) = 10 10

−40
𝑃(𝑚𝑊) = 10 10

𝑃(𝑚𝑊) = 10−4 𝑚𝑊

𝑃(𝑊) = 10−7 𝑊
Ahora calculamos la energia:
1
𝐸=𝑃∙ ⁡
𝐵
1
𝐸 = 10−7 ∙
1𝐺𝑏/𝑠

𝐸 = 10−16 ⁡𝐽
Se calcula el numero de fotones:
𝐸
𝑁𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = ⁡
ℎ𝑣
 𝑐
𝑣=
𝜆
𝐸𝜆
𝑁𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = ⁡
ℎ𝑐
10−16 ∙ 1.55𝑥10−6
𝑁𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 =
6.626𝑥10−34 ∙ 3𝑥108
𝑁𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 779.7565⁡𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 ≈ 780⁡𝑓𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠⁡
Se recibe esa cantidad de fotones por cada bit pero como tenemos la misma probabilidad con
0 y 1, por lo cual se multiplica por 2 y es el total fotones.

𝑁𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 780 ∙ 2 = 1560⁡𝐹𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠⁡

1.6 An analog voice signal that can vary over the range 0–50 mA is digitized by sampling it at 8
kHz. The first four sample values are 10, 21, 36, and 16 mA. Write the corresponding digital
signal (a string of 1 and 0 bits) by using a 4-bit representation for each sample.

1
𝑙 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 ( )⁡
2𝑝
1
𝑙 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔2 ( )⁡
2 ∙ 50𝑥10−3
𝑙 = 3.321⁡𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠⁡

𝐿 = 2𝑙 = 24
𝐿 = 16⁡𝑁𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠⁡