ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 1
 NEED FOR BUS PROTECTION

• IN ITS ABSENCE FAULT CLEARANCE TAKES PLACE IN ZONE-II OF

DISTANCE RELAY BY REMOTE END TRIPPING.

• THIS MEANS SLOW AND UNSELECTIVE TRIPPING AND WIDE

SPREAD BLACK OUT.

EFFECT OF DELAYED CLEARANCE

• GREATER DAMAGE AT FAULT POINT.

• INDIRECT SHOCK TO CONNECTED EQUIPMENTS LIKE SHAFTS OF
GENERATOR AND WINDINGS OF TRANSFORMER

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 2
BASIC THEORY

External Fault Internal Fault

IF
I1 I1

I2 I2

I3 I3

I4 I4
I5 I5

I6 I6

IF

IF=I6=I1+I2+I3+I4+I5 IF=I1+I2+I3+I4+I5+I6

Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the current entering
A given node must be equal to the currents leaving that node.
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 3
CT Saturation
Rct Is RL
Ip

Ie Xm Rb

RL

Fig: Simple CT Circuit with Burden

CT Saturation Occurs When The Flux Required To

Produce The Secondary Current Exceeds The
Saturation Flux Density Of The Core.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 4
 Fig: Comparison of Saturation Voltage defined by different standards

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 5
BUSBAR PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Low Impedance Differential Protection

The most suitable protection scheme for Double and multiple busbar
Systems (with or without transfer bus) with feeders being switched
Between sections of the busbar, which operates with full selectivity
For all possible busbar configurations.

High Impedance Differential Protection

The High-impedance protection scheme, on the other hand, is a good

Solution for single busbar arrangements, 1 ½ breaker systems or ring
Busbars, providing that appropriate dedicated CT cores are available
For this use alone.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 6
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Sensitive, stable and fast protection for single busbar arrangements

And 1 ½ breaker systems. The system has limits when used in complex

Busbar configurations.

However, special CT requirements, additional high voltage device protection,

Demanding maintenance, etc put restrictions in its application.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 7
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Requirements on the CT used for High-impedance Protection

• be dedicated to the High-impedance Busbar Protection Scheme

(i.e. cannot be shared with other protection relays)

• Must have identical turns-ratio (CT Ratio)

(Aux.CT for ratio corrections unacceptable)

• Have a low resistance of the secondary windings

• Have a minimum knee-point voltage of approx. 300-500V.

• Should have a low magnetising current (few milliamps)

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 8
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Condition for Stability
During External Faults:

Ur1 > ik1 R2 or ir1 Rr > ik1 R2

3 2 1
ie Rr > ik1/ir1 * R2

Where:
ir1 = Current setting of the diff. relay
ik ir is
i3 i2
Ur1 = Voltage setting of relay ckt.
Rr Rs
I3 I2 Ik=I2+I3 Xm=0
ik1 = Maximum secondary fault
Ur current on external faults
87
R2 R2 R2
ik

Fig 1: External Faults

ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 9
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Operation on Internal Faults

Ir1 = q (ir1 + n . im + is)

3 2 1
Where:

Ir1 = Primary fault current required

ir is for operation of protection
i3 i2 i1
q = CT turns ratio
Rr Rs
I3 I2 I1
ir1 = Current setting diff.relay
Ur
87
n = total No. of CTs per phase,
Rct Rct Rct inclusive the CTs of feeders
temporarily disconnected.

im = CT secondary magnetising
ir
current at Ur1 volts.

is = Current drawn by the voltage

limiting resistor Rs at Ur1 volts.

Fig 2: Internal Faults

ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 10
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Check-Zone Feature

For a double busbar arrangement, two different high impedance units are required.
In this case, the current must be switched between the two different measuring units
By connecting auxiliary switches to the busbar isolator contacts.

In some cases the auxiliary switches did not operate correctly. This caused the busbar
Protection to trip the busbar. For this reason, a safety precaution was introduced:
An overall Check-Zone unit, fed from individual CT cores. This overall scheme does not
Include any switching of CT and therefore is more secure.

The TRIP command is only given when both a discriminating and check-zone system
Operates.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 11
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Limitation of Conventional High Impedance Differential Relay

A. PUTS STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS ON CTs

• NEED FOR DEDICATED CT CORES.
• IDENTICAL CT RATIO, MAGNETIZING IMPEDANCES.
• AUX CTs FOR RATION CORRECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE.

B. INABILITY TO COPE WITH INCREASING FAULT CURRENT

C. SLOW RESPONSE
• BASIC OPERATING TIME EXCLUDING RELAY TIME IS 15 - 20 ms.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 12
LOW IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Low Impedance Protection is preferable for the protection of double

And multiple busbars systems.

ADVANTAGES OF PERCENTAGE BIASED BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

• FREE OF ANY NEED FOR MATCHED CT CHARACTERISTIC OR RATIOS,

LOW LEAKAGE REACTANCE OR RESISTANCE.

• OTHER PROTECTIVE RELAYS CAN BE INCLUDED IN THE SAME CIRCUIT.

• STABLE FOR INFINITE FAULT LEVEL.

• INSENSITIVE TO CT SATURATION.

• DTECTS FAULTS WITHIN 1-2ms AND INITIATES TRIPPING WITHIN 5-7ms.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 13
Circuit Diagram

IR1
T MD
n MD

Ud3

dR

D2 D1

US

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 14
 INTERPRETATION OF IMPORTANT EQUATIONS ARRIVED
ON ANALYSIS

1. FOR EXTERNAL FAULTS

• OPERATING CURRENT Id1 = SIt3

SLOPE S= RS
ndRd3 + RS / 2

• FOR EXTERNAL WITH ONE CT SATURATED

CRITERION FOR STABILITY

RL > S
1-S
FOR S = 0.8, RL = 1024 Ohms

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 15
 i.e,

• OPERATING CURRENT FOR EXTERNAL FAULT VARIES AS THROUGH

FAULT CURRENT DOES, UNLIKE IN HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAY.

• SLOPE ‘S’ IS PURELY FUNCTION OF CERTAIN CIRCUIT PARAMETERS.

• MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CT LOOP RESISTANCE IS MUCH HIGHER

THAN CONVENTIONAL PROTECTIONS.

• NO RESTRICTION PLACED ON MAX. FAULT CURRENT.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 16
 2. INTERNAL FAULT

Id1 (min) = 0.092

1-S

SET S = 0.8 Id1 = 0.46 A

• SENSITIVITY IS ADJUSTABLE.

• OPERATES IN 1 - 2 ms BEFORE ANY CT CAN GO INTO

SATURATION.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 17
 CHARACTERISTICS APPLYING TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FAULTS RELAY SLOPE S = 0.8

Restraint characteristic on external fault Operating characteristic on internal fault

ZL = ZLM magnetising impedance
ZL = RLX linear resistance
Id1 = S IT3 stability line
Id1 = SIT3 + K operating line

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 18
Merits of Percentage Biased Bus Differential Protection Over
High Impedance Protection

• In case of High impedance differential protection, it is necessary that magnetizing

Impedance and turns ratios of all the CTs exactly match. Otherwise, for an external
Fault differential voltage gets developed across the relay and the magnitude of this
Might be sufficient to cause relay operation for a heavy external fault. There have
Been instances where even minor turns ratio have resulted in mal-operation of high
Impedance differential relay for an external faults.

• Any inclusion of auxiliary CT in one or more of the CT circuits means different

Magnetizing impedances of such composite CTs and also this might introduce turns
Ratio errors however small.

• In Percent biased relay (RADSS), the required voltage to operate, increases a the
Restraint voltage increases in proportion to the severity of external fault. In addition
Percent bias relay (RADSS) has following advantages.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 19
Merits of Percentage Biased Bus Differential Protection Over
High Impedance Protection

• Basic operating time of RADSS is 1-2m secs, and total time including trip relays
Is 5-7m secs.

• In comparison the operating time of High impedance differential relay (including

Trip relay) is 20-25m secs.

• RADSS is stable against through fault currents even for infinite fault MVA. The
Growing fault MVA levels does not affect the stability of the relay and only CTs
With moderate knee-point voltage (500V) need to be connected.

• In case of High impedance relay an increase of fault MVA results in an increase

Of the setting, which can only be taken to a maximum of Vk/2 where Vk is CT
Knee-point voltage. Thus, if fault levels increase, the CTs may need to be replaced
With those of higher knee-point voltage.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 20
TYPICAL BUS ARRANGEMENTS

• SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM

• SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING BREAKER

• SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING ISOLATOR

• DOUBLE BUSBAR WITH TRANSFER BUS

• 1&1/2 BREAKER SYSTEM

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 21
 SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM
BUS DIFF ZONE

BUS

Buss Diff
Relay

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 22
 SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING ISOLATOR

BUS-A BUS-B

BUS DIFF ZONE A BUS DIFF ZONE B

#

Buss Diff Buss Diff

Relay A Relay B

# SINGLE ZONE RECONNECTION UNIT

ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 23
# SINGLE ZONE RECONNECTION UNIT

When both the buses are coupled through isolators I.e. when both the
Bus isolators of any feeder is closed during bus change over, both the
Bus bars will act as single bus bar and bus coupler gets bypassed. In
The event of fault on any one of the buses during this condition, feeders
Connected to both the buses will be tripped. In the case of bus bar
Protection type RADSS, this logic is achieved through a separate bus
Interconnection unit or Single zone reconnection unit.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 24
 SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING BREAKER

BUS-A BUS-B

BUS DIFF ZONE A BUS DIFF ZONE B

Buss Diff Buss Diff

Relay A Relay B

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 25
 SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING BREAKER
BLINDE ZONE

BUS-A BUS-B

BUS DIFF ZONE A BUS DIFF ZONE B

Buss Diff Buss Diff

Relay A Relay B

# CT DISCONNECTION UNIT
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 26
# CT DISCONNECTION UNIT

Where there is only one CT in the bus coupler bay, there will be a blind
Zone or dead zone between the breaker and the CT, and for a fault in
This zone the selectivity of the busbar protection is lost resulting in
Mal-operation and unwanted operation of wrong bus bar protection and
Non-operation of the required busbar protection. If this is allowed to
Persist, it will result in tripping of remote end feeders in Zone-II.

Further, when both the buses are coupled through bus coupler and if
The bus coupler breaker fails to trip for a fault on any of the buses, the
Other bus continue to feed the fault till all the feeders connected to that
Bus trip at remote end in Zone-II or by LBB of bus coupler breaker.

To take care of this type of faults, the bus bar protection is provided with
A feature called bus coupler CT disconnection , which shorts the bus
Coupler CT after a preset time after the operation any of the bus bar
Protections irrespective of the status of bus coupler breaker.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 27
 USE OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY IN BC CIRCUIT FOR AUX. BUS SELECTIVITY
MAIN BUS

DIR.
RELAY

AUX. BUS

RS/2

RS/2 Rd

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 28
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS
BUS - A

BUS - B

AUX. BUS

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 29
1½- BREAKER SYSTEM

RADSS - A

L1 L3 L5

BUS - A

BUS - B

L2 L4 L6

RADSS - B

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 30
REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS

Isolator Aux. Contacts should

close before the primary contact
a b closes and open after the primary
contact opens.
O C Throw-over relay

0% 100%

Main
contact

Aux.
Contact
a
Aux.
Contact
b
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 31
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 32
Local Breaker Back-up Protection

• A Protection which is designed to clear a system fault by

initiating tripping other circuit-breaker(s) in the case of failure to
trip of the appropriate circuit-breaker.

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 33
 STABILITY

G G

• In modern networks the critical fault clearing time may be less than 200 ms.
Hence, if the fault is not cleared due to failure of the primary protective
relays or their associated circuit breaker, a fast-acting back-up protective
relay must clear the fault

• There are two basic forms

Remote back - up
Local back - up

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 34
 ZL2

REMOTE BACK UP I1+ I 2+ I3

ZL1
I1

Z = (ZL1 + ZL2) + (I2 + I3) ZL2 I2

I1
I3
Z<
Distance
Relay
The measured impedance Z will vary with the switching conditions.
To maintain the selectivity in the system a relatively long time delay is
necessary for the second step of the distance relay. Variation of the infeeds at
the remote busbars may virtually prevent the application of remote back-up
protection.
Advantage: Provides back-up protection for both the relays and breakers at the
remote station
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 35
 LOCAL BACK UP

Z <

Local back - up protection can be divided into two categories

1. Relay back - up
2. Breaker back - up

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 36
RELAY BACK - UP
+

RELAY
Duplicate primary protection, SYSTEM CHANNEL
e.g. one non-switched and
one switched distance protn.
-
To increase the security, the 52
circuit-breaker has two trip 52a
coils, one connected to the
non-switched relay, the other 52 52a
connected to the switched -
50
relay.

RELAY CHANNEL
SYSTEM

+
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 37
BREAKER BACK - UP
5 1 2 6

Z<

7 3 4 8

Because of the high cost of high voltage circuit-breakers, it is not feasible

to duplicate them.

In case of a breaker failure, the other circuit-breakers connected to the

same bus as the faulted breaker must therefore be tripped.

For uncleared fault shown CB’s to be tripped are 1, 3, 4 & 6

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 38
LOGIC DIAGRAM OF BFR

RESET
MAIN YES TRIP YES
FAULT BREAKER
PROTECTION MAIN
CLEARED FAILURE
OPERATED BREAKER
SCHEME

NO

YES WAIT FOR

INITIATE INITIATE AND
FAULT
BFR BFR
CLEARANCE

TRIP
BACK - UP
BREAKERS

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 39
 FAULT DETECTOR

C.B. Aux contact should not be used to indicate if C.B.

is carrying current or not unless there is no other way
to do the job

• The reasons are

- Operating linkage is broken or out of adjustment
- CB mechanism is open but CB has failed to interrupt current
- CB open but fault current continues
- A current detector gives more positive indication

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 40
 Fault
occurs
TIME- CHART

Normal Clearing Time Current Detector

Dropout Time
Normal
Clearing
Protective Breaker Interrupting
Time Time Margin
~30ms ~60ms <12ms
Back-up
Breaker
Failed Breaker Breaker Failure Timer Interrupting
Breaker Breaker
Failure Time
Failure
Initiating
Tripping
Breaker Failure Total Clearing Time

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 41
 CLEARANCE OF ASYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT
Isec
B
A
When the primary current
E is interrupted, the C.T flux
Primary fault current
is reduced from the saturation
level (A) to the remanence
value (E)
H
Secondary current

t
Sec. Current when the
primary current is
zero=0
• In the current detector RXIB 2 the influence of the dc component is
suppressed by the air gap in the input current transformer of the relay

E2= -N2 . dø / dt
E2
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 42
 REQUIREMENT ON BREAKER- FAILURE RELAYING

• High security against undesired tripping of adjacent breakers

• Current detectors (RXIB)
- Short resetting time(<12 ms)
- Short operating time(~4 ms)
- High reset ratio (<88%)
- Insensitive for the dc component in the secondary current
- Insensitive for CT saturation

• Time measuring unit

- Accurate time - measuring - ± 0.5% of highest scale value
- Negligible overtravel - Resetting and recovery time ~ 20ms

ABB India, Bangalore

Session 10 : 43
ABB India, Bangalore
Session 10 : 44