07 Thermal Stress

Thermal Stress & Strain
07 Thermal Stress and Strain Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 3
Thermal stress and strain are caused by
temperature change.
Materials expand at temperature increase
and contract at temperature decrease.
Restricting thermal strain cause thermal stress.
Thermal stress / strain are shown at left
1. Wall (bending stress)

2. Moment frame (bending stress)
3. Braced frame (axial stress)
4. Fixed-end arch (bending stress)
5. Pin supported arch (bending stress)
6. Three-hinge arch (no stress)
The three-hinge arch is free to deform
without stress (important advantage!)
Three-hinge arch
Many 19th century rail stations have
three-hinge arches to avoid thermal
stress and stress due to settlement.
The hinges also facilitate transport.
Hinges
Three-hinge arch
Grimshaw’s Waterloo Station, London,
has three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress
and sttlement stress.
The asymmetrical form due to planning constrains
required to brace arches against buckling by
trusses located:
• Outside to prevent upward buckling
• Inside to prevent downward buckling.
Hinges
Thermal strain
1 Bar of initial length L
2 Thermal strain ΔL due to heat,
computed as:
ΔL = α Δt L
where
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/oF)
Δt = temperature increase (+) / decrease (-)
L = initial length
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α
and Elastic Modulus E
Material ∝ US E-Modulus US ∝ SI E-Modulus SI
(10-6 in/in/o F) (10 6 psi) (10-6 m/m/o C) (10 6 Pa)
Aluminum 13 10 24 69
Steel 6.5 29 11.7 200
Concrete 6 3–4 11 20 – 28
Masonry 4 1–3 7 7 – 21
Wood 1.7 – 2.5 1.2 – 2.2 3.5 - 4.5 8 – 15
Glass 44 9.6 80 66
Plastics 68 - 80 0.3 – 0.4 122 - 144 2 – 2.8
07 Thermal
Thermal Stress
Stress
and and
Strain,
Strain Copyright
Copyright
© G©GGSchierle,
G Schierle,
2001-02
2001-05 press
press
EscEsc
to end, ↓ for
to end, ↓ next, ↑ for
for next, ↑ previous
for previous
slide
slide 9
Thermal Stress
3. Bar of initial length L
4. Elongation ΔL due to heat
5. Hot bar reduced to initial length by load P
6. Thermal stress in restrained bar
ΔL = α Δt L
ε = α Δt
E=f/ε
f=εE
f = α Δt E
where
f = thermal stress
α = thermal coefficient
Δt = temperature change
E = elastic modulus
Curtain wall
Assume:
Aluminum curtain wall Fa = 10 ksi
Δt = 100 o F (summer vs. winter temperature)
2 story mullion, L = 30’ x 12” L = 360”
α = 13 x 10-6 in/in/o F
E = 10 x 10 6 psi
Expansion joint
ΔL = α Δt L
ΔL = 13 x 10-6 x 100o x 360” ΔL = 0.47”
Use ½” expansion joint 0.5 > 0.47, ok
Assume:
Designer forgets expansion joint
Thermal stress:
f = α Δt E
f = 13x10-6x100x10x10-6 = 13,000 psi
f = 13,000 psi / 1000 f = 13 ksi
13 > 10, NOT ok
Note:
10 6 and 10-6 cancel out and can be ignored
Masonry expansion joint
L
Space masonry expansion joint @ L = 100’
Assume:
Masonry Fa = 300 psi
Temperature change Δt = 70o F
1 Joint spacing L=100’ x 12” L = 1200”
Thermal coefficient ∝ = 4x10-6/oF
E-modulus E = 1.5x106 psi
Thermal expansion
ΔL = ∝ Δt L
2 ΔL = 4x10-6/oFx70ox1200” ΔL = 0.34”
Use 3/8” expansion joint 0.375 > 0.34
Check thermal stress without expansion joint
f = ∝ Δt E
f = 4x10-6x70ox1.5x106 f = 420psi
420 > 300, NOT ok
1 Building axon
4 Silicon joint
3 2 Expansion joint in wall
3 Expansion joint at wall intersection
4 Expansion joint detail
Bridge expansion joints
Bridges require expansion joints (roller or rocker)
Assume
Concrete bridge
Span L = 310’ x 12” L =3,720”
Temperature change Δt = 90o F
Thermal coefficient ∝ = 6x10-6/oF
E-modulus E = 3x10 6 psi
Thermal strain
ΔL = ∝ Δt L
ΔL = 6x10-6x90ox3720” ΔL = 2”
Provide 2 ½” joint 2.5” > 2”
Thermal stress without joint

f = ∝ Δt E
f = 6x10-6x90ox3x10 6 psi f = 1,620 psi
Too much stress without load /
Girder strain
IIT Building Chicago
Architect: Mies Van der Rohe
Roof girders are exposed to temperature

change (cold winter / hot summer)
Assume
Steel girders
Span L= 120’ x 12” L =1,440”
Temperature change Δt = 107o
Thermal coefficient ∝ = 6.5x10-6/oF
E-modulus E = 29x106 psi
Girder strain
ΔL = 6.5x10-6x107ox1440” ΔL = 1”
Note:
½” girder elongation induces bending stress and
deflection in columns
Please bring to next class
engineering scale and
2 triangles

07 Thermal Stress

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07 Thermal Stress

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Thermal Stress & Strain

1. Wall (bending stress)

Steel 6.5 29 11.7 200

Wood 1.7 – 2.5 1.2 – 2.2 3.5 - 4.5 8 – 15

Plastics 68 - 80 0.3 – 0.4 122 - 144 2 – 2.8

Thermal stress without joint

Roof girders are exposed to temperature

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