Pressure Vessels

design, inspection and repair

By :Ayman Ahmed Widaa

March 2017

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 Pressure Vessels
design, inspection and repair

Part two
Material of construction for pressure vessel

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 Part two
Material of construction for pressure vessel

Introduction
Material of construction
General Design
Material of construction
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)
Design cods

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 What is the pressure vessel

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 Introduction:

• Selection of materials and manufacturing

processes are important activities that are
essential for structural design
• Pressure vessels are designed to contain
pressure and withstand the operating
mechanical and thermal transients for a
specified design life

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 • Several of material is have been use in
pressure vessel fabrication.
• The selection of material is base on the
appropriateness of the design requirement

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 1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres
• Types of Stress:
1. Tensile
2. Compressive
3. Shear
4. Bending
5. Bearing
6. Axial
7. Discontinuity
8. Membrane
9. Principal
10. Thermal
11. Tangential
12. Load induced
13. Strain induced
14. Circumferential
15. Longitudinal
16. Radial
17. Normal

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 1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

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1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

• The hydrostatic pressure causes stresses in three

dimensions.
• 1. Longitudinal stress (axial) σL
• 2. Radial stress σr
• 3. Hoop stress σh

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1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

A) The longitudinal stress σL

• Force equilibrium

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1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

B)The hoop stress σh

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1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

C) Radial stress
varies from P on inner surface to the outer face

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1.1. Stresses in Cylinders and Spheres

D)The spherical pressure vessel

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2.General Design
P = internal pressure, psi
D,, D, = inside outside diameter,
in.
S = allowable or calculated stress,
psi
E =joint efficiency
L =crown radius, in.
K,, R, = inside outside radius, in.
K, M = coefficients (See Note 3)
crx = longitudinal stress, psi
crTd = circumferential stress, psi
R,,, = mean ra&us of shell, in.
t =thickness or thickness
required of shell, head,
r =knuckle radius, in

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2.General Design
• 1. Formulas are valid for:
a. Pressures < 3,000 psi.
b. Cylindrical shells where t ≤ 0.5 R, or P ≤ 0.385 SE.
For thicker shells see Reference 1, Para. 1-2.
c. Spherical shells and hemispherical heads where
t ≤ 0.356 R, or P ≤ 0.665 SE. For thicker shells see
Reference 1, Para. 1-3.
weqZSE32 . All ellipsoidal and tori spherical heads having a minimum
specified tensile strength greater than 80,000 psi
shall be designed using S = 20,000 psi at ambient temperature
and reduced by the ratio of the allowable
stresses at design temperature and ambient temperature
where required
3. Formulas for factors:

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 1: Assume a thickness if one is

not already determined.

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells
• Step 2:
Calculate dimensions “L’ and “D.” Dimension “L’
should include one-third the depth of the heads. The overall
length of cylinder would be as follows for the various
head types:
W/(2) hemi-heads
W/(2) 2:1 S.E. heads
L = LT-T + 0.333D
L = LT-T + 0.16661)
W/(2) 100% - 6% heads L = h -+~ 0.1 12D

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 4.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 4: Determine Factor “A’ from

ASME Code, Section 11,
• Part D, Subpart 3, Fig G: Geometric
Chart for
• Components Under External or
Compressive Loadings

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 4.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 5: Using Factor “A’ determined

in step 4, enter the
• applicable material chart from ASME
Code, Section 11,
• Part D, Subpart 3 at the appropriate
temperature and
• determine Factor “B.”
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 4.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 6:
If Factor “A’ falls to the left of the material line,
then
• utilize the following equation to determine
the allowable
• external pressure:

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 4.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 7:
• For values of “A’ falling on the material line
of the applicable material chart, the allowable
external pressure should be computed as
follows:

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 8:
If the computed allowable external pressure is
less than the design external pressure, then a
decision must be made on how to proceed. Either
(a) select a new thickness and start the
procedure from the beginning or (b) elect
to use stiffening rings to reduce the “L’ hmension.
If stiffening rings are to be utilized, then proceed
with the following steps.

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 9:
Select a stiffener spacing based on the
maximum length of unstiffened shell (see Table
2-la). The stiffener spacing can vary up to the
maximum value allowable for the assumed
thickness. Determine the number of stiffeners
necessary and the corresponding “L’ dimension

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 10:
• Assume an approximate ring size based on
the following
• equation:

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 11:
Compute Factor “B” from the following equation
• utilizing the area of the ring selected:

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 12:
• Utilizing Factor “B” computed in step 11, find
the corresponding “A’ Factor from the
applicable material curve.

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells

• Step 13:
Determine the required moment of inertia from
the following equation. Note that Factor “A” is
the one found in step 12.

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2.1.Design Procedure For Cylindrical Shells
• Step 14:
Compare the required moment of inertia, I, with
the actual moment of inertia of the selected member. If
the actual exceeds that which is required, the design is
acceptable but may not be optimum. The optimization
process is an iterative process in which a new member
is selected, and steps 11 through 13 are repeated
until the required size and actual size are approximately
equal.

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 3.Material of construction
• leak before break (LBB):
• LBB describes the situation in which a leak
occurs before a complete double-ended break
of a component.

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 3.Material of construction
• ANALYSIS BASED ON LBB:
• Hoop stress σ in a cylindrical pressure vessel
of radius R and thickness t, due to an
• applied internal pressure p is given by

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 3.Material of construction
• If the limiting stress σ is the yield strength σf of
the pressure vessel material, then the
thickness t of the vessel to preclude yielding
will be:

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 3.Material of construction
• If a through wall crack (i.e. a crack length
2ac = t) is detected from which a leak is taking
place, then the crack will be stable if and only
if,

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 3.Material of construction
• Where, KIc is the plane strain fracture
toughness of the pressure vessel material. In
• equation (3) inserting the limiting value of σ
as the yield strength σf of the pressure vessel
• material, and substituting in (2) we obtain,

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 3.Material of construction
• The maximum pressure is carried most safely
by the material having greatest value of
(KIc2/ σf)

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 4.Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
(MAWP)
• The MAWP for a vessel is the maximum
permissible pressure at the top of the vessel in
its normal operating position at a specific
temperature, usually the design temperature.
When calculated the MAWP should be
stamped on the nameplate

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 4.Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure (MAWP)
• The MAWP is the maximum pressure
allowable in the “hot and corroded’ condition.
It is the least of the values calculated for the
MAWP of any of the essential parts of the
vessel, and adjusted for any difference in static
head that may exist between the part
considered and the top of the vessel.

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 4.Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure (MAWP)
• This pressure is based on calculations for
every element of the vessel using nominal
thicknesses exclusive of corrosion allowance.
It is the basis for establishing the set pressures
of any pressure-relieving devices protecting
the vessel.
• The design pressure may be substituted if the
MAWP is not calculated

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 4.Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure (MAWP)
The MAWP for any vessel part is the maximum
internal or external pressure, including any static
head, together with the effect of any
combination of loadings listed in UG-22 which
are likely to occur, exclusive of corrosion
allowance at the designated coincident
operating temperature. The MAWP for the
vessel will be governed by the MAWP of the
weakest part.
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 5.Design cods

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6.References:
1. Pressure Vessel Design Manual_3E
By DENNIS R. MOSS
2.Stress Analysis & Pressure Vessels
by Einar Herdis
3. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR A PRESSURE
VESSEL
By Somnath Chattopadhyay, Pennsylvania State
University.

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 End
• ‫شكرا‬

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